kent academic repository · value diversity and conservation conflict: lessons from the ... such...

Kent Academic RepositoryFull text document (pdf)

Copyright amp reuse

Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes Unless otherwise stated all

content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons) permissions

for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher author or other copyright holder

Versions of research

The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version

Users are advised to check httpkarkentacuk for the status of the paper Users should always cite the

published version of record

Enquiries

For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document please contact

researchsupportkentacuk

If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down

information provided at httpkarkentacukcontacthtml

Citation for published version

St John Freya A V and Steadman Janna and Austen Gail and Redpath Steve M and GibbsLeah (2019) Value diversity and conservation conflict Lessons from the management of redgrouse and hen harriers in England People and Nature ISSN 2575-8314

DOI

httpsdoiorg101002pan35

Link to record in KAR

httpskarkentacuk71754

Document Version

Publisher pdf

People and Nature 2018112 科|科1wileyonlinelibrarycomjournalpan3

Receivedr葦Juneゴグゲ芦科 |科 AcceptedrゲゾNovemberゴグゲ芦DOI 101002pan35

R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E

Value diversity and conservation conflict Lessons from the

management of red grouse and hen harriers in England

Freya A V St John1 科|科Janna Steadman2科|科Gai旭 Austen1科|科Steve Ms Redpath3

Thisisanopenaccessartic旭eunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicensepwhichpermitsusepdistributionandreproductioninanymediumpprovidedtheorigina旭workisproper旭ycitedsｻゴグゲ芦TheAuthorssPeople and Naturepub旭ishedbyJohnWi旭eyｹSonsLtdonbeha旭fofBritishEco旭ogica旭Society

1Schoo旭ofNatura旭SciencespBangorUniversitypBangorpUK2Durre旭旭InstituteofConservationｹEco旭ogypSchoo旭ofAnthropo旭ogyandConservationpUniversityofKentpCanterburypUK3InstituteofBio旭ogica旭ｹEnvironmenta旭SciencepUniversityofAberdeenpAberdeenpUK

CorrespondenceFreyaAsVsStsJohnpSchoo旭ofNatura旭SciencespBangorUniversitypBangorpUKsEmai旭rfsstjohnｺbangorsacsuk

Funding information

ThisresearchwasfundedbyDepartmentforEnvironmentpFoodandRura旭AffairsoftheUKGovernments

Hand旭ingEditorrLeahGibbs

Abstract

ゲs Conf旭ictsbetweenpeop旭eoverwi旭d旭ifemanagementaredamagingpwidespreadpandnotorious旭ydifficu旭ttoreso旭vewherepeop旭eho旭ddifferentva旭uesandwor旭d-

viewssCognitiveapproachesexaminingstepsfromhumanthoughttoactioncanhe旭pusunderstandconf旭ictandexp旭orestrategiesfortheirmanagements

ゴs Wefocusedontheconf旭ictbetweenhuntersandconservationistsovertheman-

agementofredgrouseｪLagopus lagopus scoticusｫandhenharriersｪCircus cyaneus)

intheEng旭ishup旭andswhichrepresentsac旭assicppersistentconf旭ictpwherehumandimensionsarepoor旭yunderstoods

ザs Guidedbyconceptua旭frameworksfromsocia旭andenvironmenta旭psycho旭ogypweconductedaquestionnairebasedstudytoassesswi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationsofkeystakeho旭derss We quantified attitudes towards hen harriersp grouse shootingpgamekeeperspandraptorconservationistssWea旭someasuredsupport｠oppositionforharriermanagementstrategiesinEng旭andandinvestigatedtrustintherespon-

sib旭egovernmentauthoritysジs Wepresentdatafromズザ葦respondentsfromfie旭dsportornatureconservationorganizationssRespondentswerecategorizedaccordingtotheprimaryobjectivesoftheiraffi旭iatedorganizationrFie旭dsportｪisesphuntersｫpNonraptorpProraptorpandProbird ｪisesporganizationspromotingconservationofbirdsexc旭uding rap-

torspraptorsspecifica旭旭yporbirdsgenera旭旭yｫsズs Uti旭itarianva旭ueorientationswereprominentamongFie旭dsportandNonraptorrespondentssMostProraptorandProbirdparticipantshe旭dmutua旭istva旭ueori-entationspindicatingtheydidnotsupportshootingormanagementofwi旭d旭ifes

葦s Assuggestedbythecognitivehierarchypwefoundstrongcorre旭ationsbetweenattitudeandsupportformanagementoptionspourproxyforbehaviours

ゼs Probird affi旭iates showed c旭ear preference for 旭ess invasive managementp anda旭ongwithProraptorrespondentsdidnotsupportbroodmanagementｪremova旭and旭aterre旭easeofeggs｠youngwhenharrierdensityishighｫsFie旭dsportindividu-

a旭s expressed a degree of support for a旭旭 management typess Trust in Natura旭Eng旭andwas旭imiteds

芦s Understandingva旭ueorientationsandattitudesofstakeho旭dershe旭psexp旭aindif-ferencesin旭eve旭sofsupportformanagementapproachessOurstudyhigh旭ighted

ゴ科 |科科架People and Nature ST JOHN ET AL

ゲ科 |科INTRODUC TION

Conf旭ictbetweenpeop旭eoverthemanagementofwi旭d旭ife iswide-

spreadｪRedpathpGuti爾rrezpWoodpｹYoungpゴグゲズｫsSuchissuesarenotorious旭y comp旭ex and difficu旭t to reso旭ve as they often invo旭vepartieswithdifferentidentitiespva旭uespandwor旭dviewssIdentifyingandagreeingupon interventions in such wwickedx settings is cha旭-旭engingp in part becauseweneed a crossdiscip旭inary approach toaddress these prob旭ems ｪMason et a旭sp ゴグゲ芦ｫs Even if the eco旭ogyis understoodp and management put in p旭ace to minimize wi旭d旭ifeimpactp under旭ying socia旭 conf旭icts are 旭ike旭y to continue if theyaredrivenbydeepseatedva旭uedifferences ｪMaddenｹMcQuinnpゴグゲジqManfredoeta旭spゴグゲゼｫsScho旭arsfromdiversefie旭dsinc旭udinganthropo旭ogyp geographyp and history have exp旭ored connectionsandinteractionsbetweenhumansandnonhumananima旭sｪDeMe旭旭opゴグゲゴｫs For examp旭ep through an anthropo旭ogica旭旭enspWhitehouseｪゴググゾｫ investigated wthe goose prob旭emx on Is旭ayp Scot旭andqDuffyandMooreｪゴグゲグｫexaminedthepo旭itica旭eco旭ogyofhumananima旭re旭ationshipsinthecontextofe旭ephanttourismqandPoo旭eyｪゴグゲ葦ｫinterrogated environmenta旭 histories of human re旭ationswithNi旭e

crocodi旭essInspiredbyitsapp旭iednaturepherewefocusonhumandimensionsofwi旭d旭iferesearchwhichaimstoeva旭uatepub旭icopin-

ionregardingspeciesandtheirmanagementinordertoinformman-

agementdecisionsｪManfredopゴググ芦ｫsCognitiveapproaches thatexamineconceptsunderpinningthe

stepfromhumanthoughttoactioncanhe旭pusunderstandpeop旭eｷsbehaviourandsocia旭conf旭ictssAccordingtosociopsycho旭ogica旭the-

orypanindividua旭ｷsviewofthewor旭dcanbeorganizedaccordingtoacognitivehierarchyconsistingofva旭uespbasicbe旭iefsthatdetermineva旭ueorientationpattitudesandnormspbehavioura旭 intentionsandbehaviourｪFigureゲｫsThesecognitionsarepresumedtobui旭duponeach others For examp旭ep va旭uesp which are modes of conduct orqua旭itiesof旭ifethatweho旭ddearpsuchashonestyorfreedompinf旭u-

encepeop旭eｷsattitudesandnormspwhichinturnaffectbehavioursVa旭uesinthissensepwhichdifferfromva旭ueaspreferenceorva旭ueasacontributiontoagoa旭ｪTadakipSinnerpｹChanpゴグゲゼｫptranscendspecificsituationspthussomeoneho旭dinghonestyasava旭uewou旭dexpressthisintheirattitudesacrossmu旭tip旭etopicsｪesgsp 旭awcom-

p旭ianceandinteractionswithfriendsｫsInturnptheseattitudeswou旭d旭eadapersontobehaveinamannerconsistentwiththisva旭ueｪesgsp

strong旭ydivergentbe旭iefssSuchpositionsarehardtochangesIncreasingthe旭eve旭ofeco旭ogica旭know旭edgea旭oneisun旭ike旭ytofaci旭itateconf旭ictmanagementsInsteadpconf旭ictmanagementwou旭dbenefitfromcombiningsuchknow旭edgewithafocuson re旭ationshipspde旭iberationp and trust in addition toexp旭oring comanagementinterventionss

K E Y W O R D S

conf旭ictpconservationpsycho旭ogypperceptionsphenharrierppredatorpredgrouseptrustpwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientations

F I G U R E ゲ科Thecognitivehierarchyｪ旭eftｫconsistsofgenera旭cognitionsｪva旭uesandva旭ueorientationsｫandspecificcognitionsｪattitudesandnormsｫwhichunderpinbehavioura旭intentionsandbehaviourssAnunder旭yingva旭ueconcerningwrespectfor旭ifexmaytakedivergentpathssForexamp旭eponeｷsva旭uesmayorientatetowardsanima旭shavingrightsequa旭topeop旭eorpincontrastptowardshumaneuseofanima旭ssSuchdifferencesinva旭ueorientationu旭timate旭yresu旭tindifferentbehaviourspinthisexamp旭epvotingtobanhuntingcomparedtoengaginginhuntingsAdaptedfromVaskeandManfredoｪゴグゲゴｫsHumaniconbyFreepik

Values

Value orientations(Basic belief patterns)

Attitude amp norms

Behavioural intentions

Behaviours

Respect for life

Animals have rights

like human

We should use animals but be

humane

Hunting is a negative activity

You should not kill animalsHunting it a positive activity

You should eat animals you shoot

HuntsVotes to ban hunting

Intends to support anti-hunt

activitiesIntends to hunt

科架科 | 科ザPeople and NatureST JOHN ET AL

theywou旭dcomp旭etetaxreturnsandbehonestwiththeirfriendsｫｪManfredop ゴググ芦q Vaske ｹManfredop ゴグゲゴｫs Basic be旭iefsp whichdefinehowpeop旭eapp旭yspecificva旭uestotheir 旭ivespsitbetweenva旭uespandattitudesandnormsinthecognitivehierarchysWhi旭ein-

dividua旭smaysharethesamefirstorderva旭uepsuchasrespectfor旭ifeptheymaydifferintheirbasicbe旭iefsassociatedwiththisva旭ueｪFigureゲqVaskeｹManfredopゴグゲゴｫsBecauseva旭ueorientationsu旭ti-mate旭yinf旭uencebehaviourpunderstandingtheminre旭ationtowi旭d-

旭ife canhe旭pmanagerspredict support for interventions ｪVaskeｹDonne旭旭ypゲゾゾゾqVaskeｹManfredopゴグゲゴｫsIndeedpChaneta旭sｪゴグゲ葦ｫout旭inedhowamorerobustconsiderationofre旭ationa旭va旭uespwhichconcern a旭旭 manners of re旭ationships between peop旭e and naturepinc旭uding re旭ationshipsbetweenpeop旭e that invo旭venaturepwou旭d旭eadtomoreproductivepo旭icyapproachess

Twopredominantva旭ueorientationshavebeenidentifiedinre-

旭ationtowi旭d旭iferuti旭itarianismandmutua旭ismsIndividua旭sho旭dingauti旭itarianwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationbe旭ievewi旭d旭ifeexistsforhumanuseandenjoymentandthat itshou旭dbemanagedtobenefitpeo-

p旭esConverse旭ypmutua旭ists be旭ieve in the harmonious coexistenceofhumansandwi旭d旭ifeandthatwi旭d旭ife isdeservingofrightssim-

i旭artopeop旭eｪJacobspVaskepｹSijtsmapゴグゲジqWhittakerpVaskepｹManfredopゴググ葦ｫsPeop旭ecana旭sobec旭assifiedasho旭dingp旭ura旭istordistancedwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationssP旭ura旭istsho旭dbothuti旭itar-ianandmutua旭istbe旭iefsand theexpressionofoneviewover theother is inf旭uencedbycontextqdistanced individua旭sdonot advo-

cateeitherperspectiveindicativeofa旭imitedconnectiontowi旭d旭ifeand旭itt旭einterestinwi旭d旭ifeissuesｪTee旭ｹManfredopゴグゲグｫsWi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationshavehe旭pedexp旭ainpatternsofhumanbehaviourre旭atingtowi旭d旭ifeinanumberofstudiesｪesgspFu旭tonpManfredopｹLipscombpゲゾゾ葦qJacobseta旭spゴグゲジqTee旭ｹManfredopゴグゲグqVaskeｹDonne旭旭ypゲゾゾゾｫsForexamp旭epindividua旭sho旭dingmutua旭isticva旭ueorientations towards forestsweresignificant旭ymore 旭ike旭y toho旭dproforestpreservation attitudes and intended to vote in supportof forest preservationp compared to individua旭s ho旭ding uti旭itarianva旭ueorientationsｪVaskeｹDonne旭旭ypゲゾゾゾｫsIncontrastpindividua旭sho旭dinguti旭itarianva旭ueorientationsshowed旭imitedsupportforthereintroductionofwo旭vesorbisontoGermanycomparedtopeop旭eho旭ding mutua旭istic va旭ue orientations ｪHermannp Voszligp ｹ Menze旭pゴグゲザｫsManagementactionsdesignedtoaddressconservationcon-

f旭ictsmaynot thereforebeacceptedunanimous旭yas stakeho旭dersmayvaryintheirwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationsandthusinwhatactionstheydeemtobeacceptab旭eｪJacobseta旭spゴグゲジｫs

The persistent conf旭ict between hunting and conservation in-

terestsoverthemanagementofredgrouse ｪLagopus lagopus scoti-

cusｫ andhenharrier ｪCircus cyaneusｫ in theUKup旭ands representsac旭assicexamp旭eofhowresearchhasfocussedoneco旭ogyｪE旭stonpSpeziapBainespｹRedpathpゴグゲジqThirgoodｹRedpathpゴググズpゴググ芦ｫsGrousemanagementoccursonprivateestates inheather ｪCalluna

vulgarisｫｦdominated moor旭andsｦa habitat of internationa旭 con-

servation interest ｪThompsonpMacDona旭dpMarsdenp ｹ Ga旭braithpゲゾゾズｫsInEng旭andpmuchofthegrousemanagementisintensiveandfocusedonde旭ivering旭argenumbersofbirdsforshootingsPredationbyraptorspinparticu旭arhenharrierspcanpincertaincircumstancesp

significant旭y 旭imit red grouse popu旭ations reducing the numberavai旭ab旭etoshootandthustheeconomicviabi旭ityofdrivengrouseshoots ｪSothertonp Tapperp ｹ Smithp ゴググゾq Thirgood et a旭sp ゴグググｫsConsequent旭ypharriersandotherraptorspa旭thoughprotectedunderUK旭egis旭ationsinceゲゾズゴparei旭旭ega旭旭yki旭旭edongrousemoorsｪAmareta旭spゴグゲゴqRedpathpAmarpSmithpThompsonpｹThirgoodpゴグゲグｫsTheextentofi旭旭ega旭persecutionmeansharriersarevirtua旭旭yabsentfromintensive旭ymanagedgrousemoorsacrosstheUnitedKingdomｪRedpatheta旭spゴグゲグｫsTheconf旭ictishigh旭ypo旭itica旭andconstant旭ychangingpbutinessencepitisbetweenthosewhowishtominimizetheimpactofharriersongrousepopu旭ationspsometimesthroughi旭-旭ega旭ki旭旭ingofharrierspandadvocatesofharrierswhodemandthatthe旭awbeuphe旭dbeforeanycompromisingso旭utionsbeconsideredｪThirgoodｹRedpathpゴググ芦ｫsIncreasing旭yphoweverpargumentsem-

p旭oyedbyconservationistsareshiftingtowardsbroaderimpactsofgrousemanagementonup旭andecosystemsasawho旭eｪAverypゴグゲズqThompsoneta旭spゴグゲ葦ｫs

A旭thoughthereisgenera旭agreementabouttheevidenceoftheeco旭ogica旭re旭ationshipsbetweenharriersandgrousepthereismuch旭ess agreement aboutmanagements Suggested strategies have in-

c旭udedrdiversionaryfeedingofharrierstoreducepredatoryimpactongrouseqreintroductionofharriersawayfromgrousemoorsqre-

moving eggs｠chicks fromnestswhenharrier density is highp rear-ingincaptivityandre旭easingｪbroodmanagementｫq旭icencinggrousemoors to ensure sustainab旭e and 旭ega旭 management practicesqand banning driven grouse shooting ｪAveryp ゴグゲズq Harperp ゴグゲ芦qRedpathpThirgoodpｹLeckiepゴググゲqThirgoodｹRedpathpゴググ芦ｫsOfthesepdiversionaryfeedinghasbeentria旭旭edatonesiteandfoundtobeeffectiveatreducingthenumberofgrousechickseatenbyharri-ersｪRedpatheta旭spゴググゲｫsDespitethispfeedinghasnotbeenwide旭ytakenupongrousemoorssOthermethodshavenotbeentria旭旭edsStudieshaveexaminedtheeco旭ogyofthisconf旭ictandondeve旭op-

ingmitigationtoreducetheimpactofpredationongrousestockssSofarpsuchapproacheshavefai旭edtoreducetheconf旭ictsThecritica旭humandimensionshavebeenmuch旭essstudiedｪHodgsonpRedpathpFischerpｹYoungpゴグゲ芦qMarsha旭旭pWhitepｹFischerpゴググゼｫpyetareessentia旭 to the deve旭opment of conf旭ict management strategiesｪThirgoodｹRedpathpゴググ芦ｫs

Thereiscurrent旭ynodia旭ogueprocessinp旭acetosupportconf旭ictmanagementintheconf旭ictoverharrierandgrousemanagementinEng旭andsPreviousdia旭ogue searching for shared so旭utionswases-tab旭ishedinゴググズｪE旭stoneta旭spゴグゲジｫsHoweverpthiswasunsuccess-fu旭asconservationorganizationswithdrewfromtheprocessppart旭ybecause harriers continued to be ki旭旭ed i旭旭ega旭旭yp becoming 旭oca旭旭yextinct as a breeding bird in Eng旭and in ゴグゲザs This 旭ed to theUKGovernmentｷsDepartmentforEnvironmentpFoodandRura旭AffairsｪDEFRAｫpviaNatura旭Eng旭andptakingovertheprocessandproduc-ingthejointactionp旭antoincreasetheEng旭ishhenharrierpopu旭a-tions Thep旭an inc旭udes six actionsrmonitoring harrier popu旭ationsinEng旭andandtheUKqdiversionaryfeedingqimprovinginte旭旭igenceandenforcementqnestandwinterroostprotectionqareintroductionintosouthernEng旭andon旭andnotassociatedwithgrouseshootingqandatria旭broodmanagementschemesBroodmanagemententai旭s

ジ科 |科科架People and Nature ST JOHN ET AL

eggsoryoungfromonenestbeingremovedpraisedincaptivityand旭aterre旭easediftwoharriernestsoccurwithinゲグkmｪDEFRApゴグゲ葦ｫs

Our study aimed to exp旭ore factors associated with support｠opposition for the different interventions proposed in the ActionP旭ansWetargetedarangeoforganizationstakingpositionsondif-ferentsidesofthedebatefromprofie旭dsportsｪisesphuntingpshoot-ingp fishingｫ to proraptor ｪspecia旭izing in raptor protectionｫNGOssSpecifica旭旭yptheaimsofthisstudyweretor ｪiｫassesswi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationsqｪiiｫquantifyattitudestowardshenharrierspmaintainingarura旭wayof 旭ifepgrouseshootingpgamekeeperspandraptorcon-

servationistsq ｪiiiｫunderstandperceptions towards theActionP旭anmanagementstrategiesqandｪivｫinvestigate旭eve旭softrustinNatura旭Eng旭andastheresponsib旭egovernmentauthoritysSuchinsightwi旭旭he旭p inunderstandingwhyconf旭ictpersistsandguide itseffectivemanagements

ゴ科 |科MATERIAL S AND METHODS

Questionnaire construction was guided by conceptua旭 frame-

works deve旭oped in socia旭 and environmenta旭 psycho旭ogy ｪesgspFu旭toneta旭spゲゾゾ葦qMarsha旭旭eta旭spゴググゼqManfredopゴググ芦qTee旭ｹManfredopゴグゲグｫ thataimtounderstandhumanactions towardswi旭d旭ifesThequestionnaireｪSupp旭ementaryInformationｫconsistedofsixcoresectionssFirstpweexp旭oredrespondentsvbasicknow旭-edgeandexperienceofharrierssSecondpbasicbe旭iefsweremeas-ured by asking respondents to indicate their 旭eve旭 of agreementwithninebe旭iefstatementsaboutwi旭d旭ifemanagementpshootingandequa旭itybetweenpeop旭eandwi旭d旭ifeｪSupportinginformationTab旭eSゲｫsThesestatementswereadaptedfrompreviousstudiesｪFu旭toneta旭spゲゾゾ葦qWhittakereta旭spゴググ葦qZaina旭AbidinｹJacobspゴグゲ葦ｫ to suit the harrier｠grousemanagement contexts Togetherpthescoresfromthesestatementsformedanindexthatdescribedwhere respondents sat on the uti旭itarianmutua旭ist continuumpthat isp their wi旭d旭ife va旭ue orientation ｪManfredop ゴググ芦q Tee旭ｹManfredop ゴグゲグｫs Thirdp ゲゾ statements investigated specific at-titudestowardsrharriersontheEng旭ishup旭andsq the importanceof harrier conservation compared tomaintaining a rura旭 way of旭ifeq grouse shootingq gamekeepersq and raptor conservationistsｪSupportinginformationTab旭eSゴｫsFourthpparticipantswereaskedtoexpress their 旭eve旭of support for current andproposedman-

agementoptionsdefinedintheActionP旭ansFifthpforeachman-

agementoptionp respondents indicatedhowmuch the approachwou旭dincreasethenumberofharriersinEng旭andpreduceimpactofharriersonredgrousep reducedisagreementsbetweenstake-

ho旭dersp and reduce i旭旭ega旭 harrier ki旭旭ings Last旭yp using a ズpointsca旭eprespondentsindicatedtheir旭eve旭oftrustinNatura旭Eng旭andｪstrong旭y distrustゴq strong旭y trustゴｫs Respondents cou旭dse旭ect wDonｷt knowx or simi旭ar ｪesgsp not app旭icab旭eｫ throughoutsThe questionnaire was pi旭oted among co旭旭eagues and membersofDEFRAｷsBroodManagementWorkingGroupwithminoreditsmadepriortodataco旭旭ections

ゴsゲ科|科Data co旭旭ection

We disseminated the on旭ine questionnaire ｪSurveyMonkeyｫthrough eight organizations that represented the interests offie旭dsportsandbirdssOrganizationswereprovidedwithauniqueweb 旭inktothequestionnaireembeddedwithinemai旭 text intro-

ducingthestudysInvitationswereon旭ysenttomembersresidingin Eng旭and as management approaches differ e旭sewhere in theUnitedKingdomsWhereジググmembers fu旭fi旭旭ed thiscriteriap in-

vitationsweresenttoasimp旭erandomsamp旭eofindividua旭ssOurstudywasapprovedbyBangorUniversityEthicsCommitteeｪap-

prova旭numbercnsゴグゲゼfsjグゲｫs

ゴsゴ科|科Ana旭ysis

Priortoana旭ysispdatafromtheeightorganizationswerecombinedsRespondentswereassignedtooneoffourcategoriesaccordingtotheprimaryobjectivesoftheiraffi旭iatedorganizationrwFie旭dsportxｪisesphuntingpshootingpfishingｫqwNonraptorxｪfocusingonthepro-

tectionofnonraptorsｫqwProraptorx ｪspecia旭izing inraptorprotec-tionｫqandwProbirdxｪinvo旭vedinnonraptorandraptorprotectionｫs

Statementsmeasuringbasicbe旭iefitemswerecodedsuchthathighscoreswereindicativeofuti旭itarianresponsesbeforewi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationswereassessedsConfirmatoryfactoryana旭ysisｪCFAｫwas conducted to test whether the a priori groupings ofvariab旭esintowi旭d旭ifebe旭iefdimensionsandwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorien-

tation domainswere a good fit to the data ｪFu旭ton et a旭sp ゲゾゾ葦qTee旭ｹManfredopゴグゲグｫsTheCFAｷswereperformedusingprinci-pa旭 axis factoringwith orthogona旭ｪvarimaxｫ rotations Re旭iabi旭ityof variab旭e groupings was confirmed using Cronbachｷs a旭pha ｪameasure of how c旭ose旭y re旭ated a set of variab旭es areｫ and thusaveragescoresacrosseachofthedimensionsanddomainswereca旭cu旭atedsWe assessed the interna旭 consistency of statementsmeasuringattitudesinfivetopicsusingCronbachｷsa旭phabeforeca旭cu旭atingaverageindividua旭旭eve旭attitudescorespertopics

Weusedonewayana旭ysisofvarianceｪANOVAｫandposthoctestsｪTukeyｷsHSDｫtoassessdifferencesinrespondentaffi旭iationpwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationpandattitudessPearsonｷsrwasusedtoinvestigate the re旭ationship betweenwi旭d旭ife va旭ue orientationsand attitudesq attitudes and support formanagementq and par-ticipantaffi旭iationand trust inNEsA旭旭 ana旭yseswereconductedinSPSSｪversionゴジｫs

ザ科 |科RESULTS

Of ゴp芦グゼ invited participantsp ズズズ respondeds Records where noquestionswereansweredwerede旭eted ｪnゲゾｫp 旭eavingdata fromズザ葦 respondents affi旭iated to Fie旭d sport ｪnゲジゴｫp NonraptorｪnゲジズｫpProraptorｪnゲジゼｫpandProbirdｪnゲグゴｫorganizationssMost respondentswereawareof theActionP旭an ｪ芦葦sジ鯵ｫbut 旭essthanha旭fｪザゾs葦鯵ｫhadreadits

科架科 | 科ズPeople and NatureST JOHN ET AL

ザsゲ科|科Basic be旭iefs and wi旭d旭ife va旭ue orientation

Confirmatory factor ana旭ysis provided factor 旭oadings that sup-

ported the a priori grouping of the nine basic be旭ief statementsinto three dimensions named wWi旭d旭ife Managementpx wShootingpxand wEqua旭ity betweenpeop旭e andwi旭d旭ifex ref旭ecting the contentof the statements incorporated into each dimension ｪSupportingInformation Tab旭e Sゲｫs This ana旭ysis showsp for examp旭ep that thefivestatementsdesignedtomeasurebasicbe旭iefstowardsshootingpdoindeedmeasureoneunder旭yingw旭atentvariab旭exwhichwehaveca旭旭edShootingsThere旭iabi旭ityofourthreebasicbe旭iefdimensionswasconfirmedbyCronbachｷsa旭phawhichrangedfromグsズゴtoグsゾゴｪSupportingInformationTab旭eSゲｫs

Thesecondfactorana旭ysisofrespondentsvbasicbe旭iefdimensionscoresidentifiedtwowi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationdomainsdefinedasSpeciesManagementpwhichencompassedbasicbe旭iefsconcerningWi旭d旭ifeManagement andShootingp andEqua旭itybetweenpeop旭eand wi旭d旭ife ｪwEqua旭ityCORｪゴグｫxｫs Respondents were then catego-

rized into wi旭d旭ife va旭ue orientations according to their scores onSpecies Management ｪmedianグsズｫ and Equa旭ity ｪmedianグsズｫpwithhighscoresbeingabovethemedianineachdomainsThisscor-ingrevea旭edfourcategoriesa旭ongthetwodimensionstowhichweassignedthe旭abe旭sUti旭itarianpP旭ura旭istApP旭ura旭istBpandMutua旭istｪTab旭e ゲｫs Respondents categorized as Uti旭itarian scored high forbothSpeciesManagementandEqua旭itypwhich indicatedthattheyhe旭daviewofhumanmasteryofnatureandprioritizedhumanwe旭旭beingovertherightsofwi旭d旭ifeIndividua旭sassignedtotheP旭ura旭istsA category accrued high scores indicative of support for SpeciesManagementbutscored旭owonEqua旭ityshowingtheynoton旭ysup-

portedWi旭d旭ifeManagementbuta旭soconsiderwi旭d旭ifedeservingofrightssP旭ura旭istBindividua旭sdidnotadvocateawho旭旭yuti旭itarianor

mutua旭istviewqtheyscored旭owonSpeciesManagementandhighonrightspindicatinga旭ackofsupportforshootingormanagementpbutnotduetobeingadvocatesofwi旭d旭iferightssMutua旭istsscored旭owonSpeciesManagementand旭owonEqua旭itypindicatingthattheydidnotsupportshootingormanagementofwi旭d旭ifepandviewedwi旭d旭ifetobesomewhatequa旭tohumansanddeservingofrightss

Mean wi旭d旭ife va旭ue orientation scores differed significant旭ybetween Uti旭itarianp P旭ura旭ist Ap P旭ura旭ist Bp and Mutua旭ist respon-

dents ｪSpecies Management ｪFｪザpジゾゲｫズゴゴsジゲp pグsグゲq Equa旭ityｪFｪザpジゾゲｫザ芦ゾsゲ葦p pグsグゲｫs Post hoc tests ｪTukeyｷs HSDｫ revea旭edthatsupportforWi旭d旭ifeManagementandShootingwas旭oweramongpeop旭eho旭dingMutua旭istandP旭ura旭istBva旭ueorientationspcomparedto Uti旭itarian or P旭ura旭ist A orientationss In contrastp peop旭e ho旭dingUti旭itarianandP旭ura旭istBva旭ueorientationssupportedargumentsthatindicatedtheneedsofpeop旭earemore importantthantherightsofanima旭pwhencomparedtopeop旭ec旭assifiedasMutua旭istorP旭ura旭istAs

Whi旭ethereisvariationinwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationwithinaffi旭-iationsｪesgspズゲsゴ鯵ofFie旭dSportrespondentsho旭dUti旭itarianva旭ueorientationspジザs芦鯵P旭ura旭istApゲsゼ鯵P旭ura旭istBpandザsザ鯵Mutua旭istｫpthemajorityｪズゲsゴ鯵ｫofFie旭dSportaffi旭iatespandmanyｪザゾsゼ鯵ｫasso-

ciatedwithNonraptororganizationsreportedUti旭itarianva旭ueori-entationsinkeepingwithhumandominationofwi旭d旭ifesP旭ura旭istAva旭uespindicativeofsupportforWi旭d旭ifeManagementandadegreeofEqua旭itybetweenhumanandwi旭d旭ifewerea旭socommoninthesegroupsｪジザs芦鯵andザゾsゼ鯵respective旭yｫsIncontrastpmostindividua旭sassociatedwithProraptororProbirdorganizationshe旭dMutua旭istva旭ue orientations ｪゼゲs葦鯵 and ゼズs葦鯵 respective旭yｫ indicating thattheydidnotsupportShootingorWi旭d旭ifeManagementandviewedwi旭d旭ife tobe somewhatequa旭 tohumansanddeservingof rightssP旭ura旭istBorientationspindicatinga旭ackofsupportforShootingorManagementbutprioritizationofhumanwe旭旭beingovertherights

TA B L E ゲ科Meanwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationscoresofrespondentscategorizedasUti旭itarianpP旭ura旭istpandMutua旭istｪminimumゴpmaximumゴqhigherscoresindicateuti旭itarianva旭uesｫsThetwop旭ura旭istcategoriesrepresentdifferentcombinationofuti旭itarianandmutua旭istva旭uesrPeop旭ecategorizedasP旭ura旭istAsupportSpeciesManagementandperceivewi旭d旭ifedeservingofrightsqthosecategorizedasP旭ura旭istBdonotsupportSpeciesManagementandprioritizehumanneedsoverwi旭d旭iferightssBe旭owpthepercentagesofrespondentsfittingintoeachwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationcategoryaccordingtoorganizationa旭affi旭iationarepresented

Wildlife value orientation domains (bold) and

basic belief dimensions

Wildlife value orientations

Uti旭itarian ｪn = 121)

Mean ｪSE)

Pluralist A (n = 119)

Mean ｪSE)

P旭ura旭ist B ｪn = 41)

Mean ｪSE)

Mutua旭ist ｪn = 185)

Mean ｪSE)

Species management 140 (004) 118 (004) グsジザｪグsゲグｫグsズゴｪグsグジｫ

Wi旭d旭ifemanagementbe旭iefs ゲsザグｪグsグ葦ｫゲsゲザｪグsグ葦ｫグs葦グｪグsゲズｫグsジグｪグsグ葦ｫ

Shootingbe旭iefs ゲsズグｪグsグズｫゲsゴザｪグsグ葦ｫグsゴ葦ｪグsゲズｫグs葦ジｪグsグ葦ｫ

Equa旭ity between peop旭e and wi旭d旭ife グsズゾｪグsグズｫゲsグゲｪグsグジｫ 033 (008) ゲsゴゾｪグsグジｫ

Be旭iefsinneedsofpeop旭ecomingbeforewi旭d旭ife

グsズゾｪグsグズｫゲsグゲｪグsグジｫグsザザｪグsグ芦ｫゲsゴゾｪグsグジｫ

Affiliation

Fie旭dsportｪisesphuntingpshootingpfishingｫ 512 438 17 33

Nonraptorｪfocusingontheprotectionofnonraptorsｫ

ザゾsゼザゾsゼ 66 140

Proraptorｪspecia旭izinginraptorprotectionｫ 60 ゾsグ 134 716

Probirdｪinvo旭vedinnonraptorandraptorprotectionｫ

33 67 144 756

葦科 |科科架People and Nature ST JOHN ET AL

ofwi旭d旭ifewerea旭sopresentinthesegroupsｪゲザsジ鯵andゲジsジ鯵re-

spective旭yｫｪTab旭eゲｫs

ザsゴ科|科Attitudes

Re旭iabi旭ity ana旭ysis revea旭ed high interna旭 consistency for sets of at-titude statements within the five core areas measuredq Cronbachｷsa旭pha ranged from グs葦ゾ to グs芦ズｪSupporting Information Tab旭e SゴｫsConsequent旭yp average scores for each attitude rea旭m were ca旭cu-

旭ated for individua旭ss There were statistica旭旭y significant differencesbetween respondent affi旭iation and their attitudes towards harrierson theEng旭ishup旭ands ｪFｪザpジザゾｫゲゲゼsズゼppグsググゲｫp the importanceof harrier conservation compared tomaintaining a rura旭 way of 旭ifeｪFｪザpジジジｫゲ葦芦sゼズp pグsググゲｫp grouse shooting ｪFｪザpジグゲｫゴ芦グsゾジppグsググゲｫp gamekeepers ｪFｪザpジジザｫゲゲグsゲザp pグsググゲｫp and raptorconservationistsｪFｪザpジズグｫゾズsゼゲppグsググゲｫｪFigureゴｫsPosthoctestsrevea旭ed no significant differences between attitudes he旭d by Fie旭dSportandNonraptoraffi旭iatedindividua旭s ｪpグsジ芦pゲsゲグpグsゾグpグsゾゴandグsゼゴｫsRespondentsaffi旭iatedtothesetypesoforganizationsgener-a旭旭yreportedmorenegativeattitudestowardsharriersintheup旭andsptheimportanceofharrierconservationcomparedtomaintainingarura旭way of 旭ifep and raptor conservationistss Compared to other groupspthey a旭so reportedmore positive attitudes towards grouse shootingandgamekeeperss Individua旭s associatedwithProraptororProbirdorganizationsdidnotdiffersignificant旭yintheirattitudestowardshar-riersintheup旭andsｪpグsゴゲｫpgamekeepersｪpグsズゾｫporraptorconser-vationistsｪpグsゾ芦ｫsHoweverpProraptorandProbirdrespondentsdiddiffersignificant旭yintheirattitudestowardstheimportanceofharrierconservationcomparedtomaintainingarura旭wayof旭ifeｪpグsグザｫandattitude towards grouse shooting ｪpグsググゲｫs Probird respondentsreportedmoreMutua旭istviewsthananyothergroupqtheysupportedharrierconservationovermaintainingarura旭wayof旭ifeandhe旭dnega-tiveattitudestowardsgrouseshootingｪFigureゴｫs

Acrossa旭旭respondentspva旭uesassociatedwithSpeciesManagementand Equa旭ity were significant旭y re旭ated to respondentｷs attitudesｪSupportingInformationTab旭eSザｫsForexamp旭epaswi旭d旭ifeva旭ueori-entationscoresincreasedpindicativeofmoreuti旭itarianva旭uespattitudetowardsharriersontheEng旭ishup旭andsdec旭inedｪSpeciesManagementr グs葦ゴp p グsググゲq Equa旭ity r = グsジ葦p p グsググゲｫ whi旭e attitude to-

wardsShootingbecamemorepositiveｪSpeciesManagementr = グsゼゼpp グsググゲqEqua旭ityrグsジザpp グsググゲｫs

Across a旭旭 respondentsp 芦グ鯵 of the corre旭ations between at-titudes and support formanagementwere significant ｪSupportingInformationTab旭eSジｫsAsattitudescorestowardsharriersincreasedpindicativeofmoreMutua旭istviewspsotoodidsupportformonitor-ingｪrグs葦ジpp グsググゲｫp improvinginte旭旭igenceｪrグs葦ズpp グsググゲｫpandnestandroostprotectionｪrグsゼザp グsググゲｫwhi旭esupportforbroodmanagementdec旭inedｪr グsゴジpp グsググゲｫsAsattitudesto-

wardsshootingbecamemorepositivepindicativeofmoreUti旭itarianviewspsotoodidsupport formore invasiveformsofmanagementｪesgspbroodmanagementrグsズゲpp グsググゲｫsInotherwordspwhereindividua旭s sat on the Uti旭itarianMutua旭ist spectrum inf旭uencedtheir attitudes and these attitudeswere re旭ated to expressions ofsupport｠oppositionfordifferentmanagementoptionss

ザsザ科|科Withingroup differences in 旭eve旭s of support for harrier management

Un旭ikea旭旭othergroupspFie旭d sport respondents reportedstatis-tica旭旭y simi旭ar 旭eve旭s of support for a旭旭 management approachesｪFie旭dsportFｪズpゼググｫゲs芦芦ppグsゲグqNonraptorFｪズpゼゴゴｫゲグsゾズppグsググゲq Proraptor Fｪズpゼゾ芦ｫ芦ジsゲp pグsググゲq ProbirdsFｪズpズズグｫゴズズsゼ葦p pグsググゲｫｪFigure ザp Supporting InformationTab旭e Sズｫs Post hoc tests revea旭ed that Nonraptor respondentsreportedsignificant旭y旭ower旭eve旭sofsupportforasouthernrein-

troductionｪMグsグズpSD ゲsゴゴｫcomparedtoothermanagement

F I G U R E ゴ科MeanscorestoattitudestatementsconcerningfivetopicsrtheexistenceofharriersontheEng旭ishup旭andsqtheimportanceofharrierconservationcomparedtomaintainingarura旭wayof旭ifeqgrouseshootingqgamekeepersqandraptorconservationistssDataaregroupedaccordingtorespondentaffi旭iationrwFie旭dsportxｪisesphuntingpshootingpfishingｫqwNonraptorxｪfocusingontheprotectionofnonraptorsｫqwProraptorxｪspecia旭izinginraptorprotectionｫqandwProbirdxｪinvo旭vedinnonraptorandraptorprotectionｫsErrorbarsshowゾズ鯵confidenceinterva旭

科架科 | 科ゼPeople and NatureST JOHN ET AL

approachesqtheirsupportforthereintroductiondidnotdiffersig-

nificant旭ytothe旭ow旭eve旭ofsupporttheyreportedforbroodman-

agement ｪMグsゴ芦p SDゲsゴザｫs Within Proraptor and Probirdrespondentspmonitoringpnestandroostprotectionpand improv-

inginte旭旭igencereceivedhighandstatistica旭旭ysimi旭ar旭eve旭sofsup-

portsIncontrastpthesegroupsreportedsignificant旭y旭ower旭eve旭sof support for broodmanagement compared to any otherman-

agement approach ｪMグsゲゴp SDゲsザグq Mゲsジザp SDグsゾザrespective旭yｫs

ザsジ科|科Betweengroup differences in 旭eve旭s of support for harrier management

With the exception of diversionary feeding which was genera旭旭ybackedbya旭旭groupsp旭eve旭sofsupportformanagementoptionsvar-ied significant旭y by respondent affi旭iation ｪSupporting InformationTab旭eS葦qFigureザｫsProraptorandProbird respondents reportedstatistica旭旭ysimi旭arandsignificant旭yhigher旭eve旭sofsupportformon-

itoringpnestandroostprotectionpandimproving inte旭旭igencecom-

paredtoFie旭dsportandNonraptorrespondentssLeve旭sofsupportforbroodmanagementdifferedsignificant旭yamonggroupsqsupportwas highest among Fie旭d sport fo旭旭owed by Nonraptor affi旭iatessHoweverp theiraverage 旭eve旭sofsupport for thismanagementap-

proachwereconservativeprangingfromMグsゴ芦ｪSDゲsゴザpNonraptorｫ toMグsゼズｪSDゲsゲズp Fie旭d sportｫwhere グNeutra旭 andゴstrong旭y supports Probird respondents reported significant旭ygreateroppositiontobroodmanagementwhichwasa旭soopposedbyProraptoraffi旭iatessLeve旭sofsupportforasouthernreintroduc-tionwerestatistica旭旭ysimi旭arandhighestamongFie旭dsportfo旭旭owedbyProraptorindividua旭sｪMグsゾゴpSD グsゾゼqグsゾジSD ゲsゴゼｫwhi旭eNonraptorandProbirdapprova旭ofthisformofmanagementcen-

tredaroundneutra旭ｪMグsグズSD ゲsゴゴqM グsグゲpSD ゲsゴ葦ｫs

ザsズ科|科Impact of proposed action p旭an measures on hen harrier recovery in England

Views on howmanagement activitieswou旭d impact harrier recov-eryandgrousemanagementinEng旭andvariedbetweenrespondentgroupsｪFigureジｫsWiththeexceptionofmonitoringpgroupsdisagreedsignificant旭yonwhethereachmanagementactivitywou旭d increaseharriernumbersｪFigureジaqSupportingInformationTab旭eSゼｫsOfa旭旭managementactivitiespresentedpProraptorandProbirdrespond-

entsreportedimprovinginte旭旭igenceandnestandroostprotectiontobemost旭ike旭ytoincreaseharriernumbersqposthoctestsrevea旭edthattheseopinionsdifferedsignificant旭ytoFie旭dsportandNonrap-

torrespondentssFie旭dsportandNonraptorindividua旭sdidnotdiffersignificant旭yinthedegreetowhichtheythoughtbroodmanagementwasausefu旭too旭forincreasingharriernumbersqbuttheirviewsdif-feredsignificant旭ytotheProraptorandProbirdaffi旭iatess

Therewasnosignificantdifference in thedegree towhich re-

spondentsbe旭ieveddiversionaryfeedingwou旭dreducetheimpactofharrierongrouseqmeansrangedfromグsゼゴｪSD ゲsグゲpFie旭dSportｫtoグsゾゼｪSD グsゼ芦pGenera旭birdｫwheretwoindicatesstrongagree-

mentthatdiversionaryfeedingwou旭dreducetheimpactofharrierｪFigureジbq Supporting InformationTab旭eS芦ｫs Fie旭d sport affi旭iatesweresignificant旭ymore 旭ike旭ythanothergroupstoperceivebroodmanagementandasouthernreintroductionaseffectiveapproachestoreducingtheimpactofharriersongrouses

Therewere no significant differences in opinions reported byindividua旭sfromdifferentaffi旭iationsandtheeffectivenessofmon-

itoringp diversionary feedingp or improving inte旭旭igenceat reducingdisagreementsbetweenstakeho旭dersqanswerssatbetweenneutra旭andagreeｪFigureジcqSupportingInformationTab旭eSゾｫsComparedtoa旭旭groupspFie旭dsportrespondentsweresignificant旭ymore旭ike旭ytoreportthatbroodmanagementorasouthernreintroductionwou旭d

F I G U R E ザ科Mean旭eve旭ofsupportforeachofthesixmanagementoptionsrthetria旭broodmanagementschemeqareintroductionintosouthernEng旭andqdiversionaryfeedingqnestandwinterroostprotectionqimprovinginte旭旭igenceandenforcementqandmonitoringharrierpopu旭ationsintheUnitedKingdomsDataaregroupedaccordingtorespondentaffi旭iationrwFie旭dsportxｪisesphuntingpshootingpfishingｫqwNonraptorxｪfocusingontheprotectionofnonraptorsｫqwProraptorxｪspecia旭izinginraptorprotectionｫqandwProbirdxｪinvo旭vedinnonraptorandraptorprotectionｫsErrorbarsshowゾズ鯵confidenceinterva旭ssStatistica旭旭ysignificantdifferenceswithingroupsaredenotedbyanasterisk

芦科 |科科架People and Nature ST JOHN ET AL

reducestakeho旭derconf旭ictsNoothergrouphe旭dtheseopinionsandProbirdrespondentsweresignificant旭y旭ess旭ike旭ythanothergroupsto be旭ieve that a southern reintroduction or brood managementwou旭dreducedisagreementss

Whi旭e there were some significant differences in 旭eve旭s ofagreementbetweengroupspa旭旭respondentsagreedthatthei旭旭ega旭ki旭旭ing of harriers cou旭d be reduced throughmonitoringp nest androostprotectionpandimprovinginte旭旭igenceｪFigureジdqSupporting

InformationTab旭eSゲグｫsFie旭dsportsandNonraptorgroupsbe旭ievedthatdiversionaryfeedingandbroodmanagementwou旭dreduce i旭-旭ega旭 ki旭旭ingp but these views differed significant旭y to respondentsassociatedwithProraptorandProbirdorganizationss

Trust in Natura旭 Eng旭and differed significant旭y across groupsｪFｪザpジゴ芦ｫ葦s芦芦ppグsググゲｫsPosthoctestsrevea旭edthatFie旭dsportand Proraptor respondents reported statistica旭旭y simi旭ar answerswith a mean va旭ue indicative of s旭ight trust ｪMグsザグp SD ゲsゲゲq

F I G U R E ジ科Mean旭eve旭ofbe旭iefthateachmanagementoptionswou旭dｪaｫincreasethenumberofhenharrierspｪbｫreducetheimpactofharriersongrousepｪcｫreducedisagreementsbetweenstakeho旭derspandｪdｫreducei旭旭ega旭ki旭旭ingofharrierssゴindicatesdisagreementpグneitheragreementordisagreementpandゴindicatesstrongagreementsDataaregroupedaccordingtorespondentaffi旭iationrwFie旭dsportxｪisesphuntingpshootingpfishingｫqwNonraptorxｪfocusingontheprotectionofnonraptorsｫqwProraptorxｪspecia旭izinginraptorprotectionｫqandwProbirdxｪinvo旭vedinnonraptorandraptorprotectionｫsStatistica旭旭ysignificantdifferencesaredenotedbyanasterisksErrorbarsshowゾズ鯵confidenceinterva旭

Monitoring

Improving intelligence

Nest and roost protection

Diversionary feeding

Southern reintroduction

Brood management

(a) Increase number of harriers (b) Reduce impact of harriers

Monitoring





Brood management

minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean

(c) Reduce stakeholderdisagreements

minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean

(d) Reduce illegal harrier killing

Affiliation

Field sport

Nonminusraptor

Prominusraptor

Prominusbird

科架科 | 科ゾPeople and NatureST JOHN ET AL

Mグsザズp SD グsザズq pグsゾ芦ｫs Nonraptor and Probird affi旭iatesa旭soreportedstatistica旭旭ysimi旭arresponsesｪpゲsグｫbutwithameanva旭ue indicative of s旭ight distrust in Natura旭 Eng旭and ｪM グsゲグpSD グsゾザqM グsゲゲpSD ゲsグゴqpゲsグｫs

ジ科 |科DISCUSSION

Ourwork high旭ights the very different va旭ue orientations he旭d bystakeho旭dersinthisconf旭ictsWhi旭ethemajorityofrespondentsaf-fi旭iated with fie旭d sport organizations reported uti旭itarian va旭uespthe majority of Proraptor and Probird respondents were drivenbymutua旭ist be旭iefss These va旭ueorientationswere strong旭y asso-

ciatedwith peop旭eｷs attitudes towardsmanagements Those at theuti旭itarianendofthespectrumgenera旭旭yhe旭dattitudessupportiveof grouse shooting and gamekeepersp in contrast to those on themutua旭ist sides As suggested by the cognitive hierarchy ｪVaske ｹManfredop ゴグゲゴｫwe a旭so found strong corre旭ations between atti-tudeandsupportformanagementoptionspourproxyforbehavioursThoseho旭dingmorepositiveattitudes towardsharriersonEng旭ishup旭ands and 旭ess positive attitudes towards grouse shooting andgamekeepersgenera旭旭yshowedgreatersupportformonitoringpnestprotectionpand increased inte旭旭igences Incontrastp thosereportingmore positive attitudes towards shooting or gamekeepers weremore supportive of reintroduction and brood managements Ourfindingsaddtoagrowingbodyofresearchprovidingevidencethatwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationshe旭pexp旭ainpatternsofhumanbehaviourre旭atingtowi旭d旭ifeｪesgspFu旭toneta旭spゲゾゾ葦qJacobseta旭spゴグゲジqTee旭ｹManfredopゴグゲグqVaskeｹDonne旭旭ypゲゾゾゾｫsFurthermorepourworkhigh旭ightstheimportanceoffosteringre旭ationa旭va旭uespthatispva旭-ues pertaining to a旭旭manner of re旭ationships betweenpeop旭e andnaturepforproenvironmenta旭protectionｪChaneta旭spゴグゲ葦ｫs

Wi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationsdochangepbuttheydosos旭ow旭yandit isun旭ike旭ythattheychangeinresponsetospecificinterventionsｪHeber旭einpゴグゲゴqManfredoeta旭spゴグゲゼｫsMoreoverpwhereattitudesare re旭ated strong旭y to under旭ying va旭uesp as they are herep theycana旭sobedifficu旭ttochangeｪHeber旭einpゴグゲゴqManfredopゴググ芦ｫsHoweverpthefactthatva旭uesaredeepsetanda旭ongwithattitudeschanges旭ow旭ypdoesnotmeanthatconf旭ictsbetweenpartiescannotbereducedandmanagedsThereisconsiderab旭eproofthatattitudesandbehaviourare re旭ative旭yunresponsive toevidenceandknow旭-edgeｪesgspEricssonｹHeber旭einpゴググザqHeber旭einｹEricssonpゴググ芦ｫsThuspdrivestochangeattitudespandu旭timate旭ybehaviourpthrougheducationprogrammespareun旭ike旭ytobesuccessfu旭ｪCurtiｹVa旭dezpゴググゾqEspinosaｹJacobsonpゴグゲゴｫsHoweverpjustasva旭uesarecu旭-tivatedthroughrepeatedexperiencewithpeergroupsｪChaneta旭spゴグゲ葦ｫp attitudes a旭so change in re旭ation toexperience ｪEspinosaｹJacobsonp ゴグゲゴq Heber旭ein ｹ Ericssonp ゴググ芦q Sponarskip VaskepBathpｹLoeff旭erpゴグゲ葦ｫsThissuggeststhatpinaconservationconf旭ictpchangesinentrenchedpositionsaremore旭ike旭ytoemergethroughexposuretostakeho旭derswithdifferentbe旭iefspandtothesystemandinterventionsinquestionsFurthermorepsuccessfu旭managementmaydependupon identifying va旭ue simi旭arity among stakeho旭ders

andbui旭dinguponsharedva旭ues tosupportengagementandseekcompromisepratherthanhigh旭ightingdifferencesｪManfredopゴググ芦ｫs

Withrespecttotheharriergrouseconf旭ictptherearecommona旭-itiesinva旭uesamongFie旭dsportandNonraptoraffi旭iatesyetthereis旭imitedover旭apintheva旭ueshe旭dbythesetwogroupsandrespon-

dentsassociatedwithorganizationswhoseprimaryobjectiveisavianconservationsThisrepresentsaconsiderab旭echa旭旭engetoreestab-

旭ishingdia旭ogueanditseemsp旭ausib旭ethatdivergentva旭uespreventmeaningfu旭 dia旭ogue between groupssHoweverp as suggested in arecentana旭ysisofconf旭ictsaroundbirdsofpreyinScot旭andpsharednarrativescanofferaspringboardtonewexchangesbetweenstake-

ho旭ders ｪHodgson et a旭sp ゴグゲ芦ｫsConsequent旭yp theremaybemeritin expanding the dia旭ogue beyond harriers and towardsmoor旭andmanagementmore broad旭yq thiswou旭dwiden the opportunity foridentificationofcommonnarrativesandgoa旭ssAsisoftenthecasewhere conservation conf旭icts revo旭ve around enigmatic predatorspthehigh旭ypo旭itica旭 andemotivenatureof theharriergrouse con-

f旭ictmeansestab旭ishingamoreexpansivedia旭oguewi旭旭becha旭旭eng-ingsHoweverp approaches such as transdiscip旭inarity and adaptivecomanagementpwhich are designed to bui旭d a shared experiencearoundresearchpmayofferaso旭utionｪArmitageeta旭spゴググゾqK旭eineta旭spゴググゲｫs

Transdiscip旭inarityandadaptivecomanagement旭inktotheideaofconf旭icttransformationpwhichconcernstheexp旭orationandac-know旭edgementofva旭uesandfocusonde旭iberativeresponsesandthebui旭dingoftrustandre旭ationshipsｪMaddenｹMcQuinnpゴグゲジｫsIfpartiesarepreparedtocometothetab旭eandde旭iberatethenthereis scope tomanageprob旭ems to reduceconf旭ict ｪesgspBut旭ereta旭spゴグゲズqLundmarkｹMattipゴグゲズｫsThesuccessfu旭 imp旭ementationofthesede旭iberativeprocessesrequiresconsiderationoftrustprepre-

sentativenessp acknow旭edgement of different know旭edge spherespdia旭ogue toexp旭oreperspectivespandagreedgoa旭sand 旭eadershipｪDavenportp Leahyp Andersonp ｹ Jakesp ゴググゼq Sj塾旭anderLindqvistpJohanssonpｹSandstr塾mpゴグゲズqYoungeta旭spゴグゲ葦ｫsSuchapproachesdonotchangeva旭uesorremoveconf旭ictpbuttheya旭旭owforexposuretodifferentviewsandthepotentia旭deve旭opmentofcompromiseandso旭utionsthroughde旭iberations

Younget a旭s ｪゴグゲ葦ｫhigh旭ighted the importanceofbui旭dingandmaintaining trust between stakeho旭ders where conservation con-

f旭ictsoccursWorkinginco旭旭aborativeteamscanhe旭pinthisprocessｪSternpゴググ芦ｫsSimi旭ar旭yptrustintheagencyresponsib旭eformanage-

ment is critica旭ｪBeier旭e ｹ Koniskyp ゴグググq Sponarskip Vaskep Bathpｹ Musianip ゴグゲジｫs Without trustp peop旭e are 旭ess 旭ike旭y to acceptmanagementinterventionsｪCvetkovichｹWinterpゴググザqNyaupanepGraefepｹBurnspゴググゾｫs In thisstudyp trust inNatura旭Eng旭anddif-feredsignificant旭yacrossgroupsandwasgenera旭旭yweakqaddress-ingthisrepresentsanopportunityandasignificantcha旭旭engesLikemanyconservationconf旭ictsppartiesinvo旭vedintheharriergrouseconf旭ict have high 旭eve旭s of eco旭ogica旭 know旭edges Bui旭ding trustbetweenNatura旭 Eng旭andand suchwe旭旭informedparties requiresawi旭旭ingnessto integratesuchknow旭edgeintoconservationpo旭icyand a willingness to share power in terms of knowledge and policy im-

plementationｪYoungeta旭spゴグゲ葦ｫsNatura旭Eng旭andstrivedtoattain

ゲグ科 |科科架People and Nature ST JOHN ET AL

thisgoa旭byestab旭ishingamu旭tipartyboardtocodeve旭optheActionP旭anｪDEFRApゴグゲ葦ｫsHoweverptheprocessfai旭edtoovercomesomeofthedifferencesbetweenkeypartiessIncontrastppartiesappeartobebecomingmorepo旭arizedinthisconf旭ictsEncouragingsuchstake-

ho旭derstocomebacktothetab旭ewi旭旭provecha旭旭engingpespecia旭旭yunderthespot旭ightofaggressivesocia旭mediacampaignss

Inthisstudypwepresentevidencethateachrespondentgroupsupportedat旭eastfourofthesixmanagementapproachesout旭inedin theAction P旭an ｪDEFRAp ゴグゲ葦ｫs Probird affi旭iates showed c旭earpreference for 旭ess invasive managementp and a旭ongside Prorap-

tor respondents did not support broodmanagements Support forasouthernreintroductionwasa旭so 旭imiteds IncontrastpFie旭dsportindividua旭sexpressedadegreeofsupportfora旭旭managementtypesandshowednostatistica旭旭ysignificantpreferenceforanyofthemsLeve旭sofsupportfordiversionaryfeedingdidnotdiffersignificant旭ybetween groups but among Proraptor and Probird respondentsreceived significant旭y 旭ess support than monitoringp improving in-

te旭旭igencepornestandroostprotectionsA旭旭groupsconsideredthatmostmanagementapproachesout旭inedintheActionP旭anｪDEFRApゴグゲ葦ｫwou旭dincreasethenumbersofharriersinEng旭andsOurresu旭tsindicatediversionaryfeedingwasmostfavouredandreceivedgreat-estconsensussA旭旭groupsa旭soconsideredthatthisapproachhadthepotentia旭toreducetheimpactofharrierongrousepbutProraptorandProbirdrespondentsdidnotconsiderthatitwou旭dreducetheextentofi旭旭ega旭ki旭旭ingsInsteadpa旭旭groupsagreedthatthei旭旭ega旭ki旭旭-ingofharrierscou旭dbereducedthroughimprovedinte旭旭igenceandnestandroostprotectionsHoweverpitwasovertheissueofbroodmanagementwheretherewasmostdisagreementsProbirdaffi旭iateswerestrong旭yagainstbroodmanagementwhi旭esupportersoffie旭dsportswereinfavours

TheDEFRArecent旭y旭icensedatria旭ofbroodmanagementsAsex-pectedpthishasprovedhigh旭ycontroversia旭amongsomeconserva-tionorganizationsandisnowsubjecttotwojudicia旭reviewsｪHarperpゴグゲ芦ｫsShou旭ditgoaheadpthetria旭wi旭旭enab旭eatestofwhetherornotbroodmanagementcanreverseharrierdec旭inesinEng旭andandachancetoseeifoutcomes旭eadtochangesinpositionregardingthetechniquesWesuspect thatsuchchangeswi旭旭bedependentuponthewaythetria旭isimp旭ementedqifgroupsareexc旭udedptheyare旭ess旭ike旭ytomovepositions

Aswehaveseenpnewknow旭edgemaynot旭eadtoachangeinattitudesor theacceptanceofbroodmanagementasa 旭egitimatestrategysIndeedpinthisfracturedandpo旭arizeddebateitishardtosee how any progress towards conf旭ictmanagement can deve旭opwithout further investment in a strongp de旭iberative process thatinvests inbui旭ding trust througha comanagementprocess that issupportedbygovernmentsAnysuchprocesswi旭旭require旭eadershipona旭旭 sidesp resourcesp timep and important旭y awi旭旭ingness toen-

gageandseekcompromisesｪArmitageeta旭spゴググゾｫsHoweverppart旭ybecauseofcontinuedi旭旭ega旭ki旭旭ingｪMe旭旭ingpThomaspPricepｹRoospゴグゲ芦ｫp itcurrent旭yseemsun旭ike旭ythatkeyconservationorganiza-tionswou旭dbewi旭旭ing tocometo thetab旭epandwi旭旭 insteadcon-

tinuetopursueanadversaria旭focuson旭icensingorbanninggrouseshootings

A number of studies have high旭ighted the importance of un-

derstanding stakeho旭der va旭ues in conf旭icts over wi旭d旭ife manage-

ment ｪesgspManfredoeta旭spゴググジqDickmanゴグゲグqDietschpTee旭pｹManfredop ゴグゲ葦q Lutep Navarretep Ne旭sonp ｹ Gorep ゴグゲ葦ｫs Thesehavefocusedonthepub旭icorononespecificsetofstakeho旭derssOurresearchhashigh旭ightedthere旭evanceofconsideringtheva旭ueshe旭dbydivergentgroupsofstakeho旭ders invested inasing旭econ-

f旭ictｪseea旭soBredinpLindhjempDijkpｹLinne旭旭pゴグゲズｫsSuchafocusemphasizesthecritica旭differencebetweenconsideringtheseissuesas conf旭icts between peop旭e over the management of wi旭d旭ifep asopposedtohumanwi旭d旭ifeconf旭ictsｪRedpatheta旭spゴグゲザｫsIgnoringthesimi旭aritiesanddifferencesbetweentheva旭ueshe旭dbydifferentgroupsofstakeho旭dersinvo旭vedinconservationconf旭ictswi旭旭hinderattemptstomanagethems

ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS

Wethankourstudyparticipantsaswe旭旭asArjunAmarandJu旭ietteYoungforprovidingfeedbackonanear旭ierdrafts

AUTHOR ｷ S CONTRIBUTIONS

A旭旭 authors contributed to conceptua旭 designp or data acquisitionpana旭ysis and interpretationp writing or revising textp approved thesubmissionandagreeaccountabi旭itys

DATA ACCE SSIBILIT Y

Dataarepub旭ic旭yavai旭ab旭ethroughFigshareusingthefo旭旭owing旭inkrhttpsr｠｠figsharescom｠artic旭es｠StJohnｧetｧa旭ｧdatasetｧforｧVa旭ueｧdiver-sityｧandｧconservationｧconf旭ictｧLessonsｧfromｧtheｧmanagementｧofｧredｧgrouseｧandｧhenｧharriersｧinｧEng旭andｧPeop旭eｧNature｠ゼザズゾゴグゾs

ORCID

Freya A V St John httpsr｠｠orcidsorg｠グググググググゴズゼグゼザゲグX

Steve M Redpath httpsr｠｠orcidsorg｠グググググググゲズザゾゾゾジゼゼ

R E FE R E N CE S

AmarpAspCourtpIsRspDavisonpMspDowningpSspGrimshawpTspPickfordpTsp ｹ Rawp Ds ｪゴグゲゴｫs Linking nest historiesp remote旭y sensed旭and use data and wi旭d旭ife crime records to exp旭ore the impactof grouse moor management on peregrine fa旭con popu旭ationssBiological Conservationp 145ｪゲｫp 芦葦ゾジs httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲ葦｠JsBIOCONsゴグゲゲsゲグsグゲジ

ArmitagepDs Rsp P旭ummerp Rsp Berkesp Fsp Arthurp Rs Isp Char旭espAs TspDavidsonHuntp Is Jsp ｹ Wo旭旭enbergp Es Ks ｪゴググゾｫs Adaptive co managementforsocia旭eco旭ogica旭comp旭exitysFrontiers in Ecology

and the Environmentp 7ｪゴｫp ゾズゲグゴs httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲ芦ゾグ｠グゼググ芦ゾ

AverypMsｪゴグゲズｫsInglorious Conflict in the UplandssLondonrB旭oomsburyNatura旭Historys

Beier旭ep Ts Csp ｹ Koniskyp Ds Ms ｪゴグググｫs Va旭uesp conf旭ictp andtrust in participatory environmenta旭 p旭annings Journal of

科架科 | 科ゲゲPeople and NatureST JOHN ET AL

Policy Analysis and Managementp 19ｪジｫp ズ芦ゼ葦グゴs httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲググゴ｠ゲズゴグ葦葦芦芦ｪゴグググゴザｫゲゾrジズ芦ゼrAIDPAMジザsグsCOqゴQ

BredinpYsKspLindhjempHspvanDijkpJspｹLinne旭旭pJsDsｪゴグゲズｫsMappingva旭uep旭ura旭itytowardsecosystemservicesinthecaseofNorwegianwi旭d旭ifemanagementr AQ ana旭ysissEcological Economicsp118p ゲゾ芦ゴグ葦shttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲ葦｠jseco旭econsゴグゲズsグゼsググズ

But旭erp Js Rs Asp Youngp Js CspMcMynp Is AsGsp Leyshonp Bsp Grahamp IsMspWa旭kerpIsptWarburtonpCsｪゴグゲズｫsEva旭uatingadaptivecoman-

agementasconservationconf旭ictreso旭utionrLearningfromsea旭sandsalmon Journal of Environmental Managementp160pゴゲゴゴゴズshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲ葦｠JsJENVMANsゴグゲズsグ葦sグゲゾ

Chanp Ks Ms Asp Ba旭vanerap Psp Benessaiahp Ksp Chapmanp Msp D趣azp SspG祝mezBaggethunp Esp t Turnerp Ns ｪゴグゲ葦ｫs OpinionrWhy protectnaturenRethinking va旭ues and the environmentsProceedings of the

National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Americap113ｪ葦ｫpゲジ葦ゴゲジ葦ズshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゼザ｠pnassゲズゴズググゴゲゲザ

CurtipMsp ｹ Va旭dezp Us ｪゴググゾｫs Incorporating community education inthe strategy for harpy eag旭e conservation in Panamas The Journal

of Environmental Educationp 40ｪジｫp ザゲ葦s httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsザゴググ｠JOEEsジグsジsザゲ葦

Cvetkovichp Gsp ｹ Winterp Ps Ls ｪゴググザｫs Trust and socia旭 representa-tions of the management of threatened and endangered spe-

cies Environment and Behaviorp 35ｪゴｫp ゴ芦葦ザグゼs httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゼゼ｠ググゲザゾゲ葦ズグゴゴズグゲザゾ

DavenportpMs Asp Leahyp Js Esp AndersonpDsHsp ｹ Jakesp Ps Js ｪゴググゼｫsBui旭ding trust in natura旭 resource management within 旭oca旭 com-

munitiesr A case study of the Midewin Nationa旭 Ta旭旭grass PrairiesRetrievedfromhttpsr｠｠wwwsnrssfssfedsus｠pubs｠ゾザゴ芦

DEFRAｪゴグゲ葦ｫsJointactionp旭antoincreasetheEng旭ishhenharrierpop-

u旭ations Londons Retrieved from httpsr｠｠assetsspub旭ishingsservicesgovsuk｠government｠up旭oads｠system｠up旭oads｠attachmentｧdata｠fi旭e｠ジゾゲ芦ゲ芦｠henharrieractionp旭aneng旭andゴグゲ葦spdf 鯵ゴズザsAccessedOctoberゴグゲゼs

DeMe旭旭opMsｪゴグゲゴｫsAnimals and society An introduction to human-animal

studiessNewYorkrCo旭umbiaUniversityPresssDickmanpAsJsｪゴグゲグｫsComp旭exitiesofconf旭ictrtheimportanceofconsid-

eringsocia旭factorsforeffective旭yreso旭vinghumanwi旭d旭ifeconf旭ictsAnimal Conservationp13ｪズｫpジズ芦ジ葦葦s

DietschpAsMspTee旭pTsLspｹManfredopMsJs ｪゴグゲ葦ｫsSocia旭va旭uesandbiodiversityconservation inadynamicwor旭dsConservation Biologyp30ｪ葦ｫpゲゴゲゴゲゴゴゲshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゲゲ｠cobisゲゴゼジゴ

Duffyp Rsp ｹ Moorep Ls ｪゴグゲグｫs Neo旭ibera旭ising naturen E旭ephantbacktourisminThai旭andandBotswanasAntipodep42ｪザｫpゼジゴゼ葦葦shttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゲゲ｠jsゲジ葦ゼ芦ザザグsゴグゲグsググゼゼゲsx

E旭stonpDsAspSpeziapLspBainespDspｹRedpathpSsMsｪゴグゲジｫsWorkingwithstakeho旭derstoreduceconf旭ictｦmode旭旭ingtheimpactofvaryinghenharrierCircuscyaneusdensitiesonredgrouseLagopus旭agopuspop-

u旭ationss Journal of Applied Ecologyp 51ｪズｫp ゲゴザ葦ゲゴジズs httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゲゲ｠ゲザ葦ズゴ葦葦ジsゲゴザゲズ

Ericssonp Gsp ｹ Heber旭einp Ts As ｪゴググザｫs Attitudes of huntersp 旭oca旭spand the genera旭 pub旭ic in Sweden now that the wo旭ves are backsBiological Conservationp 111ｪゴｫp ゲジゾゲズゾs httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲ葦｠Sグググ葦ザゴグゼｪグゴｫググゴズ芦葦

Espinosap Ssp ｹ Jacobsonp Ss Ks ｪゴグゲゴｫs Humanwi旭d旭ife conf旭ict andenvironmenta旭 educationr Eva旭uating a community program toprotect theandeanbear inecuadorsThe Journal of Environmental

Educationp43ｪゲｫpズズ葦ズshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグ芦グ｠ググゾズ芦ゾ葦ジsゴグゲゲsズゼゾ葦ジゴ

Fu旭tonpDsCspManfredopMsJspｹLipscombpJsｪゲゾゾ葦ｫsWi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorienta-tionsrAconceptua旭andmeasurementapproachsHuman Dimensions of

Wildlifep1ｪゴｫpゴジジゼshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグ芦グ｠ゲグ芦ゼゲゴグゾ葦グゾザズゾグ葦グHarperpMsｪゴグゲ芦ｫsAnupdateontheRSPBvsresponsehenharrierbrood

managementsRetrievedMayゴゴpゴグゲ芦fromhttpr｠｠wwゴsrspbsorgsuk｠community｠ourwork｠b｠martinharper｠archive｠ゴグゲ芦｠グザ｠グゾ｠updateonthebroodmanagementofhenharrierssaspx

Heber旭einpTsAsｪゴグゲゴｫsNavigating environmental attitudessNewYorkpNYrOxfordUniversityPresss

Heber旭einpTsAspｹEricssonpGsｪゴググ芦ｫsPub旭icattitudesandthefutureofwo旭vesCanis旭upusinSwedensWildlife Biologyp14ｪザｫpザゾゲザゾジshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゴゾ芦ゲ｠グゾグゾ葦ザゾ葦ｪゴググ芦ｫゲジｬザゾゲrPAATFOｭゴsグsCOqゴ

HermannpNspVoszligpCspｹMenze旭pSsｪゴグゲザｫsWi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationsaspredicting factors in supportof reintroducingbisonandofwo旭vesmigrating toGermanys Journal for Nature Conservationp21ｪザｫp ゲゴズゲザゴshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲ葦｠JsJNCsゴグゲゴsゲゲsググ芦

HodgsonpIspRedpathpSsMspFischerpAspｹYoungpJsｪゴグゲ芦ｫsFightingta旭krTheuseofdiscoursebyorganisationsintheconf旭ictoverraptorsinScot旭andsLand Use Policyp77pザザゴザジザs

JacobspMsHspVaskepJs JspｹSijtsmapMsTs ｪゴグゲジｫsPredictivepotentia旭ofwi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationsforacceptabi旭ityofmanagementinter-ventionssJournal for Nature Conservationp22ｪジｫpザゼゼザ芦ザshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲ葦｠JsJNCsゴグゲジsグザsググズ

K旭einp Js Tsp GrossenbacherMansuypWsp H士ber旭ip Rsp Bi旭旭p Asp Scho旭zp RsWspWe旭tipMs ｪEdssｫs ｪゴググゲｫsTransdisciplinarity Joint problem solving

among science technology and society An effective way for managing

complexitys Base旭r Springer Science ｹ Business Medias Birkh士userVer旭agsXiiiザザゴppsISBNrザゼ葦ジザ葦ゴジ芦グs

LundmarkpCspｹMattipSs ｪゴグゲズｫsExp旭oringtheprospectsforde旭ibera-tivepracticesasaconf旭ictreducingand 旭egitimacyenhancingtoo旭rThecaseofSwedishcarnivoremanagementsWildlife Biologyp21ｪザｫpゲジゼゲズ葦shttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゴゾ芦ゲ｠w旭bsググググゾ

LutepMsLspNavarretepCsDspNe旭sonpMsPspｹGorepMsLsｪゴグゲ葦ｫsMora旭dimensions of humanwi旭d旭ife conf旭ictsConservation Biologyp 30ｪ葦ｫpゲゴググゲゴゲゲshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゲゲ｠cobisゲゴゼザゲ

Maddenp Fsp ｹ McQuinnp Bs ｪゴグゲジｫs Conservationvs b旭ind spotrThe case for conf旭ict transformation in wi旭d旭ife conservationsBiological Conservationp 178p ゾゼゲグ葦s httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲ葦｠jsbiocon201407015

ManfredopMsJsｪゴググ芦ｫsWho cares about wildlife Social science concepts

for exploring human-wildlife relationships and other issues in conserva-

tionsNewYorkrSpringersManfredopMsJspTee旭pTsLspｹBrightpAsDsｪゴググジｫsApplication of the con-

cepts of values and attitudes in human dimensions of natural resources

researchｪppsゴゼゲゴ芦ゴｫsJeffersonCityrSocietyandnatura旭resourcesrAsummaryofknow旭edges

ManfredopMsJspBruskotterpJsTspTee旭pTsLspFu旭tonpDspSchwartzpSsHspAr旭inghausp Rsp ｹ Su旭旭ivanp Ls ｪゴグゲゼｫsWhy socia旭 va旭ues cannot bechanged for the sake of conservations Conservation Biologyp 31ｪジｫpゼゼゴゼ芦グshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゲゲ｠cobisゲゴ芦ズズ

Marsha旭旭p Ksp Whitep Rsp ｹ Fischerp As ｪゴググゼｫs Conf旭icts between hu-

mans over wi旭d旭ife managementr On the diversity of stakeho旭derattitudes and imp旭ications for conf旭ict managements Biodiversity

and Conservationp 16ｪゲゲｫp ザゲゴゾザゲジ葦s httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲググゼ｠sゲグズザゲググゼゾゲ葦ゼズ

Masonp Ts Hs Esp Po旭旭ardp Cs Rsp Chima旭akondap Dsp Guerrerop Asp KerrSmithpCspMi旭heiraspSsAsGsptBunnefe旭dpNsｪゴグゲ芦ｫsWickedconf旭ictrUsingwickedprob旭emthinkingforho旭isticmanagementofconserva-tionconf旭ictsConservation Letterspe12460phttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゲゲ｠conl12460

Me旭旭ingpTspThomaspMspPricepMspｹRoospSsｪゴグゲ芦ｫsRaptorpersecutioninthePeakDistrictNationa旭ParksBritish Birdsp111pゴゼズゴゾグs

NyaupanepGsPspGraefepAsRspｹBurnspRsCsｪゴググゾｫsThero旭eofequityptrustandinformationonuserfeeacceptanceinprotectedareasandotherpub旭ic旭andsrAstructura旭mode旭sJournal of Sustainable Tourismp17ｪジｫpズグゲズゲゼshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグ芦グ｠グゾ葦葦ゾズ芦グ芦グゴ葦ズゲ葦ゾゾ

Poo旭eypSsｪゴグゲ葦ｫsTheentang旭edre旭ationsofhumansandni旭ecrocodi旭esin Africap csゲ芦ジグゲゾゾゴs Environment and Historyp 22ｪザｫp ジゴゲジズジshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsザゲゾゼ｠グゾ葦ゼザジグゲ葦Xゲジ葦葦ゲズジグゴゲゾザズゼ

Redpathp SsMsp Amarp Asp Smithp Asp Thompsonp Ds Bsp ｹ Thirgoodp SsJss ｪゴグゲグｫsPeop旭eandnature inconf旭ictrcanwereconci旭ehenhar-rier conservation and game managements In Species management

ゲゴ科 |科科架People and Nature ST JOHN ET AL

Challenges and solutions for the 21st centuryｪppsザザズザズグｫsEdinburghrTheStationaryOfficeLtdｪTSOｫs

Redpathp Ss Msp Guti爾rrezp Rs Jsp Woodp Ks Asp ｹ Youngp Js Cs ｪゴグゲズｫsConflicts in conservation Navigating towards solutionssCambridgepUKrCambridgeUniversityPresss

Redpathp Ss Msp Thirgoodp Ss Jsp ｹ Leckiep Fs Ms ｪゴググゲｫs Does supp旭e-

mentary feeding reduce predation of red grouse by hen harri-ersn Journal of Applied Ecologyp 38ｪ葦ｫp ゲゲズゼゲゲ葦芦s httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグジ葦｠jsググゴゲ芦ゾグゲsゴググゲsググ葦芦ザsx

RedpathpSsMspYoungpJsCspEve旭ypAspAdamspWsMspSuther旭andpWsJspWhitehousepAspｹGuti爾rrezpRsJs ｪゴグゲザｫsUnderstandingandman-

aging conservation conf旭ictss Trends in Ecology amp Evolutionp 28ｪゴｫpゲググゲグゾshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲ葦｠jstreesゴグゲゴsグ芦sグゴゲ

Sj塾旭anderLindqvistpAspJohanssonpMspｹSandstr塾mpCsｪゴグゲズｫsIndividua旭andco旭旭ectiveresponsesto旭argecarnivoremanagementrThero旭esof trustp representationp know旭edge spheresp communication andleadership Wildlife Biologyp21ｪザｫpゲゼズゲ芦ズshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゴゾ芦ゲ｠wlb00065

SothertonpNspTapperpSspｹSmithpAsｪゴググゾｫsHenharriersandredgrouserEconomic aspects of red grouse shooting and the imp旭ications formoor旭and conservations Journal of Applied Ecologyp 46p ゾズズゾ葦グshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゲゲ｠jsゲザ葦ズゴ葦葦ジsゴググゾsグゲ葦芦芦sx

SponarskipCsCspVaskepJsJspBathpAsJspｹLoeff旭erpTsｪゴグゲ葦ｫsChangingattitudesandemotionstowardcoyoteswithexperientia旭educationsThe Journal of Environmental Educationp47ｪジｫpゴゾ葦ザグ葦shttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグ芦グ｠ググゾズ芦ゾ葦ジsゴグゲ葦sゲゲズ芦ゲジゴ

SponarskipCsCspVaskepJsJspBathpAsJspｹMusianipMsMsｪゴグゲジｫsSa旭ientva旭uespsocia旭trustpandattitudestowardwo旭fmanagementinsouthwesternA旭bertasCanada Environmental Conservationp41ｪグジｫp ザグザザゲグshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲゼ｠Sグザゼ葦芦ゾゴゾゲザグググズゾザ

SternpMsJsｪゴググ芦ｫsCoercionpvo旭untarycomp旭ianceandprotestrThero旭eof trust and 旭egitimacy in combating 旭oca旭 opposition toprotectedareas Environmental Conservationp 35ｪグザｫp ゴググゴゲグs httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲゼ｠Sグザゼ葦芦ゾゴゾグ芦ググズグゴX

TadakipMsp Sinnerp Jsp ｹChanp KsMsAs ｪゴグゲゼｫsMaking sense of envi-ronmenta旭va旭uesrAtypo旭ogyofconceptssEcology and Societyp22ｪゲｫpartゼshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsズゼズゲ｠ESグ芦ゾゾゾゴゴグゲグゼ

Tee旭p Ts Lsp ｹ Manfredop Ms Js ｪゴグゲグｫs Understanding the diversity ofpub旭icinterestsinwi旭d旭ifeconservationsConservation Biologyp24ｪゲｫpゲゴ芦ゲザゾshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゲゲ｠jsゲズゴザゲゼザゾsゴググゾsグゲザゼジsx

ThirgoodpSsJspｹRedpathpSsMsｪゴググズｫsHenharriersandredgrouserTheeco旭ogyof a conf旭ictsConservation Biology Series Cambridgep9pゲゾゴs

Thirgoodp Ssp ｹ Redpathp Ss Ms ｪゴググ芦ｫs Hen harriers and redgrouser Sciencep po旭itics and humanwi旭d旭ife conf旭icts Journal

of Applied Ecologyp 45ｪズｫp ゲズズグゲズズジs httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゲゲ｠ jsゲザ葦ズゴ葦葦ジsゴググ芦sグゲズゲゾsx

ThirgoodpSsJspRedpathpSsMspHaydonpDsTspRotherypPspNewtonpIspｹHudsonpPsJsｪゴグググｫsHabitat旭ossandraptorpredationrDisentang旭ing

旭ong and shorttermcausesof redgrousedec旭inessProceedings B

Biological Sciencesp267ｪゲジジジｫp葦ズゲ葦ズ葦sThompsonpDsBsAspMacDona旭dpAs JspMarsdenp JsHspｹGa旭braithpCs

AsｪゲゾゾズｫsUp旭andheathermoor旭andinGreatBritainrAreviewofin-

ternationa旭importancepvegetationchangeandsomeobjectivesfornatureconservationsBiological Conservationp71ｪゴｫpゲ葦ザゲゼ芦shttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲ葦｠グググ葦ザゴグゼｪゾジｫグググジザP

ThompsonpPsSspDoug旭aspDsJsTspHoccompDsGspKnottpJspRoospSspｹWi旭sonp JsDs ｪゴグゲ葦ｫs Environmenta旭 impacts of highoutput drivenshootingofRedGrouseLagopus旭agopusscoticasIbisp158ｪゴｫpジジ葦ジズゴshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲゲゲゲ｠ibisゲゴザズ葦

Vaskep Js Jsp ｹ Donne旭旭yp Ms Ps ｪゲゾゾゾｫs A va旭ueattitudebehav-ior mode旭 predicting wi旭d旭and preservation voting inten-

tionss Society amp Natural Resourcesp 12ｪ葦ｫp ズゴザズザゼs httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグ芦グ｠グ芦ゾジゲゾゴゾゾゴゼゾジゴズ

VaskepJsJspｹManfredopMsJsｪゴグゲゴｫsSocia旭psycho旭ogica旭considerationsin wi旭d旭ife managementsHuman dimensions of wildlife management

ｪppsジザズゼｫsBa旭timorerTheJohnHopkinsUniversityPresssWhittakerpDspVaskepJsJspｹManfredopMsJsｪゴググ葦ｫsSpecificityandthe

cognitivehierarchyrVa旭ueorientationsandtheacceptabi旭ityofurbanwi旭d旭ifemanagementactionssSociety amp Natural Resourcesp19ｪ葦ｫpズゲズズザグshttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグ芦グ｠グ芦ゾジゲゾゴグ葦ググ葦葦ザゾゲゴ

Youngp JsCsp Sear旭epKspBut旭erpAsp SimmonspPspWattpAsDspｹ JordanpAs ｪゴグゲ葦ｫs The ro旭e of trust in the reso旭ution of conservation con-

f旭ictss Biological Conservationp 195p httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグゲ葦｠jsbiocon201512030

Zaina旭AbidinpZsAspｹJacobspMsHsｪゴグゲ葦ｫsTheapp旭icabi旭ityofwi旭d旭ifeva旭ue orientations sca旭es to amus旭im student samp旭e inMa旭aysiasHuman Dimensions of Wildlifep21ｪ葦ｫpズズズズ葦葦shttpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグsゲグ芦グ｠ゲグ芦ゼゲゴグゾsゴグゲ葦sゲゲゾゾゼジズ

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additiona旭 supporting information may be found on旭ine in theSupportingInformationsectionattheendoftheartic旭es

How to cite this artic旭erStJohnFAVpSteadmanJpAustenGpRedpathSMsVa旭uediversityandconservationconf旭ictrLessonsfromthemanagementofredgrouseandhenharriersinEng旭andsPeople Nat 201800112 httpsr｠｠doisorg｠ゲグs 1002pan35

People and Nature 2018112 科|科1wileyonlinelibrarycomjournalpan3

Receivedr葦Juneゴグゲ芦科 |科 AcceptedrゲゾNovemberゴグゲ芦DOI 101002pan35

R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E

Value diversity and conservation conflict Lessons from the

management of red grouse and hen harriers in England

Freya A V St John1 科|科Janna Steadman2科|科Gai旭 Austen1科|科Steve Ms Redpath3

Thisisanopenaccessartic旭eunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicensepwhichpermitsusepdistributionandreproductioninanymediumpprovidedtheorigina旭workisproper旭ycitedsｻゴグゲ芦TheAuthorssPeople and Naturepub旭ishedbyJohnWi旭eyｹSonsLtdonbeha旭fofBritishEco旭ogica旭Society

1Schoo旭ofNatura旭SciencespBangorUniversitypBangorpUK2Durre旭旭InstituteofConservationｹEco旭ogypSchoo旭ofAnthropo旭ogyandConservationpUniversityofKentpCanterburypUK3InstituteofBio旭ogica旭ｹEnvironmenta旭SciencepUniversityofAberdeenpAberdeenpUK

CorrespondenceFreyaAsVsStsJohnpSchoo旭ofNatura旭SciencespBangorUniversitypBangorpUKsEmai旭rfsstjohnｺbangorsacsuk

Funding information

ThisresearchwasfundedbyDepartmentforEnvironmentpFoodandRura旭AffairsoftheUKGovernments

Hand旭ingEditorrLeahGibbs

Abstract

ゲs Conf旭ictsbetweenpeop旭eoverwi旭d旭ifemanagementaredamagingpwidespreadpandnotorious旭ydifficu旭ttoreso旭vewherepeop旭eho旭ddifferentva旭uesandwor旭d-

viewssCognitiveapproachesexaminingstepsfromhumanthoughttoactioncanhe旭pusunderstandconf旭ictandexp旭orestrategiesfortheirmanagements

ゴs Wefocusedontheconf旭ictbetweenhuntersandconservationistsovertheman-

agementofredgrouseｪLagopus lagopus scoticusｫandhenharriersｪCircus cyaneus)

intheEng旭ishup旭andswhichrepresentsac旭assicppersistentconf旭ictpwherehumandimensionsarepoor旭yunderstoods

ザs Guidedbyconceptua旭frameworksfromsocia旭andenvironmenta旭psycho旭ogypweconductedaquestionnairebasedstudytoassesswi旭d旭ifeva旭ueorientationsofkeystakeho旭derss We quantified attitudes towards hen harriersp grouse shootingpgamekeeperspandraptorconservationistssWea旭someasuredsupport｠oppositionforharriermanagementstrategiesinEng旭andandinvestigatedtrustintherespon-

sib旭egovernmentauthoritysジs Wepresentdatafromズザ葦respondentsfromfie旭dsportornatureconservationorganizationssRespondentswerecategorizedaccordingtotheprimaryobjectivesoftheiraffi旭iatedorganizationrFie旭dsportｪisesphuntersｫpNonraptorpProraptorpandProbird ｪisesporganizationspromotingconservationofbirdsexc旭uding rap-

torspraptorsspecifica旭旭yporbirdsgenera旭旭yｫsズs Uti旭itarianva旭ueorientationswereprominentamongFie旭dsportandNonraptorrespondentssMostProraptorandProbirdparticipantshe旭dmutua旭istva旭ueori-entationspindicatingtheydidnotsupportshootingormanagementofwi旭d旭ifes

葦s Assuggestedbythecognitivehierarchypwefoundstrongcorre旭ationsbetweenattitudeandsupportformanagementoptionspourproxyforbehaviours

ゼs Probird affi旭iates showed c旭ear preference for 旭ess invasive managementp anda旭ongwithProraptorrespondentsdidnotsupportbroodmanagementｪremova旭and旭aterre旭easeofeggs｠youngwhenharrierdensityishighｫsFie旭dsportindividu-

a旭s expressed a degree of support for a旭旭 management typess Trust in Natura旭Eng旭andwas旭imiteds

芦s Understandingva旭ueorientationsandattitudesofstakeho旭dershe旭psexp旭aindif-ferencesin旭eve旭sofsupportformanagementapproachessOurstudyhigh旭ighted













K E Y W O R D S



Values


Attitude amp norms


Behaviours

Respect for life

Animals have rights

like human


humane


















































ザ科 |科RESULTS



















Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)







Affiliation






33 67 144 756












































Monitoring





Brood management


Monitoring





Brood management

minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean


minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean


Affiliation

Field sport

Nonminusraptor

Prominusraptor

Prominusbird

































ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS






ORCID



R E FE R E N CE S









































































































K E Y W O R D S



Values


Attitude amp norms


Behaviours

Respect for life

Animals have rights

like human


humane


















































ザ科 |科RESULTS



















Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)







Affiliation






33 67 144 756












































Monitoring





Brood management


Monitoring





Brood management

minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean


minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean


Affiliation

Field sport

Nonminusraptor

Prominusraptor

Prominusbird

































ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS






ORCID



R E FE R E N CE S








































































































































ザ科 |科RESULTS



















Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)







Affiliation






33 67 144 756












































Monitoring





Brood management


Monitoring





Brood management

minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean


minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean


Affiliation

Field sport

Nonminusraptor

Prominusraptor

Prominusbird

































ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS






ORCID



R E FE R E N CE S














































































































Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)


Mean ｪSE)







Affiliation






33 67 144 756












































Monitoring





Brood management


Monitoring





Brood management

minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean


minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean


Affiliation

Field sport

Nonminusraptor

Prominusraptor

Prominusbird

































ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS






ORCID



R E FE R E N CE S








































































































































Monitoring





Brood management


Monitoring





Brood management

minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean


minus2 minus1 0 1 2

Mean


Affiliation

Field sport

Nonminusraptor

Prominusraptor

Prominusbird

































ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS






ORCID



R E FE R E N CE S





























































































































ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS






ORCID



R E FE R E N CE S





























































































kent academic repository · value diversity and conservation conflict: lessons from the ... such...

Documents