kavkasia da kavkasielebi -...

joni kviciani

kavkasia da kavkasielebi

socialur-kulturuli problemebi: istoria da Tanamedroveoba

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2012

2

wignSi ganxilulia kavkasiis xalxTa istoriisa da so-cialur-kulturuli cxovrebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, romlebsac avtori meTodologiuri pluralizmisa da interdisciplinaruli midgomis safuZvelze ganixi-lavs. amgvari midgoma SesaZleblobas iZleva axlebu-rad davinaxoT kavkasiis xalxTa istoriaSi arsebuli mravali problema. avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs kav-kasiuri erTianobis ideis istoriasa da misi realize-bis perspeqtivaze. naSromSi warmodgenili analizis Tanaxmad, kavkasiuri civilizacia, romelic efuZneba kavkasiel xalxTa erTian istoriul warsulSi Camoya-libebul saerTo Rirebulebebs — etikets, sakomunika-cio kulturas da eTnolingvistur erTobas, SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnes regionis integraciis ideologiur bazad.

pirveli gamocema 2010 wels meore gamocema 2012 wels

redaqtori: nino Ciqovani

recenzenti: giorgi gociriZe

© j. kviciani, 2012

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-12-940-7

3

Sinaarsi

Sesavali.................................................................................. 5

Tavi I. kavkasia: istoria da meTodologiuri pluralizmi......................................................................................9

sistemur-sinergetikuli Teoria ....................................... 9 sazogadoebrivi progresi: civilizaciuri da

formaciuli Teoriebi .......................................................... 12

a) civilizaciuri koncefcia............................................... 14

b) formaciuli koncefcia.................................................... 15

g) modernizaciuli Teoria .................................................. 18

Tavi II. kavkasia da kavkasielebi ............................. 21 kavkasiis Seswavlis etapebi.................................................. 21

kavkasiis buneba........................................................................ 25

kavkasiis mosaxleoba.............................................................. 29

paleokavkasiuri eTnokulturuli erToba.................... 31

saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciuli kultura.................. 33

Tavi III. kavkasiuri idea drois WrilSi ................ 37 gaerTianebuli kavkasia XI-XII saukuneebSi:

naTesauri Tu ZaldatanebiTi kavSiri?............................. 38

1817-1864 wlebis kavkasiis omebi da kavkasiuri idea .... 43

kavkasiuri idea 1917-1921 wlebSi ....................................... 52

kavkasiuri ideis praqtikuli realizebis mcdelobebi......57

sabWoTa politika erovnul sakiTxSi................................ 61

kavkasiuri civilizacia – kavkasiuri ideis safuZveli ......63

Tavi IV. Tanamedrove kavkasia: zogadi saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri daxasiaTeba.... 67 kavkasiis eTnikuri ruka ........................................................ 68

azerbaijani............................................................................... 70

saqarTvelo............................................................................... 72

somxeTi....................................................................................... 74

samxreT ruseTis (CrdiloeT-kavkasiis) subieqtebi ..... 76

saxelmwifoebriobis formebis ganviTareba Crdilo

kavkasiaSi ................................................................................... 78

daRestani .................................................................................. 80

CrdiloeT oseTi-alania, inguSeTi da CeCneTi............... 82

Cerqezebi ................................................................................... 85

4

kazakoba...................................................................................... 86

Tavi V. Crdilo-kavkasia (samxreT ruseTi): eTnikuri, konfesiuri mozaika da migraciuli procesebi .................................................. 90 qarTvelebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ..................................... 92

somxebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi .............................................. 95

azerbaijanelebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ............................ 96

rusebi kavkasiaSi ..................................................................... 98

eTnikur-migraciuli procesebis tendenciebi

samxreT ruseTSi...................................................................... 101

Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa religiuri aRmsarebloba...........104

Tavi VI. kavkasia: eTnopolitikuri da geopolitikuri problemebi ...................................... 109 lokaluri konfliqtebi Crdilo kavkasiaSi................... 110

konfliqtebi samxreT kavkasiaSi......................................... 116

konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi................................................. 119

kavkasiis geopolitika........................................................... 125

TurqeTisa da iranis faqtorebi ........................................ 127

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis problemebi .......... 129

daskvna ..................................................................................... 132

SeniSvnebi da wyaroebi.................................................. 134

5

Sesavali

“adamiani globalur masStabSi Tavisi momavlis

Semoqmedi gaxda” - aurelio peCei

cnobili mecnierisa da romis klubis prezidentis

aurelio peCeis es sityvebi, romlebic man gasuli sau-

kunis 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze dawera wignSi saxelwo-

debiT “myofadi awmyoSi”, kargad asaxavs Tanamedrove

msoflioSi Seqmnil realobas. faqtobrivad, meore

msoflio omis Semdgom, adamianma (ZiriTadad, dasav-

leTSi - amerika, evropa) daiwyo axali, postindustriu-

li sazogadoebis mSenebloba. aqcenti gadatanili iyo

sazogadoebaSi demokratiis Semdgom ganviTarebaze,

adamianis codnis gaRrmavebaze, ganaTlebis amaRlebasa

da sainformacio teqnologiebis mkveTrad gaumjobe-

sebaze.

amave dros, aRmosavleTSi, sadac liderad sabWo-

Ta kavSiri moiazreboda, deklarirebul iqna, rom qve-

yanaSi socializmi aSenda. aqve aRiniSneboda, rom misi

gadazrda komunizmSi msoflios mtruli qveynebis

(igulisxmeba dasavleTi) garemocvis pirobebSi jerje-

robiT SeuZlebeli xdeboda da Semdgom gamagrebasa da

ganviTarebas saWiroebda. es procesi, Tavis mxriv,

ukavSirdeboda ara imdenad adamianis inteleqtis, misi

materialuri da socialuri mdgomareobis zrdas, ara-

med qveynis samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis ganviTa-

rebas da danarCen msoflioSi kapitalizmis damarcxe-

bas.

sabWoelebis aseTi midgoma dasavleTisTvis anga-

riSgasawevi gaxda. Sedegi is iyo, rom dasavleTi da aR-

mosavleTi Caeba e.w.“civ omSi” - SeiaraRebis uprecen-

dento zrdaSi. jer kidev gasuli saukunis 50-60-iani

wlebis msoflio samecniero-teqnikuri ganviTarebis

Sedegad gamoCnda e. w. “Zalis paradoqsi”, rac imas niS-

navda, rom Zala aris, magram misi gamoyeneba dauSvebe-

lia. ukve 60-70-ian wlebSi aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSiris

6

atomuri SeiaraRebis warmoebam yvela zRvars gadaabi-

ja. im dros xSirad gaigonebdiT, Tu ramdenjer SeuZli-

aT mxareebs erTmaneTis mospoba. ra Tqma unda, maSin me

da yvela Cems megobars gviCndeboda kiTxva: gana er-

Txel ganadgureba sakmarisi ar iyo?

1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala. diax, sagareo

faqtorma mis daSlaSi garkveuli roli Seasrula, mag-

ram _ ara gadamwyveti. bevrisTvis udavoa, rom gadam-

wyveti gaxldaT sabWoTa adamianis uflebebis mdgoma-

reobis faqtori. ssrk arademokratiulma, avtokrati-

ulma mmarTvelobam, gasaxelmwifoebulma socialurma

urTierTobebma, adamiani meore planze gadaswia. mas,

sabWoTa moqalaqes, faqtobrivad, arafers ekiTxebod-

nen. ra Tqma unda, Sedegmac ar daayovna.

zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT, ibadeba kiTxva: ra

miiRo adamianma dasavlur da aRmosavlur sivrceSi bo-

lo naxevari saukunis manZilze gatarebuli politikis

Sedegad, rogoria igi dRes?

dasavleTSi XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze adamianis

gonebis dominanturi matrica integraluri azrovne-

baa. Sesabamisad, mas gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi gaz-

rdili pasuxismgebloba aqvs.

aRmosavleTSi, kerZod, kavkasiaSi, bevrad imis ga-

mo, rom aq ver SeZles industriuli sazogadoebis Camo-

yalibebis pirobebis Seqmna da mas mxolod ruseTis ko-

lonializmis pirobebSi eziarnen (Tanac adgilobrivi

kulturis, misi Taviseburebebis ignorirebis xarjze -

“caristulad” da Semdgom “sabWourad” - amis Sedegi aS-

karaa), adamiani moklebulia araTu integralur, ara-

med industriuli sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebel

racionalur azrovnebasac ki. xSirad mis azrovnebaSi

magiur, miTiur elementebTan erTad, vxedavT agraru-

li sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebel religiuri mat-

ricis dominirebas. cnobilia, rom am sazogadoebisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebelia koleqtiuri, patrimonialuri

socialuri urTierTobebi da adamianis tradiciuli

azrovnebis inercia. xSirad, dRes aseTi adamianebis az-

7

rovnebis Sesabamis socialur praqtikas mivyavarT so-

cialuri urTierTobebis garTulebamde, ekonomikur

stagnaciamde, separatizmamde, konfliqtebamde da a.S.

amave dros, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom postsabWou-

ri kavkasiis sazogadoebaSi erTmniSvnelovnadaa popu-

laruli Tavisufali, demokratiuli ganviTarebis sa-

momavlo gza da, Sesabamisad, realuri samoqalaqo sa-

zogadoebis mSeneblobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis mzaoba.

yovelive amas Sesabamisi safuZveli esaWiroeba - mxed-

velobaSi gvaqvs regionis mosaxleobis mravalwliani

Tanacxovrebis tradiciebis gaTvaliswineba….

kavkasiis xalxTa istoriisa da kulturis Seswav-

la-rekonstruqcia axal meTodologiur safuZvlebze

imas gviCvenebs, rom aq individis pirovnebad Camoyali-

bebis, misi Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis dacvis didi

tradicia arsebobs. dRes am resursis gamoyeneba axali,

postindustriuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobaSi gadau-

debel amocanad rCeba. is, rac kavkasielebma adre, me-

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi ver gaakeTes, ver moaxerxes in-

dustriuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobisTvis pirobebis

Seqmna, axla postindustriulisaTvis unda SeZlon.

amis karg saSualebas iZleva msoflioSi dRes Seqmnili

axali realoba, Tanamedrove informacia, teqnologie-

bi, maTi gaxsniloba da a.S.

kavkasiologia, rogorc axalgazrda mecniereba,

aRniSnuli tendenciebis SesabamisobaSia mosayvani. sa-

Wiroeba moiTxovs, rom misi problemebis xelaxali ga-

azreba istoriuli kvlevis CarCoSi moxdes - regionu-

li da globaluri interesebis dabalansebis gaTvalis-

winebiT. magaliTad, Tu adre kavkasiis Seswavla “ca-

rizmis”, Semdgom sabWoTa saxelmwifos prioritetebs

emsaxureboda, dRes unda emsaxurebodes adamians, ro-

gorc bunebis qmnilebis uzenaes faseulobas. es, erTi

mxriv, dagvexmareba, CamovayaliboT iseTi sazogadoeba,

sadac adamiani SeZlebs mTlianad “daixarjos”, gamoav-

linos Tavisi SesaZleblobebi, xolo meore mxriv - upa-

suxos drois im gamowvevebs (globalizacia, ekologi-

8

uri problemebi, saerTaSoriso terorizmi da a.S.),

romlebic karzea momdgari.

kavkasiologiis amocanaa dagvanaxos, rom adamia-

nis momavali regionSi da, zogadad, msoflioSi, yve-

lasTvis erTia. misi mizania gvaCvenos, rom globaliza-

cia uzrunvelyofs postindustriuli msoflio sazo-

gadoebis mSeneblobis procesSi yvela qveynis CarTvas,

maTi TviTmyofadobis, kulturis SenarCunebiT. aRsa-

niSnavia isic, rom Tu Cven am procesebSi ar CaverTve-

biT da pozitiur nabijebs ar gadavdgamT, degradacia

gvelis….

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cven SevecdebiT,

msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

warmovaCinoT kavkasiaSi arsebuli socialuri, istori-

ul-kulturuli problemebi da vimsjeloT maTi gadaW-

ris savaraudo gzebze.

am naSromis Seqmnis dros didi mxardaWera gagvi-

wia donis rostovSi arsebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiis

umaRlesi skolis samecniero centris xelmZRvanelma,

profesorma mixeil rozinma, ruseTis samxreT federa-

luri universitetis profesorma vladimer riabcevma,

yabardo-balyareTis saxelmwifo universitetis pro-

fesorma aslan borovma, qarTuli diplomatiis mkvle-

varma, politikur mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrma simon

kilaZem da sxvebma, risTvisac maT madlobas vuxdiT. am

mecnierebTan gamarTulma Tematurma diskusiebma mniS-

vnelovani daxmareba gagviwies calkeuli sakiTxebis ga-

daWris saqmeSi.

9

Tavi I

kavkasia: istoria da

meTodologiuri pluralizmi

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze arsebuli warmodge-

nebis istoriis Seswavla da analizi bevradaa dafuZne-

buli sistemur midgomaze. sistemaSi igulisxmeba misi

warmomqmneli elementebis erToblioba, romlebic er-

TmaneTTan mdgrad kavSirsa da urTierTobebSi arian.

rusi filosofosi mixeil rutkeviCi adamianTa sazoga-

doebas ganixilavs, rogorc istoriuli ganviTarebis

procesSi myof rTul struqturizebul sistemas, rom-

lis qvesistemebad gvevlinebian msxvili regionebi (ci-

vilizaciebi), ZiriTad elementebad ki sociumebi - eT-

nosebi, erebi, saxelmwifoebi (1).

rogorc mecnierebi Tvlian, adamianis moRvaweo-

bis procesSi mudmivad warmoiqmnebian TviTorganize-

badi mdgradi struqturebi. sayuradReboa, rom buneba-

Si moqmed TviTorganizebis process germanelma mecni-

erma-fizikosma henrix hakenma 1973 wels “sinergetika”

uwoda (2). igi dafuZnebulia sistemur, an, SeiZleba iT-

qvas, samyaros mTlianobis ideebze.

1. sistemur-sinergetikuli Teoria

sinergetika XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan ganixi-

leba rogorc erT-erTi fundamenturi koncefcia, ro-

melic Tanamedrove msoflios suraTs kargad asaxavs.

sinergetikuli gagebiT, sityva “ganviTareba” xarisxov-

nad iseTi axali procesis warmoqmnas niSnavs, romelic

bifurkaciis (3) wertilSi momxdar movlenas ukavSir-

deba. am axalma disciplinaTSorisma midgomam istori-

kosebs perspeqtiva misca, gaaanalizon istoriuli gan-

viTarebis alternatiuli gzebi da is rTuli sakiTxebi,

romlebic civilizaciis “Catexvis” Sedegad wamoiW-

rnen.

10

amerikeli sociologi da futurologi elvin

tofleri mokled ayalibebs sinergetikuli xedvis

arss, mis “enas” TviTorganizebad sistemebSi: yvela sis-

tema Seicavs qvesistemas, romlebic fluqtuirebis (ga-

daxris) ganuwyvetliv procesSi imyofeba. zogjer cal-

keuli fluqtuacia Tu fluqtuaciuri kombinacia, da-

debiTi ukukavSiris Sedegad, SeiZleba imdenad Zlieri

gaxdes, rom adre arsebuli organizacia mas veRar uZ-

lebs da nadgurdeba. am gardamtex (anu bifurkaciis)

momentSi principulad SeuZlebelia imis winaswarmet-

yveleba, Tu romeli mimarTulebiT moxdeba ganviTare-

ba: iqneba sistemis mdgomareoba qaosuri, Tu is gadava

axal, ufro diferencirebulze da mowesrigebulobis

ufro maRal doneze, romelsac disipaTiuri struqtu-

ra (4) ewodeba (disipaTia - nivTierebis gabneva energia-

Si).

i.prigoJinis mier disipaTiuri struqturebis aR-

moCenam, romlebic garemosTan mudmivi gacvlis piro-

bebSi arseboben, migviyvana ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego

aspeqtis saocari urTierTkavSiris gagebamde - disipa-

ciisa, romelic ganpirobebulia entropiis warmomqmne-

li aqtiurobiT da wesrigisa, romelsac, tradiciuli

warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, igive disipacia arRvevs (5).

amrigad, qaosisa da wesrigis sinTezi, romelic di-

sipaciuri sistemis mieraa ganxorcielebuli, imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom ukve mowesrigebul sistemas mouwes-

rigeblis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia (anu wesrigs - qa-

osis gareSe), Tanac mravalgzisi monacvleobiT - “qao-

si-wesrigi-qaosi-wesrigi” - ganviTarebis procesSi. ase-

Ti struqturebis arseboba ganpirobebulia ufro didi

energiiT, vidre amas iTxoven is martivi, ubralo

struqturebi, romlebic maT unda Secvalon. cvlis am-

gvari procesis Sewyvetis Semdeg disipaTiuri struq-

turac qreba.

i.prigoJinis koncefcia disipaTiur struqtureb-

Si qaosidan wesrigis SemTxveviTi warmoqmnis Sesaxeb

dRemde diskusias iwvevs. georg hegelisa da karl mar-

qsis dialeqtikuri koncefciisagan (SemTxveviTobisa

11

da aucileblobis kategoriebi) gansxvavebiT, romle-

bic saerTod seriozulad ar ganixilaven qaoss, prigo-

Jiniseuli koncefcia aCvenebs, rom qaosi da wesrigi

disipaTiuri struqturis SigniT urTierTdakavSire-

bulia. i.prigoJinis azriT, bifurkaciis wertilSi

“SemTxveviToba biZgs aZlevs ganviTarebis axal gzaze

imas, rac sistemisagan rCeba, xolo mas Semdeg, rac gza

airCeva, kvlav ZalaSi Sedis determinacia da ase Semdeg

- bifurkaciis momdevno wertilamde” (6). amrigad, disi-

paTiur sistemebSi SemTxveviToba da aucilebloba er-

TmaneTTan “dapirispirebulebi” ki ar arian, aramed er-

TmaneTTan sinTezireben da erTmaneTs avseben.

zemoaRniSnul saerTo kanonzomierebebs dRes, me-

Todologiuri krizisis pirobebSi, sazogadoebis Tvi-

Torganizaciis dros, didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

kidev erTi momenti: Tu prigoJinis paradoqss ar

mivmarTavT, sinergetikuli msoflmxedvelobisa da

globalizaciis arsis bolomde Secnoba da misi gaxsna

SeuZlebelia. rusi mecnierebi vladimer branski da svi-

atoslav poJarski, imowmeben ra ilia prigoJinis bolo

intervius (2000 w.), aRniSnaven: “globalizaciasa da

qselur revolucias adamianebi mihyavs aramarto maRa-

li donis kavSirebisaken, aramed istoriul procesSi

calkeuli individumebis rolis zrdamdec”. maTi az-

riT, paradoqsis arsi mdgomareobs ori dapirispirebu-

li tendenciis erTdroul dinebaSi: TiToeuli indivi-

dumis sociumisagan damokidebulebis zrdaSi da, piri-

qiT, mTliani sociumis damokidebulebis zrdaSi TiTo-

euli individumis TviTnebobaze. pirveli tendencia

aris midrekileba totaluri daprogramebulobisaken

(anu wesrigis kultisaken - totalitarizmisaken), meo-

re ki - totaluri TviTnebobisaken (anu qaosis kulti-

saken - anarqizmisaken). mecnierebi kiTxvaze, SesaZlebe-

lia Tu ara prigoJinis paradoqsis gadalaxva, pasuxo-

ben, rom es SesaZlebelia superatraqtorSi, sadac ar-

sebobs Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis (qaosisa da

wesrigis) sruli harmonia (7).

12

kavkasiis regionis dabrunebas misi ganviTarebis

bunebriv, tradiciul gzaze (“buneba-sazogadoeba-ada-

miani”) ganapirobebs TviTorganizebis Sinagani, siste-

mur-sinergetikuli logika socialur da bunebriv ga-

remoSi. amitom, ukve transformaciis meore etapis

(pirveli - 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 2000 wlamde da

meore - 2000-idan dRemde) gamocdileba, kerZod, saqar-

TveloSi momxdari “vardebis revolucia”, gvaCvenebs,

rom sazogadoeba, TviTorganizebis socialuri struq-

turirebis ufro maRal safexurze asvlisas (vidre es

iyo transformaciis pirvel etapis dasawyisSi), axali

instituciuri makrostruqturis generirebas axdens

da sakuTari ganviTarebis ufro maRal dones uzrun-

velyofs. sakiTxi exeba xelisuflebis saqmianobis gam-

Wvirvaleobisa da misi efeqturobis amaRlebas, bazre-

bis monopolizebis aRmofxvras da sxva (8).

2. sazogadoebrivi progresi: civilizaciuri da formaciuli Teoriebi

dasaxelebul Teoriul moZRvrebebs win uZRoda

sazogadoebrivi progresis Teoriis Seqmna.

jer kidev uZveles civilizaciebSi adamianebi ac-

nobierebdnen sazogadoebriv cvlilebebs, ganviTare-

bas da mas sazogadoebis SegnebaSi afiqsirebdnen. amave

dros, iyo maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis Teoriuli axsnis,

Semdgomi mimarTulebisa da xasiaTis ganWvretis mcde-

lobebic.

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis pirveli koncefciebi

cdilobdnen ganemartaT is politikuri cvlilebebi,

romlebic, maTi azriT, ciklur xasiaTs atarebda. sa-

zogadoebis ganviTarebis pirveli cikluri Teoriebis

Seqmna ki jer kidev platons (Zv.welTaRricxvis 428-347

wlebi) da aristoteles (Zv.welTaRricxvis 384-322

wlebi) ekuTvnis. isini cdilobdnen aexsnaT Zvel ber-

Znul qalaqebSi mmarTvelobis cvlis mizezebi despo-

tizmidan aristokratiamde, oligarqiamde, demokrati-

13

amde, anarqiamde da tiraniamde. SemdgomSi sazogado-

ebrivi cvlilebebis cikluri xasiaTi sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis sxva sferoebzec gavrcelda.

unda aRvniSnoT, rom ori aseuli wlis winaT msof-

lio istoria aRiqmeboda rogorc didi imperiebis ayva-

veba, sidiade da ngreva. magaliTad, XVIII saukuneSi

frangi ganmanaTleblis Sarl monteskies traqtati

“fiqrebi romaelTa ayvavebisa da daRupvis mizezebze”

(1734) zustad amaze miuTiTebs. istoriis mecnierebis

ganviTrebaSi, misi sistemuri Seswavlis gaazrebaSi

mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis italiel filosofoss

jambatista vikos (1668-1744 w.w.), romelic istorizmis

koncefciis erT-erTi avtoricaa. misi azriT, am kon-

cefciis umTavresi arsi istoriuli procesis winsvla-

dobaa, rodesac SemTxvevebi da movlenebi mWidro ur-

TierTkavSirSi da droSi ganviTarebadni arian. amasTan

erTad, jambatista vikos ekuTvnis istoriuli wreb-

runvis sayovelTao Teoria, romlebic sami istoriuli

epoqisagan Sedgeba, Sesabamisi ciklebiT. esenia: RvTa-

ebrivi, sagmiro da adamianuri, romlebic sayovelTao

krizisebisas erTmaneTs cvlian. aqve unda davZinoT,

rom dasavleT evropaSi renesansic ki (XV-XVII ss.) sayo-

velTaod iyo miCneuli antikuri epoqis miRwevebis

aRorZinebad.

mxolod XVIII saukunis bolos samecniero azri

(a.Tiurgo, e.giboni, i.herderi) mivida im daskvnamde, rom

Tanamedrove epoqa antikurisagan Tvisobrivad gansxvav-

deba da rom is sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Semdgom sa-

fexurs warmoadgens. ase Seiqmna msoflio istoriaSi sa-

zogadoebrivi progresis pirveli Teoriebi. unda iT-

qvas, rom swored maT uaryves warmodgenebi msoflio is-

toriis cikluri mimoqcevis Sesaxeb da kacobriobis win-

svliTi ganviTarebis idea daamkvidres (9).

amave dros, sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Teoriam

XIX saukuneSi sxvadasxva forma miiRo, rac dakavSire-

bulia sazogadoebaSi mimdinare ideur dapirispirebeb-

Tan, kacobriobis momavlis xedvebTan mimarTebiT.

14

a) civilizaciuri koncefcia

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi da mTlianad kavkasiaSi

popularobas iZens istoriis procesebis civilizaciu-

ri xedva, romlis Teoretikosebi arian a. danilevski

(1822-1885), o.Spengleri (1880-1936), a.toinbi (1880-

1975). kacobriobis istoria miiCneva civilizaciebis

(agraruli, industriuli, postindustriuli) cvlad.

yoveli maTgani moicavs lokalur, regionul da globa-

lur Semadgenlebs. aRniSnul civilizaciebs axasia-

Tebs aRmocenebis, ganviTarebisa da dakninebis stadie-

bi (10).

amgvari meTodologiis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom ar

arsebobs kacobriobis kulturis ganviTarebis zogadi

kanonzomiereba, rac kulturis ganviTarebas mxolod

calkeul civilizaciaSi axasiaTebs. erTi mxriv, aq Cans

formaciuli modelis gamsxvileba, magram aqve vxedavT

veqtorul-stadiur modelsac, romelic kacobriobis

erTobis ideaze da am erTobis mravalferovnebazea da-

fuZnebuli.

amrigad, msoflio civilizacia - es aris mTliano-

ba, sistema, romelTanac regionuli, lokaluri civi-

lizaciuri kulturebi struqturul-funqciur kav-

SirSia. rusi filosofosis n.rozovis azriT, lokalu-

ri civilizacia socialuri evoluciis aramarto ti-

pur da masobriv movlenad gvevlineba, aramed is “isto-

riis ZiriTadi erTeulis” statussac iZens (11).

dRes civilizaciur TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT

bevri samecniero naSromi iqmneba. samwuxarod, n.dani-

levskidan dawyebuli, romelic msoflioSi 11 civili-

zaciaze mianiSnebda (egvipturi, Cinuri, induri, iranu-

li, ebrauli, romauli, evropuli da sxva), damTavrebu-

li a.toinbiT (21 civilizacia), arc erTi maTgani kavka-

siis civilizaciaze ar miuTiTebs. vfiqrobT, kargi iq-

neba, Tu mecnierebaSi es xarvezi gamoswordeba. amis

imeds, informaciuli universalizmisagan gansxvavebiT

(amas qvemoT ganvixilavT), dRes ukve civilizaciuri

pluralizmi gvaZlevs. saWiroa civilizaciuri midgo-

15

mis Semdgomi gaazreba kavkasiaSi, misi daxvewa da Sem-

deg, masze dayrdnobiT, regionis sociumze eqstrapo-

lireba. am SemTxvevaSi misi amomxsneli kriteriumebi

sazogadoebis socialuri da politikuri urTierTo-

bebis kulturul-ideur da zneobriv-fsiqologiur sa-

xes unda ukavSirdebodes. civilizaciuri midgomis

dros aucilebelia adamianis bunebrivi, zogadi da lo-

kaluri cxovelqmedebis pirobebis Seswavlac.

Tu adre civilizaciebs Soris gansxvavebebis gamo

isini erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen, dRes, rogorc

amas samarTlianad aRniSnavs italieli mecnieri vito-

rio strada, piriqiT, Sors wasuli globalizaciis pi-

robebSi, es gansxvavebebi dialogsa da TanamSromloba-

Si axali erTobis Ziebas unda niSnavdes. amisaTvis, das-

Zens v.strada, civilizaciebs Soris mxolod gansxvave-

bebis Segnebas SeuZlia is gaakeTos, rom globalizaci-

is konstruqciulma SesaZleblobebma sawinaaRmdegoze

upiratesoba moipovon (12).

b) formaciuli koncefcia

marqsizmi dResac aqtualuria imitom, rom am moZ-

RvrebaSi centraluri adgili ukavia axal filosofi-

as, romelic materialistur dialeqtikaSi gamoixate-

ba. am midgomiT, marqsizmi ganixilavs socialur-ekono-

mikuri urTierTobebis problemebs, romlebic warmo-

iqmnebian sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

formaciul koncefciebs, farTo gagebiT, miekuT-

vneba ara marto karl marqsis (1818 -1883) sazogado-

ebრივი formaciebis Teoria, aramed istoriuli proce-

sis iseTi Teoriebic, rogorc magaliTad, o.kontis

(1798 - 1857) pozitivizmis Teoria, agreTve XX saukune-

Si Seqmnili “ekonomikuri zrdis stadiebis”, “erTiani

industriuli sazogadoebis”, “postindustriuli sa-

zogadoebis”, “teqnotronuli sazogadoebis” Teorie-

bi. maT Soris yvelaze kargad iqna damuSavebuli mar-

16

qsistuli sazogadoebrivi progresi, rogorc forma-

ciaTa Tanmimdevruli monacvleoba. masSi karl marqsi

da fridrix engelsi (1820-1895) did adgils uTmoben

sen-simonis, g.hegelis, l.morganisa da sxvaTa ideebs.

marqsizmi, xelmZRvanelobs ra, georg hegelis

“obieqturi” dialeqtikuri logikiT, msoflio istori-

is periodizacias xuT formaciad yofs: pirvelyofil-

Temur, monaTmflobelur, feodalur, kapitalistur

da komunistur formaciebad (am ukanasknelTan misi

sawyisi faza - socializmi iyo gaigivebuli). formaciu-

li midgoma istoriis materialistur da, Sesabamisad,

vertikalur xedvas asaxavs. misi arsia istoriuli da

kulturuli procesebis unificireba da maTi erT sqe-

maSi moqceva.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es moZRvreba formacia-

Ta cvlas xedavs rogorc bunebriv-istoriul process,

romelic araa damokidebuli adamianis Segnebaze da mis

ganzraxvaze. xazgasmulia, rom misi periodizacia Ziri-

Tadad dafuZnebuli iyo evrocentristul interpre-

taciaze da miniSnebebze, rom is calkeul SemTxvevaSi

danarCen msoflioSic unda gavrcelebuliyo. ra Tqma

unda, iribad es iyo am Teoriis mikuTvneba bunebis obi-

eqtur kanonebTan.

sabWoTa kavSiris pirobebSi formaciul moZRvre-

bas mecnierebis yvela sferoSi gabatonebuli mdgoma-

reoba ekava. zemoaRniSnul sqemaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba

eTmoboda istoriul procesSi zogadis gamovlenas er-

Teulis, lokaluris ignorirebis xarjze, rac xSirad

Segnebulad ugulebelyofda sazogadoebis polivari-

antul ganviTarebasa da mis Taviseburebebs. amiT mTe-

li rigi xalxebi, faqtobrivad, amovardnili iyo kacob-

riobis saerTo “istoriis konteqstidan”. magaliTad,

CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebSi mcxovreb xalxebs,

imis gamo, rom am sqemaSi ver Tavsdebodnen, sabWoTa

kavSiris dros “CamorCenilebs” uwodebdnen da aRniS-

navdnen, rom isini kapitalizmis gamotovebiT socia-

lizms aSenebeno. amasTan, maT xSirad ayvedridnen ki-

dec - rom ara maTi “gasabWoeba”, isini amas ver miaRwev-

17

dnen da ver Caebmebodnen msoflios istoriis saerTo

ganviTarebaSio.

rogor dgas dRes saqarTveloSi kavkasiis xalxTa

civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis gansazRvris sakiTxi? un-

da iTqvas, rom CvenSi am process, winaTac da dResac,

xels uSlida da uSlis msoflio istoriis formaciuli

xedvis inercia. sabWoTa kavSiris “centris” gadmosaxe-

didan kavkasiis regionis xalxebi, maTi socialur-eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis tradiciidan gamomdinare, iyo-

fodnen “pirvel”, “meore” da “mesame” xarisxis xalxe-

bad, rac maTi politikuri mowyobis statusSic isaxe-

boda (mokavSire respublikebad, avtonomiur respub-

likebad da avtonomiur olqebad dayofa).

unda aRiniSnos, rom am Teoriis mimarT dRes bevri

pretenzia arsebobs, gaCndnen misi kritikosebic. ker-

Zod, eWvqveS dgeba g.hegelis dialeqtika, istoriuli

etapebis cvla. hegelis logikis gaTvaliswinebiT, sa-

xelmwifo marqsizmi Tvlida, rom winaaRmdegobebis miy-

vana logikur dasasrulamde, maTi sruli “moxsna” Se-

saZlebelia romelime maTganis daRupvis (ganadgure-

bis) xarjze (13). es maSin, rodesac sinergetika, rogorc

zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, damatebulobis (komplimenta-

robis) principidan gamomdinare (nils bori, 1927 w.), wi-

naaRmdegobaTa brZolis dialeqtikuri principebisa-

gan gansxvavebiT, urTierTobaSi arsebul dapirispire-

bas tolerantobiT, SemwynareblobiT da sxvis azrTan

TanamSromlobiT cvlis.

rac Seexeba georg hegelis istoriuli progresis

ideas, cnobili rusi mecnieris a.gureviCis azriT, is

usafuZvloa. mecnieri xazs usvams, rom es idea gakot-

rebulia aramarto imiT, rom “mas umTavresad sawarmoo

Zalebisa da warmoebiT urTierTobebis ganviTareba mi-

aCnia da, Sesabamisad, adamianis mTeli sulieri mxare,

misi pirovnuli arsi TiTqmis umciresia, aramed imito-

mac, rom am ideas kacobriobis istoria progresis ide-

amde dahyavs. ras gvTavazobs is? adre sazogadoeba ua-

resi iyo, is jer kidev ar iyo iseTi, rogoric Semdeg

18

gaxdeba da amitom adamianebma raRac ar icodnen, ar Se-

eZloT da, Sesabamisad, raRac dones ver miaRwies” (14).

amrigad, formaciuli midgomisaTvis damaxasiaTe-

belia erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi ekonomiku-

ri urTierTobebis rolis primatis warmoCena da meore

mxriv, amis safasurad adamianis sazogadoebrivi kul-

turis, tradiciebis rolis daknineba.

amasTan erTad, aris sxva mosazrebebic. kerZod is,

rom marqsizmi dResac rCeba efeqtur socialur para-

digmad, Tumca, maTi azriT, is ganaxlebas saWiroebs.

zemoTqmulis Sejameba saSualebas gvaZlevs, ga-

movyoT ramdenime tendencia postsabWour meTodolo-

giaSi: 1)formaciuli midgomis ganaxleba; 2)civiliza-

ciuri midgomis damuSaveba; 3)formaciulis da civili-

zaciuri midgomebis SeTavseba.

rogorc zemoT aRniSnulidan irkveva, orive midgoma

- formaciulic da civilizaciuric - sazogadoebis prog-

resis ideazea dafuZnebuli. pirveli (formaciuli) sazo-

gadoebaSi upiratesobas ekonomikas aniWebs, meore (civi-

lizaciuri) - kulturas. albaT, maTi kategoriuli dapi-

rispireba araswori iqneboda. ufro upriani iqneba, vifiq-

roT, rom isini erTmaneTs met-naklebad abalanseben.

g) modernizaciuli Teoria

mecnierebi, rogorc wesi, modernizacias ukavSi-

reben socialur cvlilebebs, romlebic sazogadoebis

industriul ganviTarebasTan arian dakavSirebulni.

dasavleT evropaSi es procesi iwyeba XV-XVI saukunee-

bidan, roca manufaqturuli warmoebis ganviTareba da-

iwyo da aqcenti soflis meurneobidan mrewvelobaze

gadavida. mogvianebiT, manqanuri mrewvelobis gamar-

jvebis Semdgom, adamianis socialuri cxovrebis ganvi-

Tarebac swrafi tempiT mimdinareobs, yalibdeba in-

dustriuli sazogadoeba Tavisi profesiuli specia-

lizebiT, urbanizmis prioritetiT, ganaTlebis donis

19

amaRlebiT, sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis momate-

biT da swrafi ekonomikuri zrdiT.

XIX-XX saukeneebSi am procesis mecnierulad Seswav-

la, rogorc ityvian, “drom moitana”. warmoiSva ori sapi-

rispiro: modernizaciis marqsistuli xedva miiCnevda,

rom kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmeba safuZvels daudebs eq-

sploataciis, uTanasworobisa da konfliqtebis dasas-

ruls, xolo kapitalisturi xedvis Tanaxmad, ekonomiku-

ri ganviTareba sazogadoebis cxovrebis donis amaRleba-

sa da demokratias uzrunvelyofda.

modernizaciis es ori xedva metoqeobas “civi

omis” drosac ganagrZobda, magram aRmoCnda, rom 1970-

iani wlebis “ganviTarebulma socializmma” Tavisi Se-

saZleblobebi amowura da komunizmamde ver miaRwia. Se-

sabamisad, dadga “uZraobis periodi”. rac Seexeba bevr

Rarib qveyanas, iq arc ekonomikuri ganviTareba da arc

demokratia ar SeiniSneboda. rogorc germaneli mecnie-

ri qristian verceli da amerikeli ronald ingelharti

aRniSnaven, “ise gegonebodaT, TiTqos arcerTi TvalTa-

xedva ar dasturdeboda, amitom kritikosebma moderni-

zaciis gardacvaleba gamoacxades” (15).

amave mecnierTa azriT, `civi omis~ dasrulebis Sem-

deg modernizacia kvlav aqtualuria da dRes is, ase

vTqvaT, “meore sicocxles” iZens. aqve SevniSnavT, rom pos-

tsabWoTa sivrceSi da kapitalistur samyaroSi moderni-

zacias adre ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli gzebi hqondaT.

agraruli (tradiciuli) sazogadoebidan indus-

triulSi gadasvla sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela mxa-

ris (politikuri, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi, kultu-

ruli) gardaqmnas moicavs. amasTan, Tu es procesi kom-

pleqsurad ar mimdinareobs, maT Soris Tavs iCens Seusa-

bamoba da modernizacia SezRuduli saxiTaa warmodgeni-

li. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelosa da, saerTod, kavkasiaSi

modernizacia “zemodan”, saxelmwifos, anu SeiZleba iT-

qvas, “CinovnikTa” patronaJiT inicirebul xasiaTs ata-

rebda (da es dResac asea), maSin rodesac dasavleTSi is

xorcieldeboda “qvemodan”, mis warmmarTvel Zalad ki

mesakuTre, mewarme gvevlineboda. Sedegic Sesabamisia.

20

q.vercelisa da r.ingelhartis azriT, dReisaTvis

dasavleTSi Semnil modernizaciis axal versiaSi (“pos-

tindustriuli sazogadoeba”) naTladaa warmodgenili,

Tu sadamde unda migviyvanos globalurma ekonomikur-

ma ganviTarebam. misi amocanebia genderuli Tanaswo-

robis, demokratiisa da adamianis TviTgamoxatvis fa-

seulobaTa damkvidreba cxovrebaSi (16).

dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, CvenSi jer kidev mo-

ugvarebel problemad rCeba adamianis, rogorc ekono-

mikur, aseve fizikur usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi. kavkasiaSi demokratizaciis gzaze Semdgomi

winsvla saWiroebs biurokratiulobisa da ierarqiu-

lobis gadalaxvas, avtokratiuli reJimebisagan Tavis

daRwevas da tradiciul faseulobebze dayrdnobiT sa-

ero, racionaluri faseulobebisaken svlas.

Tu Cven am sakiTxebs kargad SeviswavliT, aRmoC-

ndeba, rom kavkasieli xalxebis tradiciebSi arsebuli

adamianis dafasebis sabaziso faseulobebi SesaZloa

kargad “Caeweros” postindustriul realobaSi.

industriul “liberalur civilizaciaSi”, ro-

gorc sistemaSi, oTx ZiriTad faseulobas gamoyofen.

esenia: 1) individualizmi, 2) universalizmi (adamianis

uflebebi), 3) egalitarizmi (adamianebs Soris yovel-

gvari moraluri da politikuri ierarqiulobis uar-

yofa), 4) meliorizmi (sazogadoebriv-politikuri in-

stitutebis srulyofa).

kavkasiuri kulturuli (civilizaciuri) tradi-

ciis kvlevisas yuradReba unda mieqces agreTve msof-

lio modernizaciis procesSi Camoyalibebul Tanamed-

rove liberalur da pluralistur samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas. principuli gan-

sxvaveba maT Soris imaSi gamoixateba, rom pirvel Sem-

TxvevaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadi uflebe-

bis matareblad individebi gvevlinebian, xolo plura-

listurSi - jgufebi da gaerTianebebi.

sainteresoa, Cven, qarTvelebi da yvela danarCeni

kavkasieli, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT samoqalaqo sa-

zogadoebis romel formasTan varT axlos?

21

Tavi II kavkasia da kavkasielebi

ramdenime wlis win dmanisSi arqeologiurma aRmo-

Cenam (napovnia qalisa da mamakacis 1,8 mln. wlis winan-

deli Tavis qala) cxadyo, rom kavkasia adamianis gaCenis

regioni Tu ara, misi sapientaciis anu Tanamedrove

adamianad Camoyalibebis adgili mainc aris. es faqti

kidev ufro amtkicebs mecnierebis adrindel aRiare-

bas, rom kavkasia msoflio civilizaciis uZvelesi ke-

raa. dRes is aris unikaluri istoriul-kulturuli,

polieTnikuri, polikonfesiuri regioni, romelsac

mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri adgilmdebareoba uka-

via. kavkasias, rogorc evropasa da azias Soris mdebare

erT-erT mniSvnelovan regions, yovelTvis ekisreboda

wina aziis qveynebisa da aRmosavleT evropis damakavSi-

rebeli funqcia.

kavkasia odiTganve ipyrobda gare samyaros yuradRe-

bas. dampyroblebs aq arsebuli simdidre izidavda. bevri

mogzauri da mecnieri kavkasiis monaxulebisa da gacnobis

Semdeg aq Tavisi Semoqmedebis wyaros poulobda.

kavkasiis Seswavlis etapebi

saxelwodeba “kavkasia” pirvelad jer kidev Cvens

welTaRricxvamde VI saukuneSia moxseniebuli - berZeni

dramaturgis esqiles tragediaSi “mijaWvuli prome-

Te”. mogvianebiT, Zv. w. aR. V saukuneSi “istoriis mama”

herodote werda idumalebiT mocul “mTaTa qveyanaze”

da konkretulad mianiSnebda, rom “kavkasiaSi bevri

sxvadasxva tomi cxovrobs”. xuTasi wlis Semdeg, anti-

kuri xanis cnobil geograf strabons “geografiaSi”

sakmaod vrclad aqvs aRwerili kavkasia. isic gakvirve-

bulia am mTian qveyanaSi dasaxlebul eTnosTa simrav-

liT. misi sityvebiT, marto qalaq dioskuriaSi (soxumi)

savaWrod dasavleT kavkasiidan 70 tomTa warmomadgen-

lobis vaWari Camodioda. TiTqmis aTasi wlis Semdeg ara-

22

bi enciklopedisti al masudi aRniSnavda: “mTa kabk (kav-

kasia) - didi mTaa, romelsac udidesi teritoria ukavia.

is bevr samefosa da xalxebs moicavs” (1).

kavkasiis Sesaswavlad didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sua

saukuneebis adgilobriv avtorTa nawarmoebebs, rogo-

rebic arian agaTangelosi, egiSe, movses xorenaci (som-

xeTi); leonti mroveli (“qarTlis cxovreba”), «История страны Агван» da sxv.

antikuri da Sua saukuneebis avtorTa es da sxva

nawarmoebebi, pirobiTad, kavkasiis Seswavlis pirvel

etapad SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli.

meore etapi ukavSirdeba regionis mecnierulad

Seswavlas, romelic daiwyo XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi da 1917

wlis revoluciebamde gagrZelda. am dros kavkasiis sa-

kiTxi, aRmosavlurTan erTad, saerTaSoriso politi-

kis umniSvnelovanesi problema xdeba. kavkasiis regio-

ni didi qveynebis - inglisisa da safrangeTis, sparse-

Tis, osmaleTisa da ruseTis imperiebis umwvavesi ur-

Tierdapirispirebis adgilad gadaiqca. movlenebis

dramatulma ganviTarebam xangrZlivi kavkasiuri omebi

ganapiroba. XIX saukunis 30-50-iani wlebSi ruseTis mi-

er warmoebuli omebis finali iyo kavkasieli xalxebis

damoukideblobis dakargva da maTi kolonizacia ruse-

Tis imperiaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am movlenebma udi-

desi daintereseba gamoiwvia ara marto ruseTis impe-

riaSi, aramed sazRvargareTac - aRniSnul periodSi

kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebs evropis TiTqmis yvela

cnobili gazeTi aSuqebda. aqedan gamomdinare, sazoga-

doebis aqtiurma interesma regionuli movlenebis mi-

marT kavkasiismcodneobis ganviTarebas damatebiTi

stimuli misca.

unda aRvniSnoT, rom axal droSi kavkasiismcodne-

obas safuZveli Caeyara vaxuSti bagrationis, s. g. gme-

linis, i. a. giuldenStedtis, p.s. palasis nawarmoebebSi.

XIX saukuneSi kavkasiismcodneobas gansakuTrebu-

li mniSvneloba ruseTis imperiis mecnierebaSi eniWeba.

am dros moRvaweobdnen ruseTis cnobili kavkasiolo-

23

gebi n.dubrovini, p.butkovi, m.kovalevski, s. beloku-

rovi; azerbaijanelebi - a.bakixanovi da m.kazembeki;

qarTvelebi - d. baqraZe, e.TayaiSvili, s. esaZe; somxebi -

v. zasTomiani da s. egiazarovi; adiRelebi - xan girei da

Sora nogmovi; osebi - k. xeTagurovi da a. gasievi; CeCeni

u. laudaevi da bevri sxva istorikosi, eTnografi, fi-

lologi da geografi.

kavkasiasTan aris dakavSirebuli msoflioSi aRia-

rebuli avtorebis - a.diumas, a.puSkinis, m.lermonto-

vis, l.tolstois da bevri sxva cnobili mwerlis, poe-

tisa da mxatvris Semoqmedeba. kavkasiaze Seyvarebuli

mixeil lermontovi Tavis cnobil nawarmoebSi “ismail-

bei” werda:

И диких тех ущелий племена, Их бог - свобода, и закон - война, Там за добро - добро, и кровь - за кровь, И ненависть безмерна, как любовь. 1917 wlis revoluciebamde daiwyes moRvaweoba

cnobilma kavkasiologebma n. marma, v. v. struvem, iv. ja-

vaxiSvilma, k. kekeliZem, i. minandianma da sxvebma, rom-

lebsac didi Rvawli miuZRviT sabWoTa kavkasiologiis

ganviTarebaSic. maTi TaosnobiT iwyeba sabWoTa kavka-

siologiis skolis Camoyalibeba, romelic am mecniere-

bis ganviTarebis Semdgom, mesame etapad SeiZleba mi-

viCnioT. ruseTis imperiis droindeli kavkasiologiis

skolisgan gansxvavebiT, am etapze kavkasiologiam cen-

tridan adgilebze - kavkasiaSi Seqmnil Sesabamis samec-

niero-saswavlo dawesebulebebSi gadainacvla.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kavkasielebi sabWoTa kav-

SirSi yofnisas Tavisuflebadakargulni viyaviT da ar

“gavbednierebulvarT”, faqtia, rom mokavSire sabWoTa

socialistur respublikebSi (azerbaijani, somxeTi, sa-

qarTvelo) sakmaod mZlavri mecnierebaTa akademiebi

Seiqmna, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi myofi samecniero-

kvleviTi institutebi kavkasiis xalxTa istoriisa da

kulturis aqtualur sakiTxebs swavlobdnen. amasTan

erTad, msgavsi humanitaruli erovnuli samecniero-

kvleviTi dawesebulebebi Camoyalibda rsfsr-s Crdi-

24

lokavkasiur avtonomiur respublikebSic (daRestani,

CrdiloeT oseTi, CeCneT-inguSeTi, yabardo-balyareTi

da a.S.).

sabWoTa periodSi kavkasiis sakiTxebis kvlevebi

TandaTan vrceldeba zemoCamoTvlili respublikebis

umaRles saswavleblebSic. magaliTad, 1933 wels Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo universitetSi filologiis fakul-

tetze arnold Ciqobavas TaosnobiT gaixsna kavkasiur

enaTa kaTedra, romelic male, enaTmecnierebis insti-

tutTan erTad, kavkasiaSi cnobil iberiul-kavkasiuri

enebis Semswavlel samecniero skolad gadaiqca. madli-

erma Crdilokavkasielebma, romlebic am skolaSi mSob-

liur enebs mecnierulad Seiswavlidnen, arnold Ciqo-

bavas “kavkasiis didi Svili” uwodes.

amrigad, sabWoTa kavkasiologiaSi Camoyalibda

mTeli rigi samecniero skolebi, sadac moRvaweobda

kavkasiis xalxTa TiTqmis yvela warmomadgeneli: s.ja-

naSia, g.meliqiSvili, a.robaqiZe, s.eremiani, e.marqaria-

ni, v.abaevi, m.blievi, z.buniaTovi, g.ZiZaria, z.anCabaZe,

t.kumikovi, a.gadagaTli, a.Saxsaidovi da sxvebi.

mniSvnelovani Sromebia Seqmnili rusi sabWoTa

mkvlevrebis mierac. esenia: b.b.piotrovski, e.i.krupno-

vi, l.i.lavrovi, a.m.ladiSenski, n.i.pokrovski, m.o.kos-

veni, a.p.novoselcevi da sxv.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom zemoCamoTvlil avtorTa

umetesi nawili kavkasiologiis istoriul-eTnografi-

ul skolas miekuTvneboda. kavkasiologia, ssrk piro-

bebSi, erTaderTi samecniero dargi iyo, romelic re-

gionis xalxTa eTnokulturuli Taviseburebebis Ses-

wavlas axerxebda. samwuxarod, maTi “produqcia” far-

To sazogadoebas naklebad miewodeboda (is ar pasuxob-

da ssrk generalur gegmas - “sabWoTa xalxis” Camoyali-

bebis ideas, romlis Tanaxmad, calkeuli erebi mniSvne-

lobas kargavdnen). mas, rogorc wesi, ecnoboda stu-

dent-istorikosTa auditoria, romelsac eTnografiis

leqcias sul erTi semestris ganmavlobaSi ukiTxav-

dnen.

25

kavkasiologiuri skolis muSaobis meoTxe etapad

SeiZleba postsabWouri kavkasiologia CavTvaloT, ro-

melsac, samwuxarod, 1990-iani wlebidan erTgvari “uZ-

raobis xana”daewyo. kavkasiaSi mimdinare dezintegra-

ciuli procesebi adamianis cxovrebis yvela sferoSi,

maT Soris mecnierebaSic, negatiurad aisaxa. am dezin-

tegraciuli procesebis logikuri Sedegia is, rom

dRes kavkasiaSi uamravi socialur-ekonomikuri, poli-

tikuri problemaa Seqmnili. saqme iqamdec ki mivida,

rom aqauri lokaluri konfliqtebi (mTiani yarabaRi,

afxazeTi, e.w.samxreT oseTi, CeCneTi) regionulSi - sa-

qarTvelo-ruseTis omSic ki gadaizarda (2008 wlis ag-

vistoSi).

Tumca isic unda vTqvaT, rom bolo wlebSi am dar-

gSi garkveuli gamococxleba igrZnoba - kavkasiologi-

uri centrebi iqmneba da aqtiurdeba TbilisSi, baqoSi,

rostovSi, nalCikSi, maxaCyalaSi, maikopSi da a. S. regu-

larulad gamodis Jurnalebi, ewyoba samecniero kon-

ferenciebi da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, mzaddeba kavkasi-

ologTa axali kadrebi.

amasTan, aSkaraa, rom axali kadrebis srulfasova-

ni momzadeba, saerTo regionuli sakiTxebis kvleva da

kavkasiis sxva saWirboroto sakiTxebis mogvareba xal-

xebs Soris TanamSromlobas moiTxovs. yovelive ami-

saTvis, rogorc ukve dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, saWiroa

kavkasiis problemebis axleburad gaazreba Tanamedro-

veobis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

kavkasiis buneba

kavkasia mTiani geografiuli regionia, romelic

Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris mdebareobs. qarTveli mec-

nieris levan maruaSvilis naSromis “kavkasiis fizikuri

geografiis” Tanaxmad, es regioni moicavs ruseTis fe-

deraciis SemadgenlobaSi arsebul mTiswineTsa da va-

kes q.tamanidan q.maxaCyalamde, anu CrdiloeT kavkasias

(imierkavkasias - sigrZe 900 km. da maqsimaluri sigane

26

300 km.), kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qeds, samxreT

kavkasias (amierkavkasias), romelic moicavs mTaTaSo-

ris bars (saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi), mcire kavka-

sions (somxeTSi) da TaliSis mTebs (azerbaijansa da

iranSi) (2). kavkasias geografiulad miekuTvneba Turqe-

Tis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilic.

kavkasionis mTavari qediT kavkasiis dayofa or na-

wilad - CrdiloeTad da samxreTad - pirobiTia ara mar-

to eTnografiuli, aramed geografiuli mosazrebi-

Tac. magaliTad, azerbaijanis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi

nawili, romelic samxreT kavkasiis teritoriad iTvle-

ba, kavkasionis mTavari qedis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs,

ruseTis krasnodaris mxris q.soWi ki, romelic mikuT-

vnebulia Crdilo kavkasias, mTavari qedis samxreTiT

mdebareobs (3). aseve pirobiTia kavkasiis dasavleT da

aRmosavleT nawilad gayofac (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

gamyofi xazi stavropolis maRlobia, samxreTSi ki - su-

ramis anu lixis qedi).

kavkasionzea ganlagebuli evropasa da wina aziaSi

yvelaze maRali xuTi mTa, romelTa simaRle zRvis do-

nidan 5 aTas metrs aRemateba. esenia: ialbuzi (5635 m.),

Sxara (5201 m.), dix-Tau (5198 m.), koSTan-Tau (5144 m.),

myinvarwveri anu yazbegi (5047 m.). kavkasiis mTavar qed-

ze gadis cnobili uReltexilebi: maruxis, qluxoris,

mamisonis, jvris da sxva. amaT garda, iyo da aris bevri

adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis uReltexili da gza-biliki.

sxvaTa Soris, kavkasielebs Soris urTierTobebSi gza

damabrkolebeli faqtori ar yofila. yvelaze mniSvne-

lovan saerTaSoriso funqcias istoriaSi mainc ori ga-

sasvleli asrulebda: erTs - darialis xeobis gavliT,

romelsac mogvianebiT rusebma “alanskie vorota”

(“alaniis kari”)uwodes, meores ki, darubandis gavliT -

“Jeleznie vorota”-s (“rkinis kari”).

kavkasia Sedis aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvis sis-

temaSi, sadac koncentrirebulia jer kidev indoevro-

pamdeli “Suaguli samyaros” kulturis yvelaze uZve-

lesi komponentebi (sxvagvarad am regions “iokumenas”,

27

anu adamianebiT dasaxlebul adgils uwodeben). sainte-

resoa, rom bevri am elementTagan SeiZleba kavkasiis

xalxTa tradiciul da Tanamedrove kulturaSi davina-

xoT. kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze da centralur da dasav-

leT kavkasiis uReltexilebze gadioda marSrutebi,

romlebic antikur da Sua saukuneebis periodSi didi

abreSumis gzis ganStoebebs miekuTvneboda (4).

kavkasiis buneba mravalferovania, aq originalu-

radaa Sexamebuli mSrali da nestiani subtropikebis

peizaJebi. Tbili zRvebisa da yinulovani mTebis aseT

siaxloves dedamiwaze iSviaTad Tu naxavT.

kavkasia zomieri da subtropikuli havis sartyle-

bis sazRvarze mdebareobs. kavkasionis mTavari wyal-

gamyofi qedi ki mniSvnelovani klimatgamyoficaa - igi

abrkolebs CrdiloeTis civi haeris masebis gavrcele-

bas samxreTisaken, xolo samxreTis Tbili haerisas -

CrdiloeTisaken. swored amitomaa, rom CrdiloeT kav-

kasiasa da samxreT kavkasias Soris mkveTr klimatur

gansxvavebas vxedavT. rogorc wesi, Crdilo kavkasias

miakuTvneben zomier sartyels, samxreTs ki - subtro-

pikuls. saSualo wliuri temperaturuli gansxvaveba

6° aRwevs (samxreTiT +16°, CrdiloeTiT ki _ +10°).

klimaturi gansxvaveba dasavleT da aRmosavleT

kavkasias Soris gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia zafxulSi.

dasavleT kavkasiaSi xmelTaSua zRvis klimatis gavle-

na igrZnoba, zafxuli aq SedarebiT naklebad mSrali da

cxelia, vidre aRmosavleTSi, sadac aSkaraa aziis udab-

noebidan SemoWrili cxeli haeris gavlena. ivlisis sa-

Sualo temperaturuli gansxvaveba dasavleTsa da aR-

mosavleT kavkasiaSi 5-6° aRwevs (Sesabamisad, +23-24° da

+25-29°) (5).

gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve, rom klimati da

landSafti kavkasiis mTel mTianeTSi vertikaluri zo-

nalobis kanons emorCileba (es idea ekuTvnis vaxuSti

bagrations, romelmac sameurneo-zonuri Tavisebure-

bebis axsnas safuZvlad bunebrivi pirobebis mniSvne-

loba daudo). reliefis simaRlis zrdasTan erTad kli-

28

matic icvleba - is jer subtropikulidan zomierad

TbilSi gadadis, Semdeg ki sxvadasxva tipis civ sar-

tyelSi. Sesabamisad icvleba landSaftic: maRal zo-

nebSi (Tovlis xazis dabla) alpuri da subalpuri mde-

loebia, romlebic sazafxulo saZovrebad gamoiyeneba;

maT qvemoT tyiT dafaruli zona mdebareobs, kidev uf-

ro qvemoT mdebare zonebSi kargad izrdeba xili, Txi-

li, vazi, xorbali, bamba da sxva siTbosmoyvaruli kul-

turebi. dabolos, kolxeTisa (saqarTvelo) da lenqo-

ranis (azerbaijanis samxreT-aRmosavleTi) dablobSi,

aseve zogierT sxva raionebSi arsebuli bunebrivi pi-

robebi xels uwyobs subtropikuli kulturebis ganvi-

Tarebas.

kavkasia Zalze mdidaria hidroresursebiT. mTava-

ri mdinareebi, romlebic kaspiis zRvaSi Caedineba, aris

mtkvari (araqsiT), kuma, Tergi, sulaki. mdinare yubani

erTvis azovis zRvas. enguri, rioni, Woroxi - Sav zRvas.

sigrZis mixedviT kavkasiis yvelaze didi mdinareebia

mtkvari (1515 km.), yubani (941 km.), araqsi (914 km.) da

Tergi (600 km. ).

kavkasiaSi ori aTasze meti tbaa. isini mcire zomi-

sani arian, sevanis (gogCis) tbis gamoklebiT. sevanis

tba mdebareobs somxeTSi, 1914 m. simaRleze, misi far-

Tobia 1416 kv.km., siRrme ki 99 metri. am tbidan gamoedi-

neba mdinare razdani da araqss uerTdeba.

mdidaria kavkasiis flora - mcenareTa samyaro aq 6

aTasi saxeobiTa warmodgenili. rogorc sabWoTa speci-

alistebi Tvlidnen, es raodenoba orjer aRemateboda

ssrk mTel evropul teritoriaze arsebul mcenareTa

saxeobas. aseve mravalferovania kavkasiis cxovelTa

samyaro (fauna), wiaRiseuli (rkina, spilenZi, oqro,

tyvia, manganumi, vercxli, navTobi, kiri, mineraluri

wylebi, Tixa da sxva). regioni gamoirCeva saSeni masalis

mniSvnelovani maragiT (xe-tye, qva, tufi). kavkasielebi

odiTganve iTvlebodnen qvisa d xis damuSavebis karg

ostatebad. garda amisa, xarisxiani Tixis arsebobam sa-

meTuneo warmoebis farTo ganviTarebac ganapiroba.

29

kavkasiis mosaxleoba

kavkasia, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, mravalferovani

mosaxleobiT da tradiciuli kulturis mdgradobiT

gamoirCeva. aq sul raRac 450 aTas kv.km -ze 50-ze meti

erovnebis xalxi cxovrobs. miCneulia, rom iberiul-

kavkasiuri (aborigenuli) enebi Tavisi struqturiT,

mdidari leqsikiT da sistema _ struqturiT uZveles

enaTa ojaxs miekuTvneba (6).

gamokvleulia agreTve, rom ZirZvel kavkasielebs

miwaTmoqmedebis kulturis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi

udidesi roli miuZRviT. samxreT kavkasia miCneulia

xorbleulis zogierTi endemuri jiSisa da mefutkreo-

bis samSoblod.

aRiarebulia, rom kavkasia dedamiwis im raionTa

ricxvSi Sedioda, sadac gareuli cxovelebis moSinau-

reba xdeboda. aq iqna gamoyvanili mravali adgilobri-

vi jiSis saqoneli: yabardouli cxeni, balyaruli xari,

xevsuruli Zroxa, osuri Txa, cxvris ramdenime saxeoba

(TuSuri, yaraCauli, lezguri) da sxv.

kavkasia ganTqmulia mebaReobiTa da mevenaxeobiT.

qarTveli eTnologi medea qanTaria mianiSnebs, rom kavka-

siis mTiel xalxTa tradiciuli sameurneo kultura Camo-

yalibebuli iyo ekologiuri midgomis principiT. es gamo-

ixateboda eTnodasaxulebaSi, rac imas niSnavda, rom bune-

bis mimoqcevis procesSi adamianis Careva minimaluri yo-

filiyo (7). magaliTad, kavkasiis mTielebSi gavrcelebuli

wesi iyo, rom Tu monadire, TemSi dadgenili wesis darRve-

viT, nadiris zedmet raodenobas moklavda, Semdeg mas na-

dirobisTvis Tavi unda daenebebina da Tofi daemarxa.

kavkasiaSi cxovrobdnen cnobili metalurgi to-

mebi. ganviTarebis maRal dones miaRwia spilenZis,

brinjaosa da rkinis damuSavebam.

kavkasiis xalxTa TviTmyofadi kulturis kidev

erT magaliTs warmoadgens Tevzi-viSapebis Zeglebi,

romlebTac qvis skulpturebis saxiT somxeTisa da sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze mravladaa warmodgenili da

ar meordeba msoflios arc erT sxva regionSi.

30

kavkasiis xalxTa kultura asaxulia rogorc adgi-

lobrivi, aseve mezobeli xalxebis miTebsa da religi-

ur warmodgenebSi. magaliTad, adgilobrivi zepirsit-

yvierebis nimuSebs miekuTvneba: saerTokavkasiur sag-

miro eposSi - Tqmuleba narTebze; Tqmuleba amiran-ab-

raskil-mxerze da a.S. iranul eposSi (“avesta”-Si) kavka-

siis yvelaze maRali mTa ialbuzi (yabardo-balyareTi)

warmodgenilia samyaros centrad, bednierebis mTad (8).

Sumeruli eposi gilgameSze, romelSic msoflio

warRvnis Semdgom dedamiwis mcxovrebTa xelmeored gan-

saxlebis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili, kavkasias ukavSirdeba -

masSi figurirebs mTa ararati, romelzec bibliuri no-

es kidobani arsebobs. eposis mixdviT, swored aq daiwyo

noem miwaTmoqmedeba da dargo vazi, gaaSena venaxi (9).

romantikulia uZvelesi berZnuli miTi promeTes

Sesaxeb: rogorc cnobili qarTveli eTnologi vaxtang

SamilaZe wers, kavkasiis maRal mTaze itanjeboda mkac-

ri da Seubralebeli zevsis mier mijaWvuli promeTe -

kulturuli gmiri, romelmac adamianebs cecxli misca.

swored aq Caidina heraklem Tavisi keTilSobiluri

gmiroba, gaaTavisufla ra xalxis es mfarveli saSineli

sasjelisa da tanjvisagan (10). amasTan dakavSirebiT,

sainteresoa cnobili rusi mecnieris iuri Jdanovis mi-

niSnebac: “cota vinmem Tu icis, rom promeTe kavkasiaSi

daibada da rom amis Sesaxeb hegeli Tavis “esTetikaSic”

miuTiTebs” (11).

dramatizmiTaa aRsavse Zveli berZnuli Tqmuleba

argonavtebze, romlebic rainduli TavgadasavlebiT

ganTqmuli gmirebi iyvnen: Soreul warsulSi kolxeTSi

mdebare qalaq fazisSi (foTSi), iasonis meTaurobiT,

xomaldi “argo” Semovida. argonavtebi movidnen im miz-

niT, rom xelT egdoT jadosnuri Zalisa da simdidris

simbolo - “oqros sawmisi”.

amrigad, kavkasielebis mier agrarul civilizaci-

aSi maRalkulturulma ganviTarebam da masSi Setanil-

ma wvlilma garesamyarosaTvis is romantikuli elferi

ganapiroba, romelic didxans Tan sdevda kavkasias.

31

paleokavkasiuri eTnokulturuli erToba

arqeologiuri, anTropologiuri, lingvisturi

da sxva samecniero disciplinaTa monacemebiT dastur-

deba, rom wina aziisa da kavkasiis kulturebs Soris

sakmaod mniSvnelovani kavSiri arsebobs. niSandobli-

via isic, rom arqeologebis mtkicebiT, materialuri

kultura kavkasiaSi Tanmimdevrulad viTardeboda.

es imas mowmobs, rom aq adamiani mudmivad cxovrobda.

akademikos arqeolog oTar jafariZis azriT, qvis xana-

Si kulturis memkvidreobiTi ganviTareba kavkasiis

uZvelesi mosaxleobis eTnikur erTgvarovnebaze mi-

aniSnebs (12).

amasTan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom kav-

kasiaSi xSiri iyo Zveli adamianebis migraciebi wina azi-

idan, rac ZiriTadad ori marSrutiT sruldeboda: aR-

mosavluri - kaspiis zRviT da dasavluri - anatoliis

gavliT. Savi zRvisken mimavali orive gza kavkasiaze ga-

dioda. “kavkasiaSi, - miiCnevs rusi mecnieri i.fiodoro-

vi, - mosuli da aborigenuli mosaxleobis urTierTSe-

xameba sxvadasxva etapebze am xalxTa eTnikuri istori-

is Sinaarss Seadgens” (13).

anTropologebi Tvlian, rom Tanamedrove kavkasi-

is aborigenuli mosaxleoba ganekuTvneba didi evrope-

iduli rasis samxreT Stos, anu indoxmelTaSuazRvispi-

rul rasas. igi, Tavis mxriv, sam did rasobriv Stod

iyofa: indo-pamirul, xmelTaSua-balkanur da winaazi-

ur rasebad. mecnierTa azriT, swored am sami didi gan-

Stoebis warmomadgenlebi iqcnen kavkasiis Tanamedrove

adgilobriv mcxovreblebad: kaspiuri tipad (aRmosav-

leT azerbaijani da aRmosavleT daRestani); pontour

tipad (kavkasiis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi - adiRele-

bi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, abazelebi); kavkasiur ti-

pad (kavkasionis mTianeTi, saqarTvelo, dasavleT aze-

baijani).

cnobili qarTveli anTropologi m.abduSeliSvi-

li Tvlida, rom “samive am ganStoebis kavkasiuri nair-

saxeobebi erTmaneTTan msgavsebis garkveuli kompleq-

32

siTaa dakavSirebuli da amitom Tamamad SeiZleba msje-

loba maT kavkasiur erTobaze”. misive azriT, amgvar

“kavkasiur erTobas” fesvebi saukuneebis siRrmeSi ad-

gilobriv aqvs gadgmuli, vinaidan rac ufro Zvelia am

teritoriaze aRmoCenili paleoanTropologiuri masa-

la, miT ufro metia maT Soris morfologiuri msgavse-

ba” (14).

amrigad, arqeologiur kulturaTa saerTokavka-

siuri erToba da anTropologiuri naTesaoba safuZ-

vels gvaZlevs, vivaraudoT, rom qvis xanaSi kavkasiuri

substrati arsebobda. es ukanaskneli safuZvlad dae-

do iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis Camoyalibebas. kav-

kasiuri enobrivi erToba, mecnierTa azriT, zeda pale-

oliTis pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibda. hipoTeza kavka-

siuri enebis genetikuri naTesaobis Sesaxeb XIX sauku-

nis pirvel naxevarSi cnobilma rusma enaTmecnierma da

kavkasologma petre uslarma gamoTqva. kavkasiur enebs

leqsikuri, sintaqsuri, morfologiuri da fonetiku-

ri erToba akavSirebT.

yovelive zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRe-

bas ipyrobs agreTve XI saukunis cnobili qarTveli is-

torikosis leonti mrovelis koncefcia kavkasiis xal-

xTa saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad,

kavkasielebi bibliuri noes SvilTaSvilis - Targamo-

sis STamomavlebi arian. arqeologi givi RambaSiZe am

koncefciis Sefasebisas samarTlianad xazs usvams, rom

“kavkasielTa saerTo warmomavlobis mroveliseuli

koncefcia mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom is, savaraudod,

uZveles tradiciasac asaxavda da, amave dros, Tavisi

epoqis msoflmxedveloba-suliskveTebasac gamoxatav-

da” (15).

paleokavkasiuri eTnokulturuli da enobrivi

erTobis daSlis dasawyisad mecnierebi paleoliTidan

neoliTSi gardamaval periods miiCneven, rasac xeli

kavkasiis rTulma geografiulma reliefma Seuwyo. Zve-

li w. aR.-is V-IV aTaswleulSi paleokavkasiuri erToba

sam eTnikur erTobad - dasavlur (afxazur-adiRur),

33

aRmosavlur (naxur-daRestnur) da samxrul (qarTve-

lur) erTobebad daiSala.

paleokavkasiuri eTnokulturuli erTobis “kva-

li” Crdilo da samxreT kavkasiis xalxTa kulturebis

urTierTqmedebaSi kargad Cans Semdgom aTaswleuleb-

Sic: arqeologebi xazs usvamen Zv. w. aR.-is III-I aTaswle-

ulebSi gavrcelebul arqeologiur kulturaTa para-

lelebs (Crdilo kavkasiaSi - maikopi, yobani da samxreT

kavkasiaSi - mtkvar-araqsi, kolxeTi). mopovebuli masa-

lebi gvamcnoben, rom aq mcxovreb xalxebs sakmaod gan-

viTarebuli samiwaTmoqmedo-sasaqonle meurneoba

hqondaT. cnobilia, rom am kulturebis arealSi Cndeba

terasuli miwaTmoqmedeba da gadarekviTi mesaqonleo-

ba. mogvianebiT, yobanisa (Crdilo oseTi - alania) da

kolxeTis arqeologiur kulturaTa SedarebiTi anali-

zi gvaCvenebs, rom maT Soris rkinis inventarisa da sab-

rZolo iaraRebis damzadeba-gamoyenebaSi erTgvari pa-

riteti arsebobda.

am kulturaTa masalebis Seswavla saSualebas iZ-

leva gavakeToT daskvna, rom II aTaswleulis meore na-

xevris kavkasiaSi iwyeba pirvelyofili sazogadoebis

daSla da safuZveli eyreba axali klasobrivi diferen-

cirebuli sazogadoebis warmoqmnas. saxelmwifoebrivi

kulturis ganviTareba ki xels uwyobs eTnogenetikuri

procesebis Semdgom ganviTarebas.

saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciuli kultura

Zv. w. aR.-is II aTaswleulidan samxreT kavkasiaSi

sxvadasxva tomTa kavSirebis Camoyalibeba iwyeba. xeTe-

bis saxelmwifos warmoqmnam da urartus aRzevebis xa-

nam kavkasiis tomTa urTierTkavSirebi kidev ufro ga-

aZliera. dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos terito-

riaze, Zv. w. aR.-is II-I aTaswleulebis mijnaze warmoiq-

mneba diaoxis samefo, Semdgom saukuneebSi - kolxa, eg-

risi (kolxeTi). antikuri xanis IV saukuneSi Seiqmna pir-

34

veli aRmosavleT - qarTuli iberiis samefo, romelsac

farnavazi edga saTaveSi.

somxebis pirvel samefoebad, cnobili rusi arme-

nologis i.m.diakonovis TvalsazrisiT, miCneulia me-

lidi da tabali, romlebic Zv. w. aR.-is VIII-VII saukunee-

biT TariRdeba. antikuri xanis somxebis saxelmwifoeb-

rivi aRzevebis xanad iTvleba Zv. w. aR.-is II-I saukunee-

bis “didi somxeTi”, romelic kaspiis zRvidan egviptem-

de iyo gadaWimuli. somxeTma yvelaze did warmatebas

didi tigranis mefobis dros (Zv. w. aR.-is 95-55 ww.) mi-

aRwia. sxvaTaSoris, bevri mecnieri xazs usvams, rom am

saxelmwifom mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula somexi

xalxis genetikuri identobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi:

“somxebma masze gacilebiT meti ician, vidre mogviane-

biT arsebul sxva somxur saxelmwifoebze” (16).

rac Seexeba azerbaijanis teritoriaze warmoSo-

bil pirvel saxelmwifos, is manas samefos saxiT arse-

bobda (Zv.w. aR.-is IX-VI saukuneebi) samxreT azerbaijan-

Si (dRevandeli iranis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi). ma-

nelTa samefos dacemis Semdeg misi teritoria jer mi-

diis, Semdgom aqemeniduri iranis SemadgenlobaSi Se-

dis. CrdiloeT azerbaijanSi (anu dRevandeli azerbai-

janis respublikis teritoriaze) Zv.w. aR.-is II saukune-

Si kavkasiis albaneTis saxelmwifo warmoiqmna. qar-

Tvel da azerbaijanel mecnierTa azriT, `aris yvela

safuZveli imisa, rom albanuri ena kavkasiur enaTa

Crdilo-aRmosavlur ojaxs mivakuTvnoT~ (17). strabo-

nis cnobiT, kavkasiis albaneTi 26 tomiT iyo dasaxle-

buli. maT Soris iyvnen gelebi da legebi (qarTulad -

lekebi). daRestnel mecnierTa azriT, `lekebSi mTlia-

nad daRestnis xalxebia nagulisxmevi~ (18). dRes sayo-

velTaod aRiarebulia, rom samxreT daRestani kavkasi-

is albaneTis nawili iyo.

kavkasiaSi sazogadoebis saxelmwifoebrivi mar-

Tvis qalaquri kulturis tradiciis CamoyalibebaSi

garkveuli wvlili antikur xanas (Cv.w.aRricxvamde VI-V

saukuneebi) miuZRvis, roca SavizRvispireTSi (Crdilo

da samxreT kavkasia) berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebi -

35

polisebi arsebobda. sxvadasxva dros kavkasiaSi 30-ze

meti aseTi qalaqi warmoiqmna, maT Soris fazisi, dios-

kuria, pantikapeoni da fanagoria. Crdilo kavkasiaSi

Camoyalibda bosforis samefo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi

Sediodnen meoTebi da sindebi - dRevandel adiRel

xalxTa winaprebi. zogi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom bosfo-

ris samefos axlos sindebis saxelmwifoc arsebobda.

magaliTad, yabardo-balyareTis istoriis saxelmZRva-

neloSi vkiTxulobT: “bosforis saxelmwifosTan mier-

Tebamde, sindebs, Zv. w. aR.-is V saukuneSi TavianTi sa-

xelmwifo hqondaT, romelic sakuTar monetas (fuls)

Wrida “sindon”-is warweriT. sindTa samefos dedaqala-

qi iyo q. sindiki, romelsac Zv.w. aR.-is IV saukuneSi gi-

orgipia ewoda” (19).

Crdilo kavkasiaSi arsebuli antikuri xanis sa-

xelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi samxreT kavkasiis sa-

xelmwifoebTan SedarebiT naklebi mdgradobiTa da

TviTmmarTvelur sasoflo TemebTan orTabrZolebiT

gamoirCeodnen.

somxeTs, saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis albaneTs

ukavSirdeba qristianuli sarwmunoebis miReba da Sem-

dgom mTel regionSi misi gavrceleba. “iranelebis mier

kavkasiaSi zoroastrizmis iZulebiT gavrcelebis wina-

aRmdeg vardan mamikonianis meTaurobiT 451 wels mom-

xdarma brZolam,” - wers daRestneli mecnieri a.Sixsai-

dovi, - “saerTokavkasiuri xasiaTi miiRo” (20). amJamad

Crdilo oseTSi, digorelebis garda, qristianuli mar-

Tlmadidebloba yvela osis religiaa. am religiis mim-

devrebad rCeba q. mozdokSi mcxovrebi yabardoelebis

nawilic.

amasTan erTad, jer daRestanSi (VII saukuneSi), Sem-

deg ki (XII-XIX ss.) mTel Crdilo kavkasiaSi islammac da-

iwyo gavrceleba.

samxreT kavkasias ukavSirdeba qarTuli, somxuri

da albanuri, damwerlobis Seqmna. sainteresoa, rom

qarTuli damwerloba, arabulTan erTad, farTod iyo

gavrcelebuli Sua saukuneebis Crdilo kavkasiis xal-

xebSi, rac dRemde Semonaxulia am periodis materialu-

36

ri kulturis ZeglebSi. qarTuli warwerebia tyoba-er-

dis (inguSeTi), SoanTas (yaraCai-CerqezeTi), daTunas

(daRestani) da sxva eklesiebze.

Tanamedrove kavkasiis erTian kulturul siv-

rces, misi mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, Rrma istori-

uli mexsiereba axasiaTebs, rasac xazs usvamen mecnie-

rebi d.lengi, g.gaCevi, v.dmitrievi da sxvebi. magali-

Tad, rogorc v.dmitrievi wers, istoriuli mexsierebis

“xangrZlivoba aixsneba mtkice naTesauri kavSirebiT,

romelSic igulisxmeba VII-XII Taobebic ki da maTi winap-

rebis cxovrebis mniSvnelovani momentebi…. aq dResac

sakmao xSir movlenas warmoadgens warsul gmirTa gax-

seneba…” (21).

aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiaSi xalxis mexsiereba

dResac, gardamaval periodSi, regionis xalxis kultu-

ruli identobis SenarCunebis mniSvnelovan faqtorad

gvevlineba.

dasasruls, xazi unda gavusvaT, rom kavkasiis ag-

rarul civilizaciaSi saukuneebis manZilze tradiciu-

li kultura Camoyalibda, romlis damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebebia: a)adamianis cxovrebis rainduli wesi;

b)stumarTmoyvareoba; g)ufrosi asakis adamianisadmi

pativiscema; d)saojaxo kulturuli kompleqsi (xelov-

nuri danaTesavebis formebis CaTvliT).

kavkasiaSi adgilobrivi mcxovrebis (kavkasielis)

azrovnebis ZiriTad dominantur matricas dResac tra-

diciuli kulturis es faseulobebi warmoadgenen. er-

Ti SexedviT, TiTqosda eTnikur (tradiciul) da mo-

dernul (Tanamedrove) kulturebs Soris balansia dar-

Rveuli, magram maT Soris dapirispireba ar aris. piri-

qiT - aris urTierTSexamebis, TanamSromlobisa da in-

tegraciis SesaZlebloba.

37

Tavi III kavkasiuri idea drois WrilSi

dasmuli problema gansakuTrebul aqtualobas

Cvens droSi iZens. postsabWouri kavkasia dezintegri-

rebulia, moculia konfliqtebiT, Sesustebulia Sida-

kavkasiuri TanamSromloba da a.S. saqme iqamdec ki mivi-

da, rom saqarTvelos cxinvalis regionSi arsebuli

lokaluri konfliqti 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-sa-

qarTvelos omSic ki gadaizarda. am omis Sewyvetas, ro-

gorc cnobilia, xeli Seuwyo sagareo faqtorma (aSS-is,

safrangeTis Carevam da sxva). samwuxarod, omis dReebSi

naTlad gamoCnda, Tu raoden “davSordiT” kavkasiis

xalxebi erTmaneTs am bolo oci wlis manZilze. Cveni

Sidakavkasiuri problemebis mogvarebas Cven TviTon

ver uzrunvelvyofT, rac kidev ufro sxvaze damokide-

buls gvxdis. aseTi viTareba sazianoa Cveni usafrTxoe-

bisaTvis, xels uSlis modernizacias da kavkasiaSi de-

mokratiuli sazogadoebebis formirebis process.

ssrk da `carizmis~ pirobebSi kavkasiologiaSi kav-

kasiuri idea, anu kavkasiis damoukidebel xalxTa er-

Tobis, regionis mTlianobis xedva SeuZlebuli iyo.

formaciuli meTodologiis TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiis

xalxTa istoriaze evropuli masStabis konceptualu-

ri sqemebis eqstrapolireba (misadageba) xdeboda. ro-

gorc wesi, aq “aRmoCenil” sazogadoebaTa politikuri

TviTorganizaciis mravali da sakmaod ganviTarebuli

formebi feodalur-gvarovnuli wyobis gadmonaSTebad

inaTleboda, xolo romel xalxsac saxelmwifoebrioba

gaaCnda, evropisagan gansxvavebebs masSic “poulob-

dnen”. …

kavkasielebs Soris arsebuli eTnokulturuli

gansxvavebebi maTi “kulturulebad” da “arakulturu-

lebad” dayofis safuZveli xdeboda, sadac, ra Tqma un-

da, kavkasiur ideas adgili Znelad Tu moeZebneboda.

38

gaerTianebuli kavkasia XI-XII saukuneebSi: naTesauri Tu ZaldatanebiTi kavSiri?

kavkasiaSi, XI-XII saukuneebSi, evropis msgavsad, ag-

raruli civilizaciis sociokulturulma ganviTare-

bam im dones miaRwia, romelSic SesaZlebeli gaxda es

sakiTxi konceptualur doneze (leonti mroveli) das-

muliyo da gadawyvetiliyo kidec. cnobili somexi is-

torikosi s. eremiani xazs usvams, rom l. mrovelis kon-

cefcia kavkasiis xalxTa saerTo eTnogenetikur warmo-

mavlobaze imaze mowmobs, rom im dros kavkasielebs

Segnebuli hqondaT odiTganve arsebuli urTierTkav-

Sirebi, erT bedqveS yofna da izolirebulad arsebobis

SeuZlebloba.

Cven pirvel TavSi ukve ganvixileT paleokavkasiu-

ri eTnokulturuli erTobis sakiTxi. Zveli droidan

gamoyolili sulieri da kulturuli siaxlove kavkasi-

elTa istoriis Semdgom periodebsac Tan sdevs. amis

kargi dasturia arqeologiuri kulturebi, folklo-

ruli masalebi da a.S.

ra socialur-kulturulma da fsiqologiurma

faqtorebma ganapiroba saerTokavkasiuri erTobis

miRweva?

pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia kavkasielis istoriu-

li mexsiereba. aq, konkretul istoriul-geografiul

sivrceSi, adamianis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa mxo-

lod adgilobriv xalxebs Soris TanamSromlobas SeeZ-

lo, ramac erTiani, kavkasiuri tradiciis Camoyalibeba

ganapiroba.

antikuri xanis dasasruls (Zv. w. aR-is VIII - ax. w.

aR-is IV saukune) samxreT kavkasiaSi qristianobis gav-

rceleba da misi saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba

TiTqmis erTdroulad xdeba. es gadawyvetileba, miuxe-

davad ambiciuri garemocvisa (romis imperia, irani),

qarTvelebma, somxebma da kavkasiis albanelebma (dRe-

vandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze) damoukideblad

miiRes. paralelurad, qristianoba saqarTvelodan

Crdilo kavkasiaSic vrceldeba. Semonaxulia cnobebi,

39

romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom daRes-

tanSi “qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis metro-

poliebi” arsebobda. ase magaliTad, sinas mTis sinodi-

kaSi moxseniebulia “xunZaxis kaTalikosi oqropiri”,

aqve iyo ramdenime eparqia - “anwuxis, waxurisa da xunZa-

xisa”. cxadia, rom am dros daRestnis mTel rig dasax-

lebul punqtebSi iyo skolebi, sadac swavla qarTulad

mimdinareobda (1). CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi dRemde Semona-

xulia qristianuli religiis Zeglebi - tyoba-erdisa

(inguSeTi) da daTunas (daRestani) eklesiebi, yaraCai-

CerqezeTSia X saukunis sami samonastro taZari - ze-

lenCuki, SoanTa, sentini (2).

kavkasiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebam xeli Seuwyo

kavkasiis xalxTa konsolidacias, damoukidebel sasof-

lo TemTa kavSirebis (anu “Tavisufali sazogadoebe-

bis” _ mTian daRestanSi, CeCneTSi, inguSeTSi, dasav-

leT CerqezeTSi) Camoyalibebas da saxelmwifoebriv

ganviTarebas. rac Seexeba sasoflo Temebs, kavkasio-

log l.lavrovis azriT, maTi buneba dRemde naTeli ar

aris. rogorc is aRniSnavs, “imis miuxedavad, rom kavka-

siis zogierT xalxs saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba ar gaaC-

nia, isini pirvelyofilebi ar yofilan, radgan isini ga-

re samyarodan izolirebulad ar cxovrobdnen: maTi

ekonomika, kultura da yofa iseT mezobel xalxebTan

urTierTobebis pirobebSi yalibdeboda, romlebsac

ganviTarebuli socialur-politikuri organizacia

hqondaT”. “am kontaqtebis Sedegad”, - agrZelebs l.

lavrovi, “kavkasiis xalxebs, miuxedavad maTi socialu-

ri mowyobisa, soflis meurneobaSi, saxlis mSenebloba-

Si, meTuneobaSi msgavsi teqnikuri unar-Cvevebi hqon-

daT, atarebdnen msgavs tansacmelsa da iaraRs, xSirad

iyenebdnen saerTo ornamentebs, folklorul siuJe-

tebsa da damwerlobas (upiratesad arabulsa da qar-

Tuls), misdevdnen TiTqmis erTnair saojaxo tradici-

ebs da Cveulebebs, sazogadoebrivi qcevis normebs da

metwilad erTsa da imave religiur sarwmunoebas _

qristianobas an islams icavdnen (3). faqtobrivad, saxe-

zea agraruli civilizaciis mqone kavkasiis tradiciu-

40

li kulturis saerTokavkasiuri elementebi, romleb-

zec meore TavSi ukve gvqonda miniSneba.

amrigad, XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis dasawyisSi

kavkasieli xalxebi, saerTo interesebidan gamomdina-

re, kavkasiis geografiul centrSi daviT aRmaSeneblis

mier gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos irgvliv dairazmnen.

samxreT kavkasiaSi ganaTlebisa da kulturis didi

moRvaweebis - mesrop maStocis, nizami ganjelisa da So-

Ta rusTavelis qveynebma im dros msoflios auwyes, Tu

rogor SeiZleba xalxTa erTobisa da TanamSromlobis

Camoyalibeba Zaldautaneblad, diplomatiuri gzebiT.

akademikosi roin metreveli xazs usvams, rom “daviT

aRmaSenebelisa da Tamar mefis droindeli saqarTve-

los pirveli rigis amocana kavkasiis qveynebSi politi-

kuri da diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Sidakavkasiuri

mSvidobis damyareba iyo” (4).

saerTokavkasiur politikur erTobasTan dakavSi-

rebiT dRemde ZiriTadad ori mosazreba arsebobs: pir-

velis Tanaxmad, qarTul saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebuli

xalxebi saqarTvelosTan “vasalur damokidebulebaSi”

iyvnen da meore - saqarTvelos am xalxebTan mSvidobia-

ni samxedro-politikuri, Tanasworuflebiani urTier-

Tobebi gaaCnda.

ra Tqma unda, orive mosazreba calke analizs iT-

xovs, Tumca es Cveni kvlevis sagani amJamad ar gaxlavT.

rac Seexeba kavkasiuri ideis praqtikaSi ganxorciele-

bis Cveneul Sefasebas, migvaCnia, rom es iyo kavkasiis

xalxTa agraruli civilizaciis warmatebuli ganviTa-

rebis Sedegi.

kavkasiaSi TaTar-monRolTa Semosevebamde saqar-

Tvelos mefis titulaturaSi asaxulia saerTokavkasi-

uri erTiani saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis etapebi:

“RmerTis nebasurviliT, mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa,

ranTa, kaxTa da somexTa, SanSe da SarvanSa, nikopsiidan

darubandamde”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiis erTiani didi saxelmwi-

fos warmoqmnaSi “aqtiurad monawileobdnen, Cerqezebi,

osebi , xunZebi da sxva Crdiloeli mezoblebi” (5). spar-

41

sebisa da Turq-selCukebis gavlenisagan gaTavisuf-

ldnen da gaerTianebul kavkasiaSi TavianTi saxelmwi-

foebrioba Sirvanma da CrdiloeT somxeTma saukuneze

metxans SeinarCunes. s.eremiani xazs usvams, rom peri-

odma, rodesac somxuri miwebi saqarTvelos feodalu-

ri monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, Semdegi Tao-

bebis (XVIII s.) gonierebazec zemoqmedeba moaxdines. misi

azriT, somxur politikur wreebSi somxuri saxelmwi-

fos aRdgena marto qarTul-somxuri gaerTianebuli

saxelmwifos - saqarTvelos farglebSi moiazreboda

(6).

feodaluri saerTokavkasiuri saxelmwifos Sefa-

sebisas bevri mecnieri xSirad apelirebs “vasalitetis”

cnebaze - argumentad moaqvT is, rom viTomcda am sa-

xelmwifoSi qarTvelebis “vasalebad” da “ymadnafice-

bad” yvela danarCeni xalxi iyo da amiT maT uTanasworo

mdgomareobaze mianiSneben.

sainteresoa g.TogoSvilis alternatiuli mosaz-

reba, romelic “qarTlis cxovrebis” monacems efuZne-

ba: daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi wers, rom “daviT

aRmaSeneblis Crdilsa Sekrebil iyvnes erni, tomni da

enani, mefeni da xelmwifeni, ovseTisa da yivCayeTisani,

somxeTisa da frangeTisani, Sarvanisa da sparseTisani”.

rogorc g.TogoSvili aRniSnavs, am monacemTagan gamom-

dinare, rigi avtorebi mcdar daskvnas akeTeben, rom

TiTqosda osebi da yivCaRebi saqarTvelos vasalebi iy-

vnen. arada, misi TqmiT, savsebiT bunebrivi kiTxva iba-

deba: “xom SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom isini daviTisgan

iseTive “damokidebuli” iyvnen, rogorebic iyvnen mis-

gan “frangeTisa” da sparseTis mefeebi da xelmwifee-

bi?” (7). kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis am da sxva sakiTxebze

pasuxi jer-jerobiT gasacemia.

iyo Tu ara kavkasiuri civilizacia “daviT-Tama-

riseuli” gaerTianebuli kavkasiis ideologiuri baza?

xom ar iyo kavkasiuri idea safuZveli saerTokavkasiu-

ri Zlieri saxelmwifoebrivi instituciuri struqtu-

ris Seqmnisa, romlis drosac, SesaZloa, regionis defe-

odalizacia dawyebuliyo? marTlacda, kavkasiisaTvis

42

am procesis dawyeba mniSvnelovani iqneboda: sazogado-

eba unda gawmendiliyo im dabrkolebisagan, romelic

saufliswulo-memamulur sistemaSi gamoixateboda da

romelic perspeqtivaSi ganviTarebis damabrkolebeli

faqtori iqneboda. defeodalizacia xels Seuwyobda

sabazro-kerZomesakuTreobrivi urTierTobebis ganvi-

Tarebas, samoqalaqo samarTalsa da Tavisuflebis xa-

risxis zrdas (gavixsenoT yuTlu-arslanis gamosvlebi,

pirovnuli Tavisuflebisken mimarTuli humanuri ide-

ebis sayovelTao gavrceleba., Tavisufal moqalaqeTa

institutebi, kerZo sakuTreba, saTemo TviTmmarTve-

luri sazogadoebebis, savaWro, xelosnobis, saqalaqo

kulturis ganviTarebuli tradicia, kavkasiuri sako-

munikacio kulturis da a. S. tradiciebi). yovelive es

is argumentebia, romlebic, SesaZloa, axali socia-

lur-kulturuli realobis Camoyalibebis safuZveli

gamxdariyo aramarto sakuTriv saqarTveloSi, aramed

mTlianad regionSi.

XIII saukunis dasawyisis, anu rogorc zogjer uwo-

deben xolme am periods - “oqros xanis” droindel sa-

qarTveloSi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa da eko-

nomikis ganviTarebam ukve im dones miaRwia, rom Seiqmna

wanamZRvrebi niderlandis burJuaziuli revoluciis

(XVI s.) msgavsi movlena momxdariyo. Tumca, samwuxarod,

saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri da socialu-

ri cxovrebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesi garkveul

problemebs waawyda, Semdeg ki amas daemata monRol-Ta-

TarTa Semoseva.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, gvaqvs safuZveli davaskvnaT:

XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis dasawyisSi ganxorciele-

buli kavkasiuri idea dafuZnebuli iyo kavkasiis xal-

xTa kulturul-civilizaciur erTobaze, romelsac,

Tavis mxriv, safuZveli paleokavkasiuri eTnokultu-

ruli erTobis dros Caeyara. gaerTianebuli kavkasiis

centraluri xelisufleba Zalas ikrebda, raTa feoda-

luri TviTneboba aRekveTa da didgvarovanTa samem-

kvidreo sistema meore planze gadaewia.

43

1817-1864 wlebis kavkasiis omebi da kavkasiuri idea

XIX s.-mde saqarTveloSi da, saerTod, kavkasiaSi,

tradiciuli kultura - agraruli civilizacia Tavis

poziciebs inarCunebda, Tumca msoflioSi, kerZod, ev-

ropaSi mimdinare modernizacia kavkasiis samyarozec

Tavis gavlenas axdenda. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom zoga-

dad amgvari procesi kavkasiaSi met-naklebad ukve XVIII

s.-Si iyo dawyebuli. saqarTveloSi is gamoixateboda

ioane batoniSvilis “sjuldeba”-is anu saxelmwifos

socialur-ekonomikuri axleburi mowyobis proeqtSi,

xolo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi - “demokratiuli xalxebis”

anu adiRuri tomebis - SafsuRebis, bJeduRebis, ubixe-

bis, natuxaelebis Tavisufal TemTa kavSirebSi. amis mi-

uxedavad, tradiciuli kulturis kavkasiis institu-

tebi mainc moiTxovdnen axal drosTan Sesabamis tran-

sformacias. TumcaRa, arsebobda sakmaod Zlieri xe-

lisSemSleli faqtorebi - adgilobrivi feodalebi da

regionSi Semosuli caristuli ruseTi, romlebic adi-

Ruri sazogadoebis demokratizaciis winaaRmdeg gamo-

diodnen. rogorc adiReli istorikosi ali biJevi miiC-

nevs, ruseTsa da adiRe glexebs Soris 1796 wels bziu-

kovosTan momxdari brZola swored amis gamovlenaa - es

iyo “demokratiuli gadatrialebis mwvervali”, rome-

lic, Tavisi arsiT, antifeodaluric iyo. mkvlevris

azriT, SafsuRebma da sxva adiRe glexebma ruseTis ar-

miis saxiT maT mier brZolebiT mopovebuli Tavisuf-

lebis, miwis sakuTrebaze uflebis, TviTmmarTveloba-

ze da a.S. dakargvis safrTxe dainaxes (8). ase rom, gar-

kveuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, axali socialur-

kulturuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da misi gan-

viTarebis procesi aramarto saqarTveloSi, aramed

Crdilo kavkasiis mTielebSic SeimCneoda.

imavdroulad, msoflioSi Seqmnilma geopoliti-

kurma realobam aRmosavluri krizisis morigi faza

warmoqmna. kavkasiaSi gavlenis mosapoveblad erTma-

neTs ruseTi, osmaleTi (TurqeTi), sparseTi (irani) da

44

evropis qveynebi (inglisi, safrangeTi) eqiSpebodnen.

maT Soris XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi dawyebuli

brZola XIX saukuneSic gagrZelda da sabolood ruse-

Tis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.

pirobiTad, es procesi SeiZleba or etapad dav-

yoT:

pirveli - kuCuk-kainarjis(1774) zavidan Turqman-

Cais (1828) da andrianopolis (1829) xelSekrulebamde.

am dros ruseTma osmaleTze da sparseTze gamarjvebe-

bis Sedegad, faqtobrivad daasrula samxreT kavkasiis

qveynebis - saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis

samxedro-politikuri dapyroba.

meore - Crdilo kavkasiaSi pirveli islamuri sa-

xelmwifos Camoyalibebis dawyeba (1828 w.), romlis pir-

veli imamebi yazi-mola da hamzaT-beki iyvnen. mogviane-

biT, 1834-1859 wlebSi, kavkasiuri Teokratiuli saxel-

mwifo, romelic daRestnisa da CeCneTis teritoriebis

umetes nawils aerTianebda da Crdilo-dasavleT adi-

RelebTanac dakavSirebuli iyo, Samilis imamatis saxe-

liT gaxdeba cnobili.

ruseT-kavkasiis omSi es saxelmwifo, erTi mxriv,

rusuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg da, meore mxriv, an-

tifeodaluri sazogadoebis modernizaciisaTvis meb-

rZoli mTavari Zala xdeba, romlis liderebic kavkasi-

uri ideiT iyvnen Sepyrobilni. albaT, Samils kargad

esmoda, rom saerTokavkasiuri modernizaciuli, kapi-

talisturi transformaciis gareSe calke aRebul da-

Restan-CeCneTSi modernizacia SeuZlebeli iyo. kavka-

siis xalxTa antikoloniuri, erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-

lebeli brZola, romelic farTod gavrcelda danarCen

kavkasiaSi (9), integracias iTxovda.

oriode sityviT SevexoT Samilis imamats. rusul

da sabWoTa samecniero literaturaSi imamati nagu-

lisxmevia CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis regresad,

ukangadadgmul nabijad, romelic islamis droSis qveS

xorcieldeboda. rasakvirvelia, islamis tradiciebze

agebul saxelmwifos aramarto rusuli, aramed evro-

puli sazogadoebac eWvis TvaliT uyurebda. magram mo-

45

diT, gavaanalizoT: Samilma, marTalia, islami saxel-

mwifo religiad gamoacxada, Seqmna Teokratiuli mmar-

Tveloba, magram imamati ar iyo dogmatur muslimur ba-

zisze Seqmnili zednaSeni - is islamis SedarebiT ufro

keTilSobil, e.w.aRmosavluri demokratiis principebs

efuZneboda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, im periodis Crdi-

loeT kavkasiaSi imamati wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo.

TviTon gansajeT: Samilma gaauqma Zveli tradiciuli,

magram ukve dromoWmuli religiuri Cveulebebi, Semoi-

Ro kanonTa erTiani krebuli (“nizam”), ganaxorciela

sasamarTlo da administraciuli reforma, gaafarTova

TviTmmarTveloba (sanaiboebSi), Camoayaliba saxelmwi-

fo sabWo (divan-xana) da a.S.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom kavkasiuri miuridizmi

(10), - xazs usvams mark blievi, - kavkasiuri omis Semad-

geneli nawilia. is, pirvel rigSi, mTielTa sazogadoeb-

rivi Sinagani mowyobidan da tradiciuli socialuri

wyobis revoluciuri gardaqmnis saWiroebidan gamom-

dinareobs. rogorc m.blievi aRniSnavs, zustad amas

ukavSirdeba adaTebis mimarT totaluri brZolis ga-

mocxadeba, romelic, faqtobrivad, mTielTa sazoga-

doebriv urTierTobebSi erTaderTi samarTlebrivi

regulatori iyo; Cveulebrivi samarTlis akrZalva da

mis magivrad SariaTis SemoReba kavkasiuri miuridiz-

mis mTvari mizandasaxulebaa, rasac kavkasielebi tra-

diciuli sazogadoebidan axali socialuri organiza-

ciis Camoyalibebamde unda mieyvana (11).

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis dampyrobluri po-

litikis winaaRmdeg mimdinare omebma da adgilobrivi

xalxebis Tavganwirvam mniSvnelovani gamoZaxili hpova

mowinave qarTul sazogadoebaSi: swored im xanebSi,

1860 wels ilia WavWavaZem, ruseTSi gzad mimavalma,

port-petrovskSi (daRestani, dRevandeli mahaCyala)

yofnis dros Seqmna cnobili “qarTvlis deda”, romel-

Sic aseTi striqonebia:

“Cemi mamuli, saqarTvelo, dRes micocxldeba!

xalxi azvirTda, xalxi aRsdga,xalxi moqmedebs,

46

kaspiis zRvidam Sav zRvamdina erTs fiqrsa hfiq-

robs, - da eg fiqria mTel kavkasis Tavisufleba”.

yuradReba mivaqcioT: ilia optimisturadaa gan-

wyobili erTiani kavkasiis ideis mimarT. Sesabamisad,

dadebiTad miiCnevs Samilis liderobiT warmoebul

brZolas. da es; miuxedavad imisa, rom poetma namdvi-

lad icoda Samilis saqarTveloSi SemoWris faqti (12)

da isic, rom ruseTis armiaSi Crdilokavkasielebis wi-

naaRmdeg bevri gavleniani da cnobili qarTveli, maT

Soris grigol orbelianic ibrZoda. Tumca aqve SevniS-

navT, rom swored esec iyo mizezi ilia WavWavaZisa da

grigol orbelianis dapirispirebisa, romelic “mamaTa

da SvilTa brZolis” saxeliTaa cnobili.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Samilis antifeodaluri brZo-

lebi ruseT-kavkasiis omis paralelurad mimdinareob-

da. faqtobrivad, am ori ZiriTadi amocanis misaRwevad

Samils gaerTianebuli kavkasia esaWiroeboda. amisaT-

vis igi araerTxel (XIX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi) Seeca-

da miemxro yabardoelebi, Cerqezebi, osebi, yubanis

miRma mcxovrebi xalxebi da sxva. kavkasiis gaerTianebis

saqmeSi Samils Turqebis daxmarebis imedi hqonda. pir-

vel xanebSi igi aqtiurad TanamSromlobs osmaleTTan,

magram Semdgom, rogorc amas cnobili kavkasiologi

n.pokrovski aRniSnavs, “Samili TandaTan sul ufro

rwmundeba, rom mTielTa damoukidebloba SeuZlebelia

da rom proteqtoratis imedzec ki ar SeiZleba yofi-

liyo - ruseTis guberniis magier TurqeTis vilaieTi

iqneba SemoRebuli” (13).

amave dros, kavkasiis sazogadoeba dadebiTad afa-

sebda kavkasiasTan axlo Tu Sors mdebare qveynebis

kulturul-civilizaciur, industriul dones. ro-

gorc n.pokrovski wers, XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi Cer-

qezebi siamovnebiT uRebdnen kars da megobrulad iw-

vevdnen “inglizebs”, raTa mosuliyvnen maT qveyanaSi

(14). cnobilia inglisis misiebis muSaoba kavkasiis

Crdilo-dasavleTSi - CerqezTa mxareSi (d.urkvartis

da longuoris misiebi). swored maSin iqna ingliselebis

mier TurqeTis CareviT micemuli dapireba, rom Cerqe-

47

zebs saerToCerqezuli saxelmwifos SeqmnaSi daxmare-

bodnen. sainteresoa, rom Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde

“didi CerqezeTis” Seqmnis idea Crdilo-kavkasiel na-

cionalistebSi dResac aRtacebas iwvevs, maSin ki es da-

pireba ganuxorcielebeli darCa.

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTsac hqonda idea Crdi-

lo kavkasiaSi mTielTa sazogadoebis saxelmwifoebri-

vi gaerTianeba “federaciis” saxiT Seqmniliyo. es idea

ruseTis imperator pavles ekuTvnoda. mTeli rigi Za-

lisxmevis miuxedavad (adiRTa saxalxo kreba, mTielTa

yriloba giorgievskSi1822 wels da a.S.), es mcdelobac

uSedegod dasrulda. arada, am droisaTvis ruseTi re-

gionSi Tavis konkurentebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT

ufro “fexmokidebulia”. aqve SevniSnavT, rom XIX sau-

kunis 30-ian wlebSi kavkasielebi ruseTTan loialobis

sakiTxSi or nawilad iyvnen gayofilni: momxreebad da

mowinaaRmdegeebad.

ruseTis politika kavkasiaSi XVI-XIX ss.-Si or eta-

pad SeiZleba davyoT:

pirveli - mSvidobiani, samxedro-samokavSireo xa-

siaTis mqone kursi, romelic XVI saukunidan XVIII s.-is

oTxmocian wlebamde (1774 w. quCuk-kainarjis zavamde)

gagrZelda; meore - ZaldatanebiTi politikis etapi,

romelic 1785-91 wlebSi Seix mansuris saxalxo moZrao-

basTan (CeCneTSi da inguSeTSi) ruseTis Ria dapirispi-

rebaSi gadaizarda da Semdgom, 1817-64 wlebSi, ruseT-

kavkasiis omSi gamoixata.

XIX s.-Si ruseTis gavlenis upiratesoba ucxoel

konkurentebTan kavkasiaSi orma momentma ganapiroba.

erTi isaa, rom Crdilo kavkasiaSi Tavisi urTierTobe-

bis pirvel etapze, mSvidobiani “partnioruli” poli-

tikis Sedegad, ruseTma SeZlo socialuri eqspansia mo-

exdina. XVI saukunidan moyolebuli, aq permanentulad

mimdinareobda mosaxleobis migracia ruseTis sxva re-

gionebidan: glexebi batonymobas gaurbodnen, gamiznu-

lad xdeboda kazakebis Casaxleba Tergis, yubanis, do-

nis auzebSi. garda amisa, saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Se-

degad bevrma “duxoborma” XVIII s.-is meore naxevarSi

48

ruseTidan kavkasias moaSura. meore momenti isaa, rom

carizmi Tavis ZaldatanebiT politikas kavkasiaSi

axorcielebda, erTi mxriv, feodalur socialur fena-

ze dayrdnobiT, TviTonve aniWebda maT uamrav privile-

gias, meore mxriv - mefisnacvlis (15) Tanamdebobis Se-

moRebiT da amiT absoluturi monarqis nebis gatarebas

uzrunvelyofda. amgvari politikiT ruseTma kavkasia-

Si gabatonebis socialuri baza da dasayrdeni gaiCina.

XIX s.-is dasasruls, 1897 wels Catarebulma ruse-

Tis imperiis mosaxleobis aRweram aCvena, rom am drois-

Tvis kavkasiis 11 guberniaSi 9 mln. 300 aTasi adamiani

cxovrobda. aqedan rusebi Seadgendnen mTliani mosax-

leobis 34%-s, qarTvelebi - 14%, somxebi -12%, Turqu-

lenovani mosaxleoba - 19%, osebi - 1,8% da a.S. mkvleva-

ri b. iSxaniani aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelebs wamyvani

mdgomareoba soflis meurneobaSi ekavaT da rom aq

erovnuli cxovrebis normebs glexebi da msxvili Ta-

vad-aznaurebi gansazRvravdnen. misive azriT, somxebi

kavkasiaSi gamoirCeodnen samoqalaqo TviTSegnebiT, me-

ti aqtivobiT mrewvelobasa da vaWrobaSi, riTac maT

somxuri burJuaziis Camoyalibeba SeZles (16). aRsaniS-

navia, rom im dros arsebul am kulturul-civilizaci-

ur Taviseburebas _ swrafad mimdinare ekonomikur-

evoluciur faqtors _ ruseTis imperia xSirad, roca

dasWirdeboda, xalxTa dasapirispireblad iyenebda. Se-

sabamisad, carizmi safuZvelSive Zirs uTxrida kavkasi-

ur ideas, romelic regionSi mis batonobas safrTxes

uqmnida.

amrigad, rusebi kavkasiaSi XIX s.-is bolos yvelaze

mravalricxovan eTnoss warmoadgenen. arada, XIX s.-is

20-30-iani wlebis mijnaze misi tradiciuli metoqeebis

- TurqeT-iranis damarcxebis Semdeg, kavkasiaSi ingli-

sisa da safrangeTis gamoCenam ruseTi SeaSina. ratom?

imitom, rom ruseTi TurqeTisa da iranis agrarul ci-

vilizaciaSi “CarCenil” qveynebTan SedarebiT, kavkasie-

lebs “civilizatorul” rolSi evlineboda (xSirad am-

bobdnen xolme maSindel kavkasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTve-

loSi, rom “evropas ruseTze gavliT veziareTo”). ev-

49

ropaSi ki am droisaTvis civilizaciuri cvla dasru-

lebulia (17), sazogadoeba aq kulturuli, ekonomiku-

ri, politikuri evoluciis gziT agrarulidan indus-

triul, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi gadaizarda. arsebi-

Tia, rom evropaSi es procesebi (civilizaciuri cvla)

“qvemodan zemoT” imarTeboda. amave dros, ruseTSi, pi-

riqiT, sazogadoebis modernizacia “zemodan qvemoT”

xdeboda, ris Sedegadac SenarCunebul iqna absolutu-

ri monarqia, ekonomikuri CamorCena da sazogadoebaSi

mimdinare cvlilebebis fsevdomodernizaciamde dayva-

na. Sesabamisad, inglisma da safrangeTma ruseTs win ga-

uswres da gaZlierdnen. am droisaTvis naxevradfeoda-

lur ruseTs, evropis saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, kav-

kasiaSi konkurentunariani politikis gatareba uZnel-

deboda. ai, amis eSinoda carizms _ ufro civilizebu-

li evropelebi kavkasielebisaTvis xom SedarebiT me-

tad mimzidveli iqnebodnen.

ruseTis kavkasiaSi gabatonebis mowinaaRmdegeebs

Seqmnili mdgomareoba xels aZlevdaT, evropul orien-

taciaze da evropasTan daaxloebis sxva gzebze efiq-

raT. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ruseTis mier kavkasiaSi

warmoebuli omi aramarto kavkasielebis Tavisuflebis

winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, aramed regionSi misi evro-

peli konkurentebis “gafrTxilebac” gaxldaT.

kavkasiis omi dasasruls uaxlovdeboda _ ruseTi

imarjvebda, roca didma iliam Tavis poemaSi “aCrdili”

sinanuliT gamoxata Tavis qveyanaSi da, mTlianad, kav-

kasiaSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba da misi momavali mainc

erTiani kavkasiis ideas daukavSira:

“rodisRa vnaxav mSveniersa am qveyanasa,

TvisTa didebis naSTisa zeda kvlavca aRmdgarsa,

drosTan danTqmulsa sxva-da-sxvaTa kavSirTa

erTis cxovrebis, erTis sulis Zliersa qrolas?

ros ese totni erT cxovrebis, erT-arsebisa,

exla gayrilni, erT mdinared SeerTdebian?

ros igi tomni cad miRweul mZlavr kavkasisa

erTisa azriT, erTis fiqriT gandiddebian?” (18).

50

kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg (1864 w.) ruse-

Tis imperiaSi modernizaciul procesebze “moTxovni-

leba” swrafad gaizarda. imis miuxedavad, rom carizmi,

Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, kapitalizacias gzas bo-

lomde ar uxsnida, XX s.-is dasawyisisaTvis kavkasiaSi

mainc bevri ram “gakeTda”. am droisTvis regionis kul-

turul-civilizaciuri saxe mniSvnelovnad Seicvala.

Tu kavkasiis omis dros gansxvavebuli socialur-kul-

turuli sistemebis erT saxelmwifo organizmSi SeTav-

sebis problema idga, misi damTavrebis Semdeg ZiriTad

motivad erToblivi ganviTarebis problema iqca, anu

kavkasiis aqtiuri CarTva ruseTis modernizaciis pro-

cesebSi.

samwuxarod, xazs usvamen Crdilokavkasieli mec-

nierebi, modernizaciis (60-70-iani wlebis imperiul-

liberaluri reformebis) masStaburi da siRrmiseuli

gavlena adgilobrivi sazogadoebis Sinagan wyobaze, sa-

meurneo da religiur cxovrebaze umniSvnelo iyo. maTi

azriT, ufro metad moxda tradiciuli kulturis Zi-

ris gamoTxra, vidre misi gardaqmna. mdgomareoba imi-

Tac rTuldeboda, rom adgilobriv sazogadoebaTa

privilegirebulma fenebma ver miiRes iseTive uflebe-

bi, romlebic ruseTis memamuleebs gaaCndaT. garda ami-

sa, mosaxleobas mTlianobaSi “inorodcebis” (“sxvagva-

rebis”) statusi hqonda (19). amasTan erTad, aRniSnuli

reformebis Sedegad, regionSi gaiyvanes rkinigza, aSen-

da fabrika-qarxnebi, ganviTareba-gamsxvileba daiwyes

qalaqebma, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba TandaTan CaerTo

sabazro urTierTobebSi.

ra Tqma unda, yovelive es mimarTuli iyo imperiu-

li saxelmwifos gamagrebisken da kavkasielebis zoga-

dimperiul kulturul sivrceSi integrirebisaken. kav-

kasiologi i. babiCi samarTlianad usvams xazs, rom XIX

s.-is meore naxevarSi ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi mSe-

neblobis ideologebma kavkasiaSi SemoiRes cneba xal-

xTa “integracia”, romlis mizani “erTiani” saxelmwi-

fos Camoyalibebis fundamentis, erTiani xalxis - “ro-

sianin”-is Seqmna iyo. swored amitom, Tvlis i. babiCi,

51

XIX s.-is meore naxevarSi ruseTis politikuri yurad-

Reba imperiis kulturuli unifikaciisken iqna aqcen-

tirebuli (20).

cxadia, iseT mravaleTnikur imperiaSi, rogoric

ruseTi iyo, “saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis” praqtikaSi

ganxorcielebas ar SeeZlo, kavkasiaSi winaaRmdegoba

ar gamoewvia. magaliTad, qarTvelebma 1905 wels moiT-

xoves aramarto wodebrivi privilegiebis gauqmeba,

aramed qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena (avtono-

miuri respublikis formiT). amave periodSi, rogorc

a.bendianiSvili wers, qarTvelebis mier yvela mazraSi

rusuli xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg revoluciuri

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi Seiqmna. carizmma, - ga-

nagrZobs avtori, - sisxlSi CaaxSo saerTo-demokrati-

uli revolucia, xolo qarTveli xalxis mtrebma 1907 w.

30 agvistos mokles ilia WavWavaZec, romelic qarTuli

saxelmwifos aRdgenisTvis ibrZoda (21).

amrigad, ruseTi imperiul-modernizaciuli po-

litikas Zveleburi naxevradfeodaluri meTodebiT an-

xorcielebda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, carizmma kavka-

siaSi civilizaciuri eqspansia da sazogadoebis moder-

nizeba tradiciuli kulturisagan mowyvetiTa da ru-

suli mmarTvelobis CanacvlebiT ganaxorciela, daar-

Rvia erTiani eTnokulturuli kavkasiuri sivrce, ro-

melic erTmaneTTan aTasi ZafiT iyo dakavSirebuli.

kavkasiis xalxebis “modernizacia-asimilirebis” poli-

tikam, rac XIX saukunis meore naxevris reformebSi (ad-

ministraciuli, agraruli, sasamarTlo, saganmanaT-

leblo da a.S.) gamoixata, bevrad ganapiroba kavkasie-

lebis erTmaneTisgan daSoreba da imperiul centrze

maTi “mibma”. yovelive amis Sedegad, XX saukunis dasaw-

yisSi erovnuli sakiTxi imperiaSi imdenad gamwvavda,

rom ruseTs xSirad “xalxTa sapyrobiles” (“tiurma na-

rodov”) uwodebdnen.

52

kavkasiuri idea 1917-1921 wlebSi

erovnuli sakiTxis simwvave kidev ufro gaaRrmava

1914 wels pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamac, romelSic

ruseTis imperia antantis mxareze gamodioda “samTa

kavSiris” - germaniis, osmaleTisa da avstria-ungreTis

winaaRmdeg. omma udidesi materialuri da cocxali Za-

lis resursebis mobilizeba moiTxova, romelsac ruse-

Tis politikur-ekonomikurma sistemam ver gauZlo.

1914-1916 wlebSi qveynis meurneoba ukiduresad gaCa-

nagda, katastrofulad imata socialurma daZabulo-

bam.

amgvarma wanamZRvrebma 1917 wlis TebervalSi sa-

yovelTao saxalxo revolucia gamoiwvia, rasac impera-

tor nikoloz meoris damxoba mohyva. xelisuflebis sa-

TaveSi burJuaziul-demokratiuli droebiTi mTavro-

ba movida, romlis Zalaufleba imperiis adrindel pe-

riferiaze mxolod formalurad vrceldeboda. nel-

nela ruseTis saxelmwifos daSla daiwyo. cxadia,

msgavsi procesebi kavkasiasac Seexo.

ruseTis sazogadoeba da politikuri elita ram-

denime samxedro banakad gaiyo, mogvianebiT ki maT So-

ris arsebuli dapirispireba, mTeli qveynis masStabiT,

samoqalaqo omSi (1918-1920 wlebi) gadaizarda.

omis mTavari gamomwvevi faqtori iyo 1917 wlis

oqtomberSi momxdari e.w.socialisturi revolucia,

ris Sedegadac bolSeviki komunistebi vladimer ulia-

novis (leninis) liderobiT xelisuflebis saTaveSi mo-

vidnen, marTva-gamgebloba daiwyes da uari Tqves pir-

vel msoflio omSi monawileobaze. maT, sxva partiebTan

erTad, 1917 wlis dekemberSi monawileoba miiRes “dam-

fuZnebeli krebis” arCevnebSic, romelSic damarcxdnen

(22).

roca 1918 wlis 5 ianvars mowveulma “damfuZne-

belma krebam” (parlamentma) bolSevikebis pirveli dek-

retebi baTilad scno da sxdomaze maT mier gamotanili

rezolucia uaryo, meore dRes bolSevikebma maTive ne-

biT mowveuli sakanonmdeblo organo TviTneburad ga-

53

rekes. es qmedeba, rogorc movlenebma aCvena, faqtob-

rivad, samoqalaqo omis dasawyisi gaxda. cnobili

frangi sovetologi n.verti zustad aRniSnavs Seqmnil

viTarebas: “xelisufleba sazogadoebidan saxelmwifos

xelSi gadavida, romelmac aRmasrulebeli da sakanon-

mdeblo xelisuflebis monopolizeba moaxdina” (23).

centrSi momxdari movlenebis fonze, kavkasiaSi

socialur-politikuri procesebi avtonomiurad, gan-

sxvavebuli saxiT, specifikurad ganviTarda. rogorc

Crdilo, aseve samxreT kavkasiaSi (amierkavkasiaSi) in-

tegracias aq arsebuli kulturul-civilizaciuri

kuTvnilebis faqtorebi da kavkasielebis politikuri

aqtivobis tradicia ganapirobebda. radgan aq bolSevi-

kebs mtkice dasayrdeni ar gaaCndaT, sakmaod didi gav-

leniT sargeblobdnen adgilobrivi politikuri Zale-

bi _ qarTveli social-demokratebi, romlebic ruse-

Tis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis “menSevi-

kur” frTas warmoadgendnen, azerbaijaneli musavate-

lebi da somexi daSnakebi (daSnakciutunebi).

1917 wlis Semodgoma samxreT kavkasiaSi mZafri

movlenebiT aRiniSna: kavkasiis frontis rRvevam da os-

maleT-iranidan bolSevikurad ganwyobili rusuli sam-

xedro nawilebis evakuaciam isedac arastabiluri vi-

Tareba kidev ufro gaaRrmava. Sesabamisad, regionSi vi-

Tareba mkveTrad daiZaba. aucilebeli gaxda sxvadasxva

politikuri partiebis erToblivi moqmedeba, raTa ra-

ime met-naklebad mtkice saxelisuflo organo Seqmni-

liyo da aRkveTiliyo anarqia. am mizniT, 1917 wlis no-

emberSi aq Camoyalibda adgilobrivi mTavroba - amier-

kavkasiis komisariati qarTveli social-demokrate-

bis, somexi daSnakebisa da azerbaijaneli musavatele-

bis SemadgenlobiT. mogvianebiT ki, 1918 wlis Teber-

valSi, imave politikuri organizaciebis mier Tbilis-

Si mowveul iqna amiekavkasiis seimi - regionis sakanon-

mdeblo organo. es mowmobs, rom amierkavkasiaSi erTia-

ni regionuli administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi or-

ganizmi jerjerobiT SenarCunebul iqna.

54

mokled SevexoT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi arsebul

mdgomareobas.

rogorc Crdilo kavkasieli mecnierebi aRniSna-

ven, 1917 wlidan realuri politikuri SinaarsiT dait-

virTa iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa yabardo, balyareTi,

oseTi, CeCneTi, inguSeTi da sxv. isini gadaiqcnen damo-

ukidebel eTnopolitikur erTeulebad, gaxdnen socia-

lur-politikuri procesebis realuri subieqtebi (24).

Crdilo kavkasiaSi avtonomiuri erovnul-teri-

toriuli administraciuli erTeulis saxiT moqmedeb-

da “kavkasiis gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSiri”, romelic

1917 wlis pirvel maiss qalaq vladikavkazSi Catarebul

yrilobaze Seiqmna (25). Tavdapirvelad “mTielTa kavSi-

ri” mxars uWerda ruseTis droebiT mTavrobas, magram

petrogradSi momxdari bolSevikuri gadatrialebis

Semdeg, imave wlis 21 dekembers, Crdilo kavkasiel mTi-

elTa kavSiris mTavrobam ruseTisgan am kavSirSi Sema-

val xalxTa damoukidebloba gamoacxada.

sainteresoa, rom Crdilo kavkasiaSi integraciis

ideis gatarebas, rac aucilebeli iyo mopovebuli Ta-

visuflebis SesanarCuneblad, xeli ver SeuSala reli-

giurma faqtormac ki. rogorc kavkasiis gaerTianebul

mTielTa kavSiris yrilobaze raSidxan kaplanovi aR-

niSnavda, kavSiris organizaciis wevrebi SeiZleboda

yofiliyvnen aramarto muslimebi, aramed qristianebic

(osi marTlmadideblebi). “aseTma midgomam, - aRniSnavs

im periodis cnobili sazogado moRvawe a.taxo-godi, -

yrilobis delegatTa mxurvale aplodismentebi daim-

saxura” (26). Tumca mogvianebiT movlenebi rTulad gan-

viTarda. ruseTis samxreTSi dawyebulma destabiliza-

ciam Tavis morevSi CrdiloeT kavkasiac CaiTria. 1918

wlisaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi erTimeoris miyolebiT

iqmnebodnen sxvadasxva juris “wiTeli” da TeTri”

mTavrobebi, romlebTac erTmaneTTan samkvdro-sasi-

cocxlo brZola hqondaT gaCaRebuli. faqtobrivad,

mTielTa liderebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis teritorias

mTlianobaSi veRar akontrolebdnen.

55

1918 wlis 11 maiss baTumSi myofma “CrdiloeT kav-

kasiis gaerTianebulma mTielTa kavSiris” xelmZRvane-

lobam im imediT, rom wesrigis aRdgenaSi osmaleTi da-

exmareboda, damoukidebloba gamoacxada da Sesabamisi

deklaraciac gamoaqveyna. 13 maiss ruseTis mTavrobas

gaegzavna nota misgan gamoyofis Sesaxeb, razec ruseT-

ma uariT upasuxa (27). imave xanebSi Camoyalibda mTav-

robac premier-ministr a.Cermoevis xelmZRvanelobiT.

1918 wlis Semodgomaze mTielTa mTavroba daRes-

tanSi, Tavis axal dedaqalaq Temir-xan-SuraSi gadavi-

da, romelsac imxanad ukve osmaleTis armia akontro-

lebda. aqve moxda mTavrobis cvlilebac, romlis axali

premieri f.kocevi gaxda.

rogorc istorikosebi m.baxtaZe da g.mamulia

Tvlian, “Crdilo kavkasielebis mier damoukideblobis

gamocxadebam, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, adgilobrivi

rusul-kazakuri mosaxleobis mkveTri uaryofiTi re-

aqcia gamoiwvia, rac myisve sisxlian dapirispirebaSi

gadaizarda, daiwyo samoqalaqo, faqtobrivad ki mori-

gi rusul-kavkasiuri omi, romelSic, rogorc “wiTel”,

ise “TeTr” ruseTs miznad kavkasiis xalxTa axali dap-

yroba hqonda dasaxuli” (28).

“samxreT ruseTis mTavrobam” da moxaliseTa

(“TeTrma”) armiam general anton denikinis sardlobiT

ruseTis kvlav gaerTianeba da monarqiis aRdgena ganiz-

raxa. Sesabamisad, man kazakebis daxmarebiT 1919 wlis

gazafxulze jer donsa da yubanSi, Semdeg ki Tergis

olqsa da daRestanSi samxedro Seteva ganaviTara. mTi-

elTa respublika daeca, xelisuflebis warmomadgen-

lebi ki baqos gavliT saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi iqnen

evakuirebuli, emigrantuli mTavrobis statusiT.

ratom saqarTveloSi? imitom, rom mTielTa res-

publikas Tavisi arsebobis dros samxreT kavkasiis sa-

xelmwifoebTan, kerZod ki saqarTvelosTan sakmaod

mtkice integraciuli kavSirebi gaaCnda, rasac qvemoT

ufro dawvrilebiT SevexebiT.

axla kvlav samxreT kavkasiaSi mimdinare politi-

kur procesebs davubrundeT.

56

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom 1917 wlis bolosaTvis

kavkasiis fronti, faqtobrivad, dairRva, riTac dau-

yovnebliv isargebla osmaleTma - daibruna ruseTis

armiis mier dakavebuli qalaqebi arzrumi, erzinjani,

trapizoni, vani, biTlisi,… ufro metic, osmalebma daip-

yres baTumi, axalqalaqi da yarsi… amierkavkasielma po-

litikurma liderebma, romlebmac brestis samSvidobo

molaparakebaSi (29) rus bolSevikebTan erTad monawi-

leobaze uari ganacxades, amjerad iZulebulni gaxdnen

osmaleTTan molaparakeba daewyoT. magram movlenebi

ise ar ganviTarda, rogorc maT hqondaT dagegmili _

radgan osmaleTi amierkavkasias kvlav ruseTis Semad-

genlobaSi ganixilavda, molaparakeba rom dawyebuli-

yo, konstantinopolma am regionis ruseTisagan gamo-

yofis winapirobis Sesruleba moiTxova.

qarTveli social-demokratebi, somexi daSnakebi

da azerbaijaneli musavatelebi am winadadebas daTan-

xmdnen. 1918 wlis 22 aprils TbilisSi gamocxadda da-

moukidebeli saxelmwifo _ amierkavkasiis federaciu-

li demokratiuli respublika, Seiqmna koaliciuri

mTavroba qarTveli social-demokratis akaki Cxenke-

lis meTaurobiT. maisis dasawyisSi ukve Turqebis mier

okupirebul baTumSi germaniis warmomadgenlebis mona-

wileobiT TurqeT-amierkavkasiis respublikis molapa-

rakeba daiwyo, magram sakmaod mZimed _ amierkavkasiis

delegaciaSi Tavi iCina ganxeTqilebam: somxebi da qar-

Tvelebi TurqeTisadmi siZulviliT iyvnen gamsWva-

lulni, azerbaijanelebi ki _ simpaTiiT.

sainteresoa, rom baTumis sazavo konferenciaze

kavkasiis integraciis sakiTxmac gaiJRera. rogorc

m.baxtaZe da g.mamulia miiCneven, “mocemul periodSi

germaniis xelisuflebas, molaparakebaSi CarTuli sam-

xedroebis saxiT, dasaSvebad miaCnda samxreT da Crdi-

loeT kavkasiis gaerTianeba (30). Tumca, samwuxarod, es

idea, iseve rogorc mogvianebiT, 1920 wlis ivnisSi da-

Restneli xunZebis Txovna saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis

Sesaxeb ar ganxorcielebula (31).

57

ukve maisis SuaxanebSi aSkara gaxda, rom baTumis

sazavo konferencia, faqtobrivad, CaiSala. sxva gza

aRar iyo: qarTvelebma moqmedeba separatiulad daiw-

yes da daxmarebisaTvis germanias mimarTes _ aucile-

beli iyo Turqebis SeCereba, romlebmac am droisaTvis

ozurgeTi daikaves da borjoms mouaxlovdnen. 1918

wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxa-

da da msoflios demokratiuli respublikis Seqmna am-

cno. did dros ar gauvlia da qarTul teritoriebze

madaaRZrulma TurqeTmac, germaniis zewolis Sedegad,

agresia SeaCera. Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rom 1918 wlis 4

ivniss dadebuli saqarTvelo_TurqeTis xelSekrule-

bis pirobebi metad mZime iyo (32).

kavkasiuri ideis praqtikuli realizebis mcdelobebi

axla ki, roca kavkasiaSi Seqmnil saerTo situacia-

Si gaverkvieT da adgilobrivi xalxebis politikuri

urTierTobis zogadi suraTic vnaxeT, modiT, ufro

detalurad mimovixiloT da gavaanalizoT erTiani kav-

kasiuri ideis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis konkretu-

li formebi da etapebi 1918-20 wlebSi.

winaswarve unda vTqvaT, rom erTi saxelmwifos

konkretul regionSi mcxovrebi xalxebis WeSmariti in-

tegrireba mxolod metropoliisagan maTi ganTavisuf-

lebis Semdeg SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. sxvagvarad rom

vTqvaT, kavkasiuri ideis realizeba SesaZlebeli xdeba

mxolod saxelmwifoTa damoukideblobis pirobebSi da

samoqalaqo_demokratiuli sazogadoebis arsebobis

dros, roca adamianebs Tavisuflad da racionalurad

azrovnebis pirobebi eqmnebaT. es principi aqsiomad

migvaCnia.

zemoT ukve vaxseneT, rom ruseTis imperiis dros,

1917 wlisaTvis kavkasia erT did, uprecedento admi-

nistraciul erTeulSi _ samefisnacvloSi iyo gaerTi-

anebuli. marTalia, samefisnacvlo garkveuli avtono-

58

miuri uflebebiT sargeblobda, magram misi marTva ma-

inc rusuli kanonebiT xdeboda da, Sesabamisad, adgi-

lobrivi erovnuli iniciativebis ganxorcieleba impe-

riul barierebs awydeboda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,

centris mier kavkasiis erT muWSi moqcevis mizani qar-

Tveli, somexi da azerbaijaneli xalxebis integracii-

saTvis ki ar xdeboda, aramed centralizebuli monar-

qiuli saxelmwifos ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda.

1917 wlis Semodgomidan amierkavkasia ruseTis

centraluri xelisuflebidan faqtobrivad damouki-

debelia, iqmneba adgilobrivi komisariati, seimi, damo-

ukidebeli erTiani kavkasiuri saxelmwifo, magram

erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis mizani jer

realizebuli ar aris. es mxolod 1918 wlis maisis bo-

los ganxorcielda, roca kavkasiis samive satitulo

erma saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba gamoacxada.

ra memkvidreoba miiRes saqarTvelos, somxeTisa

da azerbaijanis demokratiulma respublikebma?

a) ukiduresad arastabiluri politikuri situa-

cia, eTnikuri konfliqtebi da maTi gaRrmavebis saSiS-

roeba;

b) daudgeneli saxelmwifo sazRvrebi;

g) realuri sagareo safrTxeebi;

d)moSlili erovnuli ekonomika da meurneoba;

e)Sidaregionuli komunikaciebis sruli kolafsi.

aseTi iyo problemebis “Taiguli”, romelTa ga-

daWra titanur Zalisxmevas saWiroebda. yofna Tu ar-

yofna? riT unda daewyoT TanamSromloba kavkasiis sa-

xelmwifoebs?

da ai, am dros iniciativa isev Tbilisma aiRo _

1918 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam saerTo-

kavkasiuri konferenciis mowvevis winadadeba wamoaye-

na, romlis miznebi zemoT CamoTvlili problemebis ga-

dawyveta da aw ukve damoukidebeli, Tavisufali erebis

urTierTTanamSromlobis gzebis gamoZebna iqneboda.

marTalia, pirvel konferencias, romelic imave wlis

noemberSi saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da mTielTa

respublikis delegaciaTa monawileobiT Catarda, rai-

59

me mniSvnelovani Sedegi ar moutania _ somxeTma, sa-

qarTvelosTan sazRvrebis sakiTxSi daZabuli urTier-

Tobis gamo, TbilisSi Camosvlaze uari ganacxada. mxa-

reebi mxolod konsultaciebiT Semoifarglnen. erev-

nis uars male omis dawyebac mohyva. somxeT-saqarTve-

los samxedro konfliqtis Sedegad miyenebulma didma

materialurma zaralma da, rac mTavaria, kavkasiis mo-

naTesave erebs Soris daRvrilma sisxlma kidev ufro

aSkara gaxada, rom yvela sadavo problema molaparake-

biT, mSvidobiani meTodebiT unda gadaWriliyo (33).

TbilisSi, isev saqarTvelos winadadebiT, 1919 wlis

zafxulSi kvlav gaimarTa morigi, meore konferencia, ro-

melzec ganixiles rogorc sadavo sazRvrebis, aseve eko-

nomikuri integrirebis sakiTxebi. nu dagvaviwydeba, rom am

droisaTvis kavkasiaSi erTiani satransporto komunikaci-

ebi arsebobda - transkavkasiuri rkinigza (erevnis ganSto-

ebiT) da baqo-baTumis saeqsporto navTobsadeni, romelTa

normaluri movla-patronobiT amierkavkasiis yvela subi-

eqti iyo dainteresebuli. rac Seexeba Crdilokavkasiel

mTielebs, isini samxreTel mezoblebTan ufro metad po-

litikuri da samxedro integrirebiT (urTierTTanam-

SromlobiT) iyvnen dainteresebulni. samwuxarod, mTiel-

Ta respublikam ver gauZlo jer “TeTri”, Semdeg ki “wiTe-

li” armiis Tavdasxmas, saboloo jamSi ki CrdiloeT kavka-

sia sabWoTa ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda.

meore konferenciis dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoixata:

a)Sereuli (erToblivi) ekonomikuri komisiebis

SeqmnaSi;

b)droebiTi respublikaTaSorisi arbitraJis Ca-

moyalibebaSi;

g)mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri xelSekrulebebis da-

debaSi da, rac mTavaria _

d) koleqtiuri usafrTxoebisa da urTierTdaxmare-

bis paqtis SemuSavebasa da xelmoweraSi (somxeTis garda).

am dokumentis safuZvelze azerbaijanma da, gansa-

kuTrebiT, saqarTvelom mTielTa respublikas qmediTi

samxedro daxmareba gauwies denikinis TeTri armiis wi-

naaRmdeg brZolaSi - samxedro saWurvlis garda, da-

60

RestanSi qarTuli saeqspedicio korpusic gaigzavna

general leo kereseliZis sardlobiT (34).

mesame konferenciis (1920 wlis aprili) umTavresi Se-

degi is iyo, rom Camoyalibda regionuli saerTaSoriso

organizacia “amierkavkasiis sabWos” saxelwodebiT, Semu-

Savda da xeli moewera mis wesdebas (35). garda amisa, saqar-

Tvelos iniciativiT, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis paqtis

safuZvelze, Seiqmna paritetuli komisia, romelsac som-

xeT-azerbaijans Soris mTiani yarabaRis gamo mimdinare

konfliqtis Sewyvetis gzebi unda gamoenaxa.

niSandoblivia, rom kavkasiis saxelmwifoTa samite-

bi sakmaod maRal doneze mimdinareobda: TiTqmis yvela

konferencias saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis

mTavrobis wevrebi eswrebodnen, rac sakiTxebis gadawyve-

tas aiolebda.

kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli simptomi imdroinde-

li mSvidobiani urTierTTanamSromlobisa: saqarTve-

los demokratiulma respublikam 1920 wlis maisis da-

sawyisSi xeli moawera xelSekrulebas regionis poli-

tikur arenaze (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi) gamoCenil axal

saxelmwifosTan - ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul-soci-

alistur respublikasTan.

amrigad, kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli

garkveuli uTanxmoebis miuxedavad, saerTokavkasiuri

mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis idea permanentulad Zalas

ikrebda da xorcieldeboda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi

politikuri da iuridiul-samarTlebrivi formebi, Zi-

riTadi debulebebi ukve SemuSavda, SeTanxmda da praq-

tikuli realizeba daiwyo.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1920 wlisaTvis kavkasiaSi arse-

bul Tavisufal, suverenul demokratiul saxelmwifo-

ebs Soris mimdinare integraciulma procesebma aRmavali

xaziT iwyes ganviTareba, magram axlac, iseve rogorc ad-

re, maT urTierTobaSi kvlav mesame, destabilizaciis ga-

momwvevi Zala Caeria, amjerad sabWoTa ruseTis saxiT: wi-

Telma armiam jer azerbaijanis okupireba da gasabWoeba

moaxdina, Semdeg somxeTis, bolos ki saqarTveloc bol-

Sevikebis xelSi aRmoCnda.

61

sabWoTa politika erovnul sakiTxSi

bolSevikebis politika erovnul sakiTxSi, sabWo-

Ta politikur-administraciuli mSenebloba, gansa-

kuTrebiT kavkasiaSi, calke analizs moiTxovs, magram

misi mimoxilva mokled mainc mogviwevs.

saintereso damTxvevaa, rom komunistebis azri-

Tac, kavkasiis regioni yvelaze ukeT Seesabameboda im

dros arsebul sabWoTa avtonomizaciisa da federali-

zaciis ideebs. amitomac gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom

maT 1922 wels saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi amierkavkasiis

sabWoTa socialisturi federaciul respublikis sa-

xiT gaaerTianes, romelmac 1936 wlamde iarseba. 1920-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi analogiuri saxelmwifoebrivi

warmonaqmnebi Camoyalibda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic: da-

Restnis xalxebi gaerTiandnen daRestnis assr-Si (1920

wlis 20 ianvars), xolo 1921 wlis 20 ianvars yvela sxva

kavkasieli xalxebi - mTielTa avtonomiur sabWoTa so-

cialistur respublikaSi, romelic moicavda yabar-

dos, yaraCais, balyareTis, CeCneTis, inguSeTis, Crdi-

lo oseTis olqebs, agreTve rusebiT dasaxlebul sun-

Jis kazakTa raions. am respublikam 1924 wlamde iarse-

ba.

sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi sxvadasxva

regionis xalxTa Tanacxovreba socialisturi inter-

nacionalizmis principebiT xorcieldeboda, rac, Ta-

visi arsiT, konkretuli eTnosis tradiciebis gaTva-

liswinebas, faqtobrivad, gamoricxavda. magram, obieq-

turoba moiTxovs isic aRvniSnoT, rom amierkavkasiis

respublikebSi iyo garkveuli midgomebi, romlebic,

marTalia, principulad ar ewinaaRmdegeboda mmarTve-

li partiis kurss, magram mainc met-naklebad mxedve-

lobaSi iRebda adgilobriv specifikas. amis dasadas-

tureblad Zalian bevri magaliTis CamoTvla SeiZleba

rogorc politikis, aseve ekonomikisa da kulturis

sferodan, Tumca erT-erT maTganze cota vrclad unda

SevCerdeT: 1970-80-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos imdroinde-

62

li xelisuflebis iniciativiT, safuZveli Caeyara sru-

liad axal, sabWoTa sinamdvilisaTvis sakmaod araor-

dinalur tradicias - amierkavkasiis respublikebis li-

derTa (eduard SevardnaZe, karen demirWiani da heidar

alievi) tradiciul Sexvedrebs TbilisSi. amgvar sami-

tebze, sakmaod bevri sakiTxi wydeboda ekonomikisa da

kulturis sferodan. paralelurad, sami respublikis

teritoriis urTierTSexebis adgilze - wiTel xidze -

qarTveli- somexi da azerbaijaneli axalgazrdobis me-

gobrobis didi RonisZiebebi imarTeboda xolme (36). ra

Tqma unda, es yvelaferi centrs SeumCneveli ar rCebo-

da, magram, rogorc Cans, moskovi iTvaliswinebda sami

lideris avtoritets da mkveTri kritikisagan Tavs ika-

vebda. aqve imasac davamatebT, rom sakmaod bevri saer-

Tokavkasiuri mniSvnelobis mqone sakiTxis gadawyvetis

dros kremlis winaSe saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da

somxeTis liderebi sinqronulad moqmedebdnen.

Tumca aqve xazgasmiT avRniSnavT, rom amgvari “kav-

kasiuri integracia” sabWoTa sinamdvilis erTgvari Se-

lamazebisa da gakeTilSobilebis mcdeloba iyo, rac,

sabolood, arsebul situacias radikalurad ver

cvlida. aqsiomad unda miviCnioT is, rom sabWoTa epo-

qaSi socialisturi mSenebloba, rogorc modernizaci-

is gza, CixSi iqna moqceuli. es 1980-iani wlebis bolos

da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis

Jams ganviTarebulma movlenebmac daadastura: adgi-

lobriv xalxTa eTnokulturuli specifikis ignori-

rebam (rac kavkasiaSic mZafrad SeiniSneboda) da “sab-

WoTa xalxis” xelovnurad CamoyalibebisaTvis gaweul-

ma praqtikam xalxebs Soris undoblobisa da konfliq-

tebis gaCena gamoiwvia (igulisxmeba teritoriebiT ma-

nipulaciebi, xalxebis kulturulebad da “arakultu-

rulebad” dayofa, politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi mow-

yobis sxvadasxva statusi da sxv.).

63

kavkasiuri civilizacia — kavkasiuri ideis safuZveli

1990-ian wlebSi kavkasiaSi dawyebulma demokrati-

ulma reformebma, filosofos merab mamardaSvilis

sityviT rom vTqvaT, “sakuTari Tavi gverdidan dagva-

naxa”. mainc ras vxedavT am periodSi? samwuxarod, aSka-

rad Cans sazogadoebis sulier-zneobrivi, kulturul-

civilizaciuri da ekonomikuri krizisi. tradiciuli

kultura “miZinebulia”, Tanamedrove ki sazogadoebaSi

gadamwyvet rols ver asrulebs. sazogadoeba, azrovne-

bis inerciis gamo, xSirad Semrigeblur damokidebule-

bas amJRavnebs im fsevdodemokratiuli reformebisad-

mi, romelsac gza ara demokratiisa da TviTmmarTvelo-

bisken, aramed piriqiT - “vertikalis”, avtokratiuli

marTvis gaZlierebisaken mihyavs.

ruseTis saxelisuflebo sistemis amgvar gamovli-

nebas, Crdilo kavkasiaSi arsebuli viTarebis analizis

safuZvelze rusi profesori dimitri furmani “feoda-

lurs” uwodebs. statiaSi is askvnis, rom “am da sxva

bevr SemTxvevaSi, postsabWouri sistema aris gviansab-

Wouris uSualo gagrZeleba” (37).

Seqmnil viTarebaSi kavkasiuri idea kvlav aqtua-

luri xdeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa 1994

wels saqarTvelos inteligenciis warmomadgenlebis

(r.metreveli, m.lorTqifaniZe, T.gamyreliZe, g.faca-

cia, v. Sengelia, am striqonebis avtori da sxvebi) mi-

marTva yabardo-balyareTis kolegebisadmi. masSi xaz-

gasmulia, rom “kavkasiis xalxebs Soris mravalsauku-

novani TanamSromlobis tradicia, genealogiuri naTe-

saoba dRes Cven, kavkasielebs, gvavaldebulebs wyenasa

da gabrazebaze maRla davdgeT da xeli SevuwyoT qar-

Tul-afxazuri konfliqtis daregulirebas~ (38). mi-

marTvis teqsti gamoqveynda ruseTis samxreTis (Crdi-

loeT kavkasiis) erT-erT yvelaze popularul da gav-

lenian gamocemaSi “gazeta iuga”. qarTvelTa mimarTvam

yabardo-balyareTSi Tbili reaqcia gamoiwvia, magram,

samwuxarod, amgvar samoqalaqo aqtivobas, sxvadasxva

64

obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo, gagrZeleba

ar mohyolia….

amave periodSi aqtiuroben politikosebic: saqar-

Tvelosa da azerbaijanis liderebma e.SevardnaZem da

h.alievma TiTqmis erTdroulad wamoayenes “mSvidobia-

ni kavkasiis” idea, rasac ruseTis prezidenti boris

elcinic eTanxmeba. 1996 w. 3 ivniss q. kislovodskSi

(stavropolis mxare) azerbaijanis, somxeTis, saqarTve-

losa da ruseTis federaciis prezidentebma, Crdilo

kavkasiis respublikebis, mxareebisa da olqebis warmo-

madgenlebTan erTad, xeli moaweres kavkasiaSi erovne-

baTSoriso Taxmobis, mSvidobis, ekonomikuri da kul-

turuli TanamSromlobis deklaracias. masSi aRiare-

bulia, rom kavkasia aris “erTiani, mTliani organizmi,

geopolitikuri realoba” da rom regionSi Seqmnili

xalxTa gaucxoebis, konfliqtebis, problemebis gadaW-

ris mizniT, xeli unda Seewyos saukuneebis manZilze ar-

sebul tradiciul megobrobasa da TanamSromlobas.

amisaTvis, naTqvamia deklaraciaSi, konfliqtebis da-

regulirebis paralelurad, aucilebeli xdeba saerTo

ekonomikuri sivrcis Seqmnis, savaWro, ekonomikuri, sa-

mecniero-teqnikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTareba. sa-

Wiroa erToblivi telekomunikaciebis, transportis,

mSeneblobis, energetikuli, garemos, sainvesticio

proeqtebis ganxorcieleba da a.S. (39).

ram SeuSala xeli xsenebuli deklaraciis amocane-

bis praqtikaSi gatarebas?

mimaCnia, rom amis mTavari mizezi, postsabWouri

transformaciisa da demokratizaciuli ganviTarebis

problemebTan erTad, isaa, rom ver uzrunvelvyaviT

kavkasiuri ideis Tanamedrove ideologiuri bazis Ca-

moyalibeba. 1990-ian wlebSi mecnierTa mier SemoTava-

zebuli kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis ideas saer-

Tokavkasiuri aRiareba ar moupovebia (40).

socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri krizisis pi-

robebSi, kavkasiaSi kavkasielebi erTmaneTisgan imde-

nad “gaTiSulebi” arian, rom aq stabilurobis SenarCu-

nebis garantad ara Sida, aramed sagareo faqtori gvev-

65

lineba. es kargad dainaxa msofliom 2008 wlis agvisto-

Si momxdar ruseT-saqarTvelos omSi, roca moskovsa da

Tbiliss Soris Suamavlis roli safrangeTma itvirTa.

es kidev erTi dadasturebaa imisa, Tu ra did safrTxes

uqmnis regionis demokratiul ganviTarebas Sidakavka-

siuri dezintegracia, “gayinuli” konfliqtebi da sxva

problemebi.

xazi unda gavusvaT, rom kavkasiur ideas yovel

konkretul-istoriul etapze Tavis droisa da sivrcis

maxasiaTebeli faqtorebi gaaCnia, romlebic adamianis

azrovnebis dominantur matricas qmnian. azrovnebis

integraciuli matrica dRes damaxasiaTebelia ekono-

mikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcxovrebi adamianebi-

saTvis, rac informaciuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibe-

bis Sedegia. Cven ki, samwuxarod, kargad ver gagvirkve-

via, rogor unda aRviqvaT Cveni erovnuli identoba -

eTnikuri Tu samoqalaqo niSniT. arada, swored Cveni

identobis samoqalaqo niSniT aRqmis prioriteti da Se-

sabamisi azrovneba migviyvans kavkasiuri civilizaciis

sayovelTao aRiarebamde, radgan kavkasielobis kul-

turuli gansxvaveba sxva regionebisgan XX-XXI saukune-

ebis mijnaze mkveTrad ikveTeba.

amrigad, kavkasiaSi tradiciulisa da Tanamedrove

kulturaTa Tanaarseboba bevrad ganapirobebs tradi-

ciuli kulturis adaptacias, misi faseulobebis tran-

sformacias Tanamedrove pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

amgvari movlenebi sxva qveynebis sinamdvileSic gvxvde-

ba, magaliTad, inglisSi, sadac Suasaukuneebis raindis

saxe mogvianebiT jentlmenSi transformirda.

istoriul-socialuri kriticizmis safuZvelze

tradiciuli kulturis axleburad SeswavliT ganxor-

cieldeba istoriuli warsulis rekonstruqcia, Sesa-

bamisad, TandaTan kavkasiuri civilizaciis aSkarad ga-

moxatvac moxdeba. am procesis ganviTarebas xels Seuw-

yobs ara kavkasiis calkeuli regionebis civilizacie-

bad gamocxadeba, aramed mTliani da erTiani kavkasiis

civilizaciad aRiareba, rus-kazakebis masSi moazre-

biT. realobaa, rom isini bolo xuTi saukunis manZilze

66

aq cxovroben da sakuTar Tavs kavkasielebad miiCneven

(kavkasiis respublikebSi, Tergis, yubanisa da donis au-

zebSi - stavropolis, krasnodaris mxareebsa da ros-

tovis olqSi 20 mln. rus-kazaki cxovrobs). maTze kavka-

siuri civilizaciis gavlena aSkaraa da isini rogorc

Crdilo kavkasiaSi, aseve ruseTis federaciis centrSi

kavkasielebad moiazrebian.

realobaa isic, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi kultu-

rul-civilizaciuri urTierTmimarTebis Sedegad,

rus-kazakTa mosaxleobisagan Seiqmna “buferuli zo-

na”, romelic kavkasiis civilizacias rusul-marTlma-

dideblur civilizaciasTan akavSirebs. vfiqrob, das-

muli sakiTxi mecnierul Seswavlasa da am WrilSi poli-

tikur gaazrebas saWiroebs.

dasasruls, xazgasasmelia, rom Tanamedrove kav-

kasiaSi xalxTa konsolidaciis roli unda Seasrulos

kavkasiurma ideam, romelic globalizaciis pirobebSi

kavkasiis Tanasazogadoebebs, erTi mxriv, arc kosmopo-

litur universalizmSi CaZirvis saSualebas miscems da,

meore mxriv, daamuxruWebs “eTnocentrizmis” an nacio-

nalizmis gaRvivebas. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, rom

kavkasiuri civilizaciis arsebobis aRiareba kavkasiis

integraciis ideologiuri baza iqneboda.

67

Tavi IV Tanamedrove kavkasia:

zogadi saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri daxasiaTeba

kavkasia XXI saukunis 10-iani wlebis miwuruls

kvlav msoflios yuradRebis centrSi rCeba. regions,

Tavisi geopolitikuri, kulturul-civilizaciuri Se-

saZleblobidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia arsebiTi gavlena

moaxdinos msoflios wamyvani qveynebis politikaze

kavkasiaSi da, zogadad, qveynebs Soris kulturaTa dia-

logze.

samwuxarod, bevrad imis gamo, rom postsabWour

kavkasiaSi globalizaciis daCqarebul process saxel-

mwifoebi da sazogadoeba alRos jer ver uReben, regi-

onalizaciis, Sidakavkasiuri dialogisa da integraci-

is ganviTareba-gaRrmaveba kvlav problemuri rCeba.

regionSi, erTi mxriv, aqtualuria axalgazrda, damou-

kidebeli saxelmwifoebis mSeneblobis amocanebi, meo-

re mxriv, es procesi msoflioSi erovnuli saxelmwi-

fos krizisis, misi dakninebis, zeerovnuli sazogadoe-

bis Camoyalibebisa da transnacionaluri moRvaweobis

ganviTarebis fonze mimdinareobs. mecnierebisgan sul

ufro xSirad gaismis kiTxvebi: ramdenad mizanSewoni-

lia “erTi eri, erTi saxelmwifo”; “nuTu ar SeuZliaT

am qveynebis samsaxurSi Cadgnen sxva politikuri

struqturebi”? aRniSnaven, rom “am struqturebis kon-

kretuli forma jer kidev aravis warmoudgenia” (1).

amJamad aqtualuri xdeba, rom saqarTvelom da

kavkasiis sxva qveynebma swrafad gaviazroT Cveni sazo-

gadoebrivi, regionuli da globaluri integraciis

problemebi. amisTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dasav-

leTSi axali sazogadoeba funqcionirebda ara Zveli

sazogadoebis memkvidreobis masobrivi rRvevis xar-

jze, aramed Zveli memkvidreobisaTvis Seguebis, SerCe-

viTobis wyalobiT. erik hobsbaumi aRniSnavs, rom “ar

aris araviTari “sociologiuri gamocana” burJuaziu-

68

li sazogadoebis mzaobisa “ekonomikaSi radikaluri

individualizmis danergvisa da am procesSi yvela tra-

diciuli socialuri urTierTobebis gawyvetisa (anu

iq, sadac es mas xels uSlida). amave dros, is Tavs ari-

debs “radikalur eqsperimentatorul individua-

lizms” kulturaSi (da, agreTve, yofaqcevisa da mora-

lis sferoSi)” (2).

amrigad, kavkasiaSi axali saxelmwifoebriv-poli-

tikuri da eTnolingvisturi realobis Seswavla saSua-

lebas mogvcems, gaviazroT demokratizaciisa da regi-

onalizaciis problemebi.

kavkasiis eTnikuri ruka

ssrk-is daSlamde (1991 wlis 1 ianvari), kavkasiis

mosaxleobis erovnul-politikuri, socialur-ekono-

mikuri mdgomareobis zogadi suraTia (3):

69

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi 1991 wlis 1 ianvrisTvis ruseTis

federaciaSi Semavali oTxi avtonomiuri respublika,

ori mxare da erTi olqia (4):

rogorc pirvel cxrilSi vxedavT, sabWoTa kavSi-

ris daSlamde samxreT kavkasiis samive respublika sak-

maod urbanizebulia. yvela respublikaSi qalaqis mo-

saxleobis ricxvi soflis mosaxleobas sakmaod War-

bobs. rsfsr-is Crdilo kavkasiis respublikebTan Seda-

rebiT, aq maRalia erT kvadratul kilometrze mcxov-

reb adamianTa raodenoba. magaliTad, somxeTSi - 113, 3

mcxovrebi, azerbaijanSi - 82, 4 da saqarTveloSi - 78, 4.

1989 wlis aRweriT, qarTvelebis 33,1%, azerbaijane-

lebis 34,4% da somxebis 47,1% rusul enas Tavisuflad

flobdnen. Crdilo kavkasiaSi rusuli enis codna gaci-

lebiT maRal procents Seadgenda: CeCnebSi - 74%, xun-

mebSi- 60,8%, osebSi - 68,9%, yabardoelebSi - 77,8%, in-

guSebSi - 80% da a.S. (5)

erTi SexedviT, 1989 wels ssrk-is CrdiloeT kavka-

siis respublikebSi, mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris

Sedegebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, “socialisturi” mSe-

neblobis warmateba aSkaraa. samwuxarod, am fasadis

ukan, rogorc es sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gamoC-

70

nda, Tavi iCina uamravma problemam, rac adamianis cxov-

rebis yovel dargSi iyo dagrovili. zogierTi maTgani

ise gamwvavda, rom eTnokonfliqtebis saxec ki miiRo. am

konfliqtebis mogvarebasa da sxva socialur-ekonomi-

kuri, kulturisa da ganaTlebis problemebis gadaWra-

ze bevradaa damokidebuli regionis stabiluroba da

demokratiuli aRmSenebloba. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

kavkasiisa da kavkasielTa problemebis Seswavla aqtua-

lurad migvaCnia.

azerbaijani

azerbaijanis respublikam (6) (dedaqalaqi baqo)

damoukidebloba 1991 wels, ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg ga-

moacxada. azerbaijanis pirvel prezidentad aiaz mu-

Talibovi airCies, romelic male erovnuli saxalxo

frontis liderma abulfaz elCibeim Secvala. 1993

wlidan 2003 wlamde qveynis prezidenti heidar alievi

iyo, romelic arCevnebis Sedegad am Tanamdebobaze mis-

ma vaJma - ilham alievma Secvala. azerbaijani saprezi-

dento respublikaa. prezidenti irCeva 5 wliT, igi Ta-

namdebobaze yvela samTavrobo Cinovniks TviTon niS-

navs.

azerbaijanis sakanonmdeblo organoa erTpalati-

ani erovnuli kreba (azerbaijanis mili-mejlisi 125 de-

putatiT), romlebic erTmandatian olqebSi sayovel-

Tao saxalxo kenWisyriT 5 wliT airCevian. azerbaija-

nis istoriaSi pirveli saparlamento arCevnebi 1995

wels Catarda. parlamentis amJamindeli Semadgenloba

arCeulia 2005 wlis noemberSi. parlamentis umravle-

sobas warmoadgens saprezidento partia “axali azerba-

ijani” (“eni azerbaijan”), parlamentSi warmodgenilia

opoziciuri partiebic. sul respublikaSi funqcioni-

rebs 30-ze meti partia da moZraoba, maT Sorisaa “axali

azerbaijani”, erovnuli damoukideblobis partia, par-

tia “musavati”, azerbaijanis saxalxo fronti, libera-

71

luri partia, social-demokratiuli partia, demokra-

tiuli partia.

azerbaijanSi, 2006 wlis monacemebiT, 8 mln. 436

aTasi adamiani cxovrobs, aqedan 8 mln. 152,5 aTasi, anu

95% eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi arian. ase rom, ukanas-

kneli aTi wlis manZilze, azerbaijanelebis ricxvi qve-

yanaSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda. meore adgilze arian

lezgebi (182 aTasi, anu 2,2%), mesameze - rusebi (151, 7

aTasi, rac qveynis mosaxleobis 1,8%-s Seadgens), Semdeg

TaliSebi (75, 8 aTasi), xunZebi (42 aTasi), qarTvelebi

(14,9 aTasi), ebraelebi (8 aTasi) da sxv.

cnobilia, rom azerbaijanSi, yarabaRis konfliq-

tis dawyebamde, somxebi erT-erT yvelaze mravalric-

xovan (azerbaijanelebisa da rusebis Semdeg) eTnikuri

erTobas miekuTvnebodnen (1989 wlis aRweriT, maTi ra-

odenoba milion 487 aTass Seadgenda). aTi wlis Semdeg

ki, rogorc azerbaijaneli mecnieri arif iunusovi aR-

niSnavs, somxebis ricxvma azerbaijanSi mkveTrad iklo.

amJamad isini ZiriTadad cxovroben mTian yarabaRSi,

romlis mosaxleoba, 2003 wlis 1 ivlisis monacemebiT,

145,6 aTass Seadgens. Tumca, imave avtoris azriT, es

cifri falsificirebulia da, misi azriT, iq daaxloe-

biT 80 000 somexi cxovrobs (7).

amrigad, Tu azerbaijanis mosaxleobis 1989 wlis

aRweris monacemebs 2006 wlisas SevadarebT, aSkarad

Cans, rom qveyanaSi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlo-

ba sagrZnoblad Seicvala. Tu adre respublikaSi azer-

baijanelebis Semdeg rusebi da somxebi dominirebdnen,

amJamad maTi adgili lezgebma da TaliSebma daikaves.

mkveTrad Seicvala mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgen-

loba: 95%-ze meti muslimia da mxolod 4% - qristiani.

somxurma diasporam, praqtikulad, arseboba Sewyvita.

azerbaijanis mier gatarebul regionul politi-

kaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba saqarTvelosTan kav-

Sirebs, radgan kaspiis energoresursebis saeqsporto

magistraluri milsadenebis umetesoba saqarTvelos

teritoriaze gadis. garda amisa, saqarTveloSi bevri

azerbaijaneli cxovrobs (amaze qvemoT). aqve xazi unda

72

gavusvaT azerbaijan-TurqeTis urTierTobis specifi-

kas, romelic gamoixateba formuliT “erTi eri - ori

saxelmwifo”. Sesabamisad, TurqeTi, 1990-iani wlebidan

dawyebuli, saerTaSoriso da regionuli problemebis

ganxilva-gadaWris dros yovelTvis azerbaijanis mxa-

reze gamodis.

saqarTvelo

saqarTvelos (8) teritoria Seadgens 69,7 aTas

kvadratul kilometrs (afxazeTisa da e.w samxreT ose-

Tis CaTvliT). mosaxleobis raodenoba, 2008 wlis mona-

cemebiT, Seadgens 4 milion 630 aTas adamians, dedaqa-

laqia Tbilisi. saqarTvelo saprezidento respubli-

kaa, saxelmwifo ena qarTulia. amasTan, afxazeTSi ofi-

cialuri statusi gaaCnia afxazur enasac.

saqarTveloSi eTnikuri qarTvelebis raodenoba,

2006 wlis ivlisis monacemebiT, qveynis saerTo mosax-

leobis 83,8% Seadgens. meore adgilze arian azerbai-

janelebi (6,5%), Semdeg somxebi (5,7%), rusebi (1,5%),

afxazebi da osebi.

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlSi aRniSnu-

lia, rom “saxelmwifo cnobs qarTuli marTlmadideb-

luri eklesiis gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos is-

toriaSi da, amasTan erTad, acxadebs religiuri rwme-

nisa da aRmsareblobis srul Tavisuflebas, eklesiis

damoukideblobas saxelmwifosagan”.

qarTuli saxelmwifos politikuri mowyobis for-

ma demokratiuli respublikaa, saqarTvelos preziden-

ti, konstituciis me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad, qarTuli sa-

xelmwifosa da misi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis me-

Tauria. igi sagareo urTierTobebSi saqarTvelos uze-

naesi warmomadgeneli da qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

umaRlesi mTavarsardalia.

saqarTvelos parlamenti airCeva 4 wliT, 150 de-

putatis SemadgenlobiT. amJamad 2008 wlis mowvevis

parlamenti warmodgenilia “erTiani nacionaluri moZ-

73

raobiT” (aqvs konstituciuri umravlesoba) eqvsi opo-

ziciuri partiiT (qristianul-demokratiuli moZrao-

ba, “qarTuli dasi”, “Cven TviTon” da sxva).

amJamad qarTul politikur speqtrs ZiriTadad

20-mde politikuri partia warmoadgens, romelTa So-

risaa leiboristuli partia, “axali memarjveneebi”,

respublikuri partia, “saqarTvelos gza”, “Tavisufle-

ba”, konservatiuli partia, “erovnuli forumi”, demok-

ratiuli moZraoba “erTiani saqarTvelo” da sxva.

rogorc saqarTvelos eTnikuri Semadgelobis ana-

lizi gviCvenebs, 1989 wlisa da 2002 wlebis aRwerebis

monacemebiT, qveynis mosaxleobis raodenoba 800 aTasi

adamianiT Semcirda. amasTan, mosaxleobis Semcireba Zi-

riTadad moxda ara qarTvelebis (3 mln.725 aTasi), ara-

med sxva erebis warmomadgenlebis xarjze: rusebis - 341

aTasidan (1989 wels) 100 aTasamde (2002 wels), somxebis -

437 aTasidan (1989 wels) 281 aTasamde (2002 wels), ebrae-

lebis - 25 aTasidan 4 aTasamde da ase Semdeg. Sesabami-

sad, sxva erovnebis moqalaqeTa emigraciis Sedegad sa-

qarTveloSi qarTvelebis procentuli Semadgenloba

mniSvnelovnad gaizarda - 70-dan 81%-mde.

amasTan, rogorc iunusovi aRniSnavs, saqarTvelo-

Si TiTqmis orjer Semcirda danarCen eTnosTa raode-

noba (2005 wlis monacemebiT): osebis - 85 aTasamde, qur-

Tebis - 21 aTasamde, berZnebis - 15 aTasamde da sxva. am-

Jamad saqarTveloSi (afxazeTis gamoklebiT), 877 aTasi

araqarTveli adamiani cxovrobs (anu respublikis mo-

saxleobis 19%), maSin roca 1989 wlamde arasatitulo

xalxTa 28% cxovrobda (9).

a. cucievis azriT, qarTveli teritoriuli ideo-

logemis dominantur istoriul retrospeqcias misi

saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebi warmoadgens (Zv.w.aR.-is VI

- IV saukuneebidan Tamar mefis dromde), rogorc qar-

Tuli erovnuli eTnikuri sivrcis aRqma. am sivrcul

kompleqsSi aqtualuria ramdenime fragmenti, rome-

lic Tanamedrove eTnopolitikur winaaRmdegobebTa-

naa dakavSirebuli. wamyvan Temad rCeba urTierToba

ruseTTan, romelic “patronobas” uwevs afxazeTisa da

74

samxreT oseTis separatizms. misive azriT, qarTuli

teritoriebis mierTeba ruseTis imperiasTan 1801-1829

wlebSi (faqtobrivad, maTi erT saxelmwifoSi Sekreba),

zogadad qarTul istoriografiaSi negatiurad fasde-

ba. TviT “Sekreba” CrdilSi rCeba, yuradReba ki maxvil-

deba ruseTis rolze qarTuli erovnuli teritorie-

bis zogad SemcirebaSi. xazi esmeba, rom Sida rusuli

(Sida sabWouri) saqarTvelos sazRvrebi moxazuli aR-

moCnda ara Zveli qarTuli istoriuli saxelmwifoebis

kalkiT, aramed, Zalze mokrZalebulad, ris Sedegadac

saqarTvelos ssr farglebs gareT darCa saingilo

(azerbaijanis sasargeblod), lore (somxeTis Semadgen-

lobaSi), jiqeT-dvaleTi ki - ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi.

moskovis bralia agreTve rogorc 1921 wels artaanis

(ardaganis) da arTvinis olqebis TurqeTis sasargeb-

lod daTmoba, aseve saqarTvelos teritoriaze afxaze-

Tisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiebis Seqmna (ix. Цуциев А. 2004).

somxeTi

somxeTis teritoria Seadgens 29,8 aTas kvadra-

tul kilometrs, mosaxleoba 3241 aTas adamians (2009

wlis pirveli ianvris monacemebiT), dedaqalaqi - ereva-

ni. somxeTi, faqtobrivad, erTad erTi postsabWouri

qveyanaa monoeTnikuri mosaxleobiT (98% somxebi). am-

Jamad respublikaSi arasatitulo mosaxleobis raode-

noba mxolod 70 000-s Seadgens, romelTa Soris yvelaze

mravalricxovani eTnikuri umciresobebia iezidebi,

rusebi, aisorebi, ukrainelebi, qurTebi, berZnebi, qar-

Tvelebi. zogi TvalsazrisiT, somxebi kavkasiis abori-

genul mosaxleobas warmoadgenen.

mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT,somxeTi pirveli qveya-

naa, romelmac qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamoac-

xada (301 wels). Seiqmna somxuri anbani (mesrop maStocis

mier), saeklesio arqiteqtura, ganviTarda kultura da

istoriografia (10). dRes somxeTSi 14 umaRlesi saswav-

75

lo dawesebulebaa (maT Soris 1920-21 wlebSi daarsebuli

erevnis saxelmwifo universiteti da konservatoria, do-

nis rostovis universitetis filiali erevanSi (ekonomi-

kuri, iuridiuli da ucxo enebis fakultetebiT); ruseT-

somxuri (slavuri) saxelmwifo universiteti da sxvebi.

somxeTi dRes industriul-agraruli qveyanaa.

sakmaod farTodaa ganviTarebuli samTo-metalurgiu-

li mrewveloba (mag.alaverdis spilenZis qarxana, rome-

lic polimetalebis - spilenZ-molibdenis sabados ba-

zaze muSaobs), qimiuri mrewveloba (erevnis qimkombina-

ti “nairiti”), manqanaTmSenebloba, energetika (mewamo-

ris atomuri eleqtrosadguri da sxva hesebi), samSeneb-

lo masalebis warmoeba. soflis meurneoba warmodge-

nilia mevenaxeobiT, mexileobiT, mecxoveleobiT. saer-

Tod, mTiani reliefis gamo somxeTSi sasoflo-sameur-

neo miwebi Zalian cotaa.

somxeTis pirveli prezidenti iyo levon ter-pet-

rosiani (1991-1998 wlebi). meore - robert qoCariani

(1998-2008 wlebi), amJamad ki respublikis xelmZRvane-

lia serJ sargsiani (2008 wlidan). somxeTSi prezidenti

5 wliT airCeva. konstituciiT mas farTo uflebebi

aqvs miniWebuli. umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organoa

erovnuli kreba (anu parlamenti, 131 deputatiT), ro-

melic sayovelTao-saxalxo arCevnebis gziT 5 wliT

airCeva. bolo saparlamento arCevnebi 2007 wlis 12 ma-

iss Catarda, romlis Sedegad xmebis umravlesoba kvlav

mmarTvelma politikurma Zalam - somxeTis respubli-

kurma partiam moipova. parlamentSi warmodgenilia ag-

reTve sxva politikuri organizaciebic: partia “ayva-

vebuli somxeTi”, “daSnakcutiuni” (monawileoben sam-

Tavrobo koaliciaSi), liberaluri partia “orinac erki-

ri” (“kanonierebis qveyana”) da erovnul-demokratiuli

partia “memkvidreoba” (orive opoziciuri organizaciaa).

kavkasiisTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs TurqeT-

somxeTis da somxeT-azerbaijanis urTierTobis mogva-

rebas. TurqeTi aris pirveli saxelmwifo, romelmac

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg oficialurad scno

somxeTis damoukidebloba (1991 wels), magram maT So-

76

ris urTierTobebis ganviTarebas Turqebis mier 1915

wels somxebis genocidis uaryofa arTulebs. garda

amisa, ankara miiCnevs, rom somxeTs brali miuZRvis mTi-

ani yarabaRis konfliqtis dawyebaSic, romlis drosac

azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg mimarTul sabrZolo kampania-

Si somxeTis samxedro qvedanayofebic monawileobdnen.

Sesabamisad, TurqeT-somxeTs Soris diplomatiuri ur-

TierToba ar damyarebula, sazRvrebi ki Caketilia.

am fonze Zalze mniSvnelovan movlenad aRiqmeba

erevan-ankaris politikuri daaxloebis procesi, rome-

lic 2008 wels daiwyo “safexburTo diplomatiis” sa-

xiT (11). misi logikuri gagrZelebaa 2009 wlis 10 oq-

tombers Sveicariis qalaq JenevaSi gaformebuli oqme-

bi, romlebic diplomatiuri urTierTobis aRdgenasa

da saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gaxsnas iTvaliswinebs. gan-

xorcieldeba Tu ara xsenebuli diplomatiuri doku-

mentebis miznebi, amas momavali gviCvenebs. zogadad ki

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom TurqeT-somxeT-azerbaijanis

urTierTobebis mogvareba kavkasiis regions dadebi-

Tad waadgeba.

samxreT ruseTis (CrdiloeT kavkasiis) subieqtebi

samxreT ruseTis (CrdiloeT kavkasiis) federalu-

ri olqi sxva eqvs olqTan erTad Seiqmna ruseTis pre-

zidentis brZanebulebiT, 2000 wlis 13 maiss. regions

didi raodenobiT aqvs organuli da araorganuli ned-

leulis resursebi (2003 wlis monacemebiT, ruseTis

navTobmopovebis 3%, qvanaxSiris amoRebis 2,5% ener-

gowarmoebis 7%). garda amisa, am federaluri olqis

klimaturi pirobebi (zomieri havidan subtropikulis

CaTvliT) karg safuZvels qmnis soflis meurneobis

ganviTarebisaTvis - ruseTis samxreTi samarTlianad

miiCneva qveynis xorblis beRlad, sakurorto-gamajan-

saRebel da rekreaciul zonad (masze modis ruseTis

sanatoriul-turistuli kompleqsebis meoTxedi, aqe-

77

dan 70% ganlagebulia krasnodarisa da stavropolis

mxareebSi).

amasTan erTad, samxreT ruseTs erT sul mosaxle-

ze sayovelTao produqtis warmoebis yvelaze dabali

maCvenebli aqvs. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom aq mrewvelobis

moculoba zogadad ruseTis mrewvelobis mxolod 6%-s

Seadgens.

2000 wlisaTvis samxreT ruseTis (CrdiloeT kav-

kasiis) ekonomikuri raioni aerTianebda aT subieqts -

Svid respublikas (adiRes, yaraCai-CerqezeTs, yabardo-

balyareTs, CrdiloeT oseT-alanias, inguSeTs, CeC-

neTs, daRestans), or mxares (stavropolis da krasno-

daris) da erT olqs (rostovis). 2003 wlis Semdeg mas

daemata sami subieqti: erTi respublika (yalmuxeTi) da

ori olqi (astraxanisa da volgogradis). Tu ruseTis

federaciaSi 21 respublikaa, aqedan rva CrdileT kavka-

siaze modis. respublikebi, mxareebisa da olqebisagan

gansxvavebiT, Seqmnilia ara teritoriuli, aramed

erovnul-teritoriuli principiT. aq, ruseTis fede-

raciis am yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebul da polieTni-

kur regionSi, respublikuri, samxareo da saolqo admi-

nistraciuli sazRvrebi araerTxel iqna gadasinjuli,

rac Zalze xSirad eTnokrizisebisa da konfliqtebis

niadags qmnida. sabWoTa periodSi miRebuli amgvari ga-

dawyvetilebebis gamoZaxilia is, rom CrdiloeT kavka-

siaSi sasazRvro davebis niadagze momxdari eTnikuri

dapirispirebebi dResac grZeldeba.

unda iTqvas, rom ruseTis samxreT federaluri

olqis subieqtebi sxvadasxva parametrebiT erTmaneTi-

sagan mkveTrad gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, teritoriis

mixedviT inguSeTi yvelaze minimaluri farTobis mqo-

nea (4,3 kvadratuli kilometri), yvelaze didi ki vol-

gogradis olqia (113,9 kv.km.). mosaxleobis mixedviT Tu

SevadarebT, yvelaze meti mcxovrebia krasnodaris mxa-

reSi (5,125 aTasi), yvelaze mcire - yalmuxeTis respub-

likaSi (292 aTasi).

aqve SevniSnavT, rom bolo xanebSi ruseTis xel-

mZRvaneloba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs Crdi-

78

loeT kavkasiis erovnuli respublikebis ganviTarebas.

vfiqrobT, swored amis gamoxatulebaa is faqti, rom

ruseTis prezidentis brZanebulebiT (2010 wlis ianva-

ri), ruseTis samxreTis federaluri olqi gaiyo or na-

wilad, Seiqmna axali federaluri erTeuli - Crdilo-

eT kavkasiis federaluri olqi, romelSic gaerTian-

dnen daRestani, CeCneTi, inguSeTi, CrdiloeT oseTi -

alania, yabardo-balyareTi, yaraCai-CerqezeTi da stav-

ropolis mxare, centriT qalaq piatigorskSi.

ruseTis samxreT federaluri olqidan CrdiloeT

kavkasiis respublikebis gamoyofa da maTi axal fede-

ralur olqSi gaerTianeba saboloo jamSi ar cvlis re-

gionis socialur da kulturul mTlianobas, amitomac

Cven mas tradiciuli xedviT ganvixilavT.

saxelmwifoebriobis formebis ganviTareba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

zemoT ukve vTqviT, rom Tanamedrove ruseTSi fe-

deraciis subieqtebis gamsxvilebis procesi SeiniSneba.

magaliTad, mimdinareobs diskusia adiRes respublikis

krasnodaris mxaris SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebis sakiT-

xze. garda amisa, CeCneTis dRevandeli xelmZRvaneloba

miiCnevs, rom upriani iqneboda kvlav aRdges sabWoTa

periodSi arsebuli vainaxi xalxis saxelmwifoebrivi

warmonaqmni - CeCneT-inguSeTis respublika. ufro me-

tic - aris azri CeCneTisa da daRestnis gaerTianebis

Sesaxeb. sxvadasxva politikur wreebSi ganixileba mo-

sazreba gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi arsebul mTiel-

Ta respublikis xelaxla Seqmnis Taobaze… modiT, sanam

sazRvrebis gadasinjvis sakiTxi isev ar dasmula, Crdi-

loeT kavkasiaSi saxelmwifoebrivi formebis ganviTa-

rebis gamocdileba gavixsenoT.

ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi myofi kavkasiis

administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa samxedro-po-

litikuri, geografiuli da erovnul-teritoriuli

faqtorebis gavleniT mimdinareobda. Cven zemoT ukve

79

vTqviT, rom 1917 wlamde mTeli kavkasia erT adminis-

traciul erTeulSi - kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi iyo

gaerTianebuli, 1917 wlis Semdeg ki regionis adminis-

traciuli dayofa politikuri xelisuflebis cvlile-

bebiT iqna ganpirobebuli.

erovnuli avtonomiebis Seqmnas, rogorc erTa

TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizebis formas, sabWoTa

xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi iZulebiTi xasiaTi hqon-

da da, Sesabamisad, Tan sdevda eTnosTa politizaciis

zrda. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis erovnulma “Seferi-

lobam”, miwis ganawilebis problemis simwvavem myisie-

rad warmoqmna sadao teritoriebis problema da eT-

nosTa Soris winaaRmdegobis gaRrmaveba.

1924 wels Seiqmna CrdiloeT kavkasiis mxare, rome-

lic regions TiTqmis mTlianad aerTianebda (daRes-

tnisa da yalmuxeTis gareSe). rogorc situaciam aCvena,

amgvari administraciuli erTeuli araefeqturi aR-

moCnda da gauqmda. sul male, erovnuli okrugebisa da

avtonomiuri olqebis (maT Soris bilingvisturi subi-

eqtebis) SeqmniT bevri eTnoteritoriuli problema

TviT am avtonomiebis “mxrebze” iqna gadatanili.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg aRniSnulma sadao

teritoriulma problemebma, sxvebTan erTad, Tavi uf-

ro mwvaved iCina da kavkasiis TiTqmis yvela avtonomiu-

ri eTnosis ukmayofileba gazarda: yaraCaelebma, Cer-

qezebma, yabardoelebma da balyarelebma bilingvistu-

ri respublikebidan calke gamoyofa moiTxoves, raTa

axali saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebi Camoyalibebu-

liyo; amjerad ukve erTiani erovnuli niSniT (yaraCai-

balyareTis, yabardo-CerqezeTis respublikebi, an “er-

Tiani CerqezeTi”, romelSic Sevidoda CerqezeTis, ya-

bardos, adiResa da krasnodaris SavizRvispira raione-

bis teritoriebi).

aqve SevniSnavT, rom arsebuli polieTnikuri res-

publikebis mcire federaciebad gardaqmnas ewinaaR-

mdegebian rusuli administraciul-teritoriuli su-

bieqtebi.

80

daRestani

samxreT ruseTSi daRestani yvelaze did da mra-

valricxovan, mravalerovnul respublikas warmoad-

gens. kaspiis zRvis napirebze mdebare ruseTis federa-

ciis am subieqts sakmaod specifikuri istoria da ge-

ografiuli pirobebi aqvs (12).

ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgen-

lobaSi yofnisas daRestans administraciuli statu-

sis cvlilebebi yvelaze naklebad Seexo. daRestnis

olqi 1860 wels Seiqmna. im xanebSi War-belaqnis samxed-

ro olqi (30 225 xunZi anu mosaxleobis 20,6%) daRes-

tnis olqSi ar Sesula. lezgebis mniSvnelovani nawili

(26,5%) baqosa da elisavetpolis guberniebSi darCa.

TiTqmis aseTive viTareba SenarCunda sabWoTa period-

Si, xolo ssrk daSlis Semdeg isini ruseTsa da azerbai-

jans Soris aRmoCndnen (13).

amgvari “gafantuli” saxiT arsebuli gansaxlebis

problemis gadaWras lezguri saxalxo moZraoba “sad-

vali” lezgistanis respublikis SeqmnaSi xedavs, rome-

lic “lezgistanis istoriul teritoriaze” unda Camo-

yalibdes. am Tvalsazriss iuridiul safuZvlad edeba

1921 wlis 20 ianvris sakavSiro cak-isa da daRestnis

sabWoebis damfuZnebeli yrilobis rezolucia, rom-

lebSic aRniSnulia lezgi xalxis dayofis faqti da te-

ritoriuli sakiTxis mogvarebis aucilebloba.

daRestnis teritoriis gegmazomierad gafarToe-

bam (CrdiloeTiT mdebare dablobi miwebis xarjze)

mTieli da baris xalxebi erT avtonomiaSi gaerTiane-

bamde miiyvana. bolo asi wlis manZilze daRestnis mo-

saxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba ar Secvlila, magram

Seicvala maTi gansaxlebis geografia. Sida migraciebis

Sedegad, gansakuTrebiT monoeTnikuri raionebidan da

qalaqebidan, daRestani kidev ufro “aWrelda”. respub-

likaSi raionebis araproporciulad didi raodenoba

gamowveulia calkeuli eTnikuri jgufebisTvis ufle-

baTa garantirebis uzrunvelyofiT, rac mononaciona-

81

luri administraciuli erTeulebis CarCoebSi xorci-

eldeba, magram es meqanizmi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda.

daRestanSi problemad rCeba yumuxebis problema.

aq miwebis sakiTxi, ZiriTadad, yumuxebis baris miwebis

xarjze wydeboda. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom maT 1990

wlis noemberSi, yumuxi xalxis meore yrilobaze, yumu-

xeTis respublikis Seqmna gamoacxades TavianT “isto-

riul teritoriaze” - daRestnis Temir-xan-Suris, xasa-

viurtisa da maxaCkalas raionebi, kaspiis sanapiro da

sxva adgilebi, sadac 1921 wels, daRestnis assr warmoq-

mnamde, yumuxebi mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoad-

gendnen. 1989 wels Camoyalibebuli yumuxTa erovnuli

moZraoba “Tengliki” daRestanSi yvelaze organizebu-

li erovnuli organizaciaa, romelic teritoriuli

gansaxlebis problemas kvlav aqtualurad miiCnevs,

magram am sakiTxSi ukve kategoriuli aRar aris.

msgavsi problema aqvT noRaelebsac, romlebic

1990 wlis yurulTais (yrilobis) dadgenilebis Tanax-

mad, daRestnis, stavropolis mxarisa da CeCneTis te-

ritoriebis nawilebze noRais respublikis Seqmnas mo-

iTxoven (ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi).

daRestanSi kidev erT eTnoteritoriul proble-

mas warmoadgens auxovis raionis aRdgena, romelic Ce-

Cen-akinTa gadasaxlebamde (1944 wlamde) arsebobda.

sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis omis dros CeCen-akinTa mi-

marT ganxorcielebuli represiebis (iZulebiTi migra-

ciis) Semdeg aq mTiani raionebidan lekebi daasaxles da

novolakis raioni Seqmnes. miuxedavad imisa, rom daRes-

tnis xelisufleba represirebul xalxTa reabilitaci-

is programis ganxorcielebas cdilobs, radikalurad

ganwyobil CeCnebs misi tempebi ar akmayofilebT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom daRestnelebi mniSvnelovnad

afaseben qarTvel xalxTan megobruli urTierTobis

tradiciebs, gansakuTrebiT kulturis sferoSi. sabWo-

Ta periodSi, 1970-ian wlebSi qarTvelma arqeologebma

didi wvlili Seitanes daRestanSi arsebuli qristianu-

li Zeglebis Seswavla-gamokvlevaSi (magaliTad, sofel

daTunaSi). es daRestanSi dRemde ar daviwyebiaT. swo-

82

red amitomac iyo, rom 2009 wlis ivnisSi cnobil qar-

Tvel arqeologs, restavrators, istoriis doqtors,

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mravali eqspediciis xelmZRva-

nels givi RambaSiZes qalaq xunZaxis sapatio moqalaqis

wodeba mieniWa.

CrdiloeT oseTi-alania,

inguSeTi da CeCneTi

CrdiloeT oseTi-alania (14), SeiZleba iTqvas, sxva

erovnul respublikebTan SedarebiT, CrdiloeT kavka-

siaSi ruseTis federaluri xelisuflebis yvelaze sai-

medo dasayrdenia. amasTan, ruseTis samxreT federa-

lur olqis SemadgenlobaSi myof respublikebs Soris

arsebul urTierTobebSi yvelaze daZabuli xasiaTi

CrdiloeT oseTisa da inguSeTis urTierTobebs (15)

aqvs. teritoriul davas osebsa da inguSebs Soris (pri-

gorodnis raionis gamo, romelic vladikavkazs esaz-

Rvreba) sakmaod xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. 1924 wels

kremlSi mTielTa avtonomiuri respublikis gauqmebis

Semdeg, misi teritoria erovnuli niSniT or olqad ga-

iyo - CrdiloeT oseTisa da inguSeTis avtonomiur ol-

qebad (inguSeTis SemadgenlobaSi sunJis kazakebic iT-

vlebodnen). rac Seexeba qalaq vladikavkazsa da groz-

nos, isini calke administraciul erTeulebad garda-

iqmnen. amasTan, vladikavkazi oseTisa da inguSeTis sa-

erTo administraciul centrad darCa.

1934 wlis ianvarSi ssrk xelisuflebam CeCneTisa

(16) da inguSeTis avtonomiuri olqebi gaaerTiana da

CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiuri olqi Camoayaliba. 1936

wlis konstituciiT, aRniSnuli olqi CeCneT-inguSeTis

avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur respublikad gar-

daiqmna. unda iTqvas, rom am ori olqis gaerTianeba gan-

pirobebuli iyo ara mxolod aq mcxovrebis vainaxi xal-

xebis - CeCnebisa da inguSebis msgavsebiT, aramed ekono-

mikuri TvalsazrisiTac.

83

vainaxi xalxebis - CeCnebisa da inguSebis istoria-

Si 1944 wlis 31 ianvari, 24 Tebervali da 7 marti sayo-

velTao ubedurebis TariRebia: 31 ianvars ssrk Tavdac-

vis saxelmwifo komitetma miiRo dadgenileba CeCneT-

inguSeTis assr gauqmebisa da mosaxleobis CrdiloeT

kavkasiidan sabWoTa kavSiris Soreul adgilebSi de-

portaciis Sesaxeb. dadgenilebaSi Cawerili iyo, rom

CeCnebi da inguSebi sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis omis

dros TiTqosda kavkasionis qeds moaxloebul germa-

nel faSistebs exmarebodnen.

sabWoTa uSiSroebis organoebis mier SemuSavda spe-

cialuri operacia koduri saxelwodebiT “CeCevica (os-

pi)”, romlis realizebis Sedegad or kviraSi - 24 Teber-

vlidan 7 martis CaTvliT CrdiloeT kavkasiidan sarkinig-

zo eSelonebiT naxevar milionze meti CeCeni da inguSi sam-

Soblosgan Sors, yazaxeTSi da yirgizeTSi gadaasaxles.

1944 wlis 22 marts miRebul iqna dadgenileba

groznos olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. yofili CeCneT-inguSe-

Tis dasavleTis, aRmosavleTisa da samxreTis raionebi

gadacemul iqna oseTis, daRestnisa da saqarTvelos Se-

madgenlobaSi (17). danarCenma teritoriam, yizlaris

olqTan erTad, groznos olqi Seadgina. dacarielebu-

li respublikis teritoriaze mezobeli respublikebis

mosaxleoba daasaxles.

stalinis pirovnebis kultis dagmobis Semdeg,

1956 wlis dasasruls, ssrk centraluri xelisuflebis

gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, daiwyo represirebul xal-

xTa reabilitaciis procesi. kvlav aRdga CeCneT-ingu-

seTis assr. rac Seexeba TviT inguSebisa da CeCnebis re-

abilitaciis process, is unda ganxorcielebuliyo

etapobrivad, oTxi wlis manZilze, magram movlenebi

ufro swrafad ganviTarda: marto 1957 wlis ganmavlo-

baSi respublikaSi gadasaxlebulTa TiTqmis naxevari

dabrunda. amis Sedegad respublikaSi mkveTrad gaizar-

da Zaladoba, ramac rusi mosaxleobis saprotesto ga-

mosvlebis provocireba gamoiwvia (1957 wlis 26-27 ag-

vistos, groznoSi). yovelive amis Sedegad, erTi wlis

84

ganmavlobaSi, respublika datova 113 000-ma rusma, os-

ma, xunZma, ukrainelma da sxva erovnebis moqalaqem.

aRsaniSnavia, rom prigorodnis raioni CeCneT-in-

guSeTis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi ar iqna dabrune-

buli, is CrdiloeT oseTis xelisuflebis mmarTvelo-

bis qveS darCa. amis kompensaciis saxiT, CeCneT-ingu-

SeTs miuerTda respublikis CrdiloeTiT mimdebare ka-

zakuri raionebi (nauri, Selkovskoe da sxv.). Tumca,

amis miuxedavad, inguSebi prigorodnis raions yovel-

Tvis Tavisad ganixilavdnen da, Sesabamisad, es sadao

problema “miyuCebuli” konfliqtis keras warmoadgen-

da. 1992 wels inguSeTsa da Crdilo oseTs Soris prigo-

rodnos raionTan dakavSirebiT gamwvavebulma uTan-

xmoebam (18) mxareebi sisxlian konfliqtamde miiyvana.

mSvidobis aRdgenis mizniT saqmeSi ruseTis armiac ki

Caeria.

samwuxarod, dRemde prigorodnis problema mog-

varebuli ar aris. amJamad daZabulobis es kera or

xalxs Soris keTilmezoblur urTierTobebs aferxebs.

amitomac gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom inguSeTs, CeCneT-

inguSeTis respublikis gayofis Semdeg, ar aqvs zus-

tad, iuridiulad dadgenili sazRvari arc oseTTan da

arc CeCneTis respublikasTan.

inguSebisa da maTi mezobeli xalxebis urTier-

Tdamokidebulebis ganxilvisas aucilebelia iTqvas,

rom vainaxebs yvelaze kargi urTierToba mosazRvre

qarTvelebTan aqvT. marTalia, sabWoTa kavSiris daS-

lis Semdgom saqarTvelosa da ruseTis samxreTs Soris

saxelmwifo sazRvarma gaiara, magram inguSebisa da qar-

Tvelebis megobroba mainc grZeldeba. amis dadasture-

baa 2009 wlis 23 oqtombers TbilisSi gamarTuli saRa-

mo, romelic cnobil inguS poets iisa koZois 70 wlis-

Tavs mieZRvna (19).

85

Cerqezebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom CerqezeTis “istoriul miwe-

bi” ukve didi xania warsuls Cabarda, mexsierebaSi maT-

ze Semonaxuli monacemebi Tanamedrove politikur

procesebze dRemde sakmao gavlenas axdens.

zogierTi mosazrebiT, istoriulad CerqezeTis

teritoria moicavda Savi zRvis sanapiros dasavleTiT

da mdinare Tergis SesarTavamde arsebul miwa-wyals

aRmosavleTiT (inguSeTis CaTvliT). kavkasiaSi ruse-

Tis eqspansiis Sedegad me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi, yu-

banSi kazakebis Casaxleba da kordonis xazebis mSeneb-

loba daiwyo. amis Sedegad moxda abazebis dasaxlebebis

SavizRvispireTidan, yubanidan da dasavleT kavkasiis

mTiswineTidan gamodevna. kavkasiis omis (1817-1864) Se-

degad adiRur-afxazuri mosaxleoba sxvadasxva mona-

cemiT, TiTqmis 10-jer Semcirda. amJamad CerqezeTis

teritoria dayvanilia oTx arcTu ise did anklavad _

yabardo-balyareTis respublikad (20), yaraCai-Cerqe-

zeTis respublikad (21) da adiRes respublikad (22), ag-

reTve SafsuRTa gafantul aulebad soWisa da tuafses

raionebSi. sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi am an-

klavebma miiRes avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis statusi,

1990-ian wlebSi ki _ respublikebis statusi ruseTis

federaciis SemadgenlobaSi. SafsuRebis erovnuli

olqi, romelic 1924 w. Seiqmna, 1940 wels gaauqmes.

1999 wels erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis gam-

wvavebis pirobebSi yaraCai-CerqezeTSi gaCnda idea “di-

di CerqezeTis Seqmnis” Sesaxeb. marTalia, eTnopoliti-

kuri situaciis stabilizaciasTan erTad proeqti “di-

di CerqezeTi” Tavis aqtualobas kargavs xolme, perio-

dulad mainc xdeba misi win wamoweva. saerTod, adiRel

da afxaz xalxTa saerTo saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebis

ideiT Zalze xSirad spekulireben erovnuli elitebi,

romelTa mizans sakuTari xelisuflebis SenarCuneba

warmoadgens. amgvari agitacia-propagandiT iZabeba po-

litikuri viTareba, “mRvrie wyalSi” ki, rogorc cnobi-

lia, “Tevzis daWera” advilia.

86

proeqtebi “CerqezeTi”, “didi CerqezeTi”, “kavka-

siuri saxli” da sxvebi erovnul-teritoriuli niSniT

Tanamedrove ruseTis subieqtebis sazRvrebis Secvlas

gulisxmoben. aseT miznebSi safrTxe imaleba: terito-

riebis axali gadanawileba erovnulobis mixedviT res-

publikebidan arasatitulo eTnosTa warmomadgenle-

bis masobriv migracias gamoiwvevs, rac erovnebaTSori-

si konfliqtebis safuZvels qmnis. amas SeuZlia situa-

cia SeiaraRebul dapirispirebamdec miiyvanos (magali-

Tad, kazakebTan). Sesabamisad, moxdeba mdgomareobis

destabilizacia mTlianad kavkasiaSi.

kazakoba

ruseTis istoriaSi kazakoba seriozul samxedro-

politikur rols asrulebda, gansakuTrebiT es Sesam-

Cnevi iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. misi ukeTesad gacnobi-

erebis mizniT aucilebelia istoriaს gadavxedoT.

Tanamedrove gagebiT, kazakebi warmoadgenen aRmo-

savleT slavebis subeTnikur jgufs, romlebic gansax-

lebulni arian aRmosavleT evropis samxreTSi mdebare

stepebSi (ruseTსა da ukrainaSi - mdinareebis dneprisa

da donis auzSi), agreTve yazaxeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi

(mdinare uralis auzSi). termini “kazaki” ZveliTurqu-

li warmoSobisaa da “Tavisufal”, “Tavisuflebismoyva-

re mamac” adamians niSnavs. es saxelwodeba farTod gav-

rcelda XVI saukuneSi, roca moskovisa da litvis sam-

Tavrodan emigrirebuli aRmosavleTslavuri mosaxle-

oba samxreTiT, SavizRvispira stepebsa da mdinareebis -

dneprisa da donis auzSi mdebare teritoriebze dasax-

lda. XVII saukunisaTvis am regionSi Tavisufali kazake-

bis mravali dasaxleba gaCnda, romlebic mudam mzad iy-

vnen TavdacvisaTvis, gareSe mtrebisa da momxduris mo-

sagerieblad. permanentuli safrTxe kazakebs aiZuleb-

da gasamxedroebuli qvedanayofebi SeeqmnaT, romelic

“kazakTa jaris” (“kazaC’e voisko”) saxeliTaa cnobili.

87

XVIII saukuneSi SavizRvispira miwebis gamo polo-

neTsa da ruseTs Soris dapirispireba daiwyo. am regi-

onSi mcxovrebma kazakebma ruseTis imperiaSi yofna ar-

Cies, Sesabamisad, donisa da dnepris auzis teritoria

ruseTma SeierTa. rusuli saxelmwifo kazakobisagan

erTgul samsaxurs moiTxovda, samagierod, kazakebs ri-

gi SeRavaTebi da upiratesobebi dauwesa. mogvianebiT

kazakTa dasaxlebebi gavrcelda CrdiloeT kavkasiis

sxva raionebSic - mdinare yubanis auzSi, Tergispira

teritoriebze da a.S. Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda agreTve

kazakTa gansaxlebis samxedro-teritoriul-adminis-

traciuli TviTmmarTvelobis sistemac (magaliTad,

“terskii kazaCi krug”-is, “terskoe kazaCe voisko”-s da

“oblast voiska donskogo”-s saxiT).

kazakebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen ruseT-safran-

geTis omSi (1812-1815 wlebi), kavkasiis omebSi (1817-1864

wlebi), ruseT-TurqeTis omSi (1877-1878 wlebi), pirve-

li msoflio omis (1914-1918) frontebze. ruseTis armi-

aSi Seqmnili iyo kazakTa calke samxedro qvedanayofe-

bi - cxenosani (sakavalerio) diviziebi, polkebi, aseu-

lebi da sxva.

1917 wlisaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi

yubanis kazakebis (daaxloebiT milion 130 aTasi) gan-

saxlebis areals Seadgenda “maikopis otdelis” teri-

toria (dRevandeli adiRes respublika), “batalpaSinis

otdeli” (yaraCai-CerqezeTi da stavropolis mxaris

nawili). rac Seexeba Tergis kazakobas (raodenoba - 251

aTasi), isini gansaxlebulni iyvnen dRevandeli daRes-

tnis, yabardo-balyareTisa da stavropolis mxares So-

ris mdebare miwebze. donis kazakoba ki ZiriTadad mdi-

nare donis qvemo da Sua welSi arsebul teritoriaze

cxovrobda.

donisa da yuban-Tergis kazakoba mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebda samoqalaqo omis periodSi (1918-1920

wlebi), romlis drosac isini ZiriTadad monarqiis mom-

xreTa (anton denikinis “TeTri gvardiis”) mxareze ib-

rZodnen. sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamarjvebis Semdeg

ruseTis samxreTSi adminitraciul-teritoriuli da-

88

yofis Secvlis kvalobaze (“oblast voiska donskogo”-s

nawilis taganrogis mazrisaTvis mierTeba, donis ros-

tovis olqis daarseba), aq mcxovrebi kazakebi rsfsr-sa

da ukrainis ssr SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCndnen.

sabWoTa periodSi, 1930-ian wlebSi kazakobis sak-

maod didi nawili represirebul iqna, Tumca mogviane-

biT, sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis omis dawyebis dros, maTi

nawilobrivi reabilitacia moxda. aSkaraa, stalinma da

misma garemocvam mxedvelobaSi miiRo kazakTa sabrZo-

lo tradiciebi da gamocdileba, swored amitomac Ca-

moyalibda yubanisa da donis kazakTa gvardiuli cxe-

nosani korpusebi, meqanizebuli SenaerTebi. obieqtu-

robis principi moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom sabWoTa xe-

lisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg sazRvargareT emigri-

rebuli kazakebi ibrZodnen germaniis vermaxtis Semad-

genlobaSic sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg.

kazakobis aRorZineba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi 1990-

iani wlebidan daiwyo. am procesis ganviTarebas xeli

ruseTis mTavrobamac Seuwyo - gamoica dadgenileba

“represirebul kazakTa reabilitaciis Sesaxeb”, “sa-

xelmwifo politikis koncefcia kazakobasTan mimarTe-

biT” da sxva. amgvarma samarTlebrivma aqtebma uzrun-

velyo kazakTa statusi, maT mier saxelmwifo samsaxu-

ris gavlis wesi, administraciul-teritoriuli mar-

Tvis principebi da ase Semdeg.

2002 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, ruseTis samxre-

Tis federalur olqSi kazakebad sakuTar Tavs mosax-

leobis sakmaod didi nawili aRiqvamda. amJamad kazakTa

struqturebi am regionis yvela cametive subieqtSi ar-

sebobs (magaliTad, “terskoe kazaC’e voisko”, “kuban-

skoe kazaC’e voisko”, “donskoe kazaC’e voisko”…). aqve

SevniSnavT, rom gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi dawyebu-

li kazakTa aRorZinebis procesi dRemde ar dasrule-

bula.

samwuxarod, CrdiloeT kavkasiis kazakoba garkve-

uli politikuri Zalebis mier xSirad gamoiyeneba ise-

Ti madestabilizebeli miznebisaTvis, rogoricaa sepa-

ratistuli moZraobis xelSewyoba, separatizmis pro-

89

paganda, eTnikuri konfliqtebis provocireba da sxva.

sxvadasxva dros gaismoda moTxovnebi Seqmniliyo ka-

zakTa saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi - yubanis kazak-

Ta respublika (krasnodaris mxareSi), Tergisa da donis

kazakTa respublikebi (stavropolis mxaris, daRes-

tnis, CeCneTis, rostovisa da volgogradis olqebis

teritoriebze), abazTa kazakuri respublika (yaraCai-

CerqezeTSi).

samwuxarod, Crdilokavkasielma kazakebma negati-

uri roli Seasrules qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-

osuri konfliqtis procesSic. 1992 wlidan dRemde do-

nis, yubanisa da Tergis kazakTa garkveuli nawili, ia-

raRiT xelSi, permanentulad gamodis afxazi da osi se-

paratistebis mxareze, ukanonod Semodis saqarTvelos

teritoriaze, rac konfliqtur regionebSi isedac ar-

sebul arastabilur mdgomareobas kidev ufro amwva-

vebs. aSkaraa, rom yovelive es ruseTis centraluri xe-

lisuflebis xelSewyobiT Tu wayruebiT xdeba, amito-

mac pasuxismgebloba am sakiTxSi mTlianad moskovs

ekisreba.

amgvari destruqciuli moqmedebebisa da tenden-

ciebis gasaneitraleblad da aRsakveTad aucilebelia,

rom kazakTa aRorZinebis procesi kavkasiis xalxebi-

saTvis sasargeblo mimarTulebiT ganviTardes: kaza-

kebma xeli unda Seuwyon regionis xalxebs Soris mSvi-

dobis dacvas, eTnosebisadmi pativiscemas, im tradici-

ebis axleburad gaazrebas, romlebiTac kazakoba yo-

velTvis amayobda. kazakTa renesanss axali impulsi da

mecnieruli uzrunvelyofa esaWiroeba, rac sazogado-

ebas destruqciisa da eqstremizmisagan daicavs.

90

Tavi V Crdilo kavkasia (samxreT ruseTi): eTnikuri, konfesiuri mozaika da

migraciuli procesebi

kavkasiis xalxTa eTnikuri da enobrivi naTesaoba,

kulturuli da civilizaciuri erToba samxreT ruse-

Tis federaluri olqis teritoriaze xSirad vlindeba

rogorc politikuri konsolidaciis baza sxvadasxva

sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebisaTvis. eTnikuri TviT-

Segnebis zrda, gamravlebuli religiur aRorZinebaze,

mudmivad qmnis eTnikuri faqtoris politikuri mizne-

bisaTvis gamoyenebis safrTxes.

CrdiloeT kavkasiiს erovnuli moZraobebis mier

SemuSavebuli is proeqtebi, romlebic saxelmwifoeb-

riv mowyobasa da ruseTis federaciis subieqtebis saz-

Rvrebis cvlilebebs exeba, ZiriTadad, eTnolingvistu-

ri sazRvrebis administraciul da saxelmwifo saz-

RvrebTan damTxvevis principebs efuZneba (magaliTad,

yaraCai-balyareლთა, vainaxTa, CerqezTa, kazakTa res-

publikebis Seqmnis proeqtebi, ruseTis Semadgenloba-

Si lezgebiT, osebiT da abazebiT dasaxlebuli teri-

toriebis dabruneba). amasTan erTad, xsenebuli proeq-

tebi naklebad iTvaliswinebs socialur-ekonomikur

ganviTarebas, ukve Camoyalibebul sameurneo kavSirebs

da Sromis ganawilebas, xalxebis teritoriul daqucma-

cebas, saTanado sakomunikacio saSualebebis arqonasa

da sxva obieqtur faqtorebs. rogorc wesi, aseT proeq-

tebSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sxva eTnikuri jgufe-

bis interesebi, romlebic CrdiloeT kavkasiis yvela

regionSi cxovroben. aseTma situaciam bevrad Seuwyo

xeli 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTvelos omis

dawyebas, rasac Sedegad e.w. “samxreT oseTis” da `afxa-

zeTis~ respublikebis ruseTis federaciisa da naurus

mier damoukideblobis aRiareba da 50 aTasi eTnikurad

qarTuli mosaxleobis am regionidan gandevna mohyva.

91

Crdilo kavkasiaSi amJamad rva “erovnuli” res-

publikaa. Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebis mosaxleoba 2002

wlis ruseTis sayovelTao aRweris Sedegad 5 milion

285 aTas adamians Seadgenda. slavebi (rusebi, ukraine-

lebi, belorusebi) - 15 milion 300 aTass. imave aRweris

monacemebiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi samxreT kavkasiis

saxelmwifoebidan migrirebuli 826 aTasi kaci cxov-

robda (somxebi, azerbaijanelebi da qarTvelebi). aqve

unda aRvniSnoT, rom dRemde ar gamqrala Crdilokavka-

sieli xalxebis survili sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis

Seqmnisa, Tumca amgvari miznebi xSirad erTmaneTisadmi

eTnopolitikuri da eTnoteritoriuli pretenziebis

safuZveli xdeba. amasTan erTad, aq mcxovreb TiTqmis

milionamde somexs, qarTvels da azerbaijanels araso-

des gamouTqvamT raime politikuri pretenzia da maT

interesebs eTnopolitikuri xasiaTi ar miuRia. isini

sakmaod warmatebulad Tanaarseboben CrdiloeT kavka-

siaSi mcxovreb yvela xalxis warmomadgenlebTan.

miuxedavad amisa, unda gvaxsovdes, rom samxreT ru-

seTSi ekonomikuri situaciis mkveTr gauaresebas SesaZ-

loa socialur-politikuri klimatis gamwvaveba mohyves,

rac seriozulad gaarTulebs xalxebs Soris urTierTo-

bebs da aq mcxovreb samxreT kavkasieli xalxebis jgufebs

eTnosTaSoris politikur konfliqtebSi CaiTrevs.

2002 wlis ruseTis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRwe-

ris monacemebiT, samxreT ruseTis olqis enaTa ojaxe-

bis mcirericxovani jgufebis Sefardeba Semdegnairad

gamoiyureba: yvelaze mravalricxovania indoevropul

enaTa ojaxi - 16, 6 mln. adamiani (slavuri, somxuri, ira-

nuli, osuri, berZnuli da sxva jgufebi), iberiul-kav-

kasiur enaTa ojaxi (adiRur-afxazuri, naxur-daRes-

tnuri) - 4,4 mln. adamiani, es ojaxi ricxobrivad SeiZ-

leba SevadaroT alaTaur ojaxs (1,7 mln.) da somxur,

iranul, berZnul jgufebs (1,2 mln.).

92

qarTvelebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT da CrdiloeTiT

mcxovrebi xalxebis migraciebi saukuneebis manZilze

SeiniSneboda. Crdilo kavkasiaSi ZiriTadad qarTvele-

bi da somxebi midiodnen. saqarTvelosTan momijnave

Crdilokavkasiur aulebSi qarTuli ojaxebi cxovrob-

dnen, qarTul soflebSi ki - daRestnelebi, CeCnebi, in-

guSebi, osebi, adiRebi. xSirad iyo maT Soris danaTesa-

veba, aTaliyoba, dinastiuri qorwinebebi. cnobilia,

rom amgvari procesebis Sedegad saqarTveloSi gaCnda

qarTvel didebulTa (TavadTa) gvarebi - lekiSvilebi,

CerqeziSvilebi da sxva. aseve cnobilia, rom CeCneTSi

sam Teips (sagvareulos) - Zumsois, yeloisa da varando-

is - qarTuli warmomavloba aqvT.

qarTvelebis migracia Crdilo kavkasiaSi or Ziri-

Tad periodad SeiZleba davyoT: pirveli - XVII saukunis

Suaxanebidan XIX saukunis dasawyisis CaTvliT da meore

_ XIX saukunis pirveli naxevari _ XX saukunis dasawyisi.

qarTvelebis nawili, romelic 1725 wels mefe vaxtang me-

eqvses ruseTSi gamgzavrebis dros axlda, kaspiis sanapi-

ro raionebSi darCa. XVIII saukuneSi qarTvelebi upirate-

sad saxldebodnen yizlarSi (daRestanSi, 1735 wels) da

mozdokSi (Crd. oseTSi, 1762-63 wlebSi).

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi qarTuli saqoneli _ abre-

Sumi, oqrosa da vercxlis nakeTobebi da sxva _ didi

moTxovnilebiT sargeblobda. qarTveli mefeebi, Crdi-

lokavkasielebTan savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobe-

bis ganmtkicebis mizniT, maT mier warmoebul saqonels,

winaprebis mier dawesebuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, sa-

baJo gadasaxadebisgan aTavisuflebdnen. CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi XVIII saukunis meore

naxevarSi saqarTvelosa da ruseTis ekonomikur daax-

loebaSi did rols asrulebdnen. am process xels uw-

yobda or saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli xelSekrule-

bis (1783 wlis giorgievskis traqtatis) erT-erTi pun-

qti, romelic qarTvel da rus vaWrebs ruseTisa da sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze uflebebSi aTanabrebda.

93

Crdilo kavkasiaSi qarTvelebis migraciis meore

etapi im dros xdeba, rodesac saqarTvelo ruseTis im-

periam miierTa da kavkasiis omi dasrulda. 1863-64

wlebSi, adiRebis masobrivi gadasaxlebis (muxajiro-

bis) Sedegad, md.bzifidan (afxazeTSi) novorosiiskamde

didi teritoriebi Tavisufldeboda. am teritoriebze

carizmis politika mizanmimarTul migracias axorcie-

lebda da im imediT, rom am mxaris imperiasTan mierTeba

eTnografiuladac momxdariyo, xels upiratesad ruse-

bis dasaxlebas uwyobda. Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom

carizmi ar krZalavda qarTvelebisa da somxebisaTvis

miwebis gadacemasa da iq maT dafuZnebas. sainteresoa,

rom bevri qarTveli gakazakda, rasac mefis moxeleebic

xels uwyobdnen. gakazakeba niSnavda, rom maT garkveu-

li statusi eniWebodaT, privilegiebsa da socialuri

daxmarebis CaTvliT. arsebobda mefis specialuri cir-

kularebi rusi moxeleebisaTvis, romelTa Tanaxmad,

qarTvelebs araviTari dabrkoleba ar unda SeqmnodaT

kazakis wodebis misaRebad. swored am droisaTvis Cnde-

ba yubanSi Semdegi stanicebi (kazakTa dasaxlebebi): min-

grelskaia, gruzinskaia, tiflisskaia. unda miviCnioT,

rom am stanicebis mosaxleobis didi nawili qarTvele-

bi iyvnen. axali qarTuli dasaxlebebi Cndeba Savi zRvis

guberniaSi - soWis midamoebSi (plastunka, mamaika, no-

vaia zaria) da Tergis olqSi (alagiri, dRevandeli

CrdiloeT oseTi). aRsaniSnavia, rom 1879-82 wlebSi

alagirSi 120 qarTuli ojaxi cxovrobda, xolo 1897 wels

soWTan axlos mdebare sofel plastunkaSi - 97 qarTuli

ojaxi, romlebic ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelodan -

imereTidan, samegrelodan da raWidan iyvnen migrire-

bulni. XIX saukunis bolos qarTvelTa dasaxlebis pro-

cesi iwyeba yabardo-balyareTSi (nalCikSi).

1888 wels vladikavkazSi gaixsna qarTuli skola,

romlis damaarsebeli iyo qarTveli sazogado moRvawe

mixeil yifiani. igi cnobil os poetTan da prozaikos-

Tan kosta xeTagurovTan megobrobda. XX saukunis da-

sawyisSi vladikavkazSi aSenda wminda ninos saxelobis

eklesiac, romelic dResac moqmedia. sainteresoa, rom

94

am taZarSi moinaTla sruliad saqarTvelos kaToli-

kos-patriarqi, uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia meore.

qarTuli skolebi daarsda soWSi (1921 wels) da

nalCikSi (1932 wels). Seiqmna qarTuli saxalxo Teatre-

bic - magaliTad soWSi, olRa wiTlaZis mier, romelic

pirveli iyo am mxareSi. es Teatri axlo kavSirSi iyo

Tbilisis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Te-

atrTan. samwuxarod, aseTi kavSirebi dRes ukve Sewyve-

tilia. sabWoTa periodSi nalCikis axlos ilia gobe-

jiSvilis uSualo iniciativiT daarsebul iqna qarTu-

li kolmeurneoba, romelic erT-erTi mowinave iyo ya-

bardo-balyareTSi. saintereso faqtia, rom ilia gobe-

jiSvili orjer (1937-1938 da 1943-44 wlebSi) iqna arCe-

uli nalCikis saqalaqo aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tav-

mjdomared (dRevandeli gagebiT, nalCikis merad).

1950-ian wlebSi ssrk saxelmwifo premiis laurea-

tis, ialbuzis eqspediciis xelmZRvanelis, Tbiliseli

profesoris giorgi sulaqveliZis didi xelSewyobiT,

nalCikSi daarsda geofizikis instituti, romelic

dRes msoflioSi cnobili samecniero dawesebulebaa (1).

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi afxazeTis konfliq-

tis Sedegebma da saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma mZime ekono-

mikurma viTarebam CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi qarTvelebis

axali migracia ganapiroba.

qarTvelebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (ruseTis sam-

xreT federalur olqSi) arcTu ise bevria - 2002 wlis

monacemebiT, maTi raodenoba 60, 6 aTas adamians Sead-

genda. aqedan rostovis olqSi cxovrobda10,6 aTasi,

krasnodaris mxareSi - 20 aTasi, stavropolis mxareSi -

8,7 aTasi, CrdiloeT oseTSi - 10,8 aTasi. aRsaniSnavia,

rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (umetesad yubanSi) cxovro-

ben e.w. “Turqi-mesxebic” (2), romelTa raodenoba 75

aTass aRwevs.

postsabWour CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mimdinare de-

mokratizaciis procesebs ukavSirdeba regionSi qar-

Tuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo centrebis Seq-

mnac: “varZia” - rostovis olqSi, “erToba” - Crdilo

oseTSi, “iveria” - soWSi, “rioni” - nalCikSi.

95

somxebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg somexTa raodeno-

ba samxreT ruseTis federalur olqSi gaormagda, gan-

sakuTrebiT - stavropolis mxareSi. aqtiurad matu-

lobs somxebis raodenoba krasnodaris mxareSic. am re-

gionebSi somxebi mravali saukunis win sakmaod kompaq-

turad iyvnen dasaxlebulni (3), arsebobda somxuri to-

ponimikac. oficialuri monacemebiT (2002 wlis 1 ian-

vris mdgomareobiT), somexi mosaxleobis raodenoba

Crdilo kavkasiaSi Seadgenda 615 aTas adamians. somxebi

mosaxleobis ricxobrivi raodenobiT stavropolis

mxareSi meore adgilze arian, krasnodaris mxareSi da

rostovis olqSi ki - mesameze.

Crdilo kavkasiaSi gamoyofen somexTa ramdenime

jgufs - Cerqezebs (armaviris, maikopis, krasnodaris

raionebSi), amSenebs (maikopSi, krasnodarSi, tuapsesa

da soWSi), donelebs (nor-naxWevanSi, romelsac mogvia-

nebiT saxeli donis naxWevniT Seecvala; proletarskis

raionSi).

mefis ruseTi xels uwyobda Crdilo kavkasiaSi

somxebis, berZnebis, ukrainelebis, qarTvelebisa da

sxva qristiani xalxebis Casaxlebasa da im mxaris aTvi-

sebas. ruseTis imperiis xelisufleba cdilobda am re-

gionSi iseTi socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebi Seeqmna,

romlis drosac miwaTmoqmedebiT, xelosnobiT dakave-

buli mosaxleoba xelisuflebis mimarT loialurad

ganwyobili iqneboda.

sabWoTa periodis CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (dasavleT

nawilSi) arsebobdnen iseTi administraciuli raione-

bi, romelTa mosaxleobis umetesobas somxebi Seadgen-

dnen. magaliTad, 1926-1953 wlebSi maikopis olqis Se-

madgenlobaSi Sedioda stanica elisavetpoli (daba Sa-

umiani - 1938 wels); qalaq donis rostovis axlos dRe-

sac arsebobs miasnikovis raioni (centriT sofel Cal-

tirSi).

gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi yubanisa da stavro-

polis mxareebSi da rostovis olqSi samxreT kavkasii-

96

dan somex ltolvilTa nakadebis Semodineba Zlierde-

ba. Crdilo kavkasiis yvela regionSi Seqmnilia da fun-

qcionirebs somxuri kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sa-

zogadoebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamad eTnokulturu-

li TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis sakiTxebi swored

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sazogadoebebSi wydeba

da ara erovnul raionebSi.

dRes somexTa migraciis veqtori rusuli migraci-

is veqtors imeorebs - samxreT-aRmosavleTidan Crdi-

lo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. garkveuli koreqtire-

ba amaSi Seaqvs aqtiur imigracias somxeTidan da azer-

baijanidan (somxur-azerbaijanuli konfliqtis Sede-

gad). somxuri mosaxleobis yovelwliuri zrda am regi-

onSi eTnosTaSorisi daZabulobis garkveul safuZvels

warmoadgens, radgan ekonomikis sferoSi interesTa

konfliqti warmoiqmneba (pirvel rigSi, es exeba vaWro-

bisa da momsaxurebis sferoebs).

azerbaijanelebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi azerbaijanelebis ricxvis

intensiuri zrda, sxva periodebisagan gansxvavebiT,

ukanaskneli oci wlis manZilze SeiniSneba. am regionSi

maTi raodenoba daaxloebiT 186 aTass Seadgens.

azerbaijanuli ena miekuTvneba alTauri ojaxis

Turqul enaTa jgufs, xolo anTropologiurad azer-

baijanelebi samxreTevropeiduli rasis kaspiur tips

warmoadgenen. azerbaijanelTa eTnogenezSi monawile-

obas iRebda manas, kavkasiuri albaneTis (Zv.welTaR-

ricxvis I aTaswleuli), midiis, atropatenis (Zv.wel-

TaRricxvis IV da ax.welTaRricxvis VII saukune) mosax-

leoba, agreTve iranulenovani da Turqulenovani mom-

Tabareebi, skviTebi, hunebi, bulgarebi, paWanikebi,

Turq-seljukebi da TaTar-monRolebi. Tanamedrove

azerbaijanis teritoriaze arsebul kavkasiis albaneT-

Si qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad iyo gamocxadebu-

li. mogvianebiT, aq mcxovrebma xalxebma islamuri re-

97

ligia miiRes, rac kavkasiaSi arabTa laSqrobebma da

dapyrobebma ganapiroba. paralelurad, SemoRebul iq-

na arabuli damwerloba da arabuli kulturis sxva

tradiciebi. azerbaijanelebi Sediodnen hulagidebis

(XIII saukune) saxelmwifoSi, xolo XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi

_ jer osmaleTis imperiis, Semdeg ki iranis (sparseTis)

SemadgenlobaSi.

azerbaijanelTa tradiciuli saqmianoba Crdilo-

eT kavkasiaSi miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleobaa. garda

amisa, ganviTarebulia Sina xelosnoba, matylisa da

tyavis warmoeba, abreSumis damuSaveba. azerbaijanele-

bi dakavebulni arian meqanizebuli soflis meurneo-

biT, mrewvelobiT, inteleqtualuri SromiT.

Crdilokavkasieli azerbaijanelebidan cnobili

arian mecnierebisa da kulturis ganTqmuli moRvawee-

bi: poeti faTali velikenteli (XVIII s.), mecnieri yazem-

beki (XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebi) da sxvebi.

amJamad SeiniSneba Crdilokavkasieli azerbaija-

nelebis erovnuli TviTSegnebis zrda. regionis mTel

rig qalaqebSi Seiqmna da moqmedebs azerbaijanuli

kulturuli sazogadoebebi.

azerbaijanuli folklori axloa kavkasiis xal-

xur zepirsityvier SemoqmedebasTan: farTodaa gav-

rcelebuli zRaprebi, Tqmulebebi (“qor-oRli, “asli

da qerimi”, “aSik-Raribi” da sxva). azerbaijanelebis

cxovrebaSi didi adgili ukavia saxalxo momRerlebs -

aSuRebs, poetebs, musikosebs. popularulia mola nas-

redinTan dakavSirebuli anegdotebi, sazeimod aRiniS-

neba muslimuri dResaswaulebi - “novruz-bairami” (axa-

li wlis dadgoma), “uraza-bairami” da “yurban-bairami”.

amJamad CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi azerbaijanelTa gan-

saxlebis arealia daRestani (75,5 aTasi), krasnodaris

mxare (10,3 aTasi), stavropolis mxare (10,2 aTasi), ros-

tovis olqi (10,2 aTasi).

azerbaijanelTa intensiuri migracia da maTi gan-

saxleba tradiciuli sacxovrebeli raionebis (kaspiis

zRvis sanapiro da samxreT daRestani) miRma SesamCne-

vad zrdis ararusi xalxebis saerTo raodenobas ruse-

98

Tis federaciis samxreT subieqtebSi, Sesabamisad, ic-

vleba adgilobrivi da mosuli mosaxleobis Tanafar-

dobac. migrantebis damkvidreba socialurad da eko-

nomikurad mimzidvel teritoriebze, maT Soris saz-

Rvrispirazec, adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan dapirispi-

rebis riskebs zrdis, xels uwyobs Crdilovani ekonomi-

kis matebas, xelisuflebis korumpirebas, sazogadoe-

bis garkveuli nawilis kriminalizebas, fuladi saxsre-

bis sazRvargareT ukontrolo gadinebas.

rusebi kavkasiaSi

rusebis kavkasiaSi aqtiuri Casaxleba XVIII sauku-

neSi daiwyo. 1795 wels CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi 111,4 aTasi

rusi cxovrobda, romlebic regionis mosaxleobis 8,8%

Seadgendnen.

rac Seexeba samxreT kavkasias, aq XIX saukunis 50-

iani wlebis bolos rusebis ricxvi 32 aTas adamians aR-

wevda. maTi ZiriTadi raodenoba saqarTveloSi cxov-

robda. 1875 wels samxreT kavkasiaSi 73 aTasi rusi iyo,

1897 wlisaTvis ki maTi raodenoba ukve 243 aTas adami-

ans Seadgenda.

1926 wlis monacemebiT, rusuli mosaxleobis rao-

denobam samxreT kavkasiaSi 337 aTasamde moimata. 1939

wlisaTvis maTma ricxvma 888 aTasi adamiani Seadgina.

maTi ZiriTadi nawili wina kavkasiaSi - baris nawilSi

cxovrobda. faqtobrivad, rusebiT samxreT kavkasia

ufro metad iyo dasaxlebuli, vidre CrdiloeTi kavka-

sia, sadac erovnul-teritoriul warmonaqmnebSi mxo-

lod 876,5 aTasi rusi cxovrobda.

1959 wels kavkasiis respublikebsa da avtonomiur

warmonaqmnebSi cxovrobda 2,2 mln. rusi. kavkasiaSi, wi-

na kavkasiis baris CaTvliT, cxovrobda 9 milion 864

aTasi rusi adamiani, maT Soris samxreT kavkasiaSi - 965

aTasi adamiani. aqve unda aRvniSnoT: rusi mecnieri v.be-

lozerovi xazs usvams, rom Tu 1897 wels ruseTis saz-

Rvrebs gareT mxolod 8,1% rusi cxovrobda, 1959 wels

99

marto kavkasiaze ruseTis mTliani mosaxleobis 10,1%

(eTnikuri rusi) modioda (4).

ruseTis demografiuli eqspansia kavkasiaSi Sem-

dgom wlebSic grZeldeba: XX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis

mijnaze mTavrdeba rusebis socialuri eqspansia sam-

xreT kavkasiaSi: jer saqarTveloSi, Semdgom azerbai-

jansa da somxeTSi. 80-iani wlebis bolos, samxreT kav-

kasiaSi cxovrobda 785 aTasi rusi. am periodSi daiwyo

rusi mosaxleobis Semcirebis procesi. oficialuri

monacemebiT, 1979-1989 wlebSi rusebis raodenoba sam-

xreT kavkasiaSi 187 aTasi adamianiT Semcirda, ZiriTa-

dad migraciis Sedegad. es iyo rusi mosaxleobis kavka-

siis mTiani regionebidan neli, magram mdgradi Semci-

rebis tendencia.

rac Seexeba CrdiloeT kavkasias: aq rusebis demog-

rafiuli eqspansiis dasrulebis niSnebi pirvelad da-

RestanSi gaCnda (1960-ian wlebSi), Semdgom - CeCneT-in-

guSeTsa da Crdilo oseTSi (1970-1980 wlebSi), mogvia-

nebiT, 1990-ian wlebSi, am tendenciam Tavi iCina yabar-

do-balyareTSi, yaraCai-CerqezeTsa da adiReSi. rusi

mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba respublikebSi yovel-

wliurad 10-11 aTasi adamianiT mcirdeboda. amasTan

erTad, rusi mosaxleobis Semcirebis tempi am etapze

garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba yvela respublikaSi ruse-

bis bunebriv zrdas da migraciul matebas sam erovnul-

teritoriul warmonaqmnSi (yabardo-balyareTi, yara-

Cai-CerqezeTi da adiRe).

amJamad rusebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi yvelaze mra-

valricxovani xalxia. isini moicaven Semdeg subeTno-

sebs: donis, yubanisa da Tergis kazakebs. 1989 wlis aR-

weriT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi cxovrobda 11 milion 232

aTasi adamiani (68,9%), magram federaciis subieqtebSi

isini araTanabrad arian gansaxlebuli: adiReSi - 293,6

aTasi (68%), daRestanSi - 165,9 aTasi (9,2%), yabardo-

balyareTSi - 240,7 aTasi (32%), yaraCai-CerqezeTSi -

175,9 aTasi (42,4%), krasnodaris mxareSi - 3 milion 906,8

aTasi (84,6%), rostovis olqSi - 3 milion 844,3 aTasi

(89,6%), CrdiloeT oseTSi - 189,2 aTasi (29,9%), stavro-

100

polis mxareSi - 2 milion 24 aTasi (83,9%), CeCneTsa da

inguSeTSi - 293,8 aTasi (23,1%), yalmuxeTSi - 121,5 aTasi

(37,7%) adamiani.

aRsaniSnavia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis rig respub-

likebSi, iseve rogorc samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi

(azerbaijani, somxeTi, saqarTvelo), derusifikaciis

procesi SeiniSneba, kerZod, CeCneTsa da inguSeTSi,

romlebic rusi mosaxleobisgan TiTqmis mTlianad dai-

cala. 1989-2005 wlebSi kavkasiaSi rusi mosaxleoba 1

mln. meti adamianiT Semcirda. es procesi jer samxreT

kavkasiaSi, kerZod, azerbaijanSi daiwyo, Semdeg gag-

rZelda Crdilo kavkasiaSi - daRestanSi, CeCneT-ingu-

SeTSi da a.S. am procesis Semdgomi etapia sazRvrispira

da kompaqturad dasaxlebuli slavuri raionebidan

rusuli mosaxleobis gadineba da maT adgilze migran-

tebis Casaxleba (krasnodarisa da stavropolis mxare-

ebSi, rostovis, volgogradisa da astraxanis olqebSi).

garda amisa, sazRvrispira mcxovrebi rusebis mig-

raciuli ganwyoba ganpirobebulia vahabizmis gavrce-

lebis riskiTa da CeCneTidan dabrunebul arakanonier

SeiaraRebul formirebaTa monawileebTan arsebuli

dapirispirebiTac.

CeCneTSi mimdinare samxedro moqmedebebma, araCeC-

nuri mosaxleobis uuflebobam, dausrulebelma tero-

rizmma, olqebisa da mxareebis ekonomikuri da socia-

luri sferoebis rRvevam am regionebis (CeCneTi, ingu-

SeTi) rusebisa da rusulenovani mosaxleobisagan dac-

la gamoiwvia. minimumamdea Semcirebuli rusuli mosax-

leobis raodenoba daRestanSic.

rusi mosaxleobis gadinebis zogadi mizezebia

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla, ekonomikuri krizisi, umuSev-

roba, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi, kavkasiel xalxTa

Soris winaaRmdegobebi, mosaxleobis diferenciacia

eTnikuri da ekonomikuri niSniT. rusebis migracia

CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebidan ruseTis saxel-

mwifoebriobisTvis safrTxis Semcveli faqtoria.

ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis samxreT samecnie-

ro centrSi gamocemul “atlasSi” xazi aqvs gasmuli,

101

rom “samxreT ruseTSi erTbaSad rusi mosaxleobis Sem-

cireba safrTxes uqmnis qveynis mTlianobas da saxel-

mwifos erTianobas. dRes kavkasiis respublikebSi vxe-

davT monoeTnikuri da monokulturuli sazogadoebe-

bis formirebis process. amas, Tavis mxriv, mivyavarT

rogorc adgilobrivi liderebis gaZlierebis, aseve

ruseTis sazogadoebisagan adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

izolaciisaken. gardauvali xdeba ruseTis federaciis

am subieqtebis centridan marTvis xarisxis dacema” (5).

eTnikur-migraciuli procesebis tendenciebi samxreT ruseTSi

samxreT ruseTis teritoriaze migraciul proce-

sebs, ZiriTadad, erTi veqtori aqvs - samxreTidan da

samxreT-aRmosavleTidan CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo-da-

savleTiT. migraciuli nakadis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa

krasnodarisa da rostovis olqebis samxreTi da dasav-

leTi raionebi, mosaxleobis simWidrove obieqtur wi-

napirobebs qmnis eTnosTaSoris daZabulobis da loka-

luri konfliqtebis kerebis gaCenisaTvis.

amJamad eTnikur imigracias Sua aziidan da yazaxe-

Tidan Crdilo kavkasiaSi (“Turqi mesxebi”) didi masSta-

bebi ar aqvs, magram centraluri aziis qveynebSi jer ki-

dev rCeba kavkasiuri diasporebi, romlebic, socia-

lur-politikuri situaciis gauaresebis SemTxvevaSi,

Crdilo kavkasiis respublikebSi, anda, rac ufro Se-

saZlebelia, “rusul” olqebSi dabrundebian. yvelaze

didi problemebi Crdilo kavkasiaSi “Turqi mesxebis”

binadrobasTanaa dakavSirebuli - krasnodaris mxareSi,

magaliTad, “Turqi mesxebis” kompaqturad Casaxleba

mudmivi eTnosTaSorisi daZabulobis faqtori gaxda .

amasTan, unda SevniSnoT, rom 1990-2003 wlebSi mig-

raciuli mateba-klebis geografiam ori mniSvnelovani

tendencia gamokveTa.

pirveli _ 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi migraciu-

li procesebis gaaqtiureba da 1994-2002 wlebSi misi

102

TandaTanobiT TiTqmis nulamde dayvana. Semdgom peri-

odSi kvlav SeiniSneba garkveuli raodenobiT misi

zrda. daRestneli mecnieri m.S. rizaxanova aRniSnavs,

rom 1996 wlidan rusebis daRestanSi dabrunebis faq-

tebi SeiniSneba, radgan “daRestnelma rusebma Tavisi

socialur-eTnikuri mentaliteti ukve Camoayalibes

da Znelad eguebian cxovrebas rusebiT dasaxlebul

ZirZvel regionebSi” (6).

meore _ migraciuli procesebis uTanabroba

Crdilo kavkasiaSi. stavropolsa da krasnodaris mxa-

reebSi, adiResTan erTad, migracia SedarebiT nakle-

bad SeiniSneba, rostovis olqsa da inguSeTSi ki umniS-

vnelo matebaa. migraciuli procesebis Semcireba xdeba

Crdilo kavkasiis sxva respublikebSi (yalmuxeTi, CeC-

neTi, daRestani), astraxanisa da volgogradis olqeb-

Si. gamoikveTa tendencia migraciis klebis zonis ga-

farToebisa Crdilo kavkasiis samxreTiTa da aRmosav-

leTiT.

amasTan erTad, SeimCneva negatiuri kanonzomiere-

ba, romelic gamoixateba CrdiloeT kavkasiis aRmosav-

leTis raionebis mosaxleobis Semcirebasa da regionis

dasavleT teritoriebze migraciuli procesis zrdaSi.

migraciis amgvarad Camoyalibebuli veqtori, erTi

mxriv, qmnis aRmosavleT raionebis sameurneo aTvise-

bis, ruseTis saxelmwifoebriobis poziciebis Semcire-

bis, xolo meore mxriv, regionis dasavlur nawilSi so-

cialur da eTnosTaSoriso daZabulobas zrdis risks.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Sidamigraciuli procesebi

mimdinareobs TviT CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikeb-

Sic. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi veqtori _ mTiani

raionebidan barSi gadaadgileba. magaliTad, bolo

wlebSi daRestanSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs mTis mosax-

leobis mier respublikis baris raionebis sameurneo

aTviseba, rac aq mcxovrebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

garkveul ukmayofilebas iwvevs. gavixsenoT, rom da-

RestanSi 30-ze meti eTnosi cxovrobs. am respublikis

baris raionebSi daregistrirebulia mTidan Camosuli

47 aTasi adamiani. miwa xom kavkasielisTvis aramarto

103

ekonomikur Rirebulebas, aramed arsebobis, eTnikuri

da kulturuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis safuZ-

velsac warmoadgens, amgvari teritoriuli eqspansia ki

kavkasielebSi eTnosis arsebobis safuZvlebis pirda-

pir xelyofad miiCneva.

amrigad, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mosaxleobis buneb-

rivi klebis dros, migracia mcxovrebTa raodenobis

Sevsebisa da bazris muSaxeliT gajerebis erTaderT

wyarod iqca. Tumca, rogorc ukve vTqviT, regionSi

migraciam piks 1994-95 wlebSi miaRwia, ris Sedegadac

yvela subieqtSi misi klebis procesi daiwyo. dRes re-

gionis mosaxleobis demografiuli Semcireba migraci-

iTac ki ver gadaifareba.

cnobilia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis migraciul na-

kadebSi didi adgili uWiravs SromiT migracias. amgva-

ri migrantebis dasaqmebis ZiriTadi sfero mrewvelo-

bis, soflisa da mSeneblobis dargebia. magaliTad,

rostovis olqSi migrantebis 77% mrewvelobis, sof-

lis meurneobisa da mSeneblobis sferoebSi dasaqmebu-

li, gacilebiT naklebad (13%) arian isini CarTulebi

vaWrobisa da sazogadoebrivi kvebis dargebSi. samwuxa-

rod, sazogadoebaSi Seiqmna stereotipi, rom migranti,

ZiriTadad, mxolod vaWaria. es SeiZleba dakavSirebu-

li iyos oficialuri statistikis arasrul monacemeb-

Tan, radgan cnobilia, rom bevri migranti ruseTSi ara-

legalurad cxovrobs. amgvari stereotipis kidev erTi

mizezi isaa, rom warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli migrantebi im-

denad TvalSi sacemni ar arian, rogorc, magaliTad,

vaWrobaSi, biznessa da momsaxurebis sferoSi (7).

unda aRvniSnoT, rom aralegaluri migracia qmnis

mTel rig socialur problemebs, xels uwyobs krimina-

lizacias, zrdis korufcias regionSi, axdens zewolas

Sromisa da binis bazarze. aralegaluri migrantebi

iZulebulni arian, daTanmxdnen Sromis dabal anazRau-

rebas, muSaoben socialuri garantiebis gareSe. yove-

live amis Sedegad, adgilobrivi muSaxelisaTvis Sro-

mis bazarze araTanabari pirobebi iqmneba: damsaqme-

bels uCndeba SesaZlebloba, Seumciros xelfasebi yve-

104

la momuSaves, anda isini iafi muSaxeliT Secvalos. ra

Tqma unda, amgvari politika socialuri da erovnebaT-

Soriso Tanxmobisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebas xels ar

uwyobs.

mdgomareobis gamosworeba SeuZlia marTvad Sro-

miT migracias, rac ekonomikis ganviTarebis mniSvnelo-

vani faqtoria. amisaTvis unda SemuSavdes rogorc re-

gionuli (kavkasiuri), aseve yvela calke qveynis (saqar-

Tvelo, somxeTi, azerbaijani, ruseTis federacia) mig-

raciuli politika. aucilebloba moiTxovs Seicvalos

migraciuli aqtivobis veqtoric. Tu SromiT migracias

organizebuli (marTvadi) xasiaTis miecema da migran-

tebisTvis cxovrebisa da muSaobis normaluri pirobe-

bi Seiqmneba, aseTi politika kavkasiis mWidrod dasax-

lebul regionebSi socialur daZabulobas Seamcirebs,

ganaviTarebs mcirericxovan raionebs da Tavidan agva-

cilebs eTnosTaSoris daZabulobis zrdas migrante-

biT dasaxlebul raionebSi.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa religiuri aRmsarebloba

CrdiloeTi kavkasia istoriulad yvela msoflio

religiis Tanaarsebobis tradiciiT gamoirCeva (8). ru-

seTis federaciis mTlianobis SenarCunebas saxelmwi-

fos moqnili politika da sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis

xalxTa Semwynarebloba uzrunvelyofs. ruseTis usaf-

rTxoebis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, am regionSi

mosaxleobis religiur struqturas principuli mniS-

vneloba aqvs. es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba bolo wlebSi,

rodesac religiuri faqtori eqstremistuli moZrao-

bis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda.

ruseTis samxreT federalur olqSi ori msxvili

konfesiaa - qristianuli da muslimuri (zogadad, kon-

fesiebisadmi mikuTvnebis gasagebad eTnikuri kuTvni-

lebis principi gamoiyeneba). arian agreTve budistebic

(yalmuxeTSi). Crdilokavkasiel marTlmadideblebsa

105

da budistebs Soris WeSmaritad morwmuneTa raodenoba

araumetes 10-15%-ia, xolo muslimuri mosaxleobis

umetesi nawili (60%) morwmuneni arian. yabardo-balya-

reTis, yaraCai-CerqezeTis, adiRes mosaxleoba naklebi

religiurobiT gamoirCeva (20-30%). CrdiloeT kavkasi-

is aRmosavleT nawilSi gamoikveTa daRestnis, CeCne-

Tis, inguSeTis xalxTa kulturul-civilizaciuri gan-

calkevebis tendencia, sadac mosaxleobis mkveTri is-

lamizacia rusi da rusulenovani qristiani mosaxleo-

bis gadinebis fonze mimdinareobs.

amJamad ruseTis samxreT federalur olqSi TiT-

qmis 3,5 aTasi religiuri organizacia funqcionirebs.

maT Soris metad gavlenians miekuTvnebian ruseTis

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis 8 eparqia, 11 muslimuri

sasuliero sammarTvelo da 3 muslimTa centralizebu-

li religiuri organizacia.

mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom daregistrire-

buli religiuri organizaciebis ricxvi ama Tu im kon-

fesiis Zalisa da gavlenis maCvenebeli ar aris. regis-

tracia dakavSirebulia xelisuflebis damokidebule-

basTan daregistrirebuli struqturebisadmi. rusuli

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis samwyso (mrevli) regis-

traciasTan dakavSirebiT siZneleebs ar ganicdis. aR-

saniSnavia, rom 1997 wlis Semdeg religiuri organiza-

ciebis registraciaze uaris Tqmis praqtika gavrcel-

da. am mxriv sirTuleebs ganicdian sazRvargareTuli

protestantuli organizaciebi. staroverTa religiu-

ri Temi da muslimTa sasoflo Temebi (jamaaTebi) re-

gistracias saWirod ar Tvlian.

2005 wlis pirveli ivlisisTvis daRestanSi dare-

gistrirebuli iyo rusuli marTlmadidebluri ekle-

siis 5 organizacia, islamis - 1786, protestantebis - 11,

sul - 1806; yabardo-balyareTSi: rusuli marTlmadi-

debluri eklesiis 20 organizacia, islamis -115, pro-

testantebis - 23, sul - 152; stavropolis mxareSi: ru-

suli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis 284 organizacia,

islamis - 8, protestantebis - 136, budisturi - 2, sul -

430; rostovis olqSi: rusuli marTlmadidebluri ek-

106

lesiis 257 organizacia, islamis - 17, protestantebis -

121, sul - 395.

bolo wlebSi ukve arsebuli religiuri organiza-

ciebidan axali damoukidebeli eparqiebisa da muftia-

tebis gamoyofis tendencia SeimCneva. kerZod, ramdeni-

mejer iyo mcdeloba calke Seqmniliyo stavropolis

mxaris muslimTa sasuliero mmarTveloba.

oficialuri islamis saorganizacio struqture-

bi Tavis gavlenas aqtiurad avrceleben tradiciul

rusul mxareebsa da olqebSi.

Tu rusulma marTlmadideblurma konfesiam Sem-

dgomSic ganagrZo Tavisi moRvaweoba “zemodan qvemoT”,

maSin, SeiZleba, man regionSi Tavisi poziciebi dakar-

gos. Sesabamisad, gaZlierdebian sxva konfesiebi da seq-

tebi. aseTi tendencia naTlad gamoCnda stavropolis

mxaris krasnogvardeiskis raionis religiuri mosaxle-

obis magaliTze, sadac zogierTi religiuri moZraoba

(mag. “ieRovas mowmeebi”) aqtiurad aris dakavebuli sa-

zogadoebrivi da misioneruli moRvaweobiT. regionSi

aratradiciuli konfesiuri moZraobebis (magaliTad,

protestantizmis) aqtiuri misioneruli moRvaweoba

rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis winaaRmdegobas

awydeba da socialur-kulturuli sferos daZabulo-

bis kidev erTi wyaro xdeba.

Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa ZiriTadi raodenoba,

iseve rogorc mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi, iranisa da

erayis nawilis gamoklebiT, sunituri islamis mimdev-

rebi arian. Siitebi, romelTa sasuliero centri ira-

nia, SedarebiT mcirericxovania da isini samxreT ru-

seTSi azerbaijanelebiT arian warmodgenilni.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg muslimTa marTvis

centraluri organoebi dairRva. 1990-iani wlebis meo-

re naxevarSi jamaaTebis Sekreba respublikuri muftia-

Tebis xelisuflebis qveS daiwyo. oficialuri islami

dRes warmodgenilia muslimTa sasuliero mmarTvelo-

biT (msm) da maTi kontrolis qveS myofi organizacie-

biT. msm-is politikaSi gamoikveTa miswrafeba religi-

ur moRvaweobaze mkacri kontrolis dawesebisken . um-

107

ravles SemTxvevaSi imams mufti niSnavs da igi mrevlis

mier ar airCeva. sagareo warmomadgenlobac, saerTaSo-

riso kontaqtebis CaTvliT, sasuliero mmarTvelobis

prerogativas Seadgens. am bolo dros gavrcelda imam-

Ta atestaciis praqtika - ara imdenad maTi kompetenci-

is gamoyenebis, aramed sasuliero da saero xelisufle-

bisadmi maTi loialurobis donis gamovlenis mizniT.

aseTi politika morwmuneTa ukmayofilebas iwvevs da

xels uwyobs islamuri opoziciis formirebas.

daRestanSi meCeTebis swrafi tempiT mSenebloba

noyier niadags qmnis mosaxleobis religiurobis Sem-

dgomi zrdisTvis. magaliTad, Tu aq 1986 wels mxolod

27 meCeTi iyo, 2000 wels ukve 1585, xolo 2006 wlisaTvis

maTma raodenobam 1800 Seadgina. 2005 wels daRestanSi

islams 14 aTasi adamiani swavlobda, maT Soris 1,2 aTasi

adamiani codnas sazRvargareTis islamur saswavlo da-

wesebulebebSi iZenda. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTgan samSob-

los Teologiur codnamiRebuli religiuri moRvawis

saxiT 500-mde adamiani daubrunda. faqtobrivad, amJa-

mindel daRestanSi erT sul mosaxleze meCeTebis rao-

denobam igive dones miaRwia, rac XX saukunis dasawyis-

Si iyo. TavisTavad, daRestanSi meCeTebis zrdas poli-

tikuri mniSvneloba ar aqvs, magram, saero xelisufle-

bisadmi sayovelTao undoblobis pirobebSi, amgvari si-

tuacia regionis avRanuri variantiT islamizaciis

risks qmnis, anu SesaZloa xelisuflebaSi radikalurad

ganwyobili islamistebi movidnen. amitom aq saWiroa

socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gajansaReba da

oficialuri xelisuflebis mier swori religiuri po-

litikis gatareba.

ruseTis samxreT federaluri olqis respubli-

kebSi tradiciuli (saxalxo) islami dogmatur islams

ar emTxveva. “tradicionalistebi” arasakmarisad kom-

petenturni arian normatiuli islamis sakiTxebSi, mag-

ram, samagierod, isini mkveTrad akritikeben opozici-

ur axalgazrdobasa da e.w. “axal muslimebs”. tradici-

ul islamsa da oficialur struqturebs Soris mkveT-

ri dapirispireba ar aRiniSneba, magram aseve ar SeimCne-

108

va maTi erTobac. daRestanSi religiuri Temebis ume-

tesi nawili respublikis muslimTa sasuliero mmar-

Tvelobas ar cnobs, magram isini erTad zRudaven po-

litikurad aqtiur muslimebs, ar aZleven maT eqstre-

mistul saqmianobaSi CarTvis saSualebas. tradiciuli

islami sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis primitiuli

formebis konservacias axdens, gamodis socialuri

gardaqmnebis Semakavebel faqtorad, rac gamoixateba

SariaTis sasamarTloebis amoqmedebasa da muslim li-

derTa arCevnebis procesSi CarevaSi.

tradiciuli islamis sunituri moZRvrebis qana-

fituri mimarTulebisani arian adiRelebi, SafsuRebi,

yabardoelebi, Cerqezebi, balyarelebi, yaraCaelebi,

noRaelebi, yumuxTa nawili, yirimis TaTrebi, digorie-

li osebi.

Crdilo kavkasiaSi sunituri islamis Safiituri

mimarTulebis xalxebi (daRestnis mosaxleoba, noRae-

lebisa da yumuxTa nawilis garda, agreTve CeCnebi da

inguSebi) sufisturi ordenebis formiT - Tarikatebi-

Taa warmodgenili.

109

Tavi VI kavkasia: eTnopolitikuri da geopolitikuri problemebi

postsabWour kavkasiaSi, rogorc mTlianad msof-

lioSi, eTnopolitikuri procesebis ori urTierTsa-

winaaRmdego tendencia SeiniSneba. pirveli gamoixateba

kavkasielebis miswrafebaSi _ Seqmnan axali erovnuli

saxelmwifoebi, meore ki, rac msoflios wamyvani ten-

denciaa, piriqiT _ globalizaciis imperativebidan

gamomdinare, gamoixateba erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi

suverenitetis TviTSezRudvaSi (mag.evrokavSiris in-

tegraciuli gaerTianeba), polieTnikuri erTobebis in-

tegraciuli formebiT CanacvlebaSi.

dasaxelebulma tendenciebma Tavis asaxva hpova

saerTaSoriso samarTlis cnobil principebSi: erebis

TviTgamorkvevis uflebaSi (saxelmwifos Seqmnis CaT-

vliT) da saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianobis

dacvaSi (1).

aRniSnuli tendenciebidan pirveli kavkasiaSi

metwilad eTnocentristul xasiaTs atarebs. ufro me-

tic, zogierTi mecnieris azriT, Crdilo kavkasiaSi is

eTnoetatizmSi gadadis (2). eTnoetatizmi kavkasiaSi av-

tokratiuli reJimebis eTnomaprovocirebeli faqto-

ria, romelic amwvavebs eTnopolitikur procesebs da

warmoSobs separatizms, terorizms da eTnopolitikur

konfliqtebs.

yovelive zemoTqmulTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebu-

li kavkasiis geopolitikuri problematika. kavkasiaze

gavlenis mopovebisaTvis tradiciul metoqeebs (ruse-

Ti, TurqeTi, irani) dRes daemata evrokavSiri, amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebi. eqspertebi xSirad saubroben,

rom Sidapolitikuri arastabiluroba kavkasiaSi met-

wilad awyobs zogierT saxelmwifos, romelTac, er-

TmniSvnelovnad, mxolod sakuTari erovnuli (politi-

kuri da ekonomikuri) interesebi amoZravebs. saqarTve-

loSi 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebma gvaCvena, Tu ro-

110

gor SeuZlia transformacia lokalur eTnopoliti-

kur konfliqts saxelmwifoTaSoriso konfliqtad,

rac, samwuxarod, didi saxelmwifoebis mier TavianTi

geopolitikuri miznebis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba.

bolo wlebis movlenebma kavkasiaSi isic gvaCvena,

rom Sidapolitikuri problemebis mogvarebaSi Sida-

kavkasiuri resursi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, saTanadod ar

gamoiyeneba da rom es TiTqmis mTlianad ucxo qveyneb-

zea mindobili. aleqsandre kuxianiZe, demokratiis kav-

kasiacentristuli koncefciis avtori (3), samarTlia-

nad miiCnevs, rom kavkasielis miswrafebaSi kavkasiuri

idea “kavkasiuri saxlis” aSenebaSi gamoixateba. misive

azriT, “aseTi midgoma ar ganapirobebs kavkasiuri er-

Tiani saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobas regionis rome-

lime oTxi saxelmwifos mTlianobis darRvevis xar-

jze”. “kavkasiis masStabiT, suverenul-centristuli

politikuri institutebis (“kavkasiuri parlamenti”,

“kavkasiuri sasamarTlo” da sxva struqturebi) Seqmna

saWiroa imdenad, ramdenadac es xels Seuwyobs kavkasi-

is eTnopolitikuri problemebis demokratiul dare-

gulirebas” (4). aseTi meqanizmebis Seqmnamde ki saWiroa

kavkasiis yovel konkretul regionSi arsebuli kon-

fliqtebisa da separatizmis TaviseburebaTa saTanado

Seswavla.

lokaluri eTnosTaSorisi konfliqtebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

zogadad, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kavkasiaSi daw-

yebuli eTnoteritoriuli da eTnostatusTan dakavSi-

rebuli winaaRmdegobebidan SeiZleba Semdegi proble-

mebi gamovyoT:

“SafsuRebis sakiTxi”, romelic dakavSirebulia

1924-45 wlebSi arsebuli SafsuRebis erovnuli raionis

aRdgenis moTxovnasTan, centriT daba lazarevskaiaSi -

krasnodaris mxare (5). 1990-ian wlebSi Sedgenili pro-

eqtiT, SafsuReTi teritoriulad moicavs iseT far-

111

glebs, romelzec dRes isini umniSvnelo umciresobas

warmoadgenen. es garemoeba aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi Se-

maferxebeli mizezi SafsuRebis erovnul-teritoriu-

li avtonomiis Seqmnis gzaze, Tumca ara mTavari. saqme

isaa, rom SafsuReTi ganlagebulia federaluri mniS-

vnelobis sakurorto zonaSi. garda amisa, amgvari “aR-

dgeniTi” precendentis gavrcelebisa da ganviTarebis

SiSi zRudavs adgilobriv samxareo xelisuflebas, da-

akmayofilos SafsuRebis moTxovna.

SafsuRTa teritoriis irgvliv Seqmnili proble-

mis gamo, 1991 wels adiRes avtonomiuri olqi krasno-

daris mxares gamoeyo da erovnuli respublikis statu-

si miiRo. aq respublikis saerTo mosaxleobis raode-

nobidan TiTqmis 68% rusia, adiRelebi ki - sul 22,5 %.

im raionebSi, romlebic ZiriTadad rusebiTaa dasaxle-

buli, xSirad dgeba moTxovnebi krasnodaris mxaris

farglebSi maTi dabrunebis Taobaze.

konfliqturi situaciaa yaraCai-CerqezeTSi po-

litikur-samarTlebriv statusTan (warmomadgenlo-

basTan) dakavSirebiT, rac respublikaSi arsebuli xu-

Ti ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufis _ yaraCaelebis, Cerqe-

zebis, rusebis, abazebisa da noRaelebis pretenziebSi

gamoixateba. gaismis statusTan dakavSirebuli mTeli

rigi urTierTgamomricxavi moTxovnebi. magaliTad,

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan yaraCaelebi moiTxoven

calke yaraCauli respublikis Seqmnas (1943 wels arse-

bulis farglebSi), romelic kazakebiT dasaxlebul mi-

websac moicavs. kazakTa organizaciebi moiTxoven Tavi-

anT “teritoriul TviTgamorkvevas”, romelic rusuli

avtonomiebis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebs (baTalpaSinisa da

zelenCuk-urupis respublikebis saxiT), an rusebiT da-

saxlebuli raionebis mierTebas krasnodarisa da stav-

ropolis mxareebTan. Cerqezebi, Tavis mxriv, moiTxoven

yaraCaelebisagan gamoyofas da calke avtonomiis Seq-

mnas. Tavis mxriv, abazebi da noRaelebi, romlebic ar

arian avtonomiis satitulo statusis mqoneni, ayeneben

moTxovnebs TavianTi erovnul-tertoriuli warmonaq-

mnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. yovelive amasTan dakavSi-

112

rebiT, 1992 wels Catarda respublikuri referendumi,

ris Sedegadac kenWisyraSi monawileTagan 76%-ma xma

erTiani yaraCai-CerqezeTis respublikis SenarCunebas

misca. miuxedavad amisa, teritoriuli problemebi

dResac, 2010 wels, isev aqtualuri rCeba.

roca1990-92 wlebis yabardo-balyareTSi eTniku-

ri principiT, TiTqos, misi dayofis SesaZlo perpeqti-

va Seiqmna, respublikaSi kristalizebas iwyebs yabar-

do-balyaruli teritoriuli winaaRmdegobebi. yabar-

doelebsa da balyarelebs Soris arsebuli pirobiTi

sazRvrebi TandaTan xdeba sazogadoebriv-politikuri

organizaciebis (erTi mxriv, yabardoeli xalxis kon-

gresis da, meore mxriv, balyareli xalxis erovnuli

sabWosi) “istoriul-ideologiuri” metoqeobis obieq-

ti. respublikis gayofis provocirebas axdenen prox-

ladnisa da maiskis raionebis kazakebic, romlebic, si-

tuaciidan gamomdinare, ayeneben moTxovnebs am raione-

bis stavropolis mxaresTan mierTebis Sesaxeb.

rac Seexeba ori bilingvisturi respublikis (ya-

bardo-balyareTisa da yaraCai-CerqezeTis) momavals,

isini 1990-iani wlebis revizionistuli proeqtebiT eT-

nolingvistur kriteriumTan arian dakavSirebulni,

rac gulisxmobs yaraCaul-balyaruli da adiRuri res-

publikebis Seqmnas - yabardos, CerqezeTisa da adiRes

SemadgenlobiT, SafsuRebis raionis mierTebiT.

cnobilia eTnoteritoriuli konfliqti inguSeb-

sa da osebs Soris, romelic 1992 wlis Semodgomaze Sei-

araRebul SetakebaSi gadaizarda. am dros inguSebi ga-

modiodnen calke erovnuli avtonomiis (respublikis)

Seqmnis moTxovniT. inguSebis sazogadoebriv-politi-

kuri moZraoba, amave dros, iTxovda, rom inguSeTis

respublikas gadacemoda CrdiloeT oseTis Semadgen-

lobaSi myofi prigorodnisa da mozdokis raionebis na-

wilebi, romlebic adre, 1924-44 wlebSi, jer inguSeTis

avtonomiur olqSi, Semdeg ki CeCneT-inguSeTis assr-Si

Sedioda. inguSebis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis mcde-

lobas, Zalismieri meTodiT daekavebinaT prigorodnis

raioni, CrdiloeT oseTis miliciasTan da osur mosax-

113

leobasTan Setakeba mohyva, rac konfliqtis zonaSi fe-

deraluri armiis SeyvaniT dasrulda. “erTkviriani

omis” Sedegi, - wers a. cucievi, - gaxldaT 600 daRupuli

da 40 aTasze meti ltolvili, romelTa absolutur

umravlesobas CrdiloeT oseTSi mcxovrebi inguSebi

warmoadgendnen (6).

omi CeCneTSi. 1990-iani wlebis Rrma sistemurma

krizisma samxreT ruseTi federaluri xelisuflebis

dasustebamde da separatizmis zrdamde, eTnosTaSori-

si urTierTobebis daZabvamde, SeiaraRebul konfliq-

tebamde da islamis droSas amofarebuli teroristu-

li moZraobebis gaaqtiurebamde miiyvana.

ruseTis saxelmwifo sistemis demokratizaciis

pirobebSi, roca mniSvnelovnad Sesustda federaluri

marTvis vertikali, zogierT Crdilokavkasiur respub-

likaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki CeCneTSi Tavi iCina separa-

tizmma. aq movlenebi elviseburi siswrafiT ganviTar-

da: 1991 wels CeCneT-inguSeTis respublika inguSeTisa

da iCqeriis respublikebad daiSala, romelTa xel-

mZRvanelebad erovnuli moZraobis liderebi (joxar

dudaevi, ruslan auSevi) iqnen arCeuli. gawyda urTier-

Tobebi federalur centrTan, erovnuli liderebi yve-

la sakiTxs adgilebze, sakuTari SexedulebiT wyvet-

dnen, xSirad ruseTis saxelmwifos interesebis sazia-

nod. rasakvirvelia, moskovi Seecdeboda Tavisi kon-

trolis aRdgenas urC respublikebze da asec moxda:

daiwyo “ruseT-CeCneTis” pirveli omi (1994-96 wlebi).

kremli am oms “konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenas”, xo-

lo CeCnebi - “TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas” uwodeb-

dnen. konfliqtma piks 1995 wlis zafxulSi miaRwia, ro-

ca saomarma moqmedebebma CeCneTis mTiani raionebic

moicva. samxedro eqspertebis azriT, federalur armi-

as mkafio strategia da taqtika ar gaaCnda. ruseTis xe-

lisuflebis araTanmimdevrulma moqmedebam, aseve bu-

dionovskis, yizlarisa da pervomaiskis teraqtebma

(1995-96 wlebSi) da maTma farTo saerTaSoriso rezo-

nansma situacia mkveTrad Secvala - Sewyda “omi mTaSi”,

ramac amboxebul CeCen meomrebs saSualeba misca, barSi

114

gadajgufebisa da groznos aRebis operacia ganexor-

cielebinaT. yovelive amis Sedegad, 1996-97 wlebSi, jer

xasaviurtSi da Semdeg moskovSi, mebrZol mxareebs So-

ris xeli moewera sazavo SeTanxmebebs, rasac CeCneTi-

dan ruseTis jarebis gasvla moyva.

1996 wlis agvistodan 1999 wlis agvistomde CeCne-

Tis (iCqeriis) respublika damoukidebel, magram araa-

Riarebul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. samwuxarod, iC-

qeriis sazogadoeba SidaCeCnuri konfliqtis gamo, da-

pirispirebul mxareebad daiSala - erTi mxriv, naciona-

list-tradicionalistebad (aslan masxadovi, iCqeriis

meore prezidenti) da meore mxriv, neovahabitebad (ze-

limxan iandarbievi, Samil basaevi). CeCneTi, faqtobri-

vad, saerTaSoriso terorizmis poligonad gadaiqca,

sadac TavSesafars poulobdnen “cocxali saqonliT”,

narkotikebiTa da iaraRiT movaWreni, sxva juris saer-

TaSoriso avantiuristebi.

1999 wlis agvistoSi CeCneTis calkeuli savele me-

Taurebis mier, Crdilokavkasiuri vahabisturi dro-

SiT, daRestnis respublikis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli

agresia daiwyo. bunebrivia, federaluri centri iCqe-

rieli nacionalist-vahabitebis amgvar antisaxelmwi-

foebriv gamoxdomas upasuxod ar datovebda - kremls

isedac gulze ar exateboda CeCneTis de-faqto damou-

kidebloba da Sesaferis moments eloda samagieros ga-

dasaxdelad. Sesabamisad, CeCneTidan daRestanSi Seia-

raRebuli razmebis SeWram ruseTis armiisaTvis meore

CeCnuri kampaniis dawyeba gamoiwvia, romelic, pirvel-

Tan SedarebiT, federaluri jarebisTvis ufro Sede-

giani aRmoCnda. saomari moqmedebebi, 1995 wlisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, erTdroulad mravalveqtoruli Setevis xa-

siaTs atarebda. amgvar taqtikas CeCeni boevikebis er-

TmaneTisagan gaTiSva da ZiriTadi Zalebis damarcxeba

mohyva. ruseTis armiam grozno kvlav daikava da ambo-

xebul CeCen meomarTa razmebi mTiani raionebisaken Sea-

viwrova. 2001 wels daiwyo CeCneTis ekonomikis, socia-

luri urTierTobebisa da politikuri sistemis ruse-

Tis federaciaSi aRdgenis gzebis Zieba.

115

samwuxarod, dRes teroristuli omi met-naklebad

mTel CrdiloeT kavkasiaSia gavrcelebuli. am mxriv

gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaa daRestansa da ingu-

SeTSi. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, teroristuli aqtebis

raodenoba organizebul danaSauls 40-50%-iT aRema-

teba. Zalze Semzaravi aRmoCnda 2005 wlis 13-14 oqtom-

bers SeiaraRebuli teroristebis mier ganxorciele-

buli masiur Tavdasxma yabardo-balyareTis dedaqalaq

nalCikze, romlis drosac asobiT adamiani daiRupa ro-

gorc samarTaldamcavi da Zalovani struqturebis,

aseve Tavdamsxmelebis mxridan. ruseTis adamianTa uf-

lebebis damcveli organizaciis “memorialis” Sefase-

biT kavkasiaSi terorizmTan brZolam terorizmi gaZ-

lierebamde miiyvana”. es Sefaseba gakeTda 2009 wlis 20

oqtombers, parizSi, am organizaciis warmomadgenle-

bis Sexvedraze TavianT kolegebTan evrokavSirisa da

adamianis uflebaTa damcavi wamyvani saerTaSoriso

organizaciebidan. magaliTad, “memorialis” 2008 wlis

martis monacemebiT, inguSeTSi, zafxulis sami Tvis

ganmavlobaSi moklulia 29, daWrilia 75 `boeviki~;

TiTqmis igive mdgomareobaa CeCneTSi. amave dros, imata

inguSeTisa da CeCneTis Zalovani struqturebis dana-

kargma, romelmac wina ori wlis erTad aRebuli raode-

noba Seadgina. “memorialis” lideris aleqsandre Cer-

kasovis azriT, inguSeTSi 2009 wlis Semodgomaze arse-

buli situacia Zalze axlo idga samoqalaqo omTan - er-

Ti mxriv, respublikis Zalovan struqturebs da meore

mxriv, mosisxle SurismaZieblebs Soris (7).

ismis kiTxva: ratom aris mimarTuli teroristu-

li aqtebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ZiriTadad Zalovani

struqturebis winaaRmdeg? raze keTdeba gaTvla - uk-

mayofilebaze xelisuflebis, gansakuTrebiT ki samar-

Taldamcavi organoebis qmedebebiT Tu raime sxvaze?

rasakvirvelia, am azvavebuli terorizmis mizezebis

Ziebisas ar SeiZleba ar miviRoT mxedvelobaSi klanebs

Soris mimdinare korufciuli konfliqtebis mniSvne-

lovani wilic, romelic sakuTrebis gadanawilebasTan,

mis kontrolTan da gavlenis sferoebis zonebTanaa

116

dakavSirebuli. jerjerobiT is politikuri faqtore-

bi, romlebic xels uwyoben teroristul aqtivobas, Se-

narCunebulia. samwuxarod, teroristuli safrTxis

Semcirebis imedi ar Cans.

amave dros, aRsaniSnavia is mciredi, magram mainc

dadebiTi faqti, rom adamianis uflebebis evropis sasa-

marTlos mier dRemde ganxilulia CeCneTisa da inguSe-

Tis mosaxleobis ocdaCvidmeti saCivari, romlebic an-

titeroristuli operaciis dros dazaraldnen. yvela

saCivari, erTis garda, ganacxadis Semtanis, anu adgi-

lobrivi mcxovrebis sasargeblodaa gadawyvetili….

konfliqtebi samxreT kavkasiaSi

mTiani yarabaRi. mTiani yarabaRi iuridiulad azer-

baijanis saxelmwifos miekuTvneba, Tumca ZiriTadad som-

xebiTaa dasaxlebuli. Sesabamisad, aq mimdinare konfliq-

ti eTnikuri kuTvnilebis niSniTaa ganpirobebuli.

somxebic da azerbaijanelebic mTian yarabaRs Ta-

vianTi erovnuli kulturis umniSvnelovanes kerad mi-

iCneven: somexTa mtkicebiT, yarabaRis teritoria uZve-

lesi periodidan Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT arcaxis (xa-

Cenis) provinciaSi - somxuri feodaluri samTavros

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, rac materialuri kulturis

uamravi ZegliT dasturdeba. amave dros, azerbaijane-

lebisaTvis mTiani yarabaRi erovnuli kulturisa da

mecnierebis samSoblod iTvleba. rac Seexeba qalaq Su-

Sas, is azerbaijanuli samusiko kulturis ganviTare-

bis centrad miiCneva.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi (1921-23)

mTiani yarabaRi azerbaijanis ssr sazRvrebSi moeqca,

rac somexi komunistebis azriT, didi Secdoma iyo. sa-

interesoa, rom mTiani yarabaRi sabWoTa xelisuflebis

wlebSic ki eTnikuri gansaxlebis sakmaod mkveTri ge-

ografiiT gamoirCeoda: mis CrdiloeT da dasavleT na-

wilSi (stefanakerti, Saumiani) ZiriTadad somxebi War-

117

bobdnen, samxreTsa da aRmosavleT nawilSi (SuSa, mar-

tini, gadruTi) - azerbaijanelebi.

sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi, roca sazogadoebrivi

procesebi xalxTa megobrobisa da internacionaluri

lozungebis qveS mimdinareobda, somxebsa da azerbai-

janelebs ar SeeZloT Riad gamoexataT erTmaneTis mi-

marT mTian yarabaRTan dakavSirebuli pretenziebi.

arada, am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT maT Soris daZabuloba

Zveleburad rCeboda da ssrk arsebobis miwuruls

(1987-1991 wlebSi) igi azerbaijanelebsa da somxebs So-

ris dawyebul jer politikur dapirispirebaSi, Semdeg

ki SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi gamovlinda.

mTian yarabaRSi situacia kavkasiis sxva separa-

tistuli regionebis msgavsad ganviTarda: 1988 wlidan

iwyeba erovnuli moZraoba, romelsac Tan axlavs som-

xebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris mzardi dapirispireba.

ZiriTadad somxebiT dakompleqtebulma adgilobrivma

xelisuflebam 1988 wlis TebervalSi avtonomiuri ol-

qis azerbaijanidan gamoyofisa da somxeTTan mierTe-

bis survili gamoacxada. somxeTis ssr xelisufleba ya-

rabaRelebis survils daTanxmda. amave periodSi mwvav-

deba dapirispireba azerbaijanis sxva regionebSi - sum-

gaiTSi, baqoSi mcxovreb somxebTan mimarTebiT, rasac

darbevebi da didi msxverpli mohyva. imata devnilebis

nakadma orive mxares. situacia ver daaregulira mos-

kovis mier SemoRebulma sagangebo mdgomareobam… mades-

tabilizebeli procesebi 1990 wlisaTvis kidev ufro

gaRrmavda, daiwyo SeiaRarebuli dapirispireba, xolo

1991 wlis bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Jams, viTa-

reba sruliad umarTavi gaxda. somxeTma da azerbaijan-

ma, faqtobrivad, mTiani yarabaRis gamo, erTmaneTTan

omi daiwyes, romelSic azerbaijani damarcxda. somxe-

Tis daxmarebiT, mTiani yarabaRis SeiaraRebulma qveda-

nayofebma damatebiT kidev azerbaijanis Svidi raionis

- qelbajaris, laCinis, zangelanis, jebrailis, yubat-

linis, agdamis, fizulis teritoria daikaves, romelic

dRemde okupirebuli aqvT. am raionebidan 350 aTasma

azerbaijanelma iZulebiT datova Tavisi saxl-kari.

118

1994 wlis 12 maiss, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis

CareviT, xeli moewera SeTanxmebas mxareebs Soris cec-

xlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. am droidan moyolebuli kon-

fliqtis mxareebi, praqtikulad, erTmaneTisgan izo-

lirebulni arian, Tu ar CavTvliT epizodur Sexved-

rebs umaRles saxelisuflo doneze, “minskis procesis”

farglebSi.

1992 wels saerTaSoriso formatSi euTos e.w. “min-

skis jgufi” (TanaTavmjdomareebi - ruseTi, aSS) Suam-

dgomlobs konfliqtebis daregulirebis procesSi.

konfliqtSi mxareebis poziciebi exeba urTierTdakav-

Sirebul problemebs. pirvel rigSi, esa okupirebuli

teritoriebis ganTavisufleba, mTiani yarabaRis sta-

tusis gansazRvra, komunikaciebis gaxsna, devnilebis

dabruneba da konfliqtis zonis socialur-ekonomiku-

ri reabilitacia. samwuxarod, am drois manZilze, cec-

xlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebis garda, am konfliqtTan da-

kavSirebuli arcerTi problema mogvarebuli ar aris.

2008 wlis 14 marts gaeros 62-e sesiaze miRebul

iqna deklaracia “azerbaijanis okupirebul teritori-

ebze mdgomareobis” Sesaxeb, romelSic dagmobilia

azerbaijanis teritoriebis okupacia da aRiarebulia

misi teritoriuli mTlianoba. 2008 wlis pirvel agvis-

tos euTos `minskis jgufis” TanaTavmjdomarem gaaxmo-

vana mTiani yarabaRis daregulirebis konfidencialu-

ri dokumentis detalebi. rogorc meTiu braiza aRniS-

navs, “Catardeba referendumi, romlis drosac TviTon

yarabaRelebi Camoyalibdebian da TviTon mTiani yara-

baRis mosaxleoba gadawyvets - Seva Tu ara respublika

azerbaijanis iurisdiqciis qveS, an miiRebs damouki-

deblobas”. oficialuri baqo am proceduras ar uar-

yofs, magram acxadebs, rom yarabaRSi referendumi Se-

saZlebelia Catardes mxolod 15 an 20 wlis Semdeg.

119

konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan erTad saqarTveloSi

- afxazeTsa da e.w. “samxreT oseTSi” (cxinvalis region-

Si) 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaCaRebuli politiku-

ri konfliqtebi Ria SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi ga-

daizarda.

konfliqti afxazeTSi. afxazeTis konfliqts mka-

fio eTnikuri gamoxatuleba aqvs. sabWoTa kavSiris

dros qarTuli da afxazuri politikuri elitebis sas-

tatuso metoqeoba eTnikur argumentebs ukavSirdebo-

da: Tu rogor unda mowyobiliyo avtonomiuri xeli-

sufleba, rogor unda ganawilebuliyo prestiJuli Ta-

namdebobebi, resursebi, rogori unda yofiliyo prio-

ritetebi respublikis kulturisa da saganmanaTleb-

lo sferoebSi. mxareebs Soris konfliqtis dawyebis win

samobilizacio resursi swored eTnikuroba gaxda. ze-

moT CamoTvlilma uTanxmoebam qarTvelebi da afxazebi

1992 wlis agvistoSi Seiararebul dapirispirebamde mi-

iyvana. afxazeTis gakontrolebam qarTuli SearaRebu-

li formirebebis mier (regularuli armia mxolod ya-

libdeboda), rasac adgilobriv afxazTa SeiaraRebul

jgufebTan samxedro konfliqti da, Sesabamisad, coc-

xali Zalis didi msxverpli mohyva, afxaz-qarTvelTa

Soris didi ufskruli gaaCina. omma kidev erTi drama-

tuli Sedegi gamoiRo: 1993 wlis seqtemberSi, qarTuli

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis damarcxebis Sedegad, afxazeTi

TiTqmis 300 aTasma qarTvelma datova, romlebic iZu-

lebiT gadaadgilebul, devnil mosaxleobad iqcnen.

afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebi 1993 wlis 30 seq-

tembers dasrulda. afxazebma da ruseTis federaciis

Crdilokavkasielma “moxaliseebma” mTlianad daikaves

mdinare fsoudan enguramde arsebuli teritoria. faq-

tobrivad, saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis

daqvemdebarebaSi mxolod mcire nawili - kodoris (da-

lis) xeoba darCa. 1994 wlis aprilidan 2008 wlis agvis-

tomde aq ganlagebuli iyvnen damoukidebel saxelmwi-

foTa Tanamegobrobis egidiT Seqmnili samSvidobo Za-

120

lebi, romlebic mxolod ruseTis federaciis Seiara-

Rebuli Zalebis qvedanayofebiT iyo dakompleqtebu-

li. am drois manZilze rusi mSvidobismyoflebi, gae-

ros warmomadgenlebis monitoringis meSveobiT, maTze

dakisrebul samSvidobo funqcias asrulebdnen, Tumca

dapirispirebul qarTul da afxazur mxareebs Soris

undoblobis barieri ar gamqrala, piriqiT _ viTareba

sakmaod daZabuli iyo, xSirad xdeboda provokaciebi,

srolebi, adamianTa gatacebebi da sxv. magaliTad, 1998

wels galis raionSi ltolvilTa dabrunebis dros

mdgomareoba imdenad gamwvavda, rom kinaRam samxedro

moqmedebebi ganaxlda. situacia kidev erTxel gamwvav-

da 2003 wels, roca afxazeTSi pankisis xeobidan gada-

suli CeCeni savele meTauri ruslan gilaevi da misi Se-

araRebuli razmi gamoCnda. afxaz separatistTa mtki-

cebiT, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam CeCenTa razmi afxa-

zeTSi partizanuli omis gasaCaReblad gadaisrola. ra

Tqma unda, aseTi mwvave faqtebi mxareebs erTmaneTisa-

gan kidev ufro aSorebda.

rac Seexeba konfliqtis mogvarebas: samwuxarod,

afxazuri da qarTuli mxareebis poziciebi erTmaneTi-

sagan mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda. kerZod, es Seexeboda

rogorc afxazeTis saxelmwifoebriobis politikur-

samarTlebriv samomavlo statuss, aseve TviT kon-

fliqtis mogvarebis prioritetebs: teritoriis sta-

tuss, devnilebis dabrunebas da maTi usafrTxoebis

gansazRvras. afxazebis moTxovnis Tanaxmad, jer res-

publikis statusi unda gansazRvruliyo saerTaSori-

so doneze, Semdeg ki devnilebis dabruneba moxdeboda.

amgvari moTxovna ganpirobebuli iyo afxazeTSi qarTu-

li mosaxleobis dominirebis aRdgenis SiSiT, rac, sepa-

ratistTa azriT, afxazeTis saxelmwifoebriobas dae-

muqreboda.

qarTuli mxaris pozicia aseTi iyo: devnili mosax-

leobis mSobliur adgilebSi upirobod dabruneba, sta-

tusis problema ki SeiZleboda maTi dabrunebis proce-

sis paralelurad an mis Semdeg ganxiluliyo. Tbilisi

am procesis gaWianurebas ruseTis mxares abralebda da

121

rusi mSvidobismyoflebis saerTaSoriso samSvidobo

kontingentiT Canacvlebas iTxovda. am drois manZilze

konfliqtis mogvarebis bevri proeqti Seiqmna , romle-

bic, samwuxarod, ver ganxorcielda, maT Soris isic,

romelic saerTaSoriso Suamavlebis (“gaeros genera-

luri mdivnis megobarTa jgufis” da euTos) mier iqna

SemuSavebuli - e.w. “diter bodenis proeqti”. euTos

warmomadgenlis, erovnebiT germaneli diplomatis di-

ter bodenis mier SemuSavebuli modeli kompromisuli

iyo da Semdeg CarCo-maxasiaTeblebs Seicavda: saqar-

Tvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRiareba 1989 wlis

mdgomareobiT, afxazeTis aRiareba suverenul subieq-

tad saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, gansakuTrebuli

statusiT, romelic federalur SeTanxmebaze iqneboda

damyarebuli. amave SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvreboda uf-

lebebis gamijvna Tbilissa da soxums Soris, xolo

TviT SeTanxmebas sakonstitucio kanonis Zala eqnebo-

da. garda amisa, iyo rusuli proeqti “saerTo saxelmwi-

fos” Sesaxeb, konfederaciuli proeqti da ase Semdeg.

situaciam afxazeTSi Seurigebeli xasiaTi miiRo

imis gamoc, rom dapirispirebulma mxareebma geopoli-

tikuri veqtorebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi airCies:

afxazebma qarTuli saxelmwifosagan distancirebisaT-

vis dasaxmareblad ruseTs mimarTes da masTan ekonomi-

kur da politikur integracias Seecadnen. Tavis mxriv,

ruseTma afxazeTSi pasportizacia ganaxorciela da

“ruseTis moqalaqeebad” gadaqceuli afxazebi uvizo

reJimiT uzrunvelyo. es maSin, roca moskovma saqar-

TvelosTan 2001 wels mkacri savizo reJimi SemoiRo.

cxadia, valSi arc saqarTvelo darCa: Tbilisma natosa

da evrokavSirisaken integraciis gza airCia im imediT,

rom ruseTis poziciebi dasustdeboda da saqarTvelos

teritoriuli mTlianobis aRsadgenad xelsayreli pi-

robebi Seiqmneboda, afxazebs iZulebiT mSvidobis dam-

yarebaze daiTanxmebdnen da devnilebi mSobliur adgi-

lebSi dabrundebodnen.

konfliqti cxinvalis regionSi. pirveli e.w.qar-

Tul-osuri konfliqti (1918-1920 wlebSi) saqarTvelos

122

demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg osebis mier

mowyobil ajanyebebs ukavSirdeba. maSin, roca axalgaz-

rda damoukidebeli respublika saxelmwifoebrivi

struqturebis ganmtkicebas cdilobda, bolSevikebis

mier waqezebuli osi glexoba sabWoTa xelisuflebis

damyarebasa da ruseTis sabWoTa socialistur-fede-

raciul respublikasTan (rsfsr) mierTebas moiTxovda.

1918 wlis ajanyeba SedarebiT naklebi danakargebiT iq-

na CaxSobili. gansakuTrebiT Zlieri da saSiSi iyo 1920

wlis ajanyeba, romlis drosac bolSevikebma cxinvalSi

revoluciuri komiteti (revkomi) Seqmnes da sabWoTa

xelisufleba gamoacxades. noe Jordanias mTavrobam

os glexobas brali bolSevikebTan TanamSromlobaSi

dasdo da 1920 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi sadamsjelo opera-

cia Caatara. osuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, daixoca da Sim-

SiliTa da epidemiiT daiRupa xuTi aTasi osi, gawyda sa-

qonlis 70% .

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis

Semdeg, 1922 wlis aprilSi Seiqmna samxreT oseTis av-

tonomiuri olqi, romelsac Sida qarTlis CrdiloeTi

nawili ekava. es teritoriul-administraciuli erTeu-

li bolSevikebma sruliad xelovnurad Camoayalibes,

qarTuli soflebis mosaxleobis mis SemadgenlobaSi

SeyvaniT.

qarTul-osuri dapirispirebis meore periodi iw-

yeba sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis miwuruls, 1989-1990

wlebSi. 1988 wels Seiqmna osuri organizacia “adamon

nixasi” - erovnuli fronti, romlis iniciativiT cxin-

valSi antiqarTuli gamosvlebi daiwyo. “adamon nixa-

sis” waqezebiT, 1989 wlis 10 noembers samxreT oseTis

avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatebis sabWom sa-

qarTvelos ssr umaRles sabWos TxovniT mimarTa olqi-

saTvis avtonomiuri respublikis statusis miniWebis

Sesaxeb. am faqtma saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mwvave

reaqcia gamoiwvia. 1989 wlis 23 noembers qarTuli

erovnuli moZraobis mier mobilizebuli 15 aTasi qar-

Tveli cxinvalisaken daiZra. qalaqis misadgomebTan

maT gza gadauRobes osma SeiaraRebulma pirebma da

123

cxinvalSi dislocirebulma sabWoTa armiis qvedanayo-

febis jariskacebma. moxda sisxliani Setakeba: daiRupa

6 adamiani, 27-ma ki cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis

Sedegad Wrilobebi miiRo.

1989 wlis 20 seqtembers, “samxreT oseTis” avto-

nomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatTa sabWom miiRo dad-

genileba olqis “samxreT oseTis sabWoTa demokratiul

respublikad” gardaqmnis Sesaxeb. es gadawyvetileba

saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumma 21 seq-

tembers gaauqma.

amis miuxedavad, olqis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos

sesiam ZalaSi datova Tavisi gadawyvetileba, airCia e.w

“samxreT oseTis sabWoTa demokratiuli respublikis

aRmasrulebeli komiteti” da miiRo droebiTi debule-

ba uzenaesi sabWosa da adgilobrivi sabWoebis arCevne-

bis Sesaxeb. arCevnebi dainiSna 1990 wlis 2 dekembers.

amis sapasuxod, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom 22 noem-

bers miiRo dadgenileba olqis saxalxo deputatTa

sabWos gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Taobaze. imave xaneb-

Si saqarTveloSi Catarebul saparlamento arCevnebs

osebma boikoti gamoucxades da 9 dekembers sakuTari

saparlamento arCevnebi Caatares.

“dadgenilebaTa omma” kulminacias 1990 wlis 11

dekembers miaRwia - saqarTvelos axladarCeulma uze-

naesma sabWom, zviad gamsaxurdias xelmZRvanelobiT,

ara marto gaauqma samxreT oseTSi Catarebuli sapar-

lamento arCevnebis Sedegebi, aramed TviT avtonomiu-

ri olqic da misi teritoria sxvadasxva raionebs Soris

gadaanawila. regionSi SemoRebul iqna sagangebo mdgo-

mareoba.

konfliqtis SeaiarRebuli faza daiwyo 1991 wlis

ianvarSi, rodesac cxinvalSi ramdenime aTasiani qar-

Tuli policia da naxevrad gasamxedroebuli molaS-

qreebi iqnen Seyvanili. quCis epizoduri brZolebi ram-

denime Tve grZeldeboda, romelSic rusuli qvedanayo-

febic monawileobdnen.

1992 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi inspirirebu-

li samoqalaqo omi daiwyo, ramac, Tavis mxriv, Zlier

124

daasusta centraluri xelisufleba da amiT xeli Seew-

yo osuri separatizmis gaZlierebas. sabolood kon-

fliqtis SeiaraRebuli faza 1992 wlis 24 ivniss soWSi

(dagomisSi) ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris xelmowerili

SeTanxmebiT dasrulda. es dokumenti cecxlis Sewyve-

tasa da konfliqtis mogvarebas iTvaliswinebda. sam-

Svidobo procesis ganviTarebis mizniT, Camoyalibda

Sereuli sakontrolo komisia saqarTvelos, ruseTis,

samxreT da CrdiloeT oseTis warmomadgenelTa Semad-

genlobiT. regionSi Semoyvanil iqna agreTve rusuli

samSvidobo Zalebic.

sxvaTa Soris, am komisiis saqmianoba efeqturi ga-

modga. 2004 wlisaTvis cxinvalis regionSi wina period-

Si arsebuli eTnosTaSorisi daZabuloba TiTqmis dam-

cxrali iyo. aRdgenili iyo saavtomobilo moZraoba

cxinvals, gorsa da Tbiliss Soris, aqtiurad funqcio-

nirebda msxvili sasaqonlo bazroba sofel ergneTSi,

romliTac osebic da qarTvelebic warmatebiT sargeb-

lobdnen. Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom ergneTis bazro-

ba aralegalur xasiaTs atarebda, maragdeboda kontra-

bandiT, Semosuli da gayiduli saqonlis aRricxva ar

xdeboda da saqarTvelos biujeti mniSvnelovnad za-

raldeboda. konfliqtis sabolood daregulirebas xe-

li SeuSala ruseTis mier cxinvalis regionSi Catare-

bulma “pasportizaciam”, romlis Semdeg osi mosaxleo-

bis absoluturi raodenoba ruseTis moqalaqe gaxda.

iseve, rogorc afxazeTTan mimarTebiT, 2001 wels ruse-

Tis mier saqarTvelosTan SemoRebuli savizo reJimi”

samxreT oseTis” mosaxleobaze ar vrceldeboda, isini

rokis saavatomobilo gvirabis meSveobiT ruseTSi dab-

rkolebis gareSe miemgzavrebodnen.

amrigad, saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli saqarTve-

los sazRvrebisa da teritoriis SemadgenlobaSi arse-

buli “samxreT oseTi”, faqtobrivad, ruseTis proteq-

toratad iqca.

miuxedavad imisa, rom daZabulobis done SesamCne-

vad iyo daweuli, konfliqtis mxareebis pozicia regio-

nis statusTan dakavSirebiT kompromisuli modelisagan

125

mainc Sors iyo. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis poziciis Ta-

naxmad, cxinvalis regionSi araviTari erovnul-adminis-

traciuli erTeuli aRar arsebobda. osebs ki miaCndaT,

rom maTi saxelmwifoebrioba ukve faqtia da samxreT ose-

Tis respublikis arsebobas saqarTvelom angariSi unda

gauwios. garda amisa, cxinvaleli separatistebi, imis Si-

SiT, rom maT damoukideblobas safrTxe emuqreboda, ar

gamoricxavdnen ruseTTan integracias da egreT wodebu-

li “ori oseTis” - CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis gaerTiane-

bas, ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi, rac saqarTve-

los teritoriul mTlianobas safrTxes Seuqmnida.

amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmuli afxazeTisa da

cxinvalis regionTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTveloSi 2008

wlis agvistomde Seqmnil eTnopolitikur situacias

asaxavs. saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris 2008 wlis agvistoSi

momxdar xuTdRian omSi saqarTvelo damarcxda. samwu-

xarod, omis Sedegad saqarTvelom afxazeTisa da cxin-

valis is regionebic dakarga, romelsac akontrolebda

(afxazeTSi - kodoris xeoba, cxinvalis regionSi - axal-

goris raioni). 2008 wlis agvistoSive ruseTis federa-

ciam afxazeTisa da “samxreT oseTis” damoukidebloba

de-iured aRiara, mogvianebiT ki igive gaakeTa nikara-

guam, venesuelam da wynari okeanis kunZulovanma juja-

saxelmwifo naurum. ramdenad warmatebuli aRmoCndeba

afxazi da osi separatistebis mcdelobebi saerTaSori-

so arenaze (ra Tqma unda, ruseTis daxmarebiT), amas

dro gviCvenebs, magram, samwuxarod, cxadia, rom saqar-

Tvelos kavkasiur politikas ziani miadga.

kavkasiis geopolitika

2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omma gviC-

vena, rom destabilizaciis gamomwvev faqtorebs Soris

yvelaze mniSvnelovani sagareo politikuri sakiTxia.

kavkasia gasuli saukuneebidan moyolebuli, dRe-

sac geopolitikuri TamaSis obieqtia. daZabuli da

arastabiluri kavkasia, romelsac Tavisi sakuTari Si-

126

da teritoriuli da socialur-ekonomikuri proble-

mebi gaaCnia, gare Zalebis CarevisaTvis friad noyier

regions warmoadgens. zbignev bJezinskis gegma-progno-

zi ara marto winaswarmetyvelebs arastabulirobas

ruseTis samxreTi sazRvrebis perimetrze, aramed es

prognozi, faqtobrivad, gamarTlda.

aleqsandre dugini da sxva rusi eqspertebi Tvli-

an, rom amerikuli finansuri eqspansiis veqtori zus-

tad isea mimarTuli regionSi, rogorc z.bJezinskim

gansazRvra _ “Zaladobis gavrcelebis msoflio zona”.

es investiciebi, maTi azriT, mimarTulia proameriku-

lad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebis sartyelis Sesaqmne-

lad da postsabWoTa sivrcidan ruseTis gasadevnad (8).

situacia rTuldeba imiTac, rom amJamad ruseTisa

da aSS garda, kavkasiis geopolitikis uSualo moTama-

Seebad gvevlinebian TurqeTi, irani, saqarTvelo, som-

xeTi, azerbaijani da evrokavSiri. TiToeul maTgans

regionSi Tavisi interesebi amoZravebs.

amave dros, sagulisxmoa amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis axali prezidentis barak obamas 2009 wlis

moskovuri vizitis dros gakeTebuli gancxadeba ru-

seTTan urTierTobis gaumjobesebis mizniT vaSingto-

nis mzaobis Taobaze (“erTad vaSenoT axali msoflio”).

TeTr saxlsa da kremls Soris dawyebuli, msoflioSi

popularulad qceuli “gadatvirTvis” politika yvela

sferoSi urTierTTanamSromlobas iTvaliswinebs, maT

Soris, Tanamedrove problemebisa da gamowvevebis mi-

marTac. am kurss amerikeli eqspertebic eTanxmebian:

cnobili politologi rebert legvoldi aRniSnavs,

rom prezident barak obamas administraciam “ruseTTan

sayovelTao strategiuli dialogi unda daamyaros”

(9). am mxriv sainteresoa zbignev bJezinskis mier 2009

wlis oqtomberSi gamoqveynebuli werilic (10), romel-

Sic igi natos, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekru-

lebis organizacias (“odkb”) (11) da Sanxais TanamSrom-

lobis organizacias (“Sos”) (12) Soris TanamSromlobis

127

xelSekrulebis dadebis aucileblobaze mianiSnebs.

garda amisa, amerikeli politologi iqve aRniSnavs,

rom nato dausruleblad ver iqneba gafarToebuli: mi-

si azriT, “msoflio natos Camoyalibeba imis maniSnebe-

li iqneba, rom amerikul-evropul mTavar RerZs Ziri

eTxreba”.

TurqeTisa da iranis faqtorebi

panTurqizmis (13) idea (ganmarteba da misi warmo-

Sobis istoria mokled sqolioSi) obieqtur safuZvels

eyrdnoba. kavkasiaSi mravali Turqulenovani xalxi

cxovrobs: azerbaijanelebi, yumuxebi, noRaelebi, bal-

yarelebi da sxvebi. maTgan, praqtikulad, yvelas aqvs

erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba, Tumca, samwuxarod, ase-

ve yvela maTgans mezoblebTan - somxebTan, yabardoe-

lebTan, CerqezebTan _ eTnoteritoriuli problemebi

aqvT. noRaelebisaTvis mtkivneul sakiTxad rCeba erTi-

ani administraciul-teritoriuli warmonaqmnis arqo-

na (isini daRestnis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian), romelic

Tu Seiqmneboda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi “gafantulad”

mcxovreb Tanamemamuleebs gaaerTianebda. yumuxebi-

saTvis eTno-teritoriuli sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT

mwvavea, radgan, rogorc zemoT vTqviT, maT istoriul

miwebze daRestnis mTebidan migrirebuli mosaxleobaa

Casaxlebuli.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi panTurqizmi, tradiciulad,

TurqeTze orientirebul Cerqez (adiRe) nacionalis-

tebs eyrdnoba, miT umetes, rom TviT TurqeTSi erT mi-

lionze meti Cerqezi “muhajiri” cxovrobs. isini XIX sa-

ukuneSi ruseTis mier warmoebuli kavkasiuri omebis

Sedegad iZulebuli gaxdnen, samSoblo daetovebinaT.

dRes TurqeTSi adiRebi TiTqmis orjer metia, vidre

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom astraxanis olqSi,

romelic samxreT ruseTis federaluri olqis (Crdi-

loeT kavkasiis) SemadgenlobaSi 2000 wels Sevida da sa-

128

sazRvro teritorias warmoadgens, Turqulenovani

jgufis xalxebi (yazaxebi, TaTrebi, azerbaijanelebi)

raodenobrivad meore adgilze myof enobriv jgufs

(slavebis Semdeg) warmoadgens.

TurqeTis faqtori postsabWour kavkasiaSi ara-

erTgvarovnad vlindeba. erTi mxriv, ruseTsa da Tur-

qeTs Soris urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromloba vi-

Tardeba (energoSemcvelebis ruseTidan TurqeTSi eq-

sporti gazsaden “cisferi nakadis” meSveobiT, turizmi

da ase Semdeg). meore mxriv, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

TurqeTis politikuri elita cdilobda, postsabWoTa

kavkasiaSi e.w. “Turquli sivrce” Seeqmna. im dros iqna

reaminirebuli “didi Turanis” ideac (centraluri

aziis xalxebze TurqeTis politikur-ekonomikuri da

kulturuli gavlenis gaZliereba), magram ankaras ami-

saTvis Zalebi aSkarad ar eyo.

rac Seexeba iranis faqtors kavkasiaSi, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom Teiranis interesebi erTmniSvnelovnad

ruseTis interesebs pasuxobs. dRes irani dasavleTis

qveynebisagan damoukidebel politikas atarebs. irani

somxeTis mezobelia da, Sesabamisad, samxreT kavkasiaSi

ruseTis strategiul partnior somxeTs Teirani aqti-

urad amaragebs mza saqonliT da energoresursebiT.

amasTan erTad, iranis samxedro Zliereba da xelisuf-

lebis agresiuli ritorika kavkasiis regions garkveul

safrTxes uqmnis. amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom

Tu iranis winaaRmdeg dasavleTi ekonomikur sanqciebs

SemoiRebs da, ufro uaresi, samxedro moqmedebebs da-

iwyebs, amgvar nabijebs regionis usafrTxoebis siste-

mis ueWveli ngreva mohyveba.

geopolitikuri prognozirebisas didi mniSven-

loba aqvs kavkasiis regionTan axlos mdebare qurTis-

tanis problemas, romelsac Zalian xSirad iyeneben Ta-

vianTi interesebisaTvis rogorc dasavleTis saxel-

mwifoebi, aseve axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebi. is-

toriuli qurTistani dRes teritoriulad irans,

erays da TurqeTs Sorisaa danawilebuli, qurTebis sa-

erTo raodenoba ki daaxloebiT 20 milions Seadgens

129

(TurqeTSi - 10 mln., eraySi - 3 mln., iranSi - 5 mln.). am

qveynebSi qurTTa saxelmwifoebriobis (politikur-ad-

ministraciuli avtonomiis) problema jerjerobiT sa-

bolood gadaWrili ar aris. amJamad rogorc axlo da

Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, aseve dasavleT evropis

saxelmwifoebSi, moqmedebs qurTTa 40-mde politikuri

organizacia, romelTa Soris calkeuli partiebi poli-

tikur brZolaSi teroristul meTodebsac mimarTaven.

qurTebis mier sakuTari saxelmwifos Seqmnis mcde-

lobas didi xnis istoria aqvs. adre maT brZolas mxars

sabWoTa kavSiri uWerda, dRes ki amgvari mxardaWera ru-

seTis federaciis interesebSi ar Sedis. moskovma rom

qurTebTan TanamSromloba daiwyos, amiT situacias mis

samxreT sazRvrebTan axlos mkveTrad gaamwvavebs.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis problemebi

saqarTvelo _ ruseTis urTierTobebi postsab-

WoTa periodSi ucvlelad daZabuli xasiaTs atarebs.

saqarTvelo orientirebulia dasavleTze da cdilobs

Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi (natoSi) gawevriandes,

mWidro kavSirebi hqondes evrokavSirTan. am mizniT

Tbilisi ganamtkicebs samxedro _ politikur kavSi-

rebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan. garda amisa, miaR-

wia imas, rom ruseTma saqarTvelodan Tavisi samxedro

bazebi gaiyvana.

oficialurma Tbilisma 2008 wlis agvistos dasaw-

yisSi gadadga radikaluri nabiji _ Seecada, rom osi

separatistebis kontrolqveS arsebuli cxinvalis re-

gioni samxedro Zalis meSveobiT daeqvemdebarebina da

konstituciuri wesrigi aRedgina. rogorc cnobilia,

cxinvalSi rusuli samSvidobo kontingenti iyo ganla-

gebuli, xolo mosaxleobas rusul pasportebi aqvs, anu

isini “ruseTis moqalaqeebi” arian. es faqti ruseTis

xelmZRvanelobam Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena, qarTu-

li armiis qvedanayofebis cxinvalze Seteva “ruseTis

130

moqalaqeebis” uflebebis xelyofad monaTla da saqar-

TveloSi, rokis gvirabis gavliT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis

samxedro olqis qvedanayofebi, mZime teqnika da aviacia

Semoiyvana. msofliom dainaxa, rom ruseTi Tavis for-

postebs samxreT kavkasiaSi ase advilad ar daTmobs.

msofliom isic dainaxa, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleoba,

miuxedavad gansxvavebuli poziciebisa , erTiani iyo

ruseTis winaaRmdeg.

xuTdRianma sisxlismRvrelma omma orive mxares

mniSvnelovani danakargebi moutana, gansakuTrebiT ki

saqarTvelos: daiRupa da daiWra asobiT samxedro mo-

samsaxure da mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, ganadgurda ma-

terialuri dovlaTi, samxedro qoneba da SeiaraReba.

rac mTavaria, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam dakarga kon-

troli axalgoris raionze (cxinvalis regionSi) da ko-

doris xeobaze (afxazeTi). moxda ufro uaresi: ruseTis

federaciam afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideb-

loba iuridiulad aRiara, riTac daarRvia saerTaSo-

riso samarTlis normebi.

am droidan kavkasiaSi Seqmnili viTareba, eqsper-

tTa azriT, “axal geopolitikur situacias” warmoad-

gens. somxeTis respublikis erovnuli krebis (parla-

mentis) yofili Tavmjdomare (2006-2008 wlebSi), poli-

tologi tigran torosiani Tvlis, rom ruseT _ saqar-

Tvelos omis Sedegebi, rogori paradoqsulic ar unda

iyos, am movlenis yvela monawiles akmayofilebs, ker-

Zod, a)saqarTvelo “ganTavisuflda” afxazeTisa da sam-

xreT oseTisagan _ maTTan konfliqtebis mogvarebis

Cixuri mdgomareba Tbiliss xels uSlida natoSi gawev-

rianebisaTvis; b)ruseTma “miiRo” afxazeTi da samxreT

oseTi, amiT gaakeTa ganacxadi Tavis axal rolze saer-

TaSoriso procesebSi; g) amerikis SeerTebulma Sta-

tebma, kavkasiaSi Tavis srulfasovani damkvidrebisaT-

vis, “miiRo” axali saqarTvelo, romelic aRar aris “ga-

yinuli konfliqtebiT damZimebuli” (14).

qarTuli mxare da, masTan erTad, saerTaSoriso

Tanamegobroba axal geopolitikur status-qvos ar

cnobs da miiCnevs, rom Tavis teritoriul mTlianobas

131

aRidgens. Tu rogori iqneba es gza, amas dro gviCvenebs,

magram manamde kavkasiaSi “moTamaSe” Zalebma kompromi-

si unda gamonaxon maT mierve aRiarebul urTierTwina-

aRmdegobriv principebs _ qveynis teritoriuli

mTlianobis dacvisa da erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufle-

bebs Soris.

sanam es problema gadaiWreba, msoflioSi dRes

Seqmnili geopolitikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare

(mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs aSS _ ruseTis urTierTobis

daTboba), aucilebelia ruseT _ saqarTvelos Soris

gawyvetili diplomatiuri urTierTobebis aRdgena da

TanamSromlobis ganaxleba. es saSualebas miscems qar-

Tul mxares, awarmoos pirdapiri dialogi afxazeTisa

da cxinvalis regionis separatistTa liderebTan. sa-

qarTvelo _ ruseTis urTierTobebis aRdgenis Sem-

TxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba moixsnas ruseTis “eWve-

bi”, TiTqosda saqarTvelo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi situa-

ciis destabilizebas gegmavs (regionuli mauwyeblobis

mqone axali telearxebis SeqmniTa da masobrivi infor-

maciis sxva saSualebebis gamoyenebiT).

ruseT_saqarTvelos urTierTobebis daTboba da,

paralelurad, aSS-sa da evrokavSiris saxelmwifoebis

TanamSromloba samxreT kavkasiaSi mxolod im SemTxve-

vaSi SeiZleba iyos efeqturi, Tu moxdeba SeTanxmeba

regionuli ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis sferoSi: ru-

seTi ki ar unda Camoacilon satransporto _ sakomuni-

kacio proeqtebs (kerZod, navTob- da gazsadenebi), ara-

med aqtiurad unda CarTon “kavkasiuri derefnis” amo-

canaTa realizebaSi (igulisxmeba integracia kavkasiur

“aRmosavleT _ dasavleTisa” da “CrdiloeT _ samxre-

Tis” ekonomikur marSrutebSi da saerToregionuli in-

frastruqturebis SeqmnaSi).

132

daskvna

kavkasiis problematikis Seswavlam kidev erTxel

dagvanaxa, rom am regionSi, uZvelesi droidan dRemde,

faqtobrivad, Tavs iyris rogorc lokaluri, aseve

globaluri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi. istoriam isic

gviCvena, rom maTi efeqturad gadaWra mxolod mSvido-

biani, kulturul _ civilizaciuri dialogiTaa SesaZ-

lebeli.

kavkasia _ “evraziis mzis wnuli” - uZvelesi droi-

dan acvifrebda ucxoel mkvlevrebsa da mogzaurebs

Tavisi bunebis silamaziTa da mravalferovnebiT, po-

lieTnikurobiTa da polikonfesiurobiT. ar iqneba ga-

daWarbebuli, Tu vityviT, rom Cveni kavkasia “dedamiwa-

ze arsebuli mikromsoflioa”. aq mcxovrebma xalxebma

ganvles gza paleokavkasiuri eTnokulturuli erTo-

bidan kulturul _ civilizaciur mTlianobamde. kav-

kasiis eTnosebma Seqmnes sakuTari damwerlobebi, msof-

lio mniSvnelobis kulturuli Sedevrebi, Camoayali-

bes kavkasiuri Tanacxovrebis modeli, gaaerTianes re-

gioni zogadkavkasiuri saxelmwifos SeqmniT, didi

wvlili Seitanes msoflio civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi

_ rogorc materialur-teqnikur da sasoflo-sameur-

neo, aseve inteleqtualur sferoSi.

kavkasiis xalxTa tradiciuli socialur _ ekono-

mikuri kavSirebiT iqmneboda urTierTdakavSirebuli

da urTierTdamokidebuli regionuli ekonomika da sa-

erTo zeerovnuli Rirebulebebi. swored amgvari fase-

ulobebis gaziareba da maTi Semdgomi gaTaviseba qmnida

kavkasiur identobas. kavkasiuri civilizaciis qvakuT-

xeds unikaluri kavkasiuri sakomunikacio kultura

warmoadgenda, romelic dResac muSaobs da Tanamedro-

ve kavkasielis “mobilizebuli” tipis adamianSi gamoi-

xateba: igi mudmivad mzadaa “moqmedebisaTvis”, imav-

droulad, “diplomatiurobasac” amJRavnebs. kavkasie-

lis sakomunikacio kultura dafuZnebulia informa-

ciis gacvlaze, dialogze, rac dRes, globalizaciis

pirobebSi, qmediT Zalad miiCneva.

133

uwin, Zvel saqarTveloSi (da saerTod, mTlianad

kavkasiaSi), stumarTmoyvareobis wesTan dakavSirebiT

ityodnen xolme - “stumari RvTisaao”. stumarsa da mas-

pinZels Soris informaciis gacvlis Sedegad, Tu isini

siaxleebs TavianTi cxovrebis praqtikaSi danergav-

dnen, maTi yofa sikeTisaken icvleboda….

dRes kavkasielis tradiciuli moralur _ eTiku-

ri, zneobrivi faseulobebis axleburi Seswavla, meTo-

dologiuri pluralizmis safuZvelze, axal SesaZleb-

lobebs Seqmnis sazogadoebis remoralizaciis Tval-

sazrisiT. kavkasielebi didxans iyvnen mowyvetilni

cxovrebis sakuTar niadags. warsulSi ganxorcielebu-

li da dResac mimdinare kavkasiuri sazogadoebis mo-

dernizaciis iseTi procesi, roca is sakuTar fesvebsa

da niadagsaa mowyvetili, regionis ganviTarebisTvis

zianis momtanic SeiZleba iyos. amgvari situacia xels

uSlis kavkasielis bunebriv mdgomareobas, romelic

Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaken swrafvaSi gamoixa-

teba.

134

SeniSvnebi da wyaroebi Tavi I

1. Руткевич М.Н. Общество как система. СПБ. 2001 2. Studgartis universitetis profesorma h.haken-

ma (Herman Haken) sinergetikis problemebs ramdenime

fundamenturi naSromi miuZRvna, maT Soris ori wigni

saxelwodebiT „sinergetika” (gamoica moskovSi 1980 da

1985 wels, gamomcemloba “mir”-is mier). meore wignSi av-

tori xazs usvams sinergetikis disciplinaTaSoris xa-

siaTs, mis kavSirs sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebTan.

herman hakenis azriT, yoveli maTgani erToblivad swav-

lobs sistemebis droebiT evolucias.

3. bifurkacia (bifurkus – laT. gaorebuli): bifurka-

ciis faqtebs zRaprebSic vxvdebiT: magaliTad, roca

raindi gzajvaredinze, qvasTan Cafiqrebuli dgas, rad-

gan qvaze arsebuli warwera, arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, mis

Semdgom beds ganapirobebs. bifurkaciuli movlenebi

adamianTa cxovrebaSi SeumCnevelia, magram realuri.

4. ix. Тоффлер О. Наука и изменение (предисловие) // Пригожин И. Стенгерс И. Порядок из хаоса. Изд-во «Прогресс», М.1986, с.18. am wignSi erT-erTi avtori ilia prigoJini

(warmoSobiT rusi belgieli, 1977 wlis nobelis premiis

laureati naSromisaTvis “arawonasworobadi sisteme-

bis Termodinamika”) ganmartavs TviTorganizaciis Te-

oriis istoriul wanamZRvrebs da msoflmxedvelobiT

safuZvlebs.

5. Пригожин И., Стенгерс И. Время. Хаос. Изд-во «Квант», М.2000. с.52-53.

6. Пригожин И., Стенгерс И. Порядок из хаоса. с.28. av-

torebis azriT, bifurkaciidan gamosvla moxdeba axa-

li bazisuri struqturebis, faseulobebis da qcevis

normebis safuZvelze.

7. Бранский В.П., Пожарский С.Д. Глобализация и синергетическая философия истории. «Общественные науки и современность», 2006, №1, с.109-112.

135

8. ufro vrclad socialuri sinergetikis ideebis

Sesaxeb Tanamedrove kavkasiis modernizaciis pirobeb-

Si ix. naSromSi: j.kviciani. socialuri sinergetika da

kavkasiis transformacia // kavkasiis eTnografiuli

krebuli, X, Tb.2007.

9. Введение в философию. М.2004, с.498-499. 10. am Teoriis mimdevrebi miiCneven, rom kacobri-

obis civilizaciuri ganviTarebis safexurebis perio-

dizacias ganapirobebs mniSvnelovani teqnologiuri

ganviTarebis epoqebi da, Sesabamisad, adamianis gonebis

ganviTareba, romlebic erTmaneTisagan teqnologiuri

revoluciebiT gamoiyofa. esenia:

- arqauli epoqa, sadac gavrcelebuli iyo nadiro-

ba, meTevzeoba da Semgrovebloba, xdeboda mza produq-

ciis miTviseba. am epoqaSi adamianis azrovnebis domi-

nanturi matricaa arqaul-miTiuri;

- agraruli epoqa Camoyalibda neoliTuri revo-

luciis Semdeg, me-7 - me-3 aTaswleulSi. nadiroba da

Semgrovebloba Secvala mesaqonleobam da miwaTmoqme-

debam, ramac mosaxleobis swrafi zrda gamoiwvia. Sesa-

bamisad, mosaxleobis zrdam sursaTis dagroveba da

pirveli saxelmwifoebis warmoqmna uzrunvelyo. am

dros adamianis gonebaSi mkvidrdeba religiuri domi-

nanturi matrica;

- industriuli epoqa daiwyo XVII - XVIII s.s. samrew-

velo revoluciis Sedegad, rac sxvadasxva manqanebis

gamogonebas niSnavda. es, Tavis mxriv, adamianis Sromis

nayofierebas zrdida, Sesabamisad, kvlav matulobda

mosaxleobis raodenoba da amiT safuZveli eyreboda

masobriv urbanizms. adamianis azrovnebaSi religiebis

dominireba racionalizmiT icvleba;

- postindustriuli sazogadoeba industriulis

logikuri gagrZelebaa. am dros warmoebaSi udides

rols da adgils ikavebs adamianis codna, inteleqti da

mis gonebaSi prioriteti integralur azrovnebas eni-

Weba.

136

11. Розов Н.С. Структура социальной антологии: по пути к синтезу макроисторических парадигм // «Вопросы философии», №2, 1999.

12. Страда В. Глобализация и история // «Новая и новейшая история», №6, 2006.

13. Квициани Дж. Вновь о цели истории // “kavkasiis

macne”, #16, 2007, gv.59.

14. Гуревич А.Я. Проблемы средневековой культуры // «Проблемы эпохи средневековья. Вып.3, М.1998. с.64.

15. Верцель К., Ингельхарт Р. Развитие ведет к демократии // «Россия в глобальной политике», №3, 2009.

16. iqve.

137

Tavi II

1. ix. Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.,2001, с.11 2. l.maruaSvili. kavkasiis fizikuri geografia.

Tb., 1981.

3. Народы Кавказа. Т.1, М.,1960, с.10. 4. История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших

времен до конца XVIII века. М.,1988, с.21. 5. Народы Кавказа. Т.1, М.,1960, с.10-12. 6. kavkasia, 2001-2003 w.w. monacemebiT, 60 mln. ada-

mianiTaa dasaxlebuli, aqedan Crdilo kavkasiaSi - 43

mln. da samxreT kavkasiaSi - 17 mln. adamiani. dRes aq

mcxovrebi mosaxleoba calkeuli enobrivi ojaxebis mi-

xedviT aris danawilebuli: 1. iberiul-kavkasiuri oja-

xi (qarTveluri; afxazur-adiRuri jgufi; naxuri, da-

Restnuri); 2. indoevropuli ojaxi (slavebi, somxebi,

osebi, qurTebi, TaTebi, TaliSebi, berZnebi); 3. alTau-

ri ojaxi (azebaijanelebi, yumuxebi, noRaelebi, yaraCa-

elebi, balyarelebi, Turqmenebi, TaTrebi, yalmuxebi);

4. semitur-qamituri ojaxi (asurelebi, ebraelebi).

7. Кантария М.В. Экологические аспекты традиционной хозяйственной культуры народов Северного Кавказа. Тб., 1989.

8. ix. Гуриев Т. Из жемчужин Востока: Авеста. Владикавказ, 1993. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, «особое

место в учении Заратуштры занимает гора Березабти,

отождествляемая с Альбурзом или Эльбрусом наших дней.

Вершина этой горы является, по традиции, центром

мироздания. Это благословенное место, не знающее тьмы,

болезней, даже плохой погоды. И не случайно, что над этой

горой располагается обитель бога Митры. Души безгрешных

попадали в небеса через мост Чинват «Избранный путь».

Одним концом мост упирается в эту гору».

9. Жданов Ю.А. Солнечное сплетение Евразии. Майкоп, 1999. am wignSi avtori kavkasias evraziis “mzis wnulad”

miiCnevs da wers: «У горы Ницир корабль остановился / гора

138

Ницир корабль удержала». Очевидно, что гора Ницир – это библейский Арарат, к которому пристал Ной. Именно здесь, по Библии, Ной начал возделывать землю и насадил виноградники. На Кавказе рождена культура вина как форма общения людей, сплетенная речью, тостами, песней, танцем. Известное во всем мире слово «Тамада» переводится только с языков Кавказа.

10. vaxtang SamilaZe. qarTvel da ucxoel mogza-

ur-mkvlevarTa eTnologiuri cnobebi kavkasiis xalxe-

bis Sesaxeb. Tb., 2001. gv.5.

11. Жданов Ю.А. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.9.

12 .Джапаридзе О. На заре этнокультурной истории Кавказа. Тб., 1989.

13. Федоров Я.А. Историческая этнография Северного Кавказа. М., 1983, с.27.

14. malxaz abduSeliSvili. daskvniTi sityva.

Tb.,2004. gv.13.

15. gaz.“saqarTvelos respublika”, 16 seqtemberi,

2008

16. Шнирельман В.А. Войны памяти. Мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье. М.,2003, с.35

17. Шанидзе А. Язык и письмо кавказских албанцев Тбилиси, 1960; История Азербайджана. Баку, 1995, с.144

18. История Дагестана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Т.1. М., 2004, с.159

19. История Кабардино-Балкарии. Нальчик, 1995, с.42 20. История Дагестана с древнейших времен до наших

дней, т.1, Москва, 2004, с.164 21. Дмитриев В.А. Кавказ как историко-культурный

феномен // Россия и Кавказ. СПБ, 2003, с.88

139

Tavi III

1. История Дагестана с древнейщих времен до наших дней. Москва, 2004. Т.1, с.278.

2. История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII в. Москва, 1988, с..173

3. Лавров Л.И. Историко-этнографические очерки Кавказа. Ленинград, 1978, с.14

4. r.metreveli. kavkasiuri civilizacia msoflio

globalizaciuri procesebis konteqstSi. Tbilisi,

2007, gv.39

5. r.metreveli. dasaxelebuli naSromi,. gv.20

6. Еремян С.Т. Общность судеб и культурно-политическое содружество народов Закавказья в IX-XII в. // Кавказ и Византия. вып.I, Ереван, 1979, с.9

7. Тогошвили Г.Д. К вопросу о характере грузино-северокавказских взаимоотношений в XI-XIII в.в. // Вопросы истории народов Кавказа. Тбилиси, 1988, с.198

8. Бижев А.К. Адыги северо-западного Кавказа и кризис восточного вопроса в конце 20-х - начале 30-х г.г. XIX века. Майкоп,1994, с.136

9. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi 1832 wels antikolo-

niurma moZraobam saerToerovnuli xasiaTic ki miiRo.

gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda aleqsandre

batoniSvili, romelic Crdilo kavkasiel mTielebs ru-

seTTan brZolaSi amxnevebda.

10. miuridi - am termins arabuli safuZveli aqvs.

miuridi aris is adamiani, romelic islamis swavlisa da

codnisaken, Sinagani Tavisuflebisaken iswrafvis. miu-

ridizmSi ki, sxva niSnebTan erTad, muslimTa wminda ga-

maTavisuflebel omSi (hazavaTSi) monawileobac igu-

lisxmeba.

11. Блиев М. Россия и горцы Большого Кавказа на пути к цивилизации. Москва, 2004, с.798-799.

12. ruseT-TurqeTis omis (“yirimis omis”) dros,

samxedro moqmedeba kavkasiaSic daiwyo. 1854 wlis zaf-

xulSi Samilis razmebi saqarTveloSic (kaxeTSi) Semo-

140

iWrnen, axalcixesTan dabanakebul osmaleTis armias-

Tan SesaerTeblad. marTalia, maT miznis miRweva ver

moaxerxes, magram gaZarcves kaxeTis soflebi, mZevlad

aiyvanes gavlenian qarTvel TavadTa ojaxebi da gamo-

sasyidi moiTxoves. Samils amiT ruseTis armiis tyveo-

bidan Tavisi Svilis - jamal ed-dinis gaTavisufleba

surda, rac Sesrulda kidec.

13. Покровский Н.И. Имамат перед большой войной // Научная мысль Кавказа, 1998, №1, с.85

14. iqve, gv.80

15. sxvaTa Soris, mefisnacvlis institutis mxriv

kavkasia erTaderTi precedentia ruseTis imperiaSi.

16. Ишханян Б. Народности Кавказа (статистико-эконо-мическое исследование). Петроград, 1916, с.16; iqve avtors

CamoTvlili aqvs kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi Semadgen-

lobaSi arsebuli 11 administraciuli erTeuli: baqos,

daRestnis, elisavetpolis, yubanis, quTaisis, stavro-

polis, tfilisis, Savi zRvis da erivanis guberniebi,

Tergisa da yarsis olqebi.

17. es procesi, romelic me-16 saukuneSi daiwyo,

safrangeTis burJuaziul-demokratiulma revoluciam

daagvirgvina (1789-94 w.w.).

18. ilia WavWavaZe. tomi I, tfilisi, 1925.

19. Карамурзов Б.С., Боров А.Х.. Дзамихов К.Ф., Муратова Е.Г. Социокультурные механизмы северокавказского историчес-кого процесса // Научная мысль Кавказа, 2006, №3, с.72

20. Бабич И.Л. Деятельность российского государства по включению горцев Северного Кавказа в общероссийское куль-турное пространство в конце XVII – нач. XX века // Научная мысль Кавказа, 2008, №4, с.48.

21. rusuli kolonializmi saqarTveloSi. Tbili-

si, 2008, gv.354.

22. 1917 w. dekemberSi 41 mln. amomrCevelidan ese-

rebs (socialist-revolucionerebs) xma misca 16,5 mln.

amomrCevelma, bolSevikebma ki 9 mln. miiRes. arCevnebSi

monawileobdnen agreTve zomieri socialistebi - 9

141

mln. xma, erovnuli umciresobebi - 4, 5 mln., kadetebi

(burJuaziuli partia) - 2 mln.

23. Верт Н. История советского государства – 1900-1991. М.,1992, с.112.

24. Карамурзов Б.С., Боров А.Х.. Дзамихов К.Ф., Муратова Е.Г. Социокультурные механизмы северокавказского исторического процесса // Научная мысль Кавказа, 2006, №4, с.19.

25. ix. Тахо-Годы А.А. Революция и контрреволюция в Дагестане. Махачкала, 1927, с.165. mTielTa gaerTianebis

mizani iyo daecva mopovebuli Tavisufleba, gaetarebi-

na demokratiuli reformebi, Seeqmna demokratiuli

federaciuli respublika ruseTTan erTad. amisaTvis,

mTielebma, “samxreT-aRmosavleTis kazakTa kavSirTan

da stepebis Tavisufal xalxebTan” 1917 wlis 20 oqtom-

bers samokavSireo xelSekruleba dades. mTielTa av-

tonomiur saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnSi Sediodnen:

daRestnis yvela xalxi (xunZebi, darguelebi, lekebi,

lezgebi), Tergis administraciuli olqidan - yabardo-

elebi, balyarelebi, osebi, inguSebi, CeCnebi, yumuxebi;

yubanis olqidan - yaraCaelebi, abazinelebi, Cerqezebi,

noRaelebi; dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebidan - afxazebi;

stepebis xalxebidan - Turqmenebi. aqve SevniSnavT, rom

afxazeTi 1917 wlis bolosaTvis mTielTa kavSirSi mxo-

lod formalurad Sedioda da masze Crdilokavkasiel-

Ta liderebis gavlena Zalze umniSvnelo iyo, 1918 wlis

zafxulisaTvis ki afxazeTi de-faqtod da de-iured

mTlianad iqna integrirebuli saqarTvelos Semadgen-

lobaSi.

26. Тахо-Годы А.А. Революция и контрреволюция в Дагестане. Махачкала, 1927, с.152.

27. История Дона и Северного Кавказа (1917-2000). Ростов-на-Дону – Нальчик, 2004, с.36

28. mixeil baxtaZe, giorgi mamulia. masalebi sa-

qarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis urTierTobis is-

toriidan, Tbilisi 2005, gv. 11.

29. brestis sazavo konferencia gaimarTa 1918

wlis Teberval-martSi erTi mxriv ruseTs, meore mxriv

142

- germanias, osmaleTs, avstria-ungreTsa da maT mokav-

Sireebs Soris. 3 marts xelmowerili sazavo xelSekru-

lebiT, ruseTma pirvel msoflio omSi Tavi damarcxe-

bulad scno, dakarga teritoriebi, maT Soris baTumis,

arTvin-artaanisa da yarsis olqebi.

30. mixeil baxtaZe, giorgi mamulia. masalebi sa-

qarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis urTierTobis is-

toriidan, Tbilisi 2005, gv. 19. 31. avarelebi daRestanSi yvelaze mravalricxovan

eTnoss warmoadgenen, rac, faqtobrivad, adre da dRe-

sac am qveynis socialur-politikur da kulturul

procesebs bevrad gansazRvravs. m.baxtaZes da g.mamu-

lias zemoTxsenebul naSromSi moxmobili aqvT 1920

wlis 2 ivnisiT daTariRebuli saarqivo dokumenti, ro-

melSic saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris saxel-

ze gamogzavnil werilSi k.alixanovi - avariis xel-

mZRvaneli aRniSnavs: “avareTi (xunZaxi), Temur-lengis

Semosevamde, saqarTvelos nawili iyo da amitom sulie-

rad da sisxliT axlosaa masTano”.

32. 1918 wlis 4 ivnisis xelSekrulebiT, TurqeTma

miisakuTra aWara (baTumisa da arTvinis olqebi), sam-

cxe-javaxeTi (axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebi). mogvia-

nebiT, pirvel msoflio omSi TurqeTis damarcxebis

Semdeg, saqarTvelom es teritoriebi ukan daibruna,

magram 1921 wels, moskovisa da yarsis xelSekrulebebis

ZaliT, nawilobriv isev dakarga.

33. simon kilaZe. integraciis formebi da periode-

bi kavkasiaSi // Jurnali “saqarTvelos parlamenti”,

1997, #33-34, gv.8.

34. simon kilaZe. “gaigzavnos TviTmfrinavebi mTi-

elTa dasaxmareblad”, anu ratom Cavida daRestanSi

qarTuli saeqspedicio razmi // Jurnali “arsenali”, #7,

2007, gv.18.

35. simon kilaZe. integraciis formebi da periode-

bi kavkasiaSi // Jurnali “saqarTvelos parlamenti”,

1997, #33-34, gv.9-10.

143

36. Симон Киладзе. Единство Кавказа и попытки выхода из кризиса // журнал «Тбилисский меридиан», №3, сентябрь-октябрь 1997, с.21.

37. Независимая газета, 9 сентября 2009 // www.ng.ru/ideas/2009-09-09

38. Обращение представителей интеллигенции Грузии к интеллигенции Кабардино-Балкарии // «Газета Юга», 1 июля 1994 года

39. Декларация. За межнациональное согласие, мир, экономическое и культурное сотрудничество на Кавказе // Научная мысль Кавказа. 1996, №2, с.3-5.

40. yovelive es am striqonebis avtoris mier gaana-

lizebulia wignSi “kavkasiis civilizacia postsabWour

istoriografiaSi” (Tbilisi, 2007 weli)

144

Tavi IV

1. Ван Кревельд Мартин. Расцвет и упадок государства. М., 2006, с.407.

2. Хобсбаум Эрик. Эпоха крайностей. Короткий двадцатый век. 1914-1991. М.,2004, с.26.

3. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 г. Статистический ежегодник. М.,1991, с.67-73. (weliwdeulSi saqarTvelos

ssr-is SemadgenlobaSi myofi samxreT oseTis avtono-

miuri olqis monacemebi Setanili ar aris).

4. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 г. Статистический ежегодник. М.,1991, с.67-73. (weliwdeulSi rsfsr-is stav-

ropol-krasnodaris mxareebis SemadgenlobaSi myofi

yaraCai-CerqezeTis da adiRes avt. olqebis monacemebi

Setanili ar aris).

5. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 г. Статистический ежегодник. М.,1991, с.77-78.

6. azerbaijanelTa istoriuli warsuli gvaCve-

nebs, rom isini kavkasiis aborigenul mosaxleobas war-

moadgenen, Tumca aris sxva mosazrebac. unda iTqvas,

rom azerbaijanelTa aborigenulobis sakiTxma gansa-

kuTrebiT gaaqtiureba hpova gasuli saukunis 80-iani

wlebis miwuruls, roca mTiani yarabaRis gamo azerbai-

janisa da somxeTis dapirispireba daiwyo. rogorc cno-

bilia, ori mezobeli saxelmwifo erTmaneTs teritori-

ebs edaveba da, SeiZleba iTqvas, es dava mxolod mTiani

yarabaRiT ar amoiwureba - aris kidev zangezuri, naxWe-

vani, Sarur-daragalebi da sxva.

Tanamedrove azerbaijanuli istoriografia ret-

rospeqtiulad xazs usvams, rom yvela zemoT CamoT-

vlil teritoriebze azerbaijanelebi avtoqtonurad

cxovroben. azerbaijaneli mecnierebisa da polito-

logebis mtkicebiT, am adgilebSi somxebi XIX saukuneSi,

ruseTis imperiis mmarTvelobis dros momxdari migra-

ciuli procesebis Sedegad dasaxldnen. garda amisa, ba-

qoel mecnierTa kvlevebSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia

imaze, rom aRniSnuli teritoriebi ruseTis imperiis

145

mier azerbaijanis dapyrobamde (1803-1828) azerbaija-

nuli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis (yarabaRisa da

kubis saxanoebis) SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen.

azerbaijanelebis enobrivi maxasiaTebeli, rome-

lic Tanamedrove azerbaijanis eTnogenezs amierkavka-

siaSi Turquli migraciis istoria miakuTvnebs (XI-XIV

ss.), sulac ar qmnis siZneleebs konceptualurad dasa-

buTdes kavkasiaSi azerbaijanis avtoxTonuroba.

problema wydeba “albanuri Teoriis” CarCoebSi,

romelic asaxavs Tanamedrove azerbaijanis teritori-

aze mcxovreb adgilobrivi albanuri mosaxleobis de-

mografiuli STanTqmis process Turqul tomTa jgu-

febis mier. es Teoria ganixileba rogorc proazerbai-

januli da, Sesabamisad, azerbaijaneli xalxis formi-

rebaSi erT-erT etapad (elementad) aris warmodgeni-

li. am Teoriis mixedviT, azerbaijanuli eTnikuri er-

Toba albanelebis Turquli da sxva araTurquli jgu-

febis asimilaciis procesSi Camoyalibda. Sesabamisad,

am istoriul-kulturul Taviseburebis gaTvaliswine-

biT, maTi gansaxlebis teritoria dRevandeli azerbai-

janelebis ZvelisZvel teritorias Seadgens. rogorc

a.cucievi miiCnevs, esenia yofili sparseTis provincie-

bi (sabeglarbegoebi), aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis Tur-

quli saxano-sasulTnoebi (ruseTis mier 1803-1828 ww.-

Si dapyrobili erivnis, naxiCevanis, ganjis CaTvliT).

marTalia, zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad - yazaxi da Sam-

Sadili - XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, magram amis miuxe-

davad, azerbaijanel mecnierTa azriT, azerbaijanis

saxelmwifos nawilebs warmoadgendnen. maTi ruseTSi

gaerTianeba ganixileba azerbaijanis danawilebas ru-

seTsa da irans Soris, rac azerbaijanelebs gayofil

xalxad aqcevs. (ix. А.Цуциев. 2004, Атлас этнополитической истории Кавказа).

rac Seexeba konkretulad mTian yarabaRs: umete-

sad somxebiT dasaxlebuli mTiani yarabaRis avtonomi-

uri olqi sabWoTa periodSi azerbaijanis ssr Semad-

genlobaSi Sedioda, Tumca, rogorc somexi istoriko-

146

sebi Tvlian, sabWoTa xelisuflebis gariJraJze, meoce

saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, bolSevikebma es te-

ritoria azerbaijans usafuZvlod gadasces. gasuli

saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwuruls olqis somxureno-

vanma mosaxleobam, erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis princi-

pis Sesabamisad, azerbaijanis Semadgenlobidan gamos-

vla da damoukideblobis gamocxadeba moiTxova. ra

Tqma unda, am nabijs garkveuli stimuli misca somxeTis

ssr maSindeli xelisuflebis waqezebamac. Tavisi roli

Seasrula azerbaijanis qalaq sumgaiTSi momxdarma an-

tisomxurma gamosvlebmac, rasac didi msxverpli da

mosaxleobis iZulebiTi migracia mohyva (somxeTidan

azerbaijanelebis, azerbaijanidan ki - somxebisa). sab-

WoTa kavSiris liderebi cdilobdnen dapirispirebis

ganeitralebas, magram uSedegod. situacia kidev ufro

gamwvavda ssrk daSlis Jams - 1992 wels daiwyo sabrZo-

lo moqmedebebi mTiani yarabaRis teritoriaze, rom-

lis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, azerbaijanis armiam di-

di danaklisi ganicada. sabolood 1994 wlis maisSi dai-

do cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmeba, romelic “biSkekis

oqmis” saxeliTaa cnobili. amJamad mTiani yarabaRi

TviTgamocxadebuli araRiarebuli respublikis sta-

tusiT sargeblobs, konfliqti ki “gayinuli” saxiT

grZeldeba da misi mogvareba, saerTaSoriso Tanamegob-

robis Carevis miuxedavad, jer kidev ver xerxdeba.

7. Юнусов А.С. Этнодемографические процессы на Южном Кавказе постсоветский период // Кавказский сборник. Том 2(34). М.,2005, с.269

8. winaistoruli saqarTvelos cnobil faqts war-

moadgens e.w. Homo georgicus (uZvelesi adamianebi, didi

xnis winaT gadaSenebuli), romelTa neSti 1991 wels

dmanisSi, Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze iqna

aRmoCenili. Homo georgicus-is pirveli neStebi daTari-

Rebulia 1 mln. 770 aTasi wlis winandeli droiT. asaki

damowmebulia rogorc stratigrafiuli da paleomag-

netikuri kvlevebiT, aseve namarxi faunis SeswavliT.

amrigad, dmaniseli adamiani - es adamianis uZvelesi sa-

147

xea, romelic evropis teritoriaze binadrobda. 1991-

2007 wlebSi dmanisSi napovnia oTxi adamianis - sami

zrdasulisa da erTi bavSvis neStis fragmenti: ro-

gorc varaudoben, Homo georgieсus-is simaRle iyo 145-

166 sm. iyo, wona - 40-50 kg.

9. Юнусов А. Этнодемографические процессы на Южном Кавказе в постсоветский период // Кавказский сборник, том 2, М.,2005, с.275.

10. sayuradRebo momentia, rom somxebis istori-

ul mexsierebaSi warsulis gandideba xdeba da tanjuli

eris imiji inergeba. udidesi adgili uWiravs “didi

somxeTis” Temas, romelic, somexi mecnierebis azriT,

mefe tigran meoris dros (Cvens welTaRricxvamde pir-

vel saukuneSi) arsebobda. xsenebul periodSi somxeTi

palestinidan kaspiis zRvamde gadaWimul vrcel same-

fos warmoadgenda. faqtobrivad, somxeTi damoukide-

beli iyo Zveli welTaRricxvis 189 wlidan 66 wlamde,

Semdeg ki is romaelebis mier iqna dapyrobili. mogvia-

nebiT, somxeTi sxvadasxva mtruli saxelmwifoebis

msxverpli gaxda da xelidan xelSi gadadioda. arabeTis

xalifatis uRlisgan haosis qveyana (ase hqvia sxvagva-

rad somxeTs) 885 wels gaTavisuflda. am dros odesRac

arsebuli “didi somxeTis” teritoria danawilda anisis

samefod (Crdilo aRmosavleTi nawili), romelic mogvi-

anebiT saqarTvelos erTian kavkasiur saxelmwifoSi ga-

erTianda da kilikiis samefod, romelic Semdgom, me-14

saukuneSi osmalebis (Turqebis) mier iqna dapyrobili.

kavkasiis da, kerZod, samxreT kavkasiis mierTeba

ruseTTan 1801-1829 wlebSi somxebis istoriografiaSi

zogadad dadebiT faqtad fasdeba, magram sabWoTa xe-

lisuflebis dros somxeTis ssr sazRvrebis dadgena -

mTiani yarabaRis, naxWevanis, surmalinis, yarsisa da

artaanis (ardahanis) olqebis gareSe - sabWoTa kavSiri-

sa da TurqeTis garigebad miiCneva, romelic somxeTis

istoriuli teritoriebis gayofis xarjze moxda. saer-

Tod, teritoriuli davebis sakiTxi, marTalia, araofi-

cialiurad, magram saqarTvelosTan urTierTobebSic

arsebobs: somexi politikosebisa da mecnierTa azriT,

148

samcxe _ javaxeTi odesRac arsebuli “didi somxeTis

nawilia da, Sesabamisad, uZveles somxur miwa-wyals

warmoadgens. ufro metic, somxebi miiCneven, rom qvemo

qarTlic maTi miwebis nawilia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom swored teritoriuli sakiTxi

iyo im omis mizezi, romelic saqarTvelosa da somxeTis

damoukidebel respublikebs Soris 1918 wlis dekem-

berSi moxda: imdroindelma somexma politikosebma ga-

dawyvites, rom radgan damoukideblad gamocxadebisas

araratis respublikas Zalian cota teritoria ergo,

saWiro iyo “istoriuli miwebis” samxedro ZaliT dab-

runeba. Sesabamisad, somxeTis jarebi Setevaze gadavid-

nen da saqarTvelos samxreTi nawili (Tbilisis yofili

guberniis lorეs raioni da borCalos mazra) daikaves.

marTalia, Tavdasxmas saqarTvelo moumzadebeli Sex-

vda, magram sakmarisi samxedro Zalebis koncentraciis

Semdeg qarTulma jarebma somxebs ukan daaxevines, Tum-

ca aqve SevniSnavT, rom somxeTis sasargeblod antan-

tis warmomadgenlebis Carevis gamo saqarTvelom

lorეs dabruneba ver SeZlo - es teritoria neitralur

zonad gamocxadda, Sereuli somxur-qarTuli adminis-

traciiTa da didi britaneTis warmomadgenlis xel-

mZRvanelobiT. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pir-

vel wlebSi ki, bolSevikebis gadawyvetilebiT, lore

sabolood somxeTs gadaeca (amis Sesaxeb ufro farTod

ixileT gazeT “axalgazrda iverielSi” 1990 wlis maisSi

gamoqveynebuli vrceli dokumenturi narkvevi “erTi

omis qronika anu ra moxda 1918 wlis dekemberSi”).

somxebi xSirad xazs usvamen, rom arian adamianebi,

romlebic maTi eris faseulobebs ganasaxiereben: mes-

rop maStoci - enas (361-440 ww.w.), komitasi, igive sogo-

mon sogomiani - musikas (1869-1935 w.w.), vardan mamikoni-

ani - Tavisuflebas (380-441 w.w.).

somxeTisaTvis erTob aqtualuria genocidis sa-

kiTxi. osmaleTis imperiaSi somxebis Tavisuflebis-

Tvis brZolam farTo masStabi miiRo jer kidev XIX sau-

kunis 60-70-an wlebSi (1862 wels kilikiaSi “zeiTunis

149

gmirebis” ajanyeba, revoluciuri moZraobis dawyeba,

Tavdacvis jgufebis Seqmna, daSnakebis teroristuli

aqtebis dawyeba, maT Soris 1896 wels osmaleTis bankis

maT mier xelSi Cagdeba), Semdeg ki, meoce saukunis da-

sawyisSi, osmaleTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi somxebis

mdgomareobis sakiTxis garkvevaSi dasavleT evropis

saxelmwifoebi da ruseTi Caeria: maTi zewoliT Turqe-

bi somxurenovani mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli olqebis

avtonomias daTanxmdnen. pirveli msoflio omis dros

TurqeTi ruseTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol banakSi aRmoC-

nda, Sesabamisad, kavkasiis frontze rusuli armiis Se-

tevis kvalobaze ruseTis moimede somxebma antiTurqu-

li gamosvlebi daiwyes. am faqtma osmaleTis xelisuf-

lebis mxridan gaugonari represiebi gamoiwvia: 1915

wlis aprilSi moewyo somex xalxis msoflioSi uprece-

dento genocidi, ris Sedegadac ramdenime dRe-RameSi

1,5 mln. somexi gaiJlita.

11. TurqeTi bolo xanebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki 2008

wlis agvistoSi momxdari saqarTvelo-ruseTis omis

Semdeg, aqtiurad CaerTo Sidakavkasiuri problemebis

mogvarebis procesSi. ankaram SeimuSava kavkasiis regi-

onis stabilizebis koncefcia, romelic dainterese-

bul saxelmwifoebs, maT Soris ruseTs, saqarTvelos,

somxeTsa da azerbaijans gaacno. imave wlis oqtomber-

Si TurqeTis prezidenti daeswro erevanSi gamarTul

safexburTo matCs, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg - 2009 wlis

oqtomberSi igive gaakeTa somxeTis prezidentmac: igi

TurqeTis qalaq bursaSi Cavida da adgilobriv stadi-

onze evropis Cempionatis SesarCev matCs daeswro som-

xeTisa da TurqeTis nakrebebs Soris.

12. daRestnis dedaqalaqia maxaCkala. mosaxleobis

raodenoba 2,7 mln. (2009 wlis pirveli ianvris monace-

mebiT). respublikis teritoria Seadgens 50,3 aTas

kvadratul kilometrs. 1989 wlis aRweris Tanaxmad,

respublikis teritoriaze 102 erovnebis warmomadge-

neli cxovrobda, romlebic sam enobriv jgufs miekuT-

vnebian: iberiul-kavkasiuri ojaxis naxur-daRestnuri

ganStoebas, alaTauri ojaxis ierarqiul jgufs da in-

150

doevropul enobriv jgufs. dRes daRestanSi, konsti-

tuciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo enebad iTvlebian rusu-

li da daRestnis xalxTa yvela ena, magram maTgan Tavisi

damwerloba mxolod 14 enas gaaCnia.

daRestnis mTavari mdinareebia Tergi, sulaki, sa-

muri. msxvili qalaqebia: maxaCkala (334,5 aTasi); der-

benti (90,1 aTasi), xasaviurti (83,8 aTasi), kaspiiski (67,9

aTasi), buinakski (58,2 aTasi).

Zv.w.aR. pirveli aTaswleulis bolos daRestnis

teritoria Sedioda kavkasiis albaneTis, Semdgom ki sa-

saniduri iranis SemadgenlobaSi. daRestanma arabTa

Tavdasxmebic gadaitana. XIII saukunis dasawyisSi daRes-

tani TaTar-monRolebma daipyres, momdevno aswleu-

lebSi ki aq mcxovrebi xalxebi osmaleTis imperiisa da

sparseTis gavlenis qveS moeqcnen. ruseT-sparseTis

omis Sedegad 1813 wels dadebuli giulistanis xelSek-

rulebiT, daRestani ruseTs SeuerTda.

daRestnis assr 1921 wlis 20 ianvars Seiqmna. 1994

wlis 26 ivliss miRebul iqna respublikis konstitu-

cia. daRestanSi mosaxleobis didi nawili (90%-ze me-

ti), tradiciulad, muslimuri aRmsareblobis mimdeva-

ria. 1996 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT, daRestanSi fun-

qcionirebda 1670 meCeTi, 7 eklesia, 4 sinagoga, 3 adven-

tistTa “meSvide dRis” Temi, 4 evangelist qristian-

baptistTa Temi.

13. 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, lezgebis rao-

denoba 170 aTass Seadgenda. azerbaijanis kusaris rai-

onis garda, sadac isini mosaxleobis 80%-ze mets Sead-

genen, lezgebi gansaxlebuli arian azerbaijanis xaCma-

sis, gubis, gabalis da zogierT sxva raionSi. imave aRwe-

ris mixedviT, azerbaijanSi, lezgebis garda, cxovrob-

da agreTve 44 000 avareli (ZiriTadad, belaqnisa da za-

qaTalas raionebSi).

14. CrdiloeT oseT-alaniis respublikis dedaqa-

laqia vladikavkazi. teritoria - 8 aTasi kvadratuli

kilometri, mosaxleobis raodenoba — 701,8 aTasi ada-

miani (2009 wlis monacemebiT). respublika regionSi

151

erT-erT yvelaze urbanizebulad da mWidrod dasaxle-

bulad iTvleba (1km2 140 adamiani). mosaxleobis umete-

soba osebia (60%) da, ZiriTadad, qalaqebis mcxovrebni

arian. CrdiloeT oseTs mniSvnelovani satransporto

adgilmdebareoba aqvs: vladikavkazidan saqarTvelos

sazRvramde gadis gzatkecili, romelic istoriulad

“saqarTvelos samxedro gzis” saxeliTaa cnobili. gar-

da amisa, CrdiloeT oseTze gadis CrdiloeT da sam-

xreT kavkasiis damakavSirebeli avtomagistrali

(“transkam”), romlis mniSvnelovan monakveTs kavkasio-

nis qedze agebuli rokis gvirabi warmoadgens. respub-

likis teritoriaze gadis agreTve federaluri statu-

sis mqone avtogzebi da rkinigzebi, gazsadenebi da sxva

komunikaciebi. msxvili qalaqebia vladikavkazi (309,8

aTasi mcx.), mozdoki (40 aTasi), beslani (33,6 aTasi).

mokled CrdiloeT oseT-alaniis istoriis Sesa-

xeb: Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi respublikis amJa-

mindel teritoriaze alanTa tomebi gamoCndnen, IX-X

saukuneebSi ki alanTa feodaluri saxelmwifoc Seiq-

mna. meaTe saukuneSi osebSi saqarTvelodan qristiano-

ba vrceldeba da oficialuri religia xdeba. amave pe-

riodidan iwyeba alanur-osuri eTnosis Camoyalibeba

da masze saqarTvelos politikuri gavlenis gavrcele-

ba. XIIOI saukuneSi, TaTar-monRolTa Semosevebis gamo,

osuri saxelmwifo ganadgurda da mosaxleobam, TavSe-

safris Ziebis mizniT, mdinare Tergis zemowelSi, kavka-

sionis mTavari qedis xeobebisa da kalTebisaken migri-

reba daiwyo. osebi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi XVIII sauku-

nis meore naxevarSi Sevidnen, XIX saukuneSi ki adminis-

traciulad Tergis olqSi moeqcnen. sabWoTa xelisuf-

lebis pirvel wlebSi osebi jer mTielTa assr Semadgen-

lobaSi arian, Semdeg ki, 1924 wlis 7 ivliss, osTa gan-

saxlebis teritoria avtonomiur mxared gardaiqmna

(rsfsr SemadgenlobaSi). 1936 wlis sabWoTa konstitu-

ciis Tanaxmad, Seiqmna CrdiloeT oseTis assr, 1990

wlis dekembridan - CrdiloeT oseTis ssr, 1993 wlidan

- CrdiloeT oseT - alaniis respublika. amJamad aq Ziri-

152

Tadi konfesiebia marTlmadidebluri qristianoba da

islami.

15. inguSeTis respublikis dedaqalaqia magasi, te-

ritoria - 3600 kv.km. mosaxleoba - 532 aTasi adamiani.

respublika Seiqmna 1992 wlis 4 ivniss. msxvili qalaqe-

bia: nazrani (118 aT. adamiani 2000 wlis monacemebiT),

malgobeki (36 aTasi), yarabulaki (19 aTasi). qarTul is-

toriul wyaroebSi inguSebi ZurZukebis saxeliT arian

cnobilni. ZurZukeTi, romilic inguSebisa da xunZebis

winaprebis saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas warmoadgen-

da, Zveli welTaRricxvis IV-III saukuneebidan axali

welTaRricxvis XIV saukunemde arsebobda. Temur-len-

gma CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi laSqrobis dros (1395) ZurZu-

keTi mTlianad gaanadgura, Sesabamisad, Sewyda yovel-

gvari urTierToba saqarTvelosTan. Temur-lengis

brZanebis Sesabamisad, “amieridan ar unda eswavlaT

qarTuli wignebi”. kulturis donis saerTo dacemasTan

erTad, es ZurZukeTis mTebSi qristianul-marTlmadi-

debluri religiis miviwyebasac niSnavda… aqve ar SeiZ-

leba ar aRvniSnoT, rom inguSeTSi arsebuli X saukunis

qristianuli eklesia “tyoba-erdi” dResac rCeba qar-

Tveli da inguSi xalxebis materialur da sulier kul-

turaTa saukunovani siaxlovis gamoxatulebad.

me-16 saukunis bolos inguSeTSi daRestnidan mus-

limuri religia vrceldeba. XVIII saukuneSi naxCos to-

mebi CeCnebad da inguSebad gaiyvnen. 1810 wels inguSeTi

nebayoflobiT uerTdeba ruseTis imperias, 1921 wels

ki mTielTa assr SemadgenlobaSia. 1924 wels Seiqmna in-

guSeTis avtonomiuri olqi, romlis adminitraciuli

centrs vladikavkazi warmoadgenda. 1934 wels inguSe-

Ti CeCneTis avtonomiur olqTan gaerTianda da am gaer-

Tianebas CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiuri olqi ewoda,

romelic 1937 wlis ssrk konstituciis Sesabamisad,

CeCneT-inguSeTis ass respublikad gardaiqmna. 1944

wels CeCneT-inguSeTis assr gauqmda, mogvianebiT ki,

1957 wels, isev aRadgines.

16. CeCneTis dedaqalaqi - grozno. teritoria -

17,5 kv.km. mosaxleobis raodenoba — 1, 2 milioni adamia-

153

ni (2009 weli). didi mdinareebia Tergi da sunJa. relie-

fis mixedviT respublika iyofa or nawilad; bari

(CrdiloeTi) da mTianeTi (samxreTi). msxvili qalaqebia:

grozno, gudermesi, arRuni, urus-martani da Sali.

qveynis ZiriTad bunebriv saresurso potencials war-

moadgens navTobis sabadoebi.

VII-XIII ss. naxCoebSi saqarTvelodan vrceldeba

qristianoba da masTan erTad qarTuli damwerlobac.

amave xanebSi xdeba islamis SeRweva, kavkasiaSi arabebis

laSqrobebis Sedegad. XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebisaT-

vis TiTqmis yvela CeCnurma sazogadoebam ruseTis qve-

Sevrdomoba aRiara, magram administraciuli kontro-

lis damyareba maTze ver moxerxda. amgvarma situaciam

XVIII saukunis bolos samxedro moqmedebebis gaxSireba

da Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis protesti gamoiwvia: Seix

mansuris antirusuli moZraoba (1785-1791 wlebi) da

Semdeg omi ruseTsa da kavkasiis xalxebs Soris (1817-

1864 wlebi); ajanyebebi da abragoba (1866-1916 wlebi);

deportacia (1944-1957 wlebi); “konstituciuri wesri-

gis” aRdgenis kampaniebi (1994-1996, 1999-2003 wlebi).

1991 wlis noembridan joxar dudaevis xelisuflebaSi

mosvlis Semdeg gamocxadda CeCneTis respublikis Seq-

mna da misi gamosvla CeCneT-inguSeTis Semadgenlobi-

dan.

17. daRestnis assr-s gadaeca oTxi mimdebare raio-

ni, Crdilo oseTis assr-s - vladikavkazis mimdebare

prigorodnis raioni. saqarTvelos ssr SemadgenlobaSi

Sevida kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTis kalTebze ganla-

gebul CeCneT-inguSeTis assr xuTi raionis, maT Soris,

iTum-yales, Sarois, galanCeJisa prigorodnis raione-

bis 30%-dan 40%-mde teritoria.

18. inguSeTSi dgas sakiTxi ara marto prigorodnis

raionis kuTvnilebis, aramed Tavis droze vladikavka-

zis oseTisTvis gadacemis samarTlianobis Sesaxebac.

19. saiubileo saRamoze misasalmebeli sityviT ga-

movidnen Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profe-

sorebi merab Cuxua (rogorc qarTul, ise inguSur ena-

154

ze), rusudan janaSia, cira baramiZe da sxvebi. aRsaniS-

navia, rom iisa koZois 25 oqtombers, “Tbilisqalaqo-

bis” dResaswaulze, dedaqalaqis merma sazeimo viTare-

baSi gadasca Tbilisis sapatio moqalaqis sigeli.

20. yabardo-balyareTis dedaqalaqia nalCiki. te-

ritoria - 12,5 aTasi kv.km. mosaxleoba - 892,4 aTasi ada-

miani (2009 wlis monacemebiT). respublika Seiqmna 1921

wlis 1 seqtembers. yabardoelebi Seadgenen saerTo mo-

saxleobis 55,3%-s, rusebi - 25,1%, balyarelebi 11,6%.

msxvili qalaqebia nalCiki (269,2 aTasi mcx.), proxladni

(60,1 aTasi). aq mdebareobs kavkasiaSi da evropaSi yvela-

ze maRali mTa ialbuzi (5642 metri). respublikis wiaRi

mdidaria poliliTonuri madnebiT - moipoveba molib-

deni, volframi, tyvia da sxva. yabardo-balyareTis

respublika ruseTis fedewraciis erT-erT mniSvnelo-

van sakurorto-rekreaciul da turistul zonas war-

moadgens.

yabardosa da balyareTis teritoria didxans iyo

ruseTis, TurqeTisa da yirimis saxanos dapirispirebis

adgili. 1557 wels yabardos mTavrebma ruseTTan samo-

kavSireo-samxedro xelSekruleba dades, rac ivane me-

oTxe mrisxanesa da yabardoeli mTavris qaliSvilis ma-

ria Temruyis asulis qorwinebiT iqna ganmtkicebuli.

1827 wels dasrulda ruseTTan balyareTis SeerTebis

procesi. 1860 wels yabardo da balyareTis teritoria

administraciulad Tergis olqis SemadgenlobaSi Sevi-

da. me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, rostov-vladikavkazis

rkinigzis dasrulebiT ganmtkicda ruseTis samxreTis

regionebis, maT Soris, yabardo-balyareTis kavSiri im-

periis centrTan. 1936 wels Seiqmna yabardo-balyare-

Tis assr, Tumca 1944 wels, balyarelebis mimarT gan-

xorcielebuli represiebis gamo, am politikur-admi-

nistraciul erTeuls saxeli Seecvala da yabardos

respublika ewoda balyarelebi iZulebiT iqnen depor-

tirebulni Sua aziaSi. yabardo-balyareTis teritoria

da saxelwodeba xelaxla aRadgines 1957 wels. 1993

wels gamocxadda yabardo-balyareTis respublika.

155

21. yaraCai-CerqezeTis dedaqalaqia Cerkeski, te-

ritoria - 14, 3 aTasi km. kv. mosaxleobis raodenoba -

434,5 aTasi adamiani (2005 w.). yaraCai-CerqezeTi Seiqmna

1922 wlis 12 ianvars. yaraCaelebi Seadgenen saerTo mo-

saxleobis 38,5%, rusebi - 33,5%, Cerqezebi - 11,3%. aq

cxovroben abazebi - 7,4%, noRaelebi - 3,4%, osebi, uk-

rainelebi, somxebi da sxv.

Tanamedrove yaraCai-CerqezeTis teritoriaze ar-

sebobda alanTa saxelmwifo, aq X saukuneSi iasebi da ka-

sogebic saxlobdnen. XIII-XIV ss.-Si alanebi TaTar-mon-

Rolebma gaanadgures. mogvianebiT ki, XVI-XVII saukune-

ebSi ukacriel miwebze abazebi da noRaelebi gadmosax-

ldnen. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi es teritoria ruseTis

imperiaSi gaerTianda (yubanis administraciul olqSi),

daiwyo kazakebis Casaxlebis procesic. sabWoTa peri-

odSi Seiqmna yaraCais avt.olqi. 1944 wels yaraCaelebi

iZulebiT gadaasaxles yazaxeTSi, Sesabamisad, yaraCais

avtonomiuri olqi gauqmda. 1957 wels yaraCaelebi rea-

bilitirebul iqnen, Seiqmna yaraCai-CerqezeTis avto-

nomiuri respublika, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris dros

stavropolis mxareSi Sedioda.

1992 wlis dekembridan yaraCai-CerqezeTis respub-

lika ruseTis federaciis subieqts warmoadgens. res-

publikis teritoriaze ganlagebulia qristianuli

kulturis unikaluri arqiteqturuli Zeglebi (me-10

saukunis sentinisa da SoanTis taZrebi sofel qvemo

TeberdaSi da sxva).

bolo wlebSi saerTaSoriso Cerqezuli organiza-

cia “adiRe-xase” axlomonaTesave adiRe, yabardoelebi-

sa da Cerqezi xalxebis gaerTianebis moTxovniT gamodis.

yaraCai-balyareTis moZraobas ki yaraCaelebisa da bal-

yarelebis ruseTis federaciaSi erT subieqtad gaerTi-

aneba surs, yaraCai-balyareTis respublikis saxiT.

22. adiRes respublikis dedaqalaqia maikopi. teri-

toria - 7,6 aTasi km.kv. mosaxleoba - 445 aTasi (2005 w.).

respublikis 40% dafarulia tyiT, moipoveba navTobi,

bunebrivi gazi, kargi pirobebia turizmis ganviTare-

156

bisTvis. 2008 wlis monacemebiT, eTnikur umravlesobas

aq rusebi Seadgenen (62,4%), adiRelebis raodenoba -

25,9%, somxebi - 3,5%. garda amisa, respublikaSi cxov-

roben ukrainelebi, qurTebi, TaTrebi, Turqebi da sxva

xalxebis warmomadgenlebi.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros adiRebi xelovnurad

ramdenime xalxad daiyo (yabardoelebi, Cerqezebi), sa-

xeli “adiRe” (“Адыгейцы“) ki am xalxis mxolod erT

jgufs uwodes. adiRebi kavkasiis ZirZveli mosaxleo-

baa, romelTa winaprebi aq paleoliTis droidan cxov-

roben. isini meotebis saxeliTac iyvnen cnobilni, rom-

lebic aerTianebdnen kerketebis, sindebis, zixebisa da

fsesebis tomebs. Zveli welTaRricxvis IV saukunidan

adiReebi bosforis samefos gavlenis qveS moeqcnen,

momdevno periodSi ki skviTebisa da sarmatebis eTni-

kur-kulturuli zegavlena ganicades. pirvel sauku-

neSi gaZlierda zixebis tomi, romelic V-XsaukuneebSi

saTaveSi edga adiRur tomTa kavSirs.

IV-X saukuneebSi adiRebi miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesa-

qonleobas eweodnen, vaWrobdnen yirimTan, iranTan da

bizantiasTan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom termini “zixi” qarTul wyaroeb-

Si moxseniebuli termin “jiqis” Sesatyvisia. Zveli qar-

Tuli wyaroebis mixedviT, saxelwodeba “jiqeTi” mTel

adiRes gulisxmobda. adiReebi saqarTveloSi “qaSage-

bis”, “qaSqebis” saxeliTac arian cnobilni. aRsaniSna-

via, rom svanebi adiRebs dResac “qaSqebs” uwodeben.

adiRe-saqarTvelos urTierTobas xangrZlivi is-

toria aqvs. leonti mrovelis cnobiT, mefe armazis

dros qarTlis laSqarSi jiqebic msaxurobdnen. juan-

Seris cnobiT, 455 wels es mxare vaxtang gorgasals da-

ulaSqravs. saintereso cnobaa, rom 656 wels konstan-

tinopolis meeqvse msoflio saeklesio krebam jiqeTis

eparqia mcxeTis sakaTilokosos dauqvemdebara. XII-XIII

saukuneebSi adiRe saqarTvelos politikur gavlenaSi

moeqca, ramac xeli Seuwyo aq qristianobis gavrcele-

bas.

157

XIII saukuneSi adiRes teritoriis nawili TaTar-

monRolTa saxelmwifos - oqros urdos mflobelobaSi

moeqca, XVI saukunidan ki osmaleTisa da yirimis saxa-

nos politikur eqspansias ganicdida. swored am droi-

dan gavrcelda muslimuri religiac.

kavkasiis omebis dros Cerqezi xalxis warmomad-

genlebi, maT Soris adiRebic, ruseTis imperiis repre-

siebis qveS moeqcnen, maTi mniSvnelovani nawili Tur-

qeTsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi gadasaxlda (muhajiroba).

dRes sazRvargareT 3 mln.-ze meti adiReli cxovrobs.

1918 wlis maisidan, ruseTis samxreTSi dawyebuli

samoqalaqo omis dros, adiRebiT dasaxlebuli teri-

toria Sevida yuban-Savi zRvis sabWoTa respublikaSi.

1922 wlis 22 ivliss Seiqmna CerqezeTis (adiRuri) avto-

nomiuri olqi, mogvianebiT ki, 1928 wels mas saxeli ga-

daaerqva da adiRes avtonomiuri olqi ewoda, centriT

q. krasnodarSi, 1936 wels administraciul centrad ma-

ikopi gamocxadda. adiRes respublika ruseTis federa-

ciis SemadgenlobaSi Seiqmna 1991 wels. pirveli kon-

stitucia miiRes 1995 wlis 10 marts.

158

Tavi V

1. yabardo-balyareTis geofizikur samecniero-

kvleviT institutSi bevri qarTveli mecnieri warmate-

biT muSaobda. sainteresoa, rom am faqtma Tavisi asaxva

hpova cnobili qarTveli mwerlis guram fanjikiZis ro-

manSi “aqtiuri mzis weliwadi”. es wigni 1970-ian wlebis

bestselerad iqna miCneuli.

2. zogierTi mosazrebiT, termini “Turqi mesxebi” xe-

lovnuria, romelic gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis bo-

los gaCnda sabWoTa publicistikaSi da sinamdviles ar

asaxavs. sakiTxis mokle istoria aseTia: TurqeTTan mosaz-

Rvre saqarTvelos rigi raionebis (samcxe-javaxeTSi -

axalcixis, adigenis, axalqalaqisa da aspinZis) adgilobri-

vi mcxovrebi, ZiriTadad, gamuslimebul-gaTurqebuli

qarTvelebi (mesxebi), agreTve Turquli warmoSobis mosax-

leoba 1944 wlis noemberSi uzbekeTSi - ferganaSi iqnen de-

portirebulni. gadasaxlebis mizezi is iyo, rom TiTqosda

muslimi mesxebi da Turquli warmoSobis adamianebi ssrk-

germaniis omis dros faSistebis mxardamWer TurqeTs ex-

marebodnen, jaSuSobdnen da, Sesabamisad, arakeTilsaime-

do pirebs warmoadgendnen. omis dros, SesaZloa, marTlac

iyo msgavsi faqtebi, magram, ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa mar-

Tlmsajulebis mier erTeuli pirebis mier Cadenili dana-

Saulis aTasobiT adamianze gavrceleba ukanono da usa-

marTlo qmedeba iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1957 wels, Crdilo-

kavkasieli represirebuli xalxebis reabilitaciis miuxe-

davad, saqarTvelodan deportirebuli mesxebisa da Tur-

qebis reabilitireba da maTi repatriacia ar momxdara, es

ar ganxorcielebula arc xruSCoviseul “daTbobis” da

arc gorbaCoviseul "prestroikis” wlebSi. 1989 wels fer-

ganaSi uzbekebTan momxdari sisxliani eTnikuri dapiris-

pirebis Sedegad, mesxebi da Turqebi iZulebulni gaxdnen

kavkasiisaken gamoqceuliyvnen. maTi nawili dasaxlda

azerbaijanSi (80 aTasamde), nawili ki - CrdiloeT kavkasia-

Si, umetesad krasnodaris mxareSi. amasTan, “Turqi mesxe-

bis” kompaqturad dasaxleba eTnosTaSorisi dapirispire-

159

bebis maprovocirebeli mudmivi faqtori gaxda, romelic

gansakuTrebiT krasnodaris mxareSi gamZafrda.

migraciuli procesebis eqspertis v.i.nemCinas az-

riT, situacia garTulebulia imiTac, rom masobriv

SegnebaSi damkvidrda stereotipi - TiTqosda Crdilo

da samxreT kavkasiis respublikebidan Casuli migran-

tebi floben saTanado materialur resursebs, aqvT ga-

cilebiT meti SesaZleblobebi samxreT ruseTis olqis

rusulenovan teritoriebze dasamkvidreblad, dakave-

buli aqvT prestiJuli socialuri niSebi. ukontrolo

migraciulma procesebma saqme iqamde miiyvana, rom 90-

iani wlebis SuaxanebSi donis, stavropolisa da yubanis

kazakobam araerTxel mimarTa antikonstituciur qme-

debebs da gaakeTa gancxadebebi, raTa Zalismieri meTo-

debiT SeezRudaT araslavuri mosaxleobis migraciebi

ruseTis federaciis subieqtebSi. Seqmnil viTarebaSi,

krasnodaris xelisuflebam SeimuSava samxareo migra-

ciis sakanonmdeblo koncefcia, romelic or pozicia-

zea dafuZnebuli _ migraciis raodenobis SezRudvasa

da migraciuli nakadis erovnuli struqturis optimi-

zaciaze. rostovis olqisa da stavropolis saxelisuf-

lo organoebma mxari dauWires krasnodarelebis mier

SeTavazebul migraciuli nakadebis regulirebis kon-

cefcias, magram iqve TavianTi regionebis Tavisebure-

bebsac iTvaliswineben.

“Turqi mesxebis” krasnodaris mxaridan gamodevnis

politika iqamde mivida, rom problemis gadaWraSi dasav-

leTis qveynebi Caerivnen. ase, magaliTad, aSS mTavrobam

ramdenime aTeul ojaxs amerikaSi Casaxlebis neba misca.

dResac yubanSi kazakTa organizaciebis mwvave damokide-

buleba “Turqi mesxebis” mimarT samarTaldamcavi orga-

nizaciebis kritikis mudmivi obieqtia.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, oficialurma Tbilisma

jer kidev gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolos aiRo

valdebuleba evrosabWos winaSe 2011 wlamde e.w.“Turqi

mesxebis” dabrunebis Taobaze, magram imis gamo, rom sa-

qarTvelos zemoT CamoTvlil raionebSi dRes somxuri

mosaxleoba Warbobs da gadasaxlebulTa kompaqturad

160

Casaxleba ver xerxdeba, problemis gadaWra gaWianur-

da. araa gamoricxuli, rom TviTneburma da daufiqre-

belma nabijebma, ukontrolo da stiqiurma dabrunebam

eTnikuri konfliqti gamoiwvios. aqve SevniSnavT, rom

qarTul sazogadoebaSi “Turqi mesxebis” dabrunebas-

Tan mimarTebiT azrTa mkveTri sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs.

3. somxebi Crdilo kavkasiaSi pirvelad IX-XII sau-

kuneebSi gamoCndnen. msxvili somxuri dasaxlebebi am

regionSi iqmneba XVIII saukuneSi, rac ruseTis aRmosav-

luri politikis gaaqtiurebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

somxebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen yizlaris,

mozdokis, stavropolisa da sxva qalaqebis, agreTve

yubanisa da SavizRvispireTis soflis mosaxleobis

cxovrebaSi. 1780-ian wlebSi donze daarsda q. naxWevani

da masTan axlos mdebare 6 sofeli. CrdiloeT kavkasia-

Si somxebis axali migracia TurqeTSi 1915 wlis somxe-

bis genocids ukavSirdeba. TurqeTidan iZulebiT emig-

rirebulma somexma kolonistebma TviTmmarTvelobis

ganviTarebis saqmeSi farTo uflebebi da SesaZleblo-

bebi miiRes. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi maTi tradiciuli

saqmianoba iyo vaWroba, meRvineoba, mebaReoba da xe-

losnoba. somxebma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules am

regionis sameurneo da kulturul ganviTarebaSi. amas-

Tanave, maT sakmaod mtkiced SeinarCunes TavianTi kul-

tura da tradiciebi, TumcaRa, xangrZlivi Tanacxovre-

bis ganmavlobaSi adgilobrivma eTnosebma gavlena som-

xebis sayofacxovrebo kulturazec moaxdines. somex-

Ta subeTnikuri jgufi krasnodaris mxaresa da adiReSi

imdenad iqna adaptirebuli, imdenad gaiTavisa adiRuri

tradiciebi da ena, rom Tavis Tavs “Cerqezohaebs” (Cer-

qez-somxebs) uwodebs. morwmune somexma qristianma mo-

nofizitebma CerqezeTSi yirimidan gadmosaxleba XI-XII

saukuneebSi daiwyes. ruseTSi gadmosaxlebulma som-

xebma 1839 wels yubanSi daaarses somxuri auli - armavi-

ri, romelic dRes erT-erTi samrewvelo da savaWro

centria Crdilo kavkasiaSi. am regionTanaa dakavSire-

buli somxuri kulturis gamoCenili moRvaweebis, poet

m.nalbandianis, mxatvar m.sarianis, mweral r.patkonia-

161

nis, m.Saginianisa da sxvaTa saxelebi.

4.

Белозеров В.С. Русские на Кавказе: эволюция расселения // Русские на Северном Кавказе: вызовы XXI в. Ростов на-Дону. 2002, c.60.

5. Атлас социально-политических проблем, угроз и рисков Юга России.Ростов на-Дону, 2006, с.86.

6. Ризаханова М.Ш. Дагестанские русские XIX нач. XX в. Махачкала, 2001, с.31.

7. ix.Атлас социально-политических проблем, угроз и рисков Юга России.Ростов на-Дону, 2006, с.87

8. pirveli monoTeisturi religia CrdiloeT kavka-

siaSi gaCnda IV-V saukuneebSi, romelic aq saqarTvelodan,

bizantiidan da kavkasiis albaneTidan Semovida, magram mo-

saxleoba, ZiriTadad, warmarTi rCeboda. VII-VIII saukuneeb-

Si aq gavrcelebas iwyebs islami, romelic arabma dam-

pyroblebma Semoitanes. islams pirvelad daRestnis xal-

xebi eziarnen, romlebmac arabebidan Safiituri mazhabi

gadaiRes. XIXsaukunis 60-ian wlebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

gavrceleba daiwyo sufizmmac. sabWoTa xelisuflebis

wlebSi meCeTebi da medreseebi daxures, muslimuri samar-

Talwarmoeba gauqmda. me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis bo-

los religiurma organizaciebma Ria moqmedebis SesaZ-

lebloba miiRes. amave xanebSi dawyebulma sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis demokratizaciam religiuri aRorZinebisa da

misioneruli moRvaweobis saSualeba Seqmna.

amJamad CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebSi upirate-

sad islamia gavrcelebuli. adiRelebi, abazebi, Cerqezebi,

osebis nawili, yabardoelebi, yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi,

noRaelebi, ZiriTadad, muslimi-sunitebi arian, xolo CeC-

nebi, inguSebi, daRestnis xalxTa didi nawili, maT Soris

Turqulenovani yumuxebi - Safiituri mazhabis mimdevre-

bi. daRestnis samxreTSi Siitebi cxovroben. marTlmadi-

debluri aRmsareblobisa arian rusebi (kazakebi), osebis

umetesi nawili, mozdokis yabardoelebi, yalmuxebis mci-

re nawili. budizms (mis lamaistur mimarTulebas) umete-

sad yalmuxebi aRiareben. daRestanSi TaTebis (“mTieli eb-

raelebis”) nawili iudaizmis mimdevrebi arian.

162

Tavi VI

1. samwuxarod, bolo wlebSi saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebSi vxedavT, rom ramdenime fundamenturi do-

kumenti _ gaeros mier miRebuli “adamianTa uflebebis

deklaracia”(erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba) da 1975

wels helsinkis TaTbiris mier miRebuli “sazRvrebis

urRvevobis principi” erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. amis

TvalsaCino magaliTia 2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTve-

loSi ganviTarebuli tragikuli movlenebi.

2. ix. Тхагапсоев Х.Г. Этноэтатизм как инобытие российс-кого федерализма // Научная мысль Кавказа. 2002, №3, с.25-36. avtori eTnoetatizmSi gulisxmobs CrdiloeT kavkasi-

is respublikebSi XXI saukunis dasawyisSi Seqmnil

mdgomareobas, rodesac adamianis uflebebi da Tavi-

suflebebi ara marto faqtobrivad ar Seesabameba ru-

seTis federaciis konstituciiTa da kanonmdeblobiT

dadgenil normebs, aramed uxeSad arRvevs qveynis sa-

marTlebriv sivrces. am dros warmoiqmneba saxelmwi-

fos saxeliT adamianis, sociumis daTrgunvis movlena.

3. Кухианидзе А.В. Кавказоцентристская концепция демо-кратии // Научная мысль Кавказа, 1995, 34, с.66-72.

4. iqve

5. SafsuRebi adiRTa erT-erTi subeTnosia, rom-

lebic krasnodaris mxareSi cxovroben. maTi raodenoba

10-12 aTas adamians Seadgens. SafsuRebis ena adiRuris

dialeqtia. sarwmunoebis mixedviT SafsuRebi muslimi-

sunitebi arian, romlebic warmarTul religiur ada-

Tebsac inarCuneben. maT Sesaxeb gvxvdeba cnobebi X sau-

kunisa da mis Semdgom periodSi. SafsuRebis eTnogene-

zi dakavSirebulia SavizRvispireTis abazebis adiRuri

tomebiT asimilaciis xangrZliv procesTan (l.lavro-

vi). kavkasiis omis dasawyisSi SafsuRebi raodenobiT

adiRTa yvelaze msxvili subeTnosi iyo (300 aTasi ada-

miani), cxovrobdnen md. yubanis auzsa da SavizRvispi-

reTSi md. jugbasa da md. Saxes Soris. XVIII saukunis bo-

los SafsuRebma TavianTi Tavadebi gandevnes da demok-

ratiuli wyobileba daamyares: marTva xorcieldeboda

163

saxalxo krebebis (“xasa”) sxvadasxva doneebis sistemis

meSveobiT. samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeboda adaTisa

da SariaTis safuZvelze. kavkasiis omSi winaaRmdegobas

uwevdnen rogorc Samilis naibs - mahomed-amins, aseve

rusul jars. epidemiebisa da samxedro moqmedebebis,

agreTve muhajirobis gamo, SafsuRebma gamanadgurebe-

li danakargi ganicades. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi da-

isva sakiTxi SafsuRebis TviTgamorkvevisa da erovnu-

li raionis aRdgenis Sesaxeb, magram mogvianebiT es sa-

kiTxi dRis wesrigidan moixsna.

6. Цуциев А. 2004, Атлас… указанное сочинение, с.87. 7. http.//www.newsland.ru 8. Дугин А. Геополитика как эффективный метод совре-

менной российской политической теории и практики // Научная мысль Кавказа. 2008, с.5-13.

9. Легвольд Роберт. Российское досье // Россия в глобальной политике, 2009, №4

10. Бжезинский З. Второй шанс: три президента и кризис американской сверхдержавы // Foreign Affairs, 2009, #5

11. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis

organizacia - rus.abreviaturiT “odkb” - “organiza-

cia dogovora kollektivnoi bezopasnosti”. masSi Se-

dian somxeTi, belorusia, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, ruseTi,

tajikeTi, uzbekeTi.

12. Sanxais TanamSromlobis organizacia - rus.ab-

reviaturiT “Sos” - “Sanxaiskaia organizacia sotrud-

niCestva”. masSi Sedian yaxazeTi, CineTi, ruseTi, yirgi-

zeTi da tajikeTi.

13. panTurqizmi _ ideologia, romlis Tanaxmad,

Turqul enaze molaparake yvela xalxi (upirvelesad

Turqi-muslimebi) TiTqosda erT erad iTvlebian da un-

da gaerTiandnen TurqeTis egidiT erT saxelmwifoSi.

14. Торосян Т. Возвращение Турции // Россия в глобаль-ной политике. 2009, №4.

164

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