ke selam at an lalin

7/29/2019 Ke Selam at an Lalin

1/21

KESELAMATAN LALU-LINTAS


2/21

Fatality Rate/ 100 Million Passenger-

Miles in Transport in the United States

Mode Rate

Autos and taxisMotorcyclesLocal transitBusesRailroadsDomestic scheduled air carriersWater transport

1.9017.000.160.190.530.13NA


3/21

Typical Accident Characteristic

Categories

Description Categories

Summary by type 1. Left-turn, head-on2. Right- angle3. Rear-end4. Sideswipe5. Pedestrian-related6. Run-off-road7.

Fixed object8. Head-on

9. Parked vehicle10.Other


4/21


Categories


Summary by severity 1. Fatal2. Personal injury

- Incapacitating- Nonincapacitating- Possible injury

3. Property damage


5/21


Categories


Summary by contributingcircumstances

1. Driving under the influences of alcohol or drugs2. Reckless or careless driving3. Ill, fatigued, or inattentive4. Failure to comply with license restrictions5. Obscured vision6.

Defective equipment7. Lost control due to shifting load, wind, or vacuum


6/21


Categories


Summary byenvironmental conditions

1. Weather (clear, cloudy, rain, fog, snow)2. Ambient light (light, dark, dawn, dusk, street

lights)3. Roadway surface (dry, wet, snowy, ice)


7/21


Categories


Summary by time of day 1. 12:00 midnight1:00 A.M.2. 1:00 A.M.2:00 A.M.3. 2:00 A.M.3:00 A.M.4. 3:00 A.M.4:00 A.M.

24. 11:00 P.M.12:00 midnight


8/21

GENERAL COUNTERMEASURES FORACCIDENT PATTERNS AND THEIR

PROBABLE CAUSES

Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasure

Right-angle collisions atunsignalized intersections Restricted sightdistance

Large totalitersection volumeHigh approachspeed

Remove sight obstructionsRestrict parking near cornersInstall stop signs (see MUTCD)Install warning signs (see MUTCD)Install/improve street lightingReduce speed limit on approachesInstall signals (see MUTCD)

Install yield signs (see MUTCD)Channelize intersectionsInstall signals (see MUTCD)Reroute through trafficReduce speed limit on approachesInstall rumble strips


9/21


PROBABLE CAUSES


Right-angle collisions at

signalized intersections

Poor visibility

of signals

Inadequatesignal timing

Install advanced warning devices (see

MUTCD)Install 12-in. signal lenses (see MUTCD)Install overhead signalsInstall visorsInstall back platesImprove location of signals headsAdd additional signal heads

Reduce speed limit on approachesAdjust amber phaseProvide all-red clearance phasesAdd multidial controllerInstall signal actuationRetime signalsProvide progression through a set of

signalized intersections


10/21


PROBABLE CAUSES


Rear-end collisions atunsignalized intersections

Pedestrian crossing

Driver not aware ofintersectionsSlippery surface

Large numbers of turningvehicles

Install/improve signing ormarking of pedestrian

crosswalksRelocate crosswalksInstall/improve warningsignsOverlay pavementProvide adequate drainageGroove pavement

Reduce speed limit onapproachesProvide slippery when wetsignsCreate left-or right-turnlanesProhibit turns

Increase curb radii


11/21


PROBABLE CAUSES

Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasureRear-end collisions atsignalizedintersections

Poor visibility ofsignals

Inadequate signal

timing

Pedestrian crossings

Slippery surface

Unwarranted signals

Install/improve advance warningdevicesInstall overhead signals

Install 12-in. signal lenses (seeMUTCD)Install visorsInstall back platesRelocate signalsAdd additional signals headsRemove obstaclesReduce speed limit on approachesAdjust amber phase

Provide progression through a set ofsignalized intersectionsInstall/improve signing or marking of

pedestrian crosswalksProvide pedestrian walk phaseOverlay pavementProvide adequate drainageGroove pavementReduce speed limit on approaches

Provide slippery when wet signsRemove signals (see MUTCD)


12/21


PROBABLE CAUSES


Pedestrian accidents atIntersections

Large turning volumes

Restricted sight distance

Inadequate protection forpedestriansInadequate signals

Inadequate signal phasing

School crossing area

Create left or right turnlanes

Prohibit turnsIncrease curb radiiRemove sight obstructionsInstall pedestrian crossingsImprove/install pedestriancrossing signsReroute pedestrian paths

Add pedestrian refugeislandInstall pedestrian signals(see MUTCD)Add pedestrian walk phaseChange timing of pedestrian

phase

Use school crossing guards


13/21


PROBABLE CAUSES


Pedestrian accidents

between intersections

Driver has inadequate

warning of frequentmidblock crossings

Pedestrian walking onroadwayLong distance to nearest

crosswalk

Prohibit parking

Install warning signsLower speed limitInstall pedestrians barriersInstall sidewalks

Install pedestrian crosswalk

Install pedestrian actuatedsignals (see MUTCD)

Pedestrian accidents atdriveway crossing

Sidewalk too close to

traveled way

Move sidewalk laterally

away from highway


14/21


PROBABLE CAUSES


Left-turn collisions at

intersections

Large volume of left turns

Restricted sight distance

Provide left-turn signal

phasesProhibit left-turnReroute left-turn trafficChannelize intersectionInstall stop signs (seeMUTCD)Create one-way streets

Provide turning guidelines(if there is a dual left-turnlane)Remove obstaclesInstall warning signsReduce speed limit onapproaches


15/21


PROBABLE CAUSES

Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasureRight-turn collisions at

intersections

Short turning radii Increase curb radii

Fixed-object collisions Objects near traveled way Remove obstacles nearroadway

Install barrier curbingInstall breakaway feature to

right poles, signposts, etc.Protect objects with

guardrail


16/21


PROBABLE CAUSES


Fixed-object collisionsand or vehicles running offroadway

Slippery pavement

Roadway design

inadequate for trafficconditionPoor delineation

Overlay existing pavementProvide adequate drair ageGroove existing pavementReduce speed limitProvide slippery when wetsignsWiden lanes

Relocate islandsClose curb laneImprove/install pavementmarkingsInstall roadside delineatorsInstall advance warningsigns (e.g., curves)


17/21


PROBABLE CAUSES


Sideswipe collisionsbetween vehicles travelingin opposite directions orhead-on collisions

Roadway design inadequatefor traffic conditions

Install/improve pavementmarkingsChannelize intersectionsCreate one-way streetRemove constrictions such

as parked vehiclesInstall median dividerWiden lanes


18/21


PROBABLE CAUSES


Collisions between vehiclestraveling in same directionsuch as sideswipe, turning,or lane changing

Roadway design inadequatefor traffic conditions

Widen lanesChannelize intersectionsProvide turning baysInstall advance route orstreet signs

Install/improve pavementlane linesRemove parkingReduce speed limit


19/21


PROBABLE CAUSES


Collisions atdriveways

Left turningvehiclesImproperly located

driveway

Right turningvehicles

Large volume ofthrough traffic

Large volume ofdriveway traffic

Restricted sightdistance

Install median dividerInstall two-way left-turn lanesRegulate minimum spacing of driveways

Regulate minimum corner clearanceMove driveway to side streetInstall curbing to define driveway locationConsolidate adjacent drivewaysProvide right-turn lanesRestrict parking near drivewaysIncrease the width of the drivewayWiden through lanes

Increase curb radiiMove driveway to side streetConstruct a local service roadReroute through trafficSignalize drivewayProvide acceleration and deceleration lanesChannelize drivewayRemove sight obstructionRestrict parking near drivewayInstall/improve street lightingReduce speed limit


20/21


PROBABLE CAUSES

Accident pattern Probable cause General countermeasureNight accidents Poor visibility Install/improve street lighting

Install/improve delineationmarkingsInstall/improve warning signs

Wet-pavement accidents Slippery pavement Overlay with skid resistantsurface

Provide adequate drainageGroove existing pavementReduce speed limitProvide slippery when wet signs


21/21

SAMPLE ACCIDENT COSTS

Source Accident severity Cost per involvement

NSC (1973)

NHTCA (1975)

FatalNonfatal disabling injuryProperty damage (includingminor injuries)FatalityCritical injurySevere injury-life threatening

Severe injury-not life threateningModerate injuryMinor injuryAverage injuryProperty damage only

$160,0006200

870$287,175192,24089,955

8085435021903185

520

ke selam at an lalin

Documents