Kennedy and Kennedy and the Cold Warthe Cold War

Objective: Examine Cold War Objective: Examine Cold War CrisesCrises

Chapter 23 Section 1Chapter 23 Section 1A. CubaA. Cuba

1.Bay of Pigs1.Bay of Pigs- CIA backed uprising against - CIA backed uprising against

Castro Castro failsfails- hurts U.S. prestige- hurts U.S. prestige

2. Cuban Missile Crisis (timeline)2. Cuban Missile Crisis (timeline)- Soviet missiles found thru - Soviet missiles found thru

spy pixspy pix- US Navy blockades Cuba - US Navy blockades Cuba - JFK tells Khrushchev to get - JFK tells Khrushchev to get

missiles outmissiles out

B. US, USSR, Great Britain agree to B. US, USSR, Great Britain agree to ban nuclear testing in the ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere, outer space, and atmosphere, outer space, and undergroundunderground

C. Arab-Israeli War (1967):C. Arab-Israeli War (1967):

1. US-backed Israel defeats 1. US-backed Israel defeats Soviet-backed Egypt, Syria, and Soviet-backed Egypt, Syria, and JordanJordan

D. D. USS PuebloUSS Pueblo::

1. Spy vessel sunk by North Korea1. Spy vessel sunk by North Korea

VietnamVietnamand the Anti-War and the Anti-War

MovementMovementObj: Understand reasons for Obj: Understand reasons for escalation of conflict; reaction escalation of conflict; reaction of American public of American public

Govt. Protest in S. Govt. Protest in S. VietnamVietnam

Self-ImmolationSelf-Immolation

I. EscalationI. EscalationA. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:A. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:

1. Congress passes act that gives 1. Congress passes act that gives President war powers until “peace President war powers until “peace and security” return to regionand security” return to region

B. U.S. bombing campaigns; covert B. U.S. bombing campaigns; covert operations in North Vietnamoperations in North Vietnam

C. By 1967, 500,000 soldiers are C. By 1967, 500,000 soldiers are “in-country”“in-country”

ARVN

Vietcong

NV ARMY

U.S.

The OpponentsThe Opponents

Ambushes

Booby traps

Bombing

Search & Destroy

II. Tet OffensiveII. Tet Offensive

A. 1967 – U.S. officials say the A. 1967 – U.S. officials say the end of the war is near end of the war is near

B. Jan / 68: Vietcong launch B. Jan / 68: Vietcong launch surprise attack during holidaysurprise attack during holiday

1. public believes that war can’t 1. public believes that war can’t be wonbe won

III. ProtestIII. Protest

A. ‘Hawks’ (pro-war) versus A. ‘Hawks’ (pro-war) versus ‘doves’ (anti-war)‘doves’ (anti-war)

1. antiwar movement centers 1. antiwar movement centers on college campuseson college campuses

a. 4 killed at Kent Statea. 4 killed at Kent State

b. many burn draft cards b. many burn draft cards

Kent State, OhioKent State, Ohio

At the PentagonAt the Pentagon

IV. 1968 ElectionIV. 1968 ElectionA. Democrats splitA. Democrats split

1. RFK is assassinated1. RFK is assassinated

2. Humphrey picked to run2. Humphrey picked to run

B. Nixon (R) wins close contestB. Nixon (R) wins close contest

1. Democrats still hold majority 1. Democrats still hold majority in Congressin Congress

Secrecy and Secrecy and SummitrySummitry

Obj: Understand Nixon’s foreign Obj: Understand Nixon’s foreign policy policy End of the Vietnam conflictEnd of the Vietnam conflictDiplomacy in ChinaDiplomacy in ChinaCrisis in the Middle EastCrisis in the Middle East

I. Nixon the I. Nixon the PeacemakerPeacemakerA. Policy of détente: relax A. Policy of détente: relax

tensions w/communiststensions w/communists

1. visits USSR - agree to allow 1. visits USSR - agree to allow only underground testing of only underground testing of nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons

2. visits China - lifts 2. visits China - lifts trade/travel limitstrade/travel limits

B. VietnamB. Vietnam1. Pentagon Papers – Congress 1. Pentagon Papers – Congress misled American people about misled American people about war’s progress war’s progress

2. “Vietnamization” – Nixon 2. “Vietnamization” – Nixon replaces U.S. soldiers with replaces U.S. soldiers with South VietnameseSouth Vietnamese3. 1973 – cease-fire ends U.S. 3. 1973 – cease-fire ends U.S. presencepresence

4. 1975 – communists take over 4. 1975 – communists take over the South; Vietnam unitedthe South; Vietnam united

Casualties in VietnamCasualties in VietnamBranchBranch BDBD ODOD NFWNFW

Navy Navy 1,631 1,631 931 931 4,178 4,178

Air Force Air Force 1,741 1,741 842 842 931931

Marines Marines 13,084 13,084 1,753 1,753 51,39251,392

Army Army 30,922 30,922 7,273 7,273 96,802 96,802

TotalTotal 47,378 47,378 10,799 10,799 153,303153,303

The Wall – Wash. D.C.The Wall – Wash. D.C.

C. War in the Middle EastC. War in the Middle East

1. (1973) Egypt and Syria 1. (1973) Egypt and Syria attack Israelattack Israel

2. Sec. of State Kissinger uses 2. Sec. of State Kissinger uses “shuttle diplomacy” to improve “shuttle diplomacy” to improve relationsrelations

From Camelot to From Camelot to WatergateWatergate

JFK’s New FrontierJFK’s New Frontier Johnson’s Great SocietyJohnson’s Great Society Nixon’s Fall from GraceNixon’s Fall from Grace

I. Kennedy I. Kennedy

A. Wins close A. Wins close election election against against NixonNixon

1. 11. 1stst Catholic Catholic PresidentPresident

B. “New Frontier”: mix of B. “New Frontier”: mix of idealism & realismidealism & realism

1. Space program expanded1. Space program expanded

2. Housing Act 2. Housing Act

3. labor and business3. labor and business

a. Area Redevelopment Acta. Area Redevelopment Act

C. 11/22/63: Assassinated in C. 11/22/63: Assassinated in Dallas, TexasDallas, Texas

1. Arrested Lee Harvey Oswald 1. Arrested Lee Harvey Oswald who is killed 2 days later by who is killed 2 days later by Jack RubyJack Ruby

2. Warren Commission decides 2. Warren Commission decides that Oswald acted alonethat Oswald acted alone

II. JohnsonII. JohnsonA. Great SocietyA. Great Society

1. War on poverty:1. War on poverty:

a. job training programsa. job training programs

b. Medicare Act – care for b. Medicare Act – care for those those over 65over 65

2. increased immigration 2. increased immigration

3. tax cuts3. tax cuts

B. Spending doubles B. Spending doubles between 1964-68between 1964-68

C. Vietnam takes funding C. Vietnam takes funding for domestic programsfor domestic programs

D. Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” D. Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” increases environmental awarenessincreases environmental awareness

III. NixonIII. NixonA. War on crime:A. War on crime:

1. appoints conservative 1. appoints conservative Supreme Court JusticesSupreme Court Justices

2. reinstates death penalty2. reinstates death penalty

B. Economic slowdown + B. Economic slowdown + inflation=inflation=

stagflationstagflation

1. New Federalism: reduce 1. New Federalism: reduce govt.’s role in the economygovt.’s role in the economy

2. ’72 Election: appeals to 2. ’72 Election: appeals to patriotismpatriotism

C. Energy crisis (1973): C. Energy crisis (1973):

1. OPEC places embargo on 1. OPEC places embargo on U.S. oil shipmentsU.S. oil shipments

2. Nixon supports Alaskan 2. Nixon supports Alaskan pipelinepipeline

Gas LinesGas Lines

IV. Watergate’s ImpactIV. Watergate’s Impact

A. CREEP members caught ‘bugging’ A. CREEP members caught ‘bugging’ Democratic campaign HQDemocratic campaign HQ

B. Reveals Nixon’s involvement; illegal B. Reveals Nixon’s involvement; illegal contributions to 1972 campaigncontributions to 1972 campaign

1. resigns in 1974 under threat of 1. resigns in 1974 under threat of impeachmentimpeachment

C. Ford will pardon NixonC. Ford will pardon Nixon

1. Congress limits power of 1. Congress limits power of PresidentPresident

a. War Powers Act: Pres. a. War Powers Act: Pres. must must report w/in 48 hours report w/in 48 hours of actionof action

b. refuses aid to South b. refuses aid to South VietnamVietnam