ke chuyen ve kim loai - smith.n studio
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7/30/2019 Ke Chuyen Ve Kim Loai - Smith.N Studio
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
To Ebook:Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
X.I. Venetxki
K chuyn v kim loiCho mng cc bn n c u sch t dn sch cho thit bdi ng
Ngun:http://vnthuquan.net/
To ebook: Nguyn Kim V.
MC LC
Gii thiu
Li ta ca nh xut bn Mir
Li
Be
Mg
Al
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Zr
Nb
Mo
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
To Ebook:Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
Ag
Sn
Ta
W
Pt
An
Hg
Pb
U
X.I. Venetxki
K chuyn v kim loi
dch gi: L Mnh Chin
Gii thiu
Tc gi ca cun sch ny l X.I. Venetxki. Qua mi chng, vi v s cc mu chuyn l th, v
gn gi vi thc t, tc gi k cho chng ta nghe bng cch no ngi ta tm ra cc kim loi, k
cng tinh ch chng ra sao, con ng m mi kim loi xm nhp vo i sng, s i ngi ca
chng, cng nh nhng c tnh hu ch v mi m ca chng di v ngoi ca cc hin tng k
l, huyn b.
Dn dt qua cc cu chuyn, X.I. Venetxki bin mt trong lnh vc kh khan "kh nut" nhtthnh mt ti cun ht, d nh m khng h dng ti nhng m hnh hay cng thc phc tp c
nguy c khin bn c ri tr. V khi ng trang sch li, bn c cn nh cu chuyn v b ch tr
keo kit vi nhng ming tht i b liti vch mt ra sao, hay nhng v khch c n pht khc
trong ba tic ca hong Php Napoleon III, v khng c dng loi tha nhm sang trng, th y
l X.I. Venetxki thnh cng.
K chuyn v kim loi du c vit ra cch y hn mt thp k, nhng ni dung ca n vn cn
nguyn gi tr thc tin v mi m cho n tn ngy nay.Bn ting Vit m chng ti gii thiu sau y c dch bi L Mnh Chin, Nh xut bn Khoa
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
To Ebook:Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
hc v K thut H Ni, v Nh xut bn Mir, 1989. Trong sch, cc tn ring v a danh c
phin m ra ting Vit (nhng ln dng u tin c vit bng ting Anh), v th, chng ti gi
nguyn cch phin m ny.
X.I. Venetxki
K chuyn v kim loi
dch gi: L Mnh Chin
Li ta ca nh xut bn Mir
K t ngy thi k chuyn giao li quyn hnh ca mnh sang cho thi i ng, cc kim
loi phc v con ngi mt cch trung thnh, gip con ngi xy dng v sng to, khc phc
thin tai, khm ph cc b mt ca thin nhin, ch tc ra cc c cu v my mc tuyt diu.
Gheor Agricla (Georg Agricola) - nh t tng ngi c th k XVI, tc gi ca nhiu cng
trnh v luyn kim, tng nhn mnh vai tr to ln ca kimloi trong cuc sng ca chng ta.
Trong tc phm V ngnh m v luyn kim, ng vit: Con ngi s khng th lm g nu
khng c kim loi..., nu khng c kim loi th hn con ngi phi ko l kip sng thm hi v
gh tm nht gia by d th. Hn l ngi ta phi quay v vi nhng ht d v nhng qu toqu l mc di trong rng, phi n c v r cy, phi dng mng tay o bi cho mnh nhng ci
hang ly ch ban m chui vo nm, cn ban ngy th lang thang ht ch ny ch n trong cc
chn rng rm v ng hoang chng khc g nhng con d th. Bi v li sng nh th hon ton
khng xng ng vi tr tu con ngi - mn qu qu nht m thin nhin ban cho, nn l no li c
ngi ngu ngc v gn d n ni khng ng rng, kim loi tht cn tit cho vic n mc v ni
chung l duy tr cuc sng cho con ngi?
Nh bc hc v i M.V.Lomonosov cng nh gi rt cao ngha ca kim loi i vi s pht trinca x hi loi ngi. Trong cun My li bn v li ch ca ha hc, ng vit: Kim loi to
nn v p v s bn vng cho cc dng quan trng v cn thit trong x hi... Kim loi bo v
chng ta trc s tn cng ca k th, cc con tu nh c kim loi m tr nn cng vng v c
chng buc bi sc mnh ca kim loi lt trn sng bin trc nhng trn cung phong d di.
Kim loi lm cho t ai tr nn ph nhiu; kim loi gip chng ta trong vic sn bt cc loi ng
vt trn cn v di nc nui sng chng ta... Ni tm li, khng mt lnh vc ngh thut no,
khng mt ngh th cng n gin no li c th trnh c vic s dng kim loi.
Th gii kim loi tht hp dn v v cng phong ph. Trong s cc kim loi c nhng th l ngi
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
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bn lu ca con ngi: ng, st, vng, bc, ch, thic, thy ngn. Tnh bn ny c t hng
ngn nm nay. Song cng c nhng kim loi m con ngi ch mi quen bit trong vng my chc
nm gn y.
Tnh cht ca cc kim loi tht k l v a dng. Chng hn, thy ngn khng b ng cng ngay c
ba mi m, cn vonfram th khng s nhng cuc vy hm nng bng nht ca ngn la. Bc
v ng dn in rt thoi mi, cn titan th chng thch th g ci vic y. Liti nh bng mt na
nc v d mun n u cng khng th nhn chm, cn osimi - nh v ch ca cc kim loi nng,
th chm nghm nh mt tng , bi v mt ca n ln hn ca nc trn hai mi ln. Hnh tinh
ca chng ta rt giu nhm, cn franxi th him n ni hm lng ca n trong v tri t ch c
tnh bng gam.
Tht kh hnh dung ni iu g s xyra trong th gii xung quanh chng ta nu nh cc kim loi
bng nhin bin mt ht. Nu khng c st th chng ta chng c t v tu ha, khng c cu v
ng ray bng thp, khng c nhng c my cng c v nhng kt cu btng ct thp; nu khng
c nhm th ngy nay khng th ni n ngnh hng khng v ngnh xy dng; ng m mt i th
chng loi sn phm k thut in s gim st gh gm; nu khng c vonfram th hng t bng n
in s tt ngm; nu khng c crom v niken th thp khng g s b bao ph bi mt lp g dy
cm.
Ti ngh rng, s chng cn phi v tip bc tranh bun thm ny na: chnh l v hu ht mi kim
loi u c nhng cng lao c nhn ca mnh i vi k thut hin i. May mn thay, chng ta
khng b tt c s mt mt e da. Hn th na, cn c th khng nh mt cch chc chn rng,
quy m sn xut v tiu dng hu nh tt c mi kim loi cng nghip s ngy cng c m rng,
cc nh bc hc s to ra rt nhiu kim loi mi, ri c nhng kim loi v hp kim c cng s bc
l thm nhng kh nng mi y bt ng ca chng. Chng hn, ai m bit c trong nhng nm
sp ti, cc th thy tinh kim loi a dng - cc kim loi ng c trng thi v nh hnh, s cho
chng ta thy nhng tnh cht g? Hp kim thn diu nitinon v hng lot cc hp kim tng t khc
th hin nng lc c mt khng hai l nh c hnh dng ban u ca mnh. Trin vng cacc vt liu phi tr m thnh phn quan trng ca chng l kim loi, hp kim v cc hp cht ha
hc ca kim loitht l to ln. Tm li, khng cn nghi ng g na, trong tng lai lu di, kim loi
vn gi c v tr hng u ca mnh v s l c s ca nn vn ha vt cht ca chng ta.
Cun sch m ti c vinh d c gii thiu cng bn c y k v s phn ca nhng kim loi
quan trng nht. Ti tin chc rng, n s gy nn s hng th khng nhng cc bn thanh thiu
nin ang mun m ra cho mnh mt th gii khoa hc, m cn tt c nhng ai tuy ri gh nh
trng ph thng hay i hc t lu, song vn khng mt i tnh ham hiu bit vn c ca tui tr v
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
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mun tn dng mi c hi m rng tm mt ca mnh.
Vin s A. F. Belov
X.I. Venetxki
K chuyn v kim loi
dch gi: L Mnh Chin
Li
Nh nht trong scc kim loi nh
Nm 1967, liti - nguyn t ng u tin trong s cc kim loi trong H thng tun hon ca .I.
Meneleep k nim 150 nm ngy n c tm ra. L k nim ny din ra lc liti ang bui
sung sc: hot ng ca n trong k thut hin i tht l th v v nhiu mt. Th m cc nh
chuyn mn vn cho rng, liti vn hon ton cha bc l ht mi kh nng ca mnh v h tin on
cho n mt tin rng ln. Nhng, mi bn, chng ta hy thc hin mt cuc du lm vo th k
va qua, hy ng vo phng th nghim tnh mch ca nhha hc Thy in tn l Iohan Apgut
Acfvetxn (Johann August Arvedson). y l nc Thy in nm 1817.
... l ngy m nh bc hc tin hnh phn tch khong vt petalit tm c
m Uto gn Stockholm. ng kim tra i kim tra li nhng kt qu phn
tch, nhng c mi ln nh vy, ng u ch nhn c tng scc thnh
phn l 96%. Vy th mt vo u 4%? S ra sao nu nh...? Phi ri, khng
cn nghi ngg na: khong vt ny c cha mt nguyn t mi m ttrc ti nay cha c ai bit.
Acfvetxn lm ht th nghim ny n th nghim khc v cui cng t c mc ch: mt kimloi kim mi c pht hin. Bi v, khc vi nhng ngi hhng gn gi ca mnh - kali v
natri m ln u tin c tm thy trong cc sn phm hu c, nguyn t mi ny c pht hin
trong mt khong vt, nn nh bc hc quyt nh gi n l liti (theo ting Hy Lp, liteos ngha
l )
t lu sau, Acfvetxn li tm thy nguyn tny trong cc khong vt khc, cn nh ha hc Thy
in ni ting Berzelius th li pht hin ra n trong nc khong Cacxbat v Mariebat. Nhn
y cng ni thm rng, ngy nay, cc ngun nc sui cha bnh Visi (nc Php) sd ni ting
khp ni v nhng tnh cht cha bnh rt tt chnh l v trong c cc mui liti.
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
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Nm 1818, nh bc hc ngi Anh l Humphry Davy ln u tin tch c nhng ht liti tinh
khit bng cch in phn hiroxit ca n, ri n nm 1855, mt cch c lp vi nhau, nh hoa
hc Robert Bunsen ngi c v nh vt l hc Matissen ngi Anh iu chc liti nguyn
cht bng cch in phn liti clorua nng chy. l mt kim loi mm, trng nh bc, nhhn
nc gn hai ln. V mt ny th liti khng gp mt i thno trong scc kim loi: nhm nng
hn n nm ln, st - 15 ln, ch - 20 ln, cn osimi - 40 ln!
Ngay nhit trong phng, liti cng phn ng mnh lit vi oxi v nit ca khng kh. Bn
hy th mt mu liti trong bnh thy tinh c nt mi nhm. Mu kim loi ny sht ht khng kh
c trong bnh: trong bnh xut hin chn khng v p sut kh quyn n vo nt mnh ti ni cc
bn kh m ko n ra c. V vy, bo qun liti l mt vic kh phc tp. Nu nh natri chng hn,
c th bo qun ddng trong du ho hoc xng, th i vi liti, khng thdng cch y c, v n
s ni ln v bc chy ngay tc khc. bo qun cc thi liti, ngi ta thng dm chng vo trong
b cha vazlin hoc parafin, nhng cht ny bao quanh kim loi v khng cho n bc ltnh hu
phn ng ca mnh.
Liti cn kt hp mnh mhn vi hiro. Ch mt lng nh kim loi ny cng c thlin kt vi
mt thtch hir rt ln: trong 1 kilgam litihirua c 2.800 lt kh hiro! Trong nhng nm Chin
tranh th gii th2, cc vin phi cng M dng nhng vin liti hirua lm ngun hir mang theo
bn mnh. H s dng chng khi gp nn ngoi bin: di tc dng ca nc, cc vin ny phn r
ngay lp tc, bm y kh hiro vo cc phng tin cp cu nh thuyn cao su, o phao, bng-
angten tn hiu.
Cc hp cht ca liti c khnng ht m cc mnh, iu khin cho chng c sdng
rng ri lm sch khng kh trong tu ngm, trong cc bnh thtrn my bay, trong cc h
thng iu ha khng kh.
Bc vo th k XX, liti mi c bt u s dng trong cng nghip. Cn trong gn mt trm nm
trc th ch yu ngi ta dng n trong y hc lm thuc cha bnh thng phong.
Trong thi gian Chin tranh th gii ln th nht, nc c rt cn thit s dng trong cngnghip. Do nc ny khng c qung thic nn cc nh bc hc phi cp tc tm kim loi khc
thay th. Nhc liti nn vn ny c gii quyt mt cch tt p: hp kim ca ch vi liti l
mt vt liu chng ma st tuyt vi. T tri, cc hp kim liti lun gn lin vi cc ngnh k
thut. c nhng hp kim ca liti vi nhm, vi berili, vi ng, km, bc v vi nhiu nguyn t
khc. Nhng trin vng ht sc to ln rng mcho cc hp kim ca liti vi magi - mt kim loi
nhkhc c tnh cht kt cu rt tt: nu liti chim u thth hp cht s nhhn nc. Nhng
ri thay, cc hp kim c thnh phn nh vy li khng bn vng, rt d boxi ha trong khng kh.Tlu, cc nh bc hc ao c to nn mt s phi tr v mt cng ngh bo m c tnh bn
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
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lu cho cc hp kim liti - magi. Cc nh khoa hc Vin luyn kim mang tn A. A. Baicp thuc
Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X gii quyt c bi ton : bng l ni chn khng nung bng
in trong mi trng kh tr agon, h iu chc hp kim ca liti vi magie m khng b m
xm trong khng kh v nhhn nc.
Nhiu tnh cht qu bu ca liti nh khnng phn ng cao, nhit nng chy thp (ch180,5
c), mt cc hp cht ha hc ca n nh, khin cho nguyn tny c tham gia vo nhiu
qu trnh cng ngh trong luyn kim en v luyn kim mu. Chng hn n ng vai tr cht khkh
v kh oxi mt cch xut sc - n xua ui cc cht kh nh nit, oxi ra khi cc kim loi ang
nng chy. Nhc liti m cu trc ca mt s hp kim trnn mn ht, do m nhng tnh
cht c hc ca chng trnn tt hn. Trong sn xut nhm, liti thc hin rt tt vai tr cht thc
y qu trnh. Pha thm cc hp cht ca liti vo cht in phn snng cao c nng sut ca b
in phn nhm; khi , nhit cn thit ca b s gim xung v tn ph in nng s gim r rt.
Trc kia, cht in phn ca cquy kim ch gm cc dung dch xt n da (NAOH). Nhng nu pha
thm vo cht in phn ny vi gam liti hiroxit (LiOH) th tui th ca cquy stng ln ba ln.
Ngoi ra, khong nhit ca cquy cng c mrng thm: n khng phng in ngay c khi
nhit ln ti 40 C v hai chc m vn khng bng c. Cht in phn khng c liti th
khng chu ng c nhng ththch nh vy. Nht Bn ch to c loi cquy t hon c o
dng cho cc ng hin teo tay: bdy ca cquy ch bng 34 micron, ngha l mnh hn si
tc, trong , cc dng l mt mng liti cc mng, cn cc m th lm bng titan isunfit. Thit b
in tinh vi ny chu ng c 2000 chu k np v phng in, mi ln np in cho php ng h
lm vic t 200 - 300 gi. Cc cng trnh s ca cc hng ch to t cng t nhiu hy vng khng
nhvo liti. Chng hn, Mngi ta ch to pin bng liti dng cho t chy bng in nng.
Loi xe ny c tht ti tc 100km/h v c th chy hng trm km m khng cn phi thay pin.
Mt s hp cht hu cca liti (stearat, panminat v. v... ) vn ginguyn c nhng tnh cht vt
l ca mnh trong khong nhit rng. iu cho php s dng chng lm nn cho cc vt liu
bi trn trong k thut qun s. Cht bi trn c cha liti gip cho cc xe chy trn mi a hnhang lm vic Nam cc thc hin c cc hnh trnh vo su trong lc a ny, ni m
nhit bng gi c khi thp n -80 C. Cht bi trn cha liti l trthc lc cho nhng
ngi ua t. Nhng ngi ch ca loi xe t jiguli tin chc iu nn khng phi ngu
nhin m h gi n l cht bi trn vnh cu: Khi mi bt u s dng, ch cn dng n bi trn
mt ln cho cc chi tit hay cxt ca t, thl nhiu nm sau khng cn phi lp li cng vic y
na.
Trong chng ta chc ai cng nghe ni n nhng php lm nhng ngi iga n thnglm. Trc mt m cng chng y kinh ngc, h nhai chic cc thy tinh thnh nhng mnh nh
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
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chng khc g n chic bnh bch-quy bnh thng, ri li cn nut chng vi vthch th, nh th
trong i hcha hc n mt thc g ngon hn. Cn bn tng nm th thy tinh cha? Cu
hi tht qu v l! Tt nhin l cha!. C l bt cngi no khi c ny u ngh nh vy. Nh
thl nhm ri y. Tht ra th thy tinh thng thng vn ha tan trong nc. Tt nhin l khng
phi mc chng hn nh ng, nhng d sao n vn bha tan. Nhng chic cn phn tch
chnh xc nht cho bit rng, cng vi cc nc ch nng, chng ta cn ung khong mt phn vn
gram thy tinh. Nhng nu khi nu thy tinh, ta pha thm mt t mui lantan, mui ziriconi v mui
liti th ho tan ca n trong nc s gim hng trm ln. Thu tinh s rt bn vng ngay ci
vi axit sunfuric.
Hot ng ca liti trong ngnh sn xut thy tinh khng phi chb hp trong vic h thp ha
tan ca thy tinh. Thy tinh cha liti c c trng bi nhng tnh cht quang hc rt qu gi, tnh
chu nhit tt, sut in trcao, mt mt in mi t. c bit, liti cn tham gia vo thnh phn ca
thy tinh dng lm n hnh trong cc my thu hnh. Nu ta xl knh ca sthng thng trong
cc mui liti nng chy th trn b mt ca n shnh thnh mt lp bo v: knh s bn gp i v
chu ng tt hn i vi nhit cao. Pha thm mt lng nhnguyn tny cng gim c rt
nhiu nhit nu ca thy tinh.
Txa xa, git sng c dng lm biu tng cho tnh trong sut. Nhng ngay cnhng th thy tinh trong sut nh git sng cng khng p ng c nhu cu ca
k thut hin i. K thut hin i cn c nhng vt liu quang hc khng nhng
cho cc tia sng nhn thy c bng mt thng xuyn qua, m cn phi cho cc
tia khng nhn thy, chng hn nh tia t ngoi cng xuyn qua c. Vi knh thin
vn thng thng, cc nh vt l thin vn khng th thu nhn c bc x ca
nhng thin h rt xa. Trong scc vt liu m bmn quang hc bit n th
liti clorua c trong sut cao nht i vi tia tngoi. Cc thu knh lm bngcc n tinh th ca cht ny cho php cc nh nghin cu xm nhp su thm rt
nhiu vo nhng b mt ca V tr.
Liti ng vai tr khng nh trong vic sn xut cc loi men s, men st, cc cht mu, sv
snh c cht lng cao. Trong cng nghip dt, mt s hp cht ca nguyn tnyc dng ty
trng v cm mu vi, cn mt s cht khc th dng nhum vi.
Cc mui ca liti rt quen thuc vi cc nh ch to v sdng thuc n: chng lm cho vt
n vch ng v pho sng c mu xanh lc - lam rc r.
Tr o thut sau y da trn khnng ha thut ca liti. Bn hy dng que dim t mt cc
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
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ng nh, v s chng c iu g xy ra c: ng bt u nng chy nhng khng chy. Cn nu
trc m bn xt ming ng vo tn thuc l th n s bc chy ddng vi ngn la mu xanh
da tri rt p. Sd nh vy l v trong thuc l cng nh trong nhiu thc vt khc, hm lng liti
tng i ln. Khi t chy thuc l, mt phn cc hp cht ca liti vn cn li trong tro tn. Chnh
v thm ta lm c tr o thut n gin ny.
Nhng tt c nhng g va ktrn mi chl nhng cng vic thyu, nhng ngh ph
ca liti. N cn lm c nhng cng vic quan trong hn. y mun ni n ngnh nng
lng hc ht nhn, , c th chng bao lu na liti s bt u ng vai tr ca mt trong nhng
cy n v cm s mt. Cc nh bc hc xc nh c rng, ht nhn ca ng v liti-6 c th
d bntrn ph v. Khi hp thntrn, ht nhn ca liti trnn km bn vng v bphn r, kt
qul hai nguyn t mi shnh thnh l kh tr nhheli v hir siu nng - triti - cc k him.
nhit rt cao, cc nguyn ttriti v teri (mt ng vkhc ca hidro) s kt hp vi nhau.
Qu trnh km theo s gii phng mt lng nng lng khng lm thng c gi l nng
lng nhit hch.
Cc phn ng nhit hch cc kmnh lit s xy ra khi dng ntron bn ph liti teri - mt hp
cht ca ng v liti-6 vi teri. Cht ny c dng lm nguyn liu ht nhn trong cc l phn
ng liti, l nhng l m so vi nhng l phn ng urani th c nhiu u im hn: liti d kim v r
tin hn nhiu so vi urani, cn khi phn ng th khng to ra cc sn phm phn hch c tnh phng
xv qu trnh phn ng diu chnh hn.
Liti-6 c khnng bt gicc ntron chm kh tt, l c s s dng n lm cht iu tit
cng cc phn ng din ra ngay ctrong cc l phn ng urani. Nhtnh cht ny m ng v
liti-6 cn c s dng trong cc l chn chng bc xv trong cc bpin nguyn tc thi hn s
dng lu di. Trong tng lai khng xa, liti - 6 rt c th s trthnh cht hp thntron chm trong
cc kh cbay dng nng lng nguyn t.
Cng nh mt s kim loi kim khc, liti c sdng lm cht ti nhit trong cc thit b ht
nhn. y c th dng mt ng v d kim hn ca n, l liti-7 (trong liti thin nhin, ng v
ny chim khong 93%). Khc vi ngi em nhhn ca mnh, ng vny khng thdng lm
nguyn liu sn xut triti, v vy m n khng c quan tm ti trong k thut nhit hch.
Nhng vi vai tr l cht ti nhit th n li t ra rt c lc. Nhit dung v dn nhit cao, nhit
ca trng thi nng chy nm trong mt khong rng, nht khng ng kv mt nh - l
nhng iu gip n hon thnh tt nhim vny.
Trong thi gian gn y, k thut tn la bt u dnh cho liti nhng a v quan trng. Mun vt
qua lc ht ca tri t vt ln khong khng gian ngoi v tr cn phi chi ph rt nhiu nnglng. Chic tn la tng a con tu trnh du hnh v tru tin trn th gii Iuri Gagarin ln
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
To Ebook:Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
quo c su ng c vi cng sut tng cng l 20 triu m lc! l cng sut ca hai chc nh
my thy in cnh Nh my thy in niep.
Tt nhin, vic la chn nhin liu cho tn la l mt vn cc k quan trng. Cho n nay, du
ha (ng l du ha gi cv tt bng) c oxi ha bi oxi lng vn c coi l nhin liu hu
hiu nht. Khi t nhin liu ny, nng lng pht ra ln gp hn 1,5 ln so vi khi cho ncng mt
lng nh vy loi thuc nNitroglixerin l loi thuc n mnh nht.
Vic s dng nhin liu kim loi c thc nhng trin vng tuyt vi. Ln u tin cch y hn
na th k, cc nh bc hc X -vit ni ting l F. A. Txaner v Iu. V. Conrachiuk khi xng
l thuyt v phng php s dng kim loi lm nhin liu cho ng c tn la. Liti l mt trong s
nhng kim loi thch hp nht cho mc ch ny (chc berili mi c thhunh hoang v sut ta
nhit ln). Mngi ta cng b nhng pht minh vnhin liu rn dng cho tn la trong
cha t51 n 68% liti kim loi.
Mt iu ng ch l trong qu trnh lm vic ca cc ng c tn la,
liti li phi chng chi li vi... liti. L mt thnh phn ca nhin liu, n
cho php sn sinh ra nhit rt cao, cn cc vt liu gm cha liti (chng
hn nh stupalit) c tnh chu nhit cao th c dng lm lp phng phun v bung t bo v
chng khi bnhin liu liti ph hy.Trong thi i chng ta, k thut lm ra nhiu vt liu tng hp a dng - cc polime. Chng c
s dng mt cch thnh cng thay ththp, ng thau, thy tinh. Tuy nhin, cc nh cng ngh
i lc cng gp nhng kh khn ln khi m vic ch to mt s nhng sn phm i hi h phi
lin kt cc polime vi nhau hoc vi cc vt liu khc. Chng hn, polime teflon cha flo - mt cht
ph chng n mn rt tuyt diu - trong mt thi gian di vn khng c s dng trong thc tin
chv n khng chu bm vo kim loi. Cc nh bc hc X Vit hon chnh c mt cng ngh
hn ht nhn rt c o hn gn cc polime vi cc vt liu khc. Cc b mt cn hn c bimt lp mng cc hp cht ca liti hoc bo; cc hp cht ny c dng lm lp keo ht nhn c
bit. Khi dng ntron chiu vo lp keo ny th ssinh ra cc phn ng ht nhn km theo s gii
phng mt nng lng ln, nhvy m sau mt khong thi gian cc ngn (cha n mt phn t
giy), trong cc vt liu s xut hin cc vi on c nhit hng trm, thm ch hng ngn .
Nhng cng sau nhng khonh khc ny, cc phn tcc lp tip gip kp dch chuyn v i
khi cn kp to ra nhng mi lin kt ha hc mi vi nhau - qu trnh hn ht nhn din ra nh vy.
Thng thng, cc nguyn t nm gc trn cng bn tri ca bng Meneleep u ph bin rng
ri trong thin nhin. Tuy vy, khc vi a scc bn lng ging ca mnh - natri, kali, magie,
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To Ebook:Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
canxi, nhm, l nhng nguyn tc nhiu trn hnh tinh ca chng ta, liti li tng i him.
Trong thin nhin chc khong ba chc khong vt cha nguyn tqu bu ny. Hp cht
thin nhin ch yu ca liti l spoumen. Cc tinh th ca khong vt ny c hnh dng ta nh
nhng thanh t vt ng st hoc thn cy, i khi t n kch thc khng l: ti bang Nam
Dakota (nc M) tm thy mt tinh thdi hn 15 m v nng hng chc tn. Ti cc mM
pht hin ra cc bin th ca spoumen c mu xanh ngc bch v mu tm pht hng rt p. l
cc khong vt hienit v cunxit rt qu.
pecmatit dng granit c th gi mt vai tr to ln trong vic dng lm nguyn liu sn xut
liti. Ngi ta dtnh rng, trong 1 kilmt khi granit c ti hn mt trm ngn tn liti. l mt
lng ln hn rt nhiu so vi lng liti khai thc c hng nm tt ccc nc cng li. Trong
cc kho tng granit, bn cnh liti cn c niobi, tantali, ziricon, thori, urani, neoim, xezi, xeri,
prazeoim v nhiu nguyn t him khc. Nhng lm thno bt c granit phi chia s ca
ci ca n vi con ngi? Cc nh bc hc ra sc tm ti v nht nh ssng to ra nhng
phng php ta nh cu thn ch Vng i! Hy mra!, cho php con ngi mca cc kho bu
granit.
kt thc cu chuyn vliti, chng ti xin k mt chuyn vui, trong nguyn tny
ng vai tr rt quan trng. Nm 1891,anh sinh vin va tt nghip trng i hc tng hp
Havard Mtn l Rbec Ut (Robert Wood) (sau ny trthnh nh vt l hc ni ting) n
Bantimo nghin cu ha hc ti trng i hc tng hp a phng. Khi n trong khu nh tr
ca sinh vin, Ut nghe n rng, b chhnh nh vn lm mn tht rn bui sng... bng nhng
ming tht gp nht t nhng a tha li t ba tra ngy hm trc. Nhng lm thno chng
minh iu ?
Vn l ngi rt thch tm li gii c o ng thi li n gin cho mi bi ton, ln ny, Ut cng
khng lm tri vi nhng nguyn tc ca mnh. Mt hm, trong ba n cha ngi ta dn ra mn
bttt, anh bn tha li trn a vi ming tht kh to sau khi rc ln mt t mui liti clorua -
mt cht hon tonkhng c, bngoi v mi v rt ging mui n bnh thng. Ngy hm sau,nhng vin tht rn trong ba n sng ca sinh vin c em thiu trc khe hca knh soi
quang ph. Vch ca quang ph vn c trng cho liti cho mt kt lun dt khot: b chnh
trqu keo kit b vch mt. Cn Ut th mi nhiu nm sau vn thy thch th mi khi hi tng
li cuc thc nghim tm vt ca mnh.
X.I. Venetxki
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To Ebook:Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
K chuyn v kim loi
dch gi: L Mnh Chin
Be
Kim loi ca knguyn v tr
Berili - mt trong nhng nguyn t tuyt diu nht, mt nguyn t c ngha to ln c trn l
thuyt ln trong thc tin.
... Vic lm ch bu tri, nhng chuyn bay dng cm ca my bay v khinh kh cu s khng thc
hin c nu khng c cc kim loi nh; v chng ta s thy trc rng, c berili cng s n gip
nhm v magie l cc kim loi hin i ca ngnh hng khng. V khi my bay ca chng ta sbay vi tc hng ngn kilmet trong mt gi.
Mt tng lai sng ln ang ch n berili !
Hi cc nh a ha hc, hy tm ra nhng m mi. Hi cc nh ha hc, hy tm cch tch th kim
loi ny ra khi ngi bn ng hnh ca n l nhm. Hi cc nh cng ngh hc, hy lm ra nhng
hp kim nh nht, khng chm trong nc, cng nh thp, n hi nh cao su, bn nh platin v
vnh cu nh ngc qu...
C th, nhng li hin thi xem ra ging nh chuyn hoang ng. Nhng trc mt chng ta,
bit bao chuyn hoang ng tng bin thnh chuyn c tht ha nhp vo tp qun hng ngy
ri sao, v chng ta qun rng, mi 20 nm v trc, chic radio v phim lng ting chng
ngn vang nh cu chuyn hoang ng tng tng ?
Cch y gn na th k, nh bc hc X Vit v i, vin s A. E. Ferxman vit nh vy. Lc by
gi ng bit nh gi ng n ngha ca berili.
ng, berili l kim loi ca tng lai. V n lc y, trong H thng tun hon s c nhng nguyn
t m lch s ca chng tng t nh lch s ca berili, cng li v qu kh xa xi .
...Hn hai ngn nm v trc, trn samc Nubi, ni c nhng m ngc bch ni ting ca n hong
Cleopatre, nhng ngi n l khai thc c nhng tinh th mu xanh k diu. Tng on l
hnh lc mang ngc bch n b bin , ri t , ngc bch i vo cung in ca vua cha
ccnc chu u, Cn ng v Vin ng - cc hong Vizanti, cc quc vng Ba T, cc thin
t Trung Hoa, cc vng hu n .
Vi nh ho quang lng ly, vi mu sc trong ngn, vi v p huyn o khi th xanh lc m, gm
nh xanh thm, khi th xanh lung linh chi ngi - tri qua nhiu thi i, ngc bch lm cho con
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
To Ebook:Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
ngi phi m say. Nh s hc c La M Plini B vit: So vi ngc bch th khng vt no c
th xanh hn c....
Theo truyn thuyt, hong L M Neron - mt con ngi tn bo v hiu
thng, thng hay xem nhng trn u m mu ca bn ngi chi qua
mt tinh th ngc bch mi nhn. Khi La M bng ln mt m chy,
Neron ngm ngha nhng ngn la nhy ma bp bng qua vin ngc bch quang hc y, trong
mu da cam ca ngn la rn rn ha ln mu xanh lc ca vin ngc (C l phi nh chnh mt
iu quan trng trong truyn thuyt cny: theo cc ngun tin trn bo ch th chic ng nhm ca
Neron hin c gi ti Vatican gn y qua sgim nh ca mt chuyn gia vkhong vt hc,
th ha ra tinh thy khng phi l ngc bch m l crizolit). N xanh lc, trong ngn, vui, mt v
du dng nh cxun.... A. I. Kup-rin vit nh vy v ngc bch.
Cng vi vic tm ra chu M, mt trang s mi c ghi thm vo lch s ca loi xanh ny.
Trong cc ngi mv n miu Mexico, Peru, Columbia, ngi Ty Ban Nha tm thy v s
ngc bch ln, mu lc thm. Ch my nm sau , h v vt ht nhng ca ci huyn b ny. H
cng i tm nhng a im m ngi xa khai thc th ngc k diu ny nhng khng tm thy.
Mi n gia th k XVI, nhng k chinh phc chu M mi lm chc b mt ca ngi Inca v
mi xm nhp c vo cc kho bu cha y ngc bch x Columbia.
Vi vp him c, ngc bch Columbia ng tr trong nghkim hon n th kXIX. Nm 1831,mt ngi thnu nha thng Uran tn l Macxim Cogiepnicp khi nht ci kh trong rng, gn
con sui Tcva, tm thy vin ngc bch u tin nc Nga. Nhng vin ngc bch ln mu lc
sng ca xUran nhanh chng c nhng ngi thkim hon trn th gii tha nhn.
Trong thi gian lm quyn chhuy xng mi mt Ecaterinbua, Iacop Cocvin - mt con
ngi lim khit, rt am hiu v v cng l nghnhn lm qu, lnh o vic khai thc
nhng m ngc bch Uran. Nm 1834, mt vin ngc bch rt ln, nng hn hai kilgam, tm c
ti mt trong cc my n tay ng. Lc by ging u c bit vin p tng i volch skhong vt hc vi tn gi ngc bch Cocvin y sng vai tr nh mnh trong s phn
ca ng.
Ngi chhuy ttay mi nhng vin qu nht. Ln ny, ng cng nh chnh tay mnh mi
cc mt vin ngc khng l. Nhng nh ca ng khng thc hin c: theo mt li tgic ba
t tPtecbua (Staint Peterburg), mt ban iu tra bt ngp n, ra lnh la sot nh Cocvin v
tm thy vin ngc bch m ng khng nh du i. Ngi ta p gii Cocvin v th cng
vi vin ngc. B tc Perpxki vn lng danh l ngi snh si v a thch qu tin hnh
thm vn vny. ng a vn n kt thc m mnh vn hng mong i: b tc nht chng
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
To Ebook:Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
Cocvin v ti vo t (trong t, v khng chu ng c nhng li vu khng bt lng nn ngay sau
, ngi thngc tst), cn vin ngc bch th vt qua kho bc nh nc n b sung cho
bsu tp ca b tc. Nhng vin ngc cng khng y c bao lu: v nh bc bthua to nn
vin i thn danh ting ny nh lng tgi n, v vin ngc bch li n c ngnh vin c
vn c mt ca triu nh l cng tc Cochuby - ngi ch ca bsu tp qu ln nht nc
Nga. Sau khi vcng tc ny cht, con trai ng chuyn chnhiu ngc qu trong c cvin
ngc Cocvin sang Vin bn ht. Theo thnh cu ca vin hn lm Nga, triu nh Nga hong
b ra mt mn tin ln mua li bsu tp. Vin ngc bch ln nht th gii trv T quc
(Nga) v hin nay ang c trng by trong vin bo tng khong vt hc thuc Vin hn lm khoa
hc Lin X Maxcva.
Ngc bch l mt trong nhng khong vt ca berili. Aquamarin mu xanh nc bin v Vorobievit
mu hng anh o, helioo mu ru vang v berin mu lc pht vng, fanakit trong sut v eucla
xanh lam du dng, crizoberin xanh lc trong tro v mt bin th lthng ca n l Alecxanrit -
ban ngy th mu lc m, cn khi chiu n vo th mu ti (nh vn N. X. Lexcp m t
mt cch hnh nh: bui sng xanh ti v bui chiu m mu) - chl mt s, nhng l
nhng i biu danh ting nht ca dng h ngc qu cha berili.
Vtri t tuyt nhin khng ngho berili, mc du berili lun lun mang ting l mt nguyn t
him. iu c gii thch bi mt ll nhiu khi khng dtm thy khong vt cha berili. V
y, ch - ngi bn lu i ca con ngi, c thgip chng ta. Trong nhng nm gn y, trn
sch bo thng xut hin nhng tin tc v vic tm kim c khong sn nhcc nh a cht
bn chn. Chng ta bit nhiu s kin v huyn thoi v vic ch da theo mi tm kim mt
vt hoc mt ngi no . Nhng cn nng lc a cht ca chng th nh thno? Cc nh snh
qung x lng y c thtm c nhng khong vt g?
Tin s sinh hc G. A. Vaxiliep - ngi khi xng mt phng hng mi trong vic thm d cc
kho tng thin nhin nm su di t, k rng: Bsu tp ca Vin bo tng khong vt hc thuc
Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X gip chng ta gii p c cu hi . Th nghim vi berili
kim loi t ra rt c hiu qu: sau khi ngi kim loi ny, ch Jina chn ra c ngc bch,
aquamarin, vorobievit, fanakit, bertranit trong s rt nhiu khong vt, ngha l n chn c tt
c nhng khong vt, v ch nhng khong vt cha berili. Sau chng ti ln tt ccc khong
vt cha berili vi cc mu khong vt khc, ri yu cu n tm li. Khi , con Jina i khp nh
bo tng, ri nm p ngc vo chic tknh m trong c vin ngc bch ln nht v sa.
Cc i biu ca gii thc vt cng sn sng ng gp cng sc ca mnh vo vic tm kim berili.
Cy thng bnh thng c thng vai tr ny v n c khuynh hng tuyn chn berili tt vtch ly li trong vcy. Nu cy thng mc gn ni c cc khong vt cha berili th hm lng
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To Ebook:Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
nguyn tny trong vcy s cao gp hng trm ln so vi trong t v gp hng chc ln so vi
trong vcy khc, chng hn nh cy bch dng hay cy tng rng l.
Nh cc bn bit, nhng ngi thkim hon t ra rt knh n i vi nhiu loi qu cha
berili, cn cc nh cng nghchuyn sn xut berili kim loi th li tinh tng hn i vi
nhng thquyn r mnh: trong s tt ccc khong vt cha berili, h ch coi trng berin m
thi, v chc khong vt ny mi c gi trcng nghip.Trong thin nhin thng gp nhng
tinh th berin khng l: khi lng ca chng ln n hng chc tn, cn chiu di ln n vi mt.
Gn y, trn o Maagaxca tm thy mt n tinh th berin nng 380 tn, chiu di l 18 mt,
chiu rng l 3,5 mt.
Ti Vin bo tng mLningrat c mt hin vt rt th v - l mt tinh
thBerin di mt mt ri. Trong ma ng b phong ta nm 1942, n
pho ca ch xuyn thng mi nh v nphng chnh. Cc mnh n
lm cho tinh th b thit hi nghim trng lm cho n tng nh khng
cn c trng by trong bo tng na. Nhng nhbn tay kho lo ca cc
nghnhn phc ch, tinh thny c khi phc li hnh dng ban u.
Hin gichcn li hai mnh n han g, c khm vo tm bng thuyt minh lm bng thy tinh
hu c gii thiu v hin vt ny lm cho mi ngi bit n cuc phu thut m n tri qua.Chng c g ng ngc nhin l ngay txa xa khng phi ch nhng ngi u thch ca qu, m c
cc nh khoa hc cng rt ch n cc vin qu cha berili.
Hi th kXVIII, khi m khoa hc cn cha bit n nguyn tm by gic t s 4 trong
H thng tun hon, th nhiu nh bc hc c gng phn tch berin, nhng khng mt ai c thtm
thy th kim loi cha trong . Hnh nh n n nusau lng nhm v cc hp cht ca nhm -
tnh cht ca hai nguyn tny ny ging nhau n mc k l. Tuy vy vn c nhng skhc
bit. Lui Nicla Voclanh (Louis Nicolas Vanquelin) - nh ha hc Php, l ngi u tin nhn thyskhc bit y. Ngy26 thng Ma nm thsu ca lch Cng Ha (tc l ngy 15 thng 2 nm
1798), ti phin hp ca Vin hn lm khoa hc Php, Voclanh thng bo mt tin lm chn ng
d lun, rng, trong berin v ngc bch c cha mt tht mi c tnh cht khc hn vi t phn
hoc nhm oxit.
Cc mui ca nguyn t mi ny c d vhi ngt, v thm Voclanh ngh gi n l glixini
(theo ting Hy Lp, glykos ngha l ngt), nhng nhiu nh bc hc khc li coi tn gi y l cha
tht t, bi v mui ca mt snguyn tkhc, chng hn nh ca ytri, cng c v ngt. Theo
ngh ca cc nh ha hc ni ting l Claprt (ngi c) v Ekeb (ngi Thy in) - chai ng
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K chuyn v kim loi X.I. Venetxki
To Ebook:Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
u nghin cu berin - nguyn tha hc ny c gi l berili, cn tn glixini th ch tn ti mt
thi gian di trong sch bo ha hc ca Php m thi.
Sging nhau gia berili v nhm gy nn nhiu iu rc ri cho . I. Menelep - ngi
sng lp nn H thng tun hon ca cc nguyn t. Nguyn do l vo gia th kXIX, v c s
ging nhau ny nn berili c coi l mt kim loi c ha tr ba vi khi lng nguyn t bng 13,5
v thm n phi chim vtr gia cacbon v nit trong H thng tun hon. iu dn n s ln
xn r rt trong quy lut thay i tnh cht ca cc nguyn tv khin ngi ta nghi ngtnh
ng n ca nh lut tun hon. Vng tin sng n ca mnh, Menelep cho rng, khi
lng nguyn t ca berili c xc inh khng ng, nguyn tny khng c ha trba, m phi
c ha trhai, v c nhng tnh cht ca magie oxit. Trn c s, ng t berili vo nhm th
hai sau khi sa li khi lng nguyn t ca n thnh 9. Chng bao lu sau, cc nh ha hc Thy
in l Nixn v Petecxn m trc y vn mt mc tin rng berili c ha trba, buc phi xc
nhn iu . Cc cuc nghin cu klng ca hai ng cho thy khi lng ca nguyn tny
bng 9,1. Nh vy, nhberili - k khuy ng syn tnh trong H thng tun hon, m mt
trong nhng nh lut quan trng nht ca ha hc ginh c chin thng.
S phn ca nguyn tny c nhiu im ging s phn cc nguyn t kim loi anh em vi n. Nm
1828, nh ha hc c l Vule (Wholer) v nh ha hc Php l Buxi (Bussy), mt cch c lp
vi nhau, tch c berili dng t do v mi n by mi nm sau nh bc hc Php l Lb
(Paul Lebeau) mi c thiu chc berili kim loi nguyn cht bng cch in phn cc mui
nng chy ca n. Cng d hiu rng, hi u th kXX, cc sch tra cu vha hc khng
khng buc tiberili l kn bm, l chng c cng dng thc t
Song spht trin nh v bo ca khoa hc v k thut c trng cho th kXX buc cc nh
ha hc v cc nh chuyn mn khc phi xem xt li bn n qu bt cng ny. Vic nghin cu
berili nguyn cht chng t rng, n c nhiu tnh cht qu bu v th v.
L mt trong nhng kim loi nh nht, berili ng thi li c bn cao, cao hn ccc loi
thp kt cu chcha cn so vi cc bn ng nghip ca n trong nhm kim loi nh.
Chng hn, nu mt si dy nhm c tit din mt milimet vung ch sc chu ng hn 10
kilogam (bng mt x nc), th mt si dy berili c cng tit din nh th s chu c mt khi
lng gp su ln, tc l bng khi lng thn th mt ngi ln. Ngoi ra, berili cn nng chy
nhit cao hn nhiu so vi nhm v magie. S kt hp cc tnh cht mt cch tt p nh vy
lm cho berili ngy nay trthnh mt trong nhng vt liu ch yu ca ngnh hng khng. Cc chi
tit ca my bay lm bng kim loi ny nhhn hn so vi cc chi tit bng nhm.
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Tnh dn nhit tuyt vi, nhit dung v tnh bn nhit cao cho php s dng
berili v cc hp cht ca n lm vt liu gi nhit trong k thut v tr. Chng
hn, cc b phn gi nhit trong bung li ca con tu v trMercury u lm
bng berili.
V cc chi tit lm bng berili bo m cho cc kch thc c chnh xc v
tnh n nh cao nn chng c s dng trong cc kh c con quay hi chuyn;
cc kh cny nm trong h thng nh hng v bnh n ca cc tn la, cc
con tu v trv vtinh nhn to ca Tri t.
Cn mt tnh cht na ca berili khin n rt c trin vng trong lnh vc
chinh phc v tr: khi t chy, n ta ra nhit lng rt ln. V mt ny th khng mt kim
loi no khc cnh tranh c vi n. Khng phi ngu nhin m cc cng trnh s v k thut v tr
li coi berili l mt thnh phn c th to nn thnhin liu tn la c nng lng cao dng cho cc
chuyn bay ln mt trng v n cc thin thxa hn na. Ngi ta cng nghdng berili ch
to cc bnh cha nhin liu ca cc h thng tn la: khi nhin liu chy ht, c th s dng ngay
"bao b" bng berili lm nhin liu.
Cc hp kim ca ng vi berili gi l ng berili c s dng rng ri trong ngnh hng
khng. Nhiu chi tit phi i hi phi c bn ln, c sc chng mi v chng n mn cao, gi
c tnh n hi trong khong nhit rng, c dn in v dn nhit tt c ch to t
cc hp kim . Ngi ta c tnh rng, trong mt my bay hin i hng nng c hn mt ngn chi
tit c ch to bng cc hp kim ny. Nhc tnh cht n hi nn ng berili l loi vt liu
tuyt vi lm lo xo. Trong thc t, l xo lm bng hp kim ny khng b mi: chng c th
chu ng c hng t chu k ti trng ln!
Nhn y xin k mt tnh tit th v trong lch s chin tranh th gii hai c lin quan n l xo. Lc
by gi, nn cng nghip ca Hitle b ct ri khi ngun berili ch yu. Trn thc t, nc M nm
ton b sn lng th gii v th kim loi chin lc qu bu ny. Thl ngi c phi tm mu
mo. H quyt nh s dng nc Thy S trung lp mua lu ng berili: cc hng ca Mnhn c n t hng t nhng ngi thng h Thy S xin mua hp kim ny vi lng
dng lm l xo ng hcho ton th gii trong khong nm trm nm v sau. S thc th mnh
khe ny b bi lnn n t hng y khng c thc hin. Nhng dn dn, l xo bng ng
berili vn c mt trong cc loi sng lin thanh cc nhanh mi nht t trn my bay trang b cho
qun i pht xt.
Tnh mi l mt trong nhng bnh ngh nghip ca nhiu kim loi v hp kim. V khng chu
c ti trong thay i hng lin tc nn cc kim loi v hp kim ny dn dn bph hy. Song nuthm vo thp mt lng berili, d rt nh, cng c tc dng nh mt cnh tay hng s mt mi.
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Nu nh cc nhp t lm bng thp cacbon thng thng s b gy sau 800 - 850 ngn ln x y,
th sau khi pha thm vitamin Be vo thp, nhp s chu ng c hng chc triu ln x y m
khng tra c du hiu mi mt.
Khc vi thp, ng berili khng pht ra tia la khi va p vo hoc kim loi, v thm n
c s dng rng ri ch to cc dng cdng nhng ni dgy nnh trong cc hm m,
cc nh my sn xut thuc n, cc trm xng du.
Berili c nh hng r rt n cc tnh cht ca magie. Chng hn, ch cn pha thm vi chc phn
triu berili cng gicho cc hp kim magie khng b bc chy khi nu chy v khi c (tc l
khong 700 C). Khi n mn ca cc hp kim ny trong khng kh cng nh trong nc s
gim hn.
Chc hn mt trin vng to ln s thuc vcc hp kim ca berili vi liti. Slin minh ca hai kim
loi nh nht ny c th s dn n sra i cc hp kim kt cu tuyt vi, va bn nh thp li va
nhnh g.
Da vo cc tnh cht ha hc ca mnh m berili c thm nhim rt tt vai tr cht kh oxi cho
thp, gip thp chng li sxm nhp ca oxi. ng tic rng, berili vn cn qu t nn cc nh
luyn kim cha th s dng n vi khi lng ln. Tuy nhin, h tm ra c mt lnh vc s
dng berili quan trng khc m trong khng tiu tn nhiu kim loi ny. l dng n bo
ha b mt cc chi tit bng thp - gi l sberili ha, nhm nng cao cng, bn v khnng
chng mi mn ca chng.
Cc nh k thut rngen rt u chung kim loi ny v n cho tia rngen i qua ddng, hn hn
cc kim loi khc. Hin nay, trn ton th gii, ngi ta u dng berili lm ca s cho cc ng
rngen. Khnng cho tia rngen i qua ca cc ca s ny cao gp gn hai chc ln so vi cc
ca s bng nhm m trc y vn c s dng vo mc ch ny.
Berili ng vai tr ni bt trong spht trin ca hc thuyt v cu to nguyn tv ht nhn
nguyn t. Ngay t hi u nhng nm ba mi, khi bn ph ht nhn berili bng ht anfa, cc nh
vt l hc ngi c l Bothe v Becker khm ph ra ci gi l bc xberili, tuy rt yu nhngli c sc m xuyn rt mnh: xuyn qua lp ch dy vi centimet. Nm 1932, nh bc hc ngi
Anh l Chadwick xc nh c bn cht ca bc xny. Ha ra, l mt dng cc ht trung
ha vin vi khi lng mi ht xp x bng khi lng ca proton. Nhng ht mi ny c
gi l ntron.
V khng mang in nn cc ntron dxm nhp vo ht nhn nguyn t ca cc nguyn tkhc.
Tnh cht ny lm cho ntron trthnh vin n hu hiu nht bn ph ht nhn nguyn t. Hin
nay, i bc ntron c s dng rng ri thc hin cc phn ng ht nhn.Vic nghin cu cu trc nguyn t ca berili cho thy c trng ca n l tit din bt gintron
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th nhm tr sphn tn ntron th ln. V vy, berili pht tn ntron, lm thay i hng chuyn
ng v km hm tc ca chng cho n tr sthch hp cc phn ng dy chuyn xy ra mt
cch c hiu quhn. Trong s tt ccc vt liu rn th berili c coi l cht km hm ntron t t
nht. N t ra tuyt vi khi ng vai tr cht phn xntron, a cc ntron trvvng hot ng
ca cc l phn ng, ngn gichng li, khng cho chng b tn mt. Berili cn c tnh chng
bc x rt cao, k cnhit rt ln. Tt c nhng tnh cht tuyt diu ny lm cho berili
trthnh mt trong nhng nguyn t cn thit nht ca k thut nguyn t.
Khnng truyn m ca berili r rng l mt iu m khoa hc rt ng quan tm. Trong khng kh,
tc ca m thanh l 330 mt trong mt giy, cn trong nc l 1500 mt trong mt giy. Cn
trong berili th m thanh ph vtt ccc k lc v t n tc 12.600 mt trong mt giy
(gp 2 -3 ln so vi trong cc vt liu kim loi khc). Nhng ngi ch to nhc c ch n c
im ny.
Cberili oxit cng c nhiu tnh cht qu bu. Tnh chu la tt (nhit nng chy trn 2500 C),
bn ha hc ln v dn nhit cao cho php s dng vt liu ny lm lp lt cc l cm ng,
lm ni nu chy cc kim loi v hp kim. Chng hn, nu chy berili trong chn khng, ngi
ta chdng ni lm bng berili oxit, v cht ny hon tonkhng tng tc vi berili. Oxit ny l vt
liu ch yu bc cc b phn ta nhit ca l phn ng nguyn t.
Tnh cht cch nhit ca berili oxit cng c th c s dng trong vic nghin cu cc tng t su
ca hnh tinh chng ta. C mt d n ly mu t t lp v manti ca tri t su 32 km nhci gi l kim nguyn t - mt l phn ng ht nhn t hon t trong mt v bc cch nhit lm
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bng berili oxit v c mi nhn bng hp kim vonfram nng.Berili oxit c thm nin cng tc cao trong cng nghip thy tinh. Pha thm n s lm tng cng, tng chit sut v bn ha hc ca thy tinh. Vic pha thm berili oxit v cc hp cht khcca berili cho php lm c nhng loi thy tinh c bit c trong sut cao i vi tt c cc tiaquang ph - t tia t ngoi n tia hng ngoi.
Berili oxit cn c dng lm nguyn liu ban u lm ra ngc bch nhn to v cc loi ngccha berili khc khi chng c nui cy trong iu kin p sut v nhit cao. Hin nay, qu trnhny c thc hin khng phi ch trong cc phng th nghim khoa hc, m cn c trong nhngiu kin sn xut.... Nhng li tin on ca A. E. Fexman - nh bc hc li lc c nhiu c m, tr thnh s tht.Ch mt thi gian ngn na thi, berili s p ng c nhng hy vng m ngi ta ang t vo n.T mt nguyn t him t ngi bit n, ngy nay n tr thnh mt trong nhng kim loi quantrng nht ca th k.
X.I. Venetxki
K chuyn v kim loi
dch gi: L Mnh Chin
Mg
Kim loi "dpht khng"
Tm kim loi mu nhim tr danh l mt trong nhng vn ch yu m bit bao cn b
khoa hc ca cc phng th nghim gi kim thut thi trung c dc sc vo y. H hy vng
rng, nu c loi th s tm ra b quyt bin cc kim loi r tin thnh vng.
Cc cuc tm kim c tin hnh theo nhiu hng khc nhau. Mt s ngi ngh dng ch
vo mc ch ny. Ch phi c t nng n khi thu c s t (tc l n khi nng chy),
sau em un si trong ru vang chua. Nhng ngi khc li cho rng, nc i ca sc vt l
nguyn liu thch hp nht lm ra hn mu nhim. Mt s ngi khc th cho rng, chn l
trong nc.
Cui th k XVIII, mt trong nhng nh gi kim thut ngi Anh, c l l ngi theo phi th ba,
ly nc ly chy ra t lng t gn thnh ph Epxom em un cho bc hi ht, kt qu l thu
c mt loi mui c v ng v c tc dng nhun trng, ch khng phi l th mu nhim.
My nm sau mi pht hin ra rng, khi tng tc vi kim bt bin (thi by gi ngi ta gi xt
v potat nh vy), mui ny to ra mt cht bt mu trng, xp v nh. Khi nung mt khong vt tm
thy ngoi vi thnh ph c Hy Lp Magnexi, ngi ta cng thu c th bt ng nh th. V s
ging nhau ny nn mui Epxom c gi l magezit trng.
Nm 1808, nh bc hc ngi Anh l Humphry Davy khi phn tch magezit trng thu c mt
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nguyn t mi m ng gi l magie. L mng nhn dp tm ra nguyn t mi ny khng c
pho hoa, bi v thi by gi cha aibit rng, a con mi sinh ny c nhng tnh cht
tuyt vi thuc v k thut lm thuc pho.
Magie l mt th kim loi trng nh bc v rt nh. N nh hn ng hoc st khong nm ln; ngay
c nhm c cnh cng nng hn magie mt ln ri. Nhit nng chy ca magie khng cao
lm, ch 650 C, nhng trong nhng iu kin bnh thng th nu chy magie li tng i kh,
v khi b nung nng trong khng kh n 550 C, n bng ln v bc chy tc khc vi ngn la
sng n chi mt (tnh cht nyca magie c s dng rng ri trong k thut lm thuc pho).
t kim loi ny, ch cn g vo n mt que dim chy d, cn trong mi trng kh clo th n t
bc chy ngay nhit trong phng.
Khi chy, magie ta ra nhit lng rt ln v nhiutia t ngoi: ch vi gam nhin liu cng
un si mt cc nc . Cc nh khoa hc Vin ha hc cng nghip Vacsava li dng
tnh cht ny ca magie vo mt vic rt c o: h ngh ch to th v hp c gn mt mnh
magie mng lmcht t nng: ch cn m hp ra l mnh magie t bc chy v vi pht sau, c
th dn ngay mn n nng ln bn.
Trong khng kh, magie b mc rt nhanh bi n b bao ph bi mt lp
mng oxit. Mng ny trthnh lp o gip chc chn, gi cho kim loi khngboxi ha thm na.
Magie l mt kim loi hot ng mnh: n chim ot oxi v clo a scc
nguyn tkhc mt cch ddng. Tuy magie bn vng, chng li c tc ng
ca mt saxit, natri cacbonat, cc cht kim n da, xng, du ha, du khong,
nhng magie li chu khut phc trc nc bin v bha tan trong . N hu nh khng tng
tc vi nc lnh, song li y oxi rt mnh ra khi nc nng.
Vtri t rt giu magie: by ng nghip ca n trong Bng tun hon Menelep c mt trongthin nhin vi khi lng ln. Cc nh bc hc phng on rng, cc lp di cng ca vtri
t, hm lng nguyn tny ht sc ln. Magie c trong thnh phn ca gn hai trm khong vt.
Trong s c mt khong vt rt khc thng: n d gp li nh chic khn tay, c thdng n
nh mt tgiy gi mt vt no , v cui cng, li kh m dng ngn tay x rch n thnh
tng mnh.
Nm 1953, ti vng Vin ng, ngi ta tm thy mt mu khong vt nh vy, qul c mt
khng hai. Khi o ging khai thc mt m qung a kim, cng nhn y pht hin ra mt ci
hang nhv trong c mt tm mn trng nh bc bung thng tnh xung ta nh c gp
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lm i. Tm mn ny di chng mt mt ri, svo th cm thy nh da th, va mm va dai.
nh ca vi ny khin mi ngi phi kinh ngc. Ngi ta lin gi ngay vt l va tm c
ny n Maxcva. Php phn tch ha hc cho bit rng, n ch yu gm magie alumosilicat v l
palgockit - mt khong vt thuc nhm atbet ln u tin c vin s A. E. Fexman pht hin
mPalgorxc hi nhng nm hai mi ca th kny. V n c nhng tnh cht khc thng nh
vy nn ngi ta gi khong vt ny l da . Mu da tm c Vin ng hin c tn
tr ti Vin bo tng khong vt hc thuc Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X. Mu ny trthnh ni
ting l v ln u tin trn th gii tm thy mt mu da c kch thc ln nh vy.
Magezit, olomit v cacnalit l cc khong vt c ngha quan trng nht v mt nguyn liu dng
sn xut magie.
C hai phng php sn xut magie: phng php nhit in v phng php in phn. Trong
trng hp th nht, ngi ta iu ch magie trc tip t oxit bng cch dng mt cht khno ,
chng hn nh cacbon, nhm v. v... cho tc dng vi magie oxit. Phng php ny kh n gin v
trong thi gian gn y c s dng ngy cng rng ri. Nhng hin nay, phng php in phn
vn l phng php cng nghip ch yu iu ch magie. y ngi ta in phn cc mui
magie nng chy, ch yu l cc mui clorua. Bng cch ny c th thu nhn c magie rt tinh
khit, cha khng n 0,01 % tp cht.
Khng phi chring vtri t mi giu magie. Nhng kho tng xanh thm ca cc bin v i
dng ang bo tn nhng trlng magie c bsung thng xuyn v thc tl khng bao gi
cn. Ch cn ni rng, trong mt mt khi nc bin c ti gn bn kilgam magie th thy
iu . Cn ton b khi lng nguyn tny ha tan trong nc bin v i dng l 6.1016 tn.
Ngay c nhng ngi xa cch vi ton hc c lcng hnh dung c con sny to ln n chng
no. Tuy nhin, thy r hn, chng ta hy hnh dung: tu cng nguyn n nay, loi ngi mi
tri qua hn 60 t (6.1010) giy. Cn nu nh ngay tngy u cng nguyn, ngi ta bt u khai
thc magie tnc bin v n nay phi rt cho ht ton b trlng nguyn tny trong nc th
mi giy phi khai thc c mt triu tn magie!
Tuy vy, hi vng vn c thyn tm v ca ci ca mnh: ngay c trong nhng nm chin
tranh th gii thhai, khi m vic sn xut magie t mc ng k, th ngi ta cng mi ch
khai thc c tnc bin c thy 80 ngn tn magie trong mt nm (chkhng phi trong
mt giy!). Cng nghkhai thc magie kh n gin. Trong nhng chic thng ln ngi ta trn ln
nc bin vi vi va lm t vs bin nghin vn. Kt qul to thnh va magezi; sau va
ny chuyn thnh magie clorua. Tip theo, magie c tch khi clo bng cch in phn. Hin nay,
cc nh my sn xut magie tnc bin ang hot ng nhiu nc, m ch yu l cc nckhng c trlng magie phong ph. Tin thcc x nghip ven bin ny cn iu ch mui n,
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mui Glaub, clo, nc ung v nc mui sn xut xt n da.
Nc cc h mn cha magie clorua cng c thl mt ngun cung cp magie. Lin X cng c
nhng kho magie nh th, chng hn, Crm (h Xaki, hXaxc - Ivas), lu vc sng Vonga
(hEntn) v nhiu ni khc. Vnh Cara-Bgat-Hn tn tr nhiu nguyn liu magie: nc mn
y cha ti 30% mui ca nguyn tny.
Nh vy, cc bn bit magie l g v n c khai thc nh thno. Song nguyn tny v cc
hp cht ca n c s dng vo mc ch g?
Tnh nhc thlm cho kim loi trthnh mt vt liu kt cu tuyt vi. Nhng tic thay, magie
nguyn cht li mm v khng bn. V vy, cc nh thit k buc phi s dng cc hp kim ca
magie vi cc kim loi khc. Hp kim ca magie vi nhm, vi km, vi mangan c s dng rt
rng ri. Mi mt thnh phn ca cng ng ny u gp c phn ca mnh vo nhng tnh cht
chung: nhm v km lm tng bn ca hp kim, mangan lm tng tnh cht chng n mn. Cn
magie th sao? Magie lm cho hp kim trnn nh - cc chi tit lm bng hp kim magie nhe
hn 20 - 30% so vi lm bng nhm, nhhn 50 - 75% so vi lm bng gang hoc thp. Trong
thi gian gn y, nhiu nc ch to c nhng hp kim kt cu nhkhc thng, gm magie
v liti, m l tt nhin, lc no cng tm c nhng cng vic th vlin quan ti chng.
Cc nh ch to my bay khng thkhng ch n tnh nh ca cc hp kim magie. Ngay tnm
1934, Lin X ch to chic my bay Sergo Orjnikitze hon ton bng cc hp kim magie.
Sau khi th nghim thnh cng, my bay ny c s dng trong nhiu nm. Kinh nghim ny
c ch trong nhiu nm chin tranh v quc v i, khi m cc hp kim magie c dng ch to
xe, thn cc kh cv cc chi tit my bay.
Magie cng c c svng chc c s dng trong k thut tn la: nhc t nhit cao m
nhng thi im nng nht, cc b phn bn ngoi ca my mc v trlm bng hp kim magie b
nng t hn so vi lm bng thp.
Cng nghip ch to t, cng nghip dt, in, k thut v tuyn, sn xut kh c quang hc - ngy
nay, u u cng s dng nhng hp kim nh ca magie. Nguyn tny ng vai tr khng kmphn quan trng trong cngnh luyn kim. N c s dng lm cht khkh trong qu trnh sn
xut nhiu th kim loi (vanai, crom, ziriconi, titan). Magie gp phn vo vic khoxi trong thp
v trong cc hp kim - n lm gim lng oxi l cht rt c hi i vi kim loi.
Khi pha vo gang nng chy, magie lm cho gang thay i tnh cht, lm cho cu trc v nhiu tnh
cht c hc khc ca gang trnn tt hn. Cc vt c bng gang bin tnh c th thay thcc vt
rn bng thp. Tuy nhin, khng phi dlm cho magie tip xc vi cc kim loi nng chy, v nh
nn n khng chu chm vo kim loi lng m c ni trn b mt, ri chy bng ln v lm cho gangtung to khi go mc. Tht l d hiu khi loi pho hoa nh thkhng lm cho cc nh luyn kim
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thch th. y tm c li thot: p hn hp gm magie, cht do v cc thnh phn khc
thnh tng bnh, bn trong c li thp ng vai tr lm vt nng. Bnh ny sngoan ngon ln vo
gang nng chy. Cc cht ph bao quanh magie schy t t, khng lm cho magie bng ln. Li
thp tan ra nhanh chng v ha tan trong gang nng chy, magie cn li mt mnh chng gy nn
iu g khc ngoi vic ci thin tnh cht ca gang.
Hot tnh ho hc ca magie gi cho cc cng trnh s ngnh thu li mt ngh th v: dm mt
tm magie vo nc v ni n vi kt cu kim loi ngm bng mt dy dn l ta c c mt b bin
c kch thc rt ln, trong , nc ng vai tr cht in phn. Tm magie thc hin chc nng
ca mt in cc hot ng s bph hoi dn dn, song nhvy m n bo v vng chc phn kim
loi ca kt cu chnh. Cc hnh lang ngm bng thp v b tng ct thp ca cng trnh khai thc
m Duni ca nhng ngi khai thc du mtrn bin Caxpi, u c bo v bng
phng php ny.
Di nc, magie cn c mt cng dng khc. nc Anh, ngi ta ch to mt loi o ln su
bng cc hp kim ca magie c khnng chu c p sut thu tinh ln. Khng bao lu na sn
lc m cc nh a cht, thkhoan, thlp rp s mc nhng b qun o nhv bn nh vy ln
xung y bin tin hnh nhng cng vic lin quan ti vic khai thc khong sn.
Magie (dng bt, dng si, dng di) bc chy vi ngn la sng trng ti chi mt. Tnh cht
y c s dng rng ri trong k thut qun s - sn xut pho sng v pho hiu, n pho vch
ng v bom chy. Trc y, cc nh nhip nh rt quen thuc vi nguyn tny: Bnh tnh!
Ti chp nh! th ri nh chp rc sng ca bt magie chiu ri vo khun mt ca nhng ai
mun gi li hnh nh ca mnh cho con chu. Ngy nay, magie khng cn givai tr ny nacc
n in cc mnh buc n phi t chc.
Nhng chn hn iu khng lm cho magie phi bun ru: n cn c nhng cng vic quan trng
hn. Chnh magie tham gia vo mt cng vic to ln l tch lunng lng mt tri. Magie c
mt trong cht dip lcmt php s v i, l cht hp thnng lng mt tri ri dng nng
lng y bin kh cacbonic v nc thnh nhng cht hu c phc tp (ng, tinh bt...) cn
thit cho s sng ca con ngi v ca mi ng vt. Qu trnh to thnh cc cht hu c nh vy
c gi l s quang hp; qu trnh ny c km theo s gii phng oxi tlcy. Nu khng c cht
dip lc th skhng c s sng, m nu khng c magie th khng c cht dip lc, v nguyn t
ny chim n 2% trong . Nh vy c nhiu khng? Cc bn thon xem: chring lng magie
trong cht dip lc ca thc vt cng ln n gn 100 t tn! Ngoi thc vt ra, magie cn c mt
trong hu ht tt ccc c th sng. Gi s bn cn nng 60 kg th trong c chng 25 g magie.
Hi gia nhng nm 60, cc nh bc hc Trng i hc tng hp Minnexta (M) lm mtvic rt bch: h chn v trng lm i tng nghin cu khoa hc v xc nh c rng, v
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trng cha cng nhiu magie th cng bn chc. iu c ngha l nu thay i thnh phn thc n
ca g , ta c thlm tng bn ca v trng. Ch cn qua nhng con ssau y cng thy
tm quan trong ca kt lun ny i vi nng nghip: chring bang Minnexta, thit hi hng
nm do nn vtrng ln ti hn mt triu la. Vy skhng c ai ni rng, cng trnh nghin cu
ny ca cc nh bc hc l khng c gi tr.
Magie cng c s dng rng ri trong y hc : chng ta ni n mui Anh (tc magie sunfat)
l mt th thuc x rt tt. Magie oxit tinh khit (magezi nung) c s dng khi axit ca dch v
qu cao, khi bchua v nhim c axit. Magie peroxit l mt th thuc chng nhim khun khi b
ri lon tiu ho.
Cc s liu thng k khng nh rng, nhng ngi sng cc vng c kh hu
m p th t b bnh co tht mch mu hn so vi nhng ngi phng bc. Nh
chng ta bit, tim dung dch ca mt s mui magie vo tnh mch hoc
vo bp tht th trc chng co tht v kinh git. Hoa quv rau gip cho
vic tch lu mt lng d tr cn thit cc mui ny trong c th(m, o v sp
l rt giu magie). Chng hn, chu , ni m khu phn thc n nhiu magie,
th bnh x cng ng mch v cc chng bnh tim mch khc t xy ra hn chu u hoc chu
M. Cc thy thuc Anh khuyn rng, mi ngy nn n bn qa chui b li mt na nhu cuv magie ca c th trong mt ngy m (khong 0,30,5 gam).
Nhng th nghim do cc nh khoa hc Hungari tin hnh trn ng vt xc nhn rng, nu thiu
magie trong c thth d mc bnh nhi mu. Ngi ta cho mt scon ch n vi khu phn
giu magie v mt scon ch khc vi khu phn ngho magie. Kt quth nghim ny cho thy
rng, nhng con ch no m khu phn n ca chng thiu magie th u mc bnh nhi mu c tim.
nhng ngi hay cu gt, d bxc ng, cc c tim khi lm vic thng hay b ri lon hn l
nhng ngi im tnh. Sd nh vy l v khi tc gin magie c trong c th s bbc chy.Cc nh sinh hc Php cho rng, nguyn tny sgip cc thy thuc chng li mt cn bnh
nghim trng ca th kXX l bnh lao lc. Cc cng trnh nghin cu cho thy rng, trong mu
ca nhng ngi mt mi c t magie hn so vi nhng ngi cn sung sc, v ngay ckhi m
ng cong magie ch b lch rt t so vi mc bnh thng th cng khng phi l hon ton v
s.
Cc nh sinh hc Php cng xc nh c nh hng rt ng ch ca nhiu nguyn ti vi
gii tnh ca th hcon chu. Th ra, nu trong thc n ca con vt mm tha kali th n con sinh
ra s ch yu l con c, cn nu thc n cha nhiu canxi v magie th n con sinh ra ch yu l
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con ci. C th chng bao lu na, cc thy thuc s tho ra nhng thc n c bit cho cc b m
tng lai bo m cho hsinh con trai hay con gi theo mun. Nhng trc ht cn phi xc nh
cho r, tc dng ca cc nguyn tny nh ghi nhn c, liu c thp dng c cho con
ngi hay khng. Bi v, cc cuc kho nghim va k mi chc tin hnh i vi ... b ci.
Phm vi s dng cc hp cht ca magie khng phi chb hp trong y hc. Chng hn, magie oxit
c s dng trong cng nghip cao su, trong vic sn xut xi mng, gch chu la. Mt hng
Canada hon chnh cng ngh sn xut mt loi vt liu chu la mi chng c nh hng ca
cc loi x, c bn cao v rng nh; y, magie oxit c tinh khit cao chnhl thnh phn
ch yu ca loi vt liu chu la ny.
Nh chng ta u bit, cc n in tthng thng ch bt u lm vic sau khi chng c t
nng. Mi ln chng ta mmy thu thanh hoc thu hnh u phi chmt lc ri mi nghe c
ting nhc hoc nhn thy mn nh nhp nhy. khc phc nhc im ny ca n in t, cc
nh khoa hc Ba Lan ngh ph mt lp magie oxit ln catt. Loi n mi ny slm vic
ngay khi ng mch.
Ngay tnm 1867, mt ngi Php tn l Xoren trn magie oxit nung nng vi dung dch magie
clorua m c v thu c ci gi l ximng magezi (hay ximng Xoren). Ngy nay, ngi ta s
dng cht gn kt ny sn xut cc liu vt liu xy dng va nh va chng chy, va cch m:
l fibrolit lm t phoi gv xilolit lm tmn ca.
Magie peroxit c dng ty trng vi, magie sunfat c s dng trong cng nghip dt v cng
nghip giy lm cht ty trc khi nhum, cn magie cacbua th c dng vo vic sn xut vt
liu cch nhit.
Cui cng mt lnh vc hot ng quan trng na ca magie l ngnh ha hc hu c. dng bt,
magie c s dng khnc trong cc cht hu c quan trng nh ru v anilin. Cc hp cht
hu c cha magie (trong , nguyn t magie trc tip lin kt vi nguyn tcacbon) c ngha rt
ln. Cc cht ny, c bit l cc hp cht ankin- magie- halogenua (thuc thGrignard) m trong
thnh phn ca n c cc halogen (clo, brom hoc iot), c s dng rng ri trong ha hc. Vai trca cc hp cht ny quan trng ti mc vo nm 1912, nh ha hc ngi Php l Grinia
(Grignard) c nhn gii thng Nobel do iu chc cc ankin- magie- halogenua v hon
thnh vic tng hp cc cht hu c. Sau nhiu nm, ng vit: Ta hnh mt cy n v
cm c ln dy tht tt, di nhng ngn tay iu luyn, cc hp cht hu c cha magie c
thpht ra nhng ting ngn vang vi m hng mi lc mt mi m, bt ngv hi ha hn.
...Thy, hot ng ca magie trong thin nhin v trong nn kinh t quc dn tht l a dng, trn
nhiu phng din. Song c lhy cn sm nu ta ni vnguyn tny rng: Tt c nhng g cthlm c th n lm ht c ri. Nh luyn kim X - Vit ni ting, vin s A. F. Blop tin
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on vic s dng rng ri magie lm vt liu kt cu. ng vit: n nm 2000, nht thit stm
c cch bo v magie khi bn mn v n sl mt trong nhng kim loi c bn.
Cc hp kim ca magie c ln mt trng; ni y, dng mt s chi tit ca chic my khoan
tng t trn trm mt trng - 24, chng tham gia vo vic ly mu t trn Nguyt Cu.
Nhng yu cu rt nghim ngt c t ra cho vic ly mu t . Th nht l c cu ny phi
nh, v trong mt cuc du hnh ng di nh vy, phi tn mt lng cht t rt ln cho mi kg
v ch. Thhai l cc chi tit ca my phi rt bn: nu khng tin chc rng chng skhng dn n
nhng giy pht gian nan th vic a chng vo mi chuyn cng cn h trng nh vy chng cn
c ngha g na. M qu tht, c th coi nhng pht lm vic trn mt trng thc s l nhng pht
cc k gay go.
Nhng ngi thit kmy khoan tng ly mu t ni trn quyt nh s dng cc hp kim
ca titan v magie, v chng va nh va bn. Trc khi a ln mt trng,cc nh bc hc th
nghim thit b ly mu t trong nhng iu kin kh khn nht trn tri t. N c kim tra
bng cch cho khoan mi loi t khc nhau, trong c c nhng loi t rn chc nht.
Lc u, cuc th nghim c tin hnh trong nhng iu kin kh hu bnh thng, sau mi th
nghim trong nhng bung kn ln, c chn khng rt cao v nhit cao thp khc nhau
phng theo nhng iu kin trn mt trng, ni m ht soi bc ban ngy (nng n +110 C)
li tip n slnh gi ban m (lnh n -120 C). Cc cuc th nghim thnh cng. t lu
sau, c chuyn bay ca trm tng din ra tt p: mu t trn mt trng c a vtri
t.
X.I. Venetxki
K chuyn v kim loi
dch gi: L Mnh Chin
Al
"Bc" ly tt st
Nh vit s c i Plini B c k li mt s kin l th tng xy ra gn hai ngn nm v trc. Mt
hm, mt ngi l n gp hong La M Tibri. Ngi mang tng hong mt ci chn do
chnh mnh lm ra t mt th kim loi lp lnh nh bc, nhng li rt nh. Ngi th ni rng, anh ta
ly c th kim loi m cha ai bit ny t t st. C l Tibri t khi bn tm bit n ai, v ng ta
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cng l mt hong thin cn. S rng, th kim loi mi vi nhng tnh cht tuyt vi ca n s
lm mt ht gitr ca ng vng v bc ang ct gi trong kho, nn v hong ny ra lnh
chm u ngi pht minh v ph tan xng ca anh ta t y v sau khng cn ai dm sn xut
th kim loi nguy him y na.
l chuyn c tht hay ch l truyn thuyt - tht kh ni. Nhng du sao th nguy c cng
qua khi, v tic thay, qua lu lm ri. Mi n th k XVI, tc l khong mt ngn nm trm
nm v sau, lch s ca nhm mi c ghi thm mt trang mi. V y s kim nh vn vt hc y
ti nng ngi c l Philip Aureon Teofrat Bombat Fn Hhengy (Philippus Aureolus
Theophratus Bombastus Von Hohenheim) - ngi i vo lch s vi bit danh l Paratxen, lm
c iu . Khi nghin cu cc cht v cc khong vt khc nhau trong c c cc loi phn,
nh bc hc ny xc nh c rng, chng l mui ca mt loi t cha phn no m
thnh phn ca n c cha oxit ca mt kim loi cha ai bit; th oxit ny v sau c gi l t
phn.
T thi xa xa ngi ta bit n cc loi phn mParatxen tng quan tm. Theo xc nhn ca nh
vit s ngi Hy Lp l Hroot (sng th k th V trc cng nguyn) th cc dn tc c xa
dng mt loi cht khong m h gi l Alumen, ngha l lm sn si gi mu khi nhum
vi. Cht khong ny chnh l phn.
Vo khong th k th VIII - IX, phn c dng nhum vi, thuc da cu, da d nc
Nga c xa. Thi trung c, mt s xng sn xut phn hot ng chu u.
Nm 1754, nh ha hc ngi c l Anrat Xighizmun Macgrap (Andreas Sigismund Marggaf)
tch c th t cha phn m Paratxen ni n t hai trm nm trc . Phi qua my
chc nm na, nh bc hc ngi Anh l Hanfri vi (Humphry Davy) mi th tm cch tch th
kim loi n nu trong phn. Nm 1807, bng cch in phn cc cht kim, ng pht hin ra natri
v kali, nhng ng cha phn gii c t phn bng dng in nh th. My nm, nh bc hc
ngi Thy in l Iun Iacop Becxliut (Jons Jakob Berxelius) cng bt tay vo nhng cuc th
nghim nh vy, song cng cuc ca ng khng thu c kt qu. Mc du vy, cc nh bc hc vnquyt nh t tn cho kim loi bt tr ny: lc u, Becxliut gi n l alumium, v v sau, vi
i alumium thnh aluminium (nhm).
Nh bc hc ngi an Mch Hans Khrixtian Ecxtet (Hans Christian Oersted) l ngi u
tin ch c nhm kim loi ging nh ngi th v danh thi c La M. Nm 1825, trong mt
tp ch ha hc, ng ng mt bi trong ng vit rng, sau nhng th nghim do ng tin hnh
thu cmt mu kim loi c mu v nh kim hi ging thic. Nhng tp ch ny khng ni
ting lm nn thng bo ca Ecxtet hu nh khng c gii khoa hc ch n. V li, v mi mnghin cu v in t nn chnh nh bc hc khng coi trng pht minh nyca mnh.
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Hai nm sau, mt nh ha hc c tr tui nhng ni ting, tn l Friric Vule (Friederich
Wohler) n Cpenhaghen gp Ecxtet. Ecxtet cho Vule bit l ng khng nh tip tc cc th
nghim iu ch nhm na. Th l sau khi tr v nc c, Vule lao ngay vo nghin cu vn
ny - mt vn m ng quan tm t lu. Ch n cui nm 1827, ng cng b phng php
iu ch kim loi mi ny ca mnh. S thc th phng php ca Vule ch cho php tch c
nhm dng ht c lnkhng bng u kim bng, nhng nh bc hc tip tc lm thc
nghim cho n khi hon chnh cc phng php iu ch nhm dng khi c. ng phi mt ...
mi tm nm vo vic .
Thi by gi, kim loi mi ny c danh ting ngay. Nhng v ngi tach thu c n vi
lng rt t i nn gi ca n cao hn gi vng v tm mua c n khng phi n gin.
Bi vy, cng d hiu rng, khi mt v Quc vng chu u sm ring c cho mnh mt b
hong bo nh cc nhm th ng ta lin ln mt vi cc vua cha khc m mn xa x nh vy khng
hp vi ti tin ca h. Cc vua cha kia chng cn cch no khc ngoi ghen tc vi ngi c dim
phc c lm ch b cc qu him v nh m thm bun b ch n mt ngy tt p hn.
Chng phi ch i lu, nim vui ln n vi h: nm 1855, ti cuc Trin lm quc t Pari,
ngi ta trng by "bc ly t t st" lm chn ng d lun. l nhng tm v thi nhm do
nh bc hc kim nh cng nghip ngi Php Hngri Etien Xanh -Cle vi (Henri Etienne Sainte
Claire Deville) ch to ra.
Trc khi xut hin nhng vt trng by , mt vi s kin sau y xy ra.
Hi y, Napleon III - a chu b t ca ng bc v i - nh nhng ngi
ng thi thng gi, l hong nc Php. Vn l mt kthch chc tc
ngi khc, c mt ln, ng ta mmt ba tic, ti , nhng ngi trong hong
gia v nhng vkhch vinh d nht c dng tha v da bng nhm. Cn nhng
khch khc th buc phi s dng nhng dng cn ung bnh thng (song vnl nhng thdng cho cc ba tic ca hong ) bng vng v bc. D nhin l h ut c n pht
khc ln v khng ti no nut ni, nhng bit lm sao c khi ngay chong lc cng
khng th sm cho mi vkhch mt b bng nhm theo yu cu. V khi m s mnh ban cho
ng ta mt vhong t ni di th ngi cha y dim phc ra lnh cho ngi thkim hon
trong cung nh lm mt bchi xa x bng nhm, vng v cc th qu.
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Sau t lu, trong c ca Napleon III chn mui mt dn tru ngi, ha
hn mt nim vinh quang v hnh din, nhng iu ch yu l lm cho cc vua
cha khc phi xanh mt v ghen t: hong quyt nh trang bcho binh lnh
trong qun i ca mnh nhng bo gip bng nhm. ng ta dnh cho Xanh -
Cle vin mt khon tin ln ng ny tm cch chc nhm vi slng
ln. Ly phng php ca Vule lm c scho nhng thc nghim ca mnh,
Xanh - Cle vin ra mt quy trnh cng nghthch hp, nhng kim loi ca ng lm ra vn rt
t. Chnh v vy nn binh lnh Php vn cha c m th nhng bo gip nh vua cha ha
hn, trong khi th nh vua li rt quan tm n vic h v bn thn mnh: vs ca ng c
trng din nhng bo gip mi tinh.
Phe cnh Bnapac nh li dng vic Xanh - Cle vin iu chc nhm nguyn cht nhen
nhm ln ngn la dn tc chngha: khp mi ni, ngi ta ku go v ch quyn ca nc Php
trong vic pht hin ra kim loi ny. ng knh thay Xanh - Cle vin, ng phn i nhng li
thi phng ny bng mt hnh ng thch hp vi mt nh bc hc chn chnh, ng thi cng rt
c o: ng dng nhm do chnh mnh sn xut ra khc mt tm huy chng mang chn dung
Friric Vule, nm 1827, ri gi tng nh bc hc c.
Chnh thi kny cng xut hin bc vin vi t cch l vt trng by trong Trin lm quc
t. C th, nhng ngi t chc cuc trin lm lit nhm vo hng nhng kim loi thng dng,
nhng tic thay n vn cha t ti iu . Thc ra, ngay t thi by gi, nhng ngi tin tin
hiu c rng, cc o v o gip chl nhng tnh tit nh mn trong i hot ng ca nhm. Ln
u tin nhn thy nhng sn phm bng nhm, N. G. Checnsepxki phn khi tht ln: kim loi
ny nht nh sc mt tng lai to ln. Hi cc bn, trc mt cc bn l th kim loi ca ch
ngha x hi. Trong tiu thuyt Lm g ca ng xut bn nm 1863 c nhng dng nh sau:
...Ngh thut kin trc ca ngi nh bn trong ny thanh thot bit bao, nhng bc tng gia cc
ca s gn nhlm sao. Cc ca sth to ln, rng ri, chon ht c chiu cao tng nh... Cn sn
v trn nh th thno? Cc ca ln v khung ca skia lm bng g? l ci g vy? Bc chng?Bch kim ?..., by giti mi bit, Xasa ch cho ti mt tm bng nhnh tm knh, li c c hoa
tai v trm ci u nh vy na; phi, Xasa ni rng, sm hay mun ri nhm cng thay th g, v
c thcn thay th c na. Nhng sao li di do th. Chno cng l nhm... V y, trong
phng ny na, mt na sn ng, v thl r ri, n lm bng nhm...
Nhng trong khi nhng dng tin tri ny c vit ra th nhm ch yu vn l th kim loi trang sc
nh trc. Mt iu th vl nm 1889, khi Menelep Lun n, t tha nhn cng lao xut
sc ca ng trong s nghip pht trin ngnh ha hc, ngi ta tng ng mt mn qu qu: mtchic cn lm bng vng v nhm.
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Xanh - Cle vin trin khai hot ng mnh m. Ti th trn La Glaxie, ng xy dng nh my
luyn nhm u tin trn th gii. Nhng trong qu trnh nu luyn, nh my thi ra nhiu kh c
hi, lm nhim bu khng kh ca La Glaxie. Nhng ngi dn a phng vn coi trng sc khe
ca mnh v khng mun hy sinh sc khe v s tin b k thut nn khiu ni ln chnh ph. Nh
my nh phi chuyn i ni khc, lc u, ra ngoi Pari, sau n min nam nc Php.
Song n lc ny, nhiu nh bc hc thy rng, mc cho tt ccc c gng ca Xanh - Cle vin,
phng php ca ng cng khng c trin vng. Cc nh ha hc cc nc khc vn tip tc tm
ti. Nm 1865, nh bc hc Nga l N. N. Bektop xut mt phng php rt th v. Phng
php ny nhanh chng c p dng ti cc nh my luyn nhm cc nc Php v c.
Nm 1886 trthnh mt ci mc quan trng trong lch sca nhm, khi m nh bc hc M
l Sacl Martin Hn (Charles Martin Hall) v nh bc hc Php l Pn Lui Tuxtanh Eru (Paul Louis
Toussaint Heroult) mt cch c lp nhau hon thin phng php in phn sn xut kim loi
ny (Trong lch s khoa hc v k thut c khng t nhng trng hp m hai nh bc hc trong
cng mt nm i n nhng kt lun hoc nhng pht minh nh nhau. Strng nhau ny cng
chng cht thm bi cHn v Eru u sinh nm 1863 v nh th hn c vi nhau, chai nh
pht minh ny u mt nm 1914). tng ny khng phi l mi: ngay tnm 1854, nh bc hc
ngi c l Bunzen pht biu ngh v vic iu chnhm bng cch in phn cc mui ca
n. Nhng phi mt hn ba mi nm, nh ny mi c thc hin. Do phng php in phn
i hi nhiu nng lng, nn nh my u tin sn xut nhm bng phng php ny chu u
c xy dng Neyhazen (Thy S), gn thc nc sng Ranh - mt ngun in r tin.
Ngy nay, sau hn mt trm nm, chng ta khng thtng tng c vic sn
xut nhm m khng dng phng php in phn. Chnh iu gip cc
nh bc hc phi vt c suy ngh v mt s thc y b n nh sau. Trung
Quc c ngi m ca i c danh ting l Chu Du, cht hi u th k thIII. Cch y khng lu, mt s ha tit trang tr ngi m c phn tch bng
quang ph. Kt qu tht bt ngn ni phi phn tch i phn tch li nhiu ln,
v mi ln nh vy, vch quang phkhng thin vai chng thng hn
rng, th hp kim m nhng ngi thcxa dng lm ha tit trang tr
cha ti 85% nhm. Vy bng cch no m ngay t th k thIII ngi ta iu chc kim loi
ny? Thi by gi, con ngi bit n in ha chng chl qua sm st, m chc g sm st th chc
g ng tham gia vo qu trnh in phn. Thngha l vn phi ginh rng, tthi xa
xa y c mt phng php khc no iu chnhm, nhng tic thay b tht
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truyn hng bao th k.
Cui th kXIX, ngnh sn xut nhm trng thnh vt bc, kt qul gi kim loi ny gim
xung r rt v n khng cn c coi l th kim loi qu na. Tt nhin, i vi nhng ngi th
kim hon th chng c g ng quan tm na, nhng lp tc n thu c sch ca gii cng
nghip m lc ny ang ng ngng ca ca nhng s kin ln: ngnh ch to my bt u pht
trin mnh m, ngnh cng nghip t ng vng, ngnh hng khng ang i nhng bc u
tin m trong nhm ng vai tr quan trng nht.
Nm 1893,Maxcva xut bn cun sch Nhm v luyn nhm ca ks N. Giucp, trong
tc gi vit: Nhm phi chim vtr ni bt trong k thut v phi thay th nu khng phi tt c
th cng phi thay thc nhiu kim loi thng dng.... c nhng c scho li khng nh :
ngay tlc by gingi ta bit nhng tnh cht tuyt diu ca thbc ly tt st. Nhm l
mt trong nhng kim loi nh nht, n nhhn ng v st khong ba ln. Vtnh dn in v nhit
th n chthua km bc, vng v ng. Trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, kim loi ny c bn
ha hc kh cao. Nhm c tnh do cao nn c thcn n thnh l mng khong vi micrn, ko
thnh si rt mnh nh t nhn; 1000 mt si ny chcn nng 27 gam v c th gn trong mt
bao dim. Chc cc c tnh v bn l cha c tha mn lm. Chnh iu thc gic cc
nh bc hc ngh cch lm sao cho nhm bn hn m vn gic tt c nhng tnh cht c ch ca
n.
Tlu ngi ta bit rng, bn ca nhiu loi hp kim thng cao hn hn bn ca cc kim
loi nguyn cht c mt trong cc hp kim y. Bi vy, cc nh luyn kim ra sc tm kim cho
nhm nhng ngi bn m sau khi kt thn vi nhm th slm cho nhm bn hn. Chng bao
lu, thnh cng n vi h. Trong lch s khoa hc, lm khi nhng hon cnh ngu nhin li ng
vai tr quyt nh. Chng ti xin ln lt kra y.
Mt hm (chuyn xy ra hi u th kXX), nh ha hc kim luyn kim ngic l Anfrt Vinm (Alfred Wilm) pha ch mt hp kim, trong , ngoi nhm
ra cn c cc cht phkhc l ng, magie v mangan. bn ca hp kim ny
cao hn bn ca nhm nguyn cht, nhng Vinm vn cm thy c thlm
cho n bn hn na bng cch em ti. ng t nng mt vi mu hp kim
n khong 600 C, sau em nhng vo nc. Ti nh vy lm cho
bn ca hp kim tng ln r rt, nhng v kt qu th nghim cc mu khc nhau li khng ng
nht, nn Vinm t ra nghi ngshon ho ca dng cv chnh xc ca cc php o.
Nh nghin cu kim tra li dng c sut my ngy lin. Cc mu bng bqun vn nm tr tri
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trn bn mt thi gian, v n khi cc dng co sn sng trli lm vic th nhng mu y
khng nhng c ti m cn b bi bm y na. Vinm tip tc cuc th nghim v khng
tin chnh mt mnh: dng co cho thy rng, bn ca cc mu tng ln gn gp i.
Nh bc hc lp i lp li cc th nghim ca mnh v mi ln u thy r rng, sau khi ti, trong
nhng ngy tip theo, hp kim vn tip tc ngy cng trnn bn hn. Thl khm ph ra mt
hin tng l th - l sha gi tnhin ca cc hp kim nhm sau khi ti.
Bn thn Vinm cng khng bit iu g xy ra vi kim loi trong qu trnh ha gi, nhng sau
khi dng phng php thc nghim chn thnh phn ti u ca hp kim v ch xl nhit,
ng nhn c bng pht minh v t lu sau ng bn n cho mt hng c. Nm 1911, hng
ny sn xut m hp kim u tin, gi l uraluminium (uren - tn thnh ph ln u tin sn
xut hp kim ny theo quy m cng nghip). Vsau, n c gi l uralumin, hay l ura.
Nhng chic my bay u tin lm bng ura xut hin nm 1919. K tlc y, nhm mi
mi gn b s phn ca mnh vi ngnh hng khng. N hon ton xng ng c mnh danh l
kim loi c cnh v bin nhng ci gi g th s thnh nhng my bay chuyn tuyn khng
l. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm vn cha c nhm nn nhiu my bay, ch yu l my bay
hng nh, vn tip tc c ch to bng g.
Lin X lc by gichc Nh my ch bin kim loi mu Conchuginsn xut cc hp kim nhm. Nh my ny sn xut conchugalumin - mt
hp kim nhm c thnh phn v tnh cht gn ging ura, song sn lng
khng c nhiu. T hp kim ny,cng trnh s hng khng tr tui A. N.
Tuplep lc u dng ch to cc xe trt tuyt c chong chng; loi xe
ny chu ng rt tt nhng cuc th nghim trn nhng cnh ng bao la y tuyt ph. Sau
cuc kim tra ban u nh vy, conchugalumin c a ln khng trung: nm 1924, chic my
bay kim loi u tin ANT - 2 ca Lin X c ch to t hp kim ny.Vn xy dng mt nn cng nghip nhm hng mnh trnn cp thit. u nm 1929, ti Nh
my Ngi Vborg (Vborg l mt cng trn vnh Phn Lan, gn Lningrat) Lningrat
tin hnh nhng cuc th nghim v luyn nhm. Ngi lnh o cc cuc th nghim ny l P. P.
Fetiep - mt nh bc hc c tn tui gn lin vi nhiu trang s ca kim loi c cnh. Ngy 27
thng 3nm 1929 sn xut c 8 kg nhm u tin. Vsau, Fetiep vit: C th coi thi
im ny l s khi u ca ngnh sn xut nhm Lin X vi nng lng ca nh my thy in
Vnkhop v hon ton bng cc vt liu tlm ra. Bo ch Lningrat lc by gi nhn xt rng,
thi nhm u tin l mt bu vt bo tng, phi c gn ginh mt tng i k nim mt trong
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nhng thnh tu ln nht ca nn k thut X - vit. Sau , nhng mu nhm do nh my Ngi
Vborg sn xut cng vi cc sn phm lm bng thnhm y c nhng ngi lao ng
Lningrat dng ln i hi cc X - vit ton Lin bang ln th V.
Kt qu tt p ca cc cuc th nghim cng nghip cho php khi cng xy dng cc nh my
luyn nhm Vnkhop v niep. Nm1932 v nm 1933, hai nh my ny ln lt i vo sn
xut.
Cng trong thi kny pht hin ra c nhng trlng qung nhm thin nhin ln vng
Uran. S vic xy ra trc khi khm ph ra cc mnhm cng rt ng ch . Nm 1931, nh a
cht tr tui N. A. Cagiavin n mt hin vt vn c coi l qung st vi hm lng st
thp trng by ti nh bo tng ca mt x nghip mUran. Anh rt ngc nhin trc s ging
nhau gia m qung ny v boxit - mt loi st cha nhiu nhm. Saukhi phn tch khong vt
ny, anh bit chc rng, thqung st ngho l nguyn liu nhm tuyt vi. Thl ngi ta
bt u trin khai nhng cuc tm kim a cht ni tm thy mu qung ny, v chng bao lu
t kt qu tt p. Nh my luyn nhm Uran c xy dng trn c scc m va mi tm
c. Sau my nm (lc l nhng nm chin tranh) xy dng Nh my Bogotlpxc l
nh my cho ra lot sn phm u tin ng vo Ngy chin thng lch s - ngy 9 thng 5 nm
1945.
Mt iu ng ch l trong nhng nm chin tranh th gii thhai, khi m mt snc tham chin
lm vo tnh trng thiu boxit - nguyn liu ch yu sn xut nhm, th nc Italia chng hn
phi ly nhm t... dung nham ni la Vesuvio. Cng vo khong thi gian y, ngi ta pht
hin c nhng m boxit ln trn o Giamaica, v li, iu xy ra trong hon cnh
kh th v. Mt ngi dn trn o nh lm n bng ngh trng c chua. ng trng mt vn c
chua trn n in ca mnh v chngy thu hoch. Song mi vic din ra li khng tri chy nh
th: cvn c chua tn li v cht mt cch nhanh chng. ng ta li trng th mt ln na, nhng
kt qucng thm hi nh ln trc. Cay ng than thv s bt cng ca s mnh, ngi lmvn
bt hnh quyt nh tm cho ra cn nguyn ca s tht bi. ng gi mu t khng ly g lmho phng ly tkhu vn nh mnh n mt phng th nghim Mphn tch v yu cu gii
thch ti sao c chua li khng trng c trn loi t ny. Chng bao lu, ng nhn c li gii
p, i nh sau: Liu tht cha n 99% boxit c thnui dng c c chua khng?. Th
l chvi nm sau trn t Giamaica, thay cho c chua, cc x nghip khai thc m mc ln. Hin
nay, sn phm ca cc x nghip ny i n cc nh my sn xut nhm.
Nhu cu v kim loi ny khng ngng tng ln. ngnh hng khng vn l khch hng ch yu ca
cng nghip luyn nhm nh ttrc n nay: nhm chim vtr hng u trong scc kim loic sdng ch to my bay. Vi vic chinh phc v tr, kim loi c cnh tm c
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