Hymenoptera

Yolanda Diana Sari (3425111399)

Nurul Family (3425122219)

Introduction

• Hymenopterans, the "membrane-winged“.

• The name Hymenoptera is derived from the Greek words "hymen" meaning membrane and "ptera" meaning wings.

• The name is appropriate not only for the membranous nature of the wings, but also for the manner in which they are "joined together as one" by the hamuli.

• They`re insects, include bees, ants, and a large number of other insect taxa collectively referred to as wasps.

• The Hymenoptera include famous examples of

social insects, such as honeybees and true ants;

these insects have developed regimented social

systems in which members are divided into

worker, drone, and queen castes.

• Not all hymenoptera are social, however; many live

a solitary life, coming together only for a brief

mating.

Characteristics

• Two pairs of membranous wings, although some may be wingless such as some species of female wasps and the worker caste of ants

• The forewings are larger than the hind wings and are held together by small hooks (see below)

• Females usually have a hardened ovipositor, which may be modified for sawing, piercing or stinging

• Most hymenopterans have a constriction between the first 2 segments of the abdomen, which is known as a 'wasp waist'

• Chewing (mandibulate) mouthparts, although in some species such as bees the lower lip is modified to form a tongue

• Compound eyes, usually large

LIFE CYCLE OF HYMENOPTERA

Taxonomy of Hymenoptera

Apocrita

Typical Features of HYMENOPTERA

Symphyta and Apocrita

• Larvae

• Wings

• Mouthparts

Hymenoptera (Symphyta)

Adult Mouthparts Sawflies: chewing or nonfunctional

sawfly larvae

caterpillar-like, one pair stemmata, > 6 pair prolegs; free-living

SYMPHYTA, sawflies

from Borror, Triplehorn & Johnson, 1980 from Peterson 1962

lepidopterous caterpillar

single stemma

multiply-segmented

antennae

> 6 prolegs

Wings Sawflies: always 2 pair, veination heavy, basic

representative sawfly wings

Family

• Sawflies : Larvae feed on foliage or burrow into plant tissues.

• Diprionidae -- Conifer sawflies

• Tenthredinidae -- Common sawflies

• Cephidae -- Stem sawflies

• Siricidae -- Horntails

Diprionidae

Antennae with 13 or more segments. The antennae are serrated in the female and pectinate or bipectinate in males.

Habitat: coniferous forests

Food: Larvae feed on conifers and can do considerable damage

European Pine Sawfly - Neodiprion sertifer - Neodiprion sertifer -

the largest family of sawflies, with well over 6000 species worldwide.

Larvae are typically herbivores and feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs, with occasional exceptions that are leaf miners, stem borers, or gall makers.

The larvae of externally feeding species resemble small caterpillars.

Cephidae (Stem Sawflies)

• Most species occur in the Northern

Hemisphere, especially in Eurasia.

• Slender, laterally compressed.

Elongated pronotum. Mostly black,

some with light colored markings.

Clubbed antennae

• Food: On grasses (incl. grain crops)

and shrubs (incl. berries, roses, willows

• Life cycle: The larvae bore in the stems

Stem Sawfly - Calameuta clavata

Siricidae (Horntails) • forests of the Northern Hemisphere

south to Cuba, n. Central America, India,

New Guinea, and n. Africa (2 spp. are

known from tropical Africa)

• Size varies tremendously, adults of the

same species may vary from 1 to 5 cm

• Both sexes have a short abdominal

dorsal projection (horn) that gives them

their common name. Females also have

an ovipositor in a sheath, placed

ventrally in the abdomen.

• Wood (Tremicinae mostly on

hardwoods; Siricinae, on conifers); larvae

require a symbiotic fungus to digest

wood

• larval development may take 1 to 3 years

to complete depending on species and

climate

Pigeon Horntail - Tremex columba

Hymenoptera (Apocrita)

Apocrita: hindwings attached with hammuli.

Wings of Apocrita

Chalcidoid (parasitoid) wings,

Most very small, reduced veins

Wings of aculeate wasps & bees,

normal size, rel. full veination

Wing coupling

hamuli

velcro-like

Larvae of APOCRITA

• live in protected spaces

• fed by adults

• soft, grub-like, reduced

features

from Peterson 1962

Adult Mouthparts Apocrita: may be highly modified with manipulative, chewing mandibles, maxillae & labium formed into a liquid-sucking device. In some very long for feeding from deep-corolla flowers.

Mouthparts

tongue of a Euglossine bee

honey bee mouthparts

from Snodgrass

Other Features of APOCRITA

Abdomen

propodeum

gaster

petiole

mesosoma

metasoma

Sting

• Modified abdominal tergites/sternites • Double stylet with levering valves at base • Venom glands in some spp. • Evolution: Ovipositor Host-paralysing Defensive Sting

parasitoid,

egg-laying

aculeate bee or wasp,

offensive, defensive

specialized, barbed

honey bee sting

Superfaily Stephanoidea

Family Stephanidae (crown wasps)

• Size: 5-19 mm

• Identification : Slender

antennae, 30 or more

segments. Head has crown of

teeth around median ocellus.

Long ovipositor. Most

associated with pines, seldom

seen.

• Life cycle: Parasitoids of wood

boring beetles and wasps. Cool waspy thingy - Megischus bicolor

Superfamily Ceraphronoidea

Family Megaspilidae

• Identification: Antennae with 11

segments in both sexes.. Stigma

usually large and semicircular,

rarely absent or linear. Some are

wingless/brachypterous

• Food: A common species

of Dendrocerus is a hyperparasite

of braconids that parasitize aphids.

Others are known to be

hyperparasites of other parasitic

hymenoptera or have been reared

from larvae and puparia of Diptera

and Neuroptera.

Megaspilidae - Dendrocerus

Superfamily Evanioidea Family Evaniidae (Ensign Wasps)

• Size : 3-7 mm

• Identification : somewhat spider-like. Abdomen is very small

and oval, attached by a slender petiole to the propodeum,

considerably above the base of the hind coxae. It is carried

almost like a flag (thus the name).

Habitat : Found in buildings or other places where

cockroaches occur.

• Food : Parasites of the egg capsules of cockroaches

• Wasps in the family Evaniidae have uniquely shaped

metasomas with tubular petioles and shortened, laterally

compressed metasomal segments 2-8

Semaeomyia sp.

Superfamily Ichneumonoidea

Family Ichneumonidae (Ichneumon Wasps)

• Ichneumon wasps differ from typical,

aculeate wasps, which sting in defense and

do not pass their eggs along the stinger

(Aculeata:Vespoidea and Apoidea), in that

the antennae have more segments; typically

16 or more

• Female ichneumon wasps sometimes have

an ovipositor longer than their body.

• Ovipositorsand stingers arehomologous stru

ctures; Ichneumons generally inject venom

along with the egg, but only larger species,

with relatively shorter ovipositors, use the

ovipositor as a stinger in defense. . Brancus sp.

The process of oviposition in Dolichomitus imperator • Tapping with her

antennae, the wasp detects and localizes scent and vibrations that indicate a host is present.

• With the longer ovipositor, the wasp drills a hole through the bark.

• The wasp inserts the ovipositor into the cavity which contains the host larva.

• Making corrections.

• Depositing her eggs.

Superfamily Chalcidoidea

Family Mymaridae (Fairyflies)

• Size: 0.2-1 mm (among the smallest of insects)

• Characteristic: stalked, narrowly elongate hindwing

• long clubbed female antennae (filiform in males)

• Food: insects egg parasitoids

Superfamily Cynipoidea

Family Cynipidae (Gall Wasps)

• Size: 2-8 mm.

• Identification: most species

humpbacked; abdomen with

two segments visible dorsally,

the remainder telescoped

beneath.

• Life Cycle: The larvae in the

more solid, autumnal galls

metamorphose in the fall

Jewel Oak Gall Wasp - Acraspis macrocarpae

Superfamily Chrysidoidea

Family Chrysididae (Cuckoo Wasps)

The name "cuckoo wasp" refers to the fact that these wasps lay eggs in the nests of unsuspecting hosts.

Cuckoo Wasp - Elampus sp.

Family Sphecidae (Thread-waisted Wasps)

• Size: 15-27 mm

• Identification: Head and thorax

have golden hair. Abdomen

black with orange/red on first

segment.

• Habitat: Fields, meadows, with

sandy areas nearby

• Food: Takes nectar at flowers.

Sphex ichneumoneus

Superfamily Apoideae

Family Apidea

Apinae

honey bees, bumblebees, stingless bees, orchid

bees, digger bees

Honeybees are highly social insects and

construct hives that consist of three types of

individuals.

1. Queen: all hives have a queen whose

primary function is to lays eggs.

2. Workers: the workers (sterile females)

who build the nest and tend to the larvae.

3. Drones: the drones are fertile males who

fly out at certain times of the year to

mate with new queens

Honey Bee - Apis mellifera

Nomadinae

• The subfamily Nomadinae, or

cuckoo bees, has 31 genera in 10

tribes which are all cleptoparasites

in the nests of other bees.

• The apex of the metasoma of

females is modified for placing their

eggs within host nests.

Xylocopinae (carpenter bees)

Most members of this subfamily make

nests in plant stems or wood. Many

Xylocopinae are primitively eusocial.

Holcopasites calliopsidis

Large Carpenter Bee - Xylocopa virginica

Superfamily Pompiloidea

Family Pompilidae (Spider Wasps)

Typically dark colored with smoky or

yellowish wings; a few are brightly

colored.

Tibiae of rear legs have two

prominent spines at apex (distal end,

next to tarsi)

Tarantula Hawk - Pepsis menechma

Superfamily Vespoidea

Family Vespidae (Yellowjackets and Hornets, Paper Wasps; Potter, Mason and Pollen Wasps)

• Members of this family are known

as paper wasps or potter wasps.

Most species are usually social and

one of the better known families

whose paper or mud nest

constructions are common in

many gardens and under the eaves

of houses and other buildings.

• Posterior margin of pronotum

distinctly "U"-shaped

• Forewings fold in half

longitudinally

• Food: caterpillars

Superfamily Formicoidea

Family Formicidae (Ants)

• Elbowed antennae

• Wingless workers; winged

swarmers (reproductives)

• Peduncle located between

thorax and abdomen --

first (or first and second)

abdominal segments

separate from rest of

abdomen

Formica rufa

Each colony is made up of different

castes and usually includes:

1. A Queen: who lays all the eggs, is

winged at birth but loses them

after mating, there may be more

than one queen in a nest.

2. Workers: wingless sterile females

who build the nest and tend to

the queen, larvae and pupae.

Workers may be separated into

workers and soldiers. Soldiers are

used for colony defence and often

have very large heads and

mandibles.

3. Males: who have wings and whose

only role is to mate with the new

queens.

Daftar Pustaka

• http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/library/compendium/hymenoptera.html

• http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/hymenoptera.html