kennedy, johnson, & activism. john f. kennedy, 43 young and catholic promised to help slow...
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KENNEDY, JOHNSON, & ACTIVISM
John F. Kennedy, 43Young and CatholicPromised to help slow the economy
THE 1960 ELECTIONA NEW TYPE OF CANDIDATE
September 26, 19601st televised presidential debateJFK – young, tan, relaxed, fitNixon – sick, underweight, loose shirt, no
shaveSaw on TV: JFK wonHeard on Radio: Nixon won
TV’S ROLE
VP Lyndon Baines JohnsonWon popular vote by only 19,000 votesEntered into offi ce without a mandateMandate – public endorsement
A NARROW KENNEDY WIN
1963 – wrote book “The Other America”1/5th of Americans were living below the
poverty line1961 – Housing Act for urban renewal24th Amendment – no poll taxEqual Pay Act – Same work = same pay
COMBATING POVERTY & INEQUALITY
April 1961 – USSR sent man to spaceMay 25, 1961 – JFK challenges NASA to do
sameSaid they had 10 yearsChanged school systems – emphasis on math
and science
THE SPACE PROGRAM
November 22, 1963Campaign swing though TexasTexas School Book Depository, 6 th floor3 shots1:00pm JFK pronounced dead
ASSASSINATION
Lee Harvey Oswald arrestedOn TV, LHO was transferred jailsShot by Jack Ruby on TVNovember 29 th - Warren Commission Investigated assassination, LHO acted alone
LBJ sworn in on JFK’s deathDemocrat from TexasWon his seat by 87 votesTook offer from JFK for VP after failed
nominationHated VP – no real powerAs President, kept JFK’s agenda and added to
it
JOHNSON BECOMES PRESIDENT
Series of Legislation by Johnson
THE GREAT SOCIETY
Economic Opportunity Act 1964 Combat poverty
Volunteers in Service to America 1964 Volunteers sent to help poor communities
Medicare 1965 Provide medical insurance for Americans 65 and older
Medicaid 1965 Provide medical insurance for poor Americans
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
1965 Educational aid to states based on number of low income children
Immigration Act 1965 Eliminate quotas
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
1965 Oversee housing needs, rent supplements, low-income housing
National Foundation of the Arts and Humanities
1965 Grants to artists and scholars
Water Quality Act & Clean Water Restoration Act
1965 Water and air quality standards, funding for environmental research
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
1966 Established safety standards for all vehicles
Case Date Outcome
Roth v. US 1957 Banned obscene materials
Engel v. Vitale 1962 Banned prayer in school
Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 Free legal aid for arrested people
Escobedo v. Illinois 1964 Lawyer during questioning
Miranda v. Arizona 1966 Rights read upon arrest
THE WARREN COURT
Plan to Overthrow CastroCuba 90 miles from Florida JFK took office with plan already in motionCIA training Cubans to overthrow
BAY OF PIGS INVASION
Military CatastropheApril 17, 1961Airstrike failed to take out Cuba’s Air ForceCuba’s troops were better than anticipatedUS looked like failures
Tensions in GermanyAfter WWII, Berlin dividedBerlin Airlift made USSR angryWanted permanent divisionKhrushchev made public ultimatum JFK felt bullied
BERLIN CRISIS
JFK added $3 Billion to defenseBuilt up armed forcesSoviets built Berlin WallStandoff but not war
JFK TAKES ACTION
Spy plane showed USSR missile base in Cuba
Had 4 optionsFurther negotiate with Khrushchev Invade CubaBlockade CubaBomb middle sites
October 22 on TV JFK confirms nukes in Cuba
Public – fear and anger, not panic
CUBAN MISSILE CRISISKENNEDY’S OPTIONS
JFK put in blockade2 nations on brink of nuclear warPeople huddled in sheltersSoviet ships ran at blockadeTurned at last minute
THE WORLD WAITS
Middle base construction continuedDeal made:
Soviet missiles out of CubaUS stays out of CubaUS takes missile out of Turkey
JFK is a hero
DISASTER AVOIDED
Efforts made to reduce nuclear warRed Phone “Hotline” USSR to USALimited Test Ban Treaty
No above ground testing Underground still ok
AFTER EFFECTS
ACTIVISM
Feminism – equality for femalesEducation and Employment
1970 – 43% of college degrees went to women
Companies didn’t want to train womenAssumed they’d leave for families1963 – women made 59 cents per $1 a man made
Wanted equal pay
WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
Used techniques from Civil RightsTitle VII – prohibited discriminationUsed to sue for rights
IMPACT OF CIVIL RIGHTS
1963 –The Feminine MystiqueTalked of dissatisfied housewivesSome women felt betrayed Happy with their roles in the home1966 – National Organization for
Women (NOW)Goal to get equality for women
WOMEN’S GROUPS ORGANIZE
A shift in attitude toward womenExplored new careersRoe vs. Wade
1973 Right to choose Legalized abortion Still a controversial ruling
ERA Equal Rights Amendment Proposed in 1972 Had to have 38 states to ratify In 1977, 35 states had Amendment died in 1982
IMPACT OF FEMINISM
Some women fought the ERASaid it wouldn’t help Some said they wanted to be wives and
mothersAA women felt that race was more importantSlow change overall
OPPOSITION TO WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
Latinos60s and 70s saw increase in immigrationChicano MovementWanted to keep culture and dual heritageUnequal schools, jobs, payCesar Chavez
Migrant farm worker’s rights United Farm Workers (UFW) Better pay, conditions, treatment
ETHNIC MINORITIES SEEK EQUALITY
Prejudice during WWII continuedPut in camps for duration of warCreated Japanese American Citizens League
(JACL)Fought for losses from time in campsWanted equal pay as whitesMade gains faster than any other minority
ASIAN AMERICANS
Always looked down upon1871 – US didn’t recognize as independent
nationsDidn’t give NA citizenship until 1924Suffer unemployment, suicide, poverty,
alcoholismStill claimed old landsAmerican Indian Movement (AIM)Fight for NA nation’s autonomySue government for land and rights70s – laws passed for gov. money, programs,
help
NATIVE AMERICANS
Hippies – peace, love, and freedomFelt “generation gap” with parents1960’s saw the Baby Boomers in schoolBaby Boomers – children born in the 10 years
after WWIINew clothes and music
COUNTERCULTURE:A TIME OF CHANGE
Gave up structured styles of the 1950’sLoose hair and clothesLots of colors and patternsPop Art grew out of the loud clothesAndy Warhol “Campbell’s Soup”
SIXTIES STYLE
Freedom in both lives and partnersExperimented with living pattersCommunes and co-habitationFewer marriages
SEXUAL REVOLUTION
Freedom to expand mindsHallucinations and altered perceptionsUniversities developed and tested drugs on
hippiesNumber of overdoses skyrocketedFamous: Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Jimi
HendricksTheir deaths slowed down usageLeft lasting impact on health
of baby boomers
DRUGS AND THE 1960S
1964 – The Beatles come to AmericaChange the way we listenFolk Rock became trendyProtest songs, guitars and tambourines
MUSIC
August 1969400,000 people in Bethel, NYPolice kept the peace, did not enforce drug
lawsMusic, Love, Drugs, FreedomEnd of a generation
WOODSTOCK
December 1969Altamont Speedway in CaliforniaTried to be like WoodstockRolling Stones hired Hells Angels for securityViolence eruptedChanged the pace of hippie culture
ALTAMONT
Silent Spring 1958 by Rachel Carson DDT – pesticide sprayed over much of US Would kill everything – plants and animals Need to change environmental policy
Outcome DDT banned in US Eagles put on endangered species list People began to notice pollution EPA founded Clear Air and Water Act
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT