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KAVIYA COACHING CENTER-TNPSC-GROUP-II-A-GENERAL TAMIL

STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379.

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TNPSC – Important Materials nghJj;jkpo; - GROUP-2-A

6th to 12th nra;As; jpUtUl;gh-,uhkypq;f mbfshH “fz;zpy; fye;jhd; fUj;jpy; fye;jhd;” vd;Dk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy vOjpatH

ahH? ,uhkypq;f mbfshH jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhH vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngaH ngw;wtH ahH? ,uhkypq;f mbfshH MrpupaH Fwpg;G:-

CH flY}H khtl;lk; rpjk;guj;Jf;F mUfpYs;s „kUJ}H‟ ngw;NwhH ,uhikah> rpd;dk;ikahH.

E}y; [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;> kDKiw fz;lthrfk;> jpUtUl;gh> ,uhkypq;f mbfshH grpj;JaH Nghf;fp kf;fSf;F cztspf;f ve;jr; rhiyia

mikj;jhH? mwr;rhiyia mwpTnewp tpsq;f ,uhkypq;f mbfshH epWtpa rig vJ? Qhdrig fhyk; 5.10.1823 Kjy; 30.1.187 tiu „jpUtUl;gh‟ - vd;w E}iy ,aw;wp atH ahH? ,uhkypq;f mbfshH ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; vd;d? jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhH> ts;syhH thba gapiuf; fz;l Nghnjy;yhk; ; grpapdhy; ... vdj; njhlq;Fk; jpUtUl;gh ghliy vOjpatH. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH tlY}upy; rkur Rj;j rd;khHf;f rq;fk;> rj;jpa Qhdrig> rj;jpa jUkr;rhiy Mfpatw;iw epWtpatH ahH? ,uhkypq;fH jpUtUl;gh gpupj;J vOJf. jpU+mUs;+gh ,iwtdpd; jpUtUshy; ghba ghly; vd;Wk; vg;ghliyf; Fwpf;fpNwhk;? jpUtUl;gh jpUtUl;ghtpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid? Iahapuj;J vz;Z}w;Wg; gjpndl;Lg; ghly;

jpUf;Fws;

jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpatH ahH? jpUts;StH jpUts;Stu; tho;e;j fhyk;? fp.K. 31 vd;W $WtH jpUf;Fws; vj;jid tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ? mit ahit? %d;W gpupTfs;. Mit mwj;Jg;ghy;nghUl;ghy; ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; jpUf;Fwspy; xt;NthH mjpfhuj; jpw;Fk; 10 Fwl;ghf;fs; tPjk; vj;jid Fwl;ghf;fs; cs;sd? 1330 jpUf;Fwspy; vj;jid mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd? 133 jpUf;Fws; ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F jpUf;Fwspd; NtW ngah;fs; vd;d? Kg;ghy;> cj;juNtjk;> nja;tE}y;> jpUts;Sth;> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiw tho;j;J> jkpo;kiw> nghJkiw vd;gd. cyf kf;fshy; jpUf;Fws; vt;thW Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ? cyfg; nghJkiw jpUts;StH Mz;L fzf;fpLk; Kiw fpwpj;J Mz;L (fp.gp.) 31 = jpUts;StH Mz;L (vLj;Jf;fhl;L) 2010 31



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(fp.gp.2010 = jpUts;StH Mz;L 2041 vd;W $WNthk; jpUts;Stu; tho;e;j fhyk;? fp.K. 31 vd;W $WtH jpUts;Sthpd; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;? jhapd; ngah; - Mjp je;ijapd; ngah; - gftd; jpUts;Sth; ve;j Chpy; gpwe;jhh;? kapyhg;g+h; (kJiu vd;Wk; $Wth;) jpUts;Sth; ahuhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;? ts;Std; xUtdhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;. ts;Sth; vd;why; nghUs; ahJ? murUf;F me;juq;f MNyhrid $Wk; Xh; cah;e;j

mYtyh; jpUts;Sthpd; kidtpapd; ngah; vd;d? thRfp thRfp ahUila kfs;? khh;f;frfhah; vd;Dk; Ntshshpd; kfs; jpUts;Sth; nra;j njhopy; vd;d? nerTj; njhopy; jpUts;Sthpd; NtW ngah;fs; vd;d? o ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;> o nja;tg; Gyth;> ehd;Kfd;> o khjhDgq;fp> nre;ehg; Nghjhh;> o ngUehtyh;> ngha;apy; Gyth; kdpjd; kdpjdhf tho> kdpjd; kdpjDf;Ff; $wpa mwpTiujhd; MFk;. jpUf;Fws; jpU vd;Dk; milnkhopiag; ngw;Wj; jpUf;Fws; vd toq;fg; ngWfpwJ. ,e;E}y; jpUf;Fws; vd;W vjdhy; ngah; ngw;wJ?jpUFws;. Nkd;ikahd Fws; ntz;ghf;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ. jpUf;Fws; vj;jid Fwl;ghf;fshy; MdJ? Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;W Kg;gJ jpUf;Fws; Vd; “cyfg; nghJkiw” vd;W toq;fg; ngWfpwJ? cyfk; Vw;Fk; fUj;Jfisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,t;thW toq;fg; ngWfpwJ. jpUf;Fws; vj;jid nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;f;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ? E}w;NwO nkhopfspy; (107) jpUf;Fws; E}ypd; gad; : jpUf;Fws; fw;gjdhy; kdpj tho;f;if nrk;ikAWk;. gz;Gfs; tsUk;. cynfyhk;

xd;nwDk; cah;Fzk; Njhd;Wk;> kdpjh;fsp ilNa NtWghLfs; kiwAk; Fws; - FWfpa mb cilaJ. VO rPh;fisf; nfhz;l <ub ntz;ghf;fshy; MdJ jpUf;Fws;. mwk; 38 mjpfhuq;fshfTk;> nghUs; 70 mjpfhuq;fshfTk;> ,d;gk; 25 mjpfhuq;fshfTk; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}iyg; Nghw;wpg; ghuhl;ba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G jpUts;St khiy. jpUf;FwSf;F me;ehspNyNa gjpd;kh; ciu vOjpAs;sdh;. mt;TiuAs;> ghpNkyofh; ciuNa rpwe;jJ vd;gh;. tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpahh; fz; tpopj;jJk; Kjypy; gbj;j E}y; jpUf;Fws; jpUf;FwSf;F ciunra;j gjpd;kh;: 1.jUkh;> 2. jhkj;jh;> 3. ghpjp> 4. jpUkiyah;> 5. ghpg;ngUkhs;> 6. kzf;Flth;> 7. er;rh;> 8. ghpNkyofh;> 9. ky;yh;> 10. fhspq;fh;. cilikfs; gj;J jpUf;Fwspy; gj;J mjpfhug; ngah; fs; cilik vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; mike;Js;sd. md;Gilik mlf;fKilik xOf;fKilik nghiwAilik mUSilik mwpTilik Cf;fKilik



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Ms;tpidAilik gz;Gilik ehZilik FwSk; VO vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngaUk; jpUf;FwSf;Fk; VO vd;Dk; vz;zpw;Fk; nghpJk; njhlh;Gs;sJ. jpUf;Fws; VO rPh;fshy; mike;j ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. VO vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; vl;Lf; Fwl;ghf;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. mjpfhuq;fs;> 133. ,jd; $l;Lj; njhif VO. nkhj;j Fwl;ghf;fs;1330. ,jd; $l;Lj; njhifAk; VO. Mq;fpyk;> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd; Kjypa cyfnkhopfs; gytw;wpYk; ,e;E}iy nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUts;Stkhiy vd;Dk; E}y; ,tuJ ngUikfisg; Gfo;fpwJ. jpUf;Fwis ve;j Mz;L ahH gjpg;gpj;jhH? kiyaj;Jtrd; kfd; Qhdg; gpufhrk; 1812,y; jQ;irapy; ntspapl;ltH. ",izapy;iy Kg;ghYf;F ,e;epyj;Nj" vdg; ghbatH ahH? ghujpjhrd;

ehybahH - RkzKdptH

“eha;f;fhy; rpWtpuy; Nghy;” vd;Dk; ehybahH ghliyg; ghbatH ahH? RkzKdptH ehybahH ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F ehybahupy; vj;jid ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ? 400 ehybahupd; kw;nwhU rpwg;Gg;ngaH vJ? ehyb ehD}W ehybahiu ,aw;wpatH ahH? rkz KdptH rq;f E}y;fs; vdg;gLgit gj;Jg; ghl;Lk; vl;Lj;njhifAk;. gj;Jg; ghl;by; gj;J

E}y;fSk;> vl;Lj;njhifapy; vl;L E}y;fSk; cs;sd. nkhj;jk; gjpndl;L E}y;fs;. ,tw;iw Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;W $Wk; tof;fKk;

cz;L. rq;f E}y;fSf;Fg;gpd; Njhd;wpa E}y;fspd; njhFg;G gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;njhFg;gpYk; gjpndl;L E}y;fs; cs;sd. gjpndz; vd;why; gjpndl;L vd;W nghUs;. ,e;E}y;fisf; fPo;f; fzf;F

E}y;fs; vd;Wk; $WtH. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit mwE}y;fs;.

ghuj Njrk;, ghQ;rhyp rgjk;- kfhftp ghujpahH Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-

Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; jw;Nghija J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s vl;laGuj;jpy; 11-12-1882 md;W gpwe;jhh;.

ngw;Nwhh; rpd;drhkp – ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh; Mth;. ,thpd; Jiztpahh; nry;yk;khs;. rpwe;j gilg;ghsuhd ghujpahh; Fapy; ghl;L> fz;zd; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; Kjypa E}y;fisg; gilj;jspj;jhh;.

ehL> nkhop> ,iw> ngz;ik Kjypa ghLnghUs;fspy; vz;zw;w ghly; ,aw;wpdhh;. Qhdujk;> re;jphpifapd; fij> juhR Kjypa ciueil,yf;fpaq;fisAk; vOjpdhh;. ,th; 11-09-1921 md;W es;spuT kiwe;jhh;.

,g;ghlg;gFjp> ghujpahhpd; Kg;ngUk; gilg;GfSs; xd;whfpa ghQ;rhyp rgjk; vd;Dk; fhg;gpaj;jpd; #o;r;rpr; rUf;fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

midtUk; mwpe;j ,jpfhrf; fijia vspa nrhw;fs;> vspa eil> vspa re;jk; Mfpatw;Wld; $ba ngz;Zhpikf; fhg;gpakhfj; jkpopy; ghujp tbj;Jj; je;jNj ghQ;rhyprgjk;.



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tpahrhpd; ghujj;ijj; jOtp vOjg; ngw;wJ. ghQ;rhyp rgjk; ,U ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J #o;r;rpr; rUf;fk;> #jhl;lr; rUf;fk;> mbikr; rUf;fk;> JfpYhpjy; rUf;fk;> rgjr; rUf;fk;

vd Ie;J rUf;fq;fisAk; ehD}w;Wg; gd;dpuz;L ghly; fisAk; nfhz;l FWq;fhg;gpak;. rpwg;G:

ghujpahh; ghl;lf;nfhU Gytd;> ePLJapy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyh> jw;fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp> Njrpaf;ftp> kfhftp vd;nwy;yhk; Gfog;ngw;whh;.

RNjrkpj;jpud;> ,e;jpah Kjypa ,jo;fspd; Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLg;gl;lhh;

“MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpjk;” vd;w ghujNjrk; ghliyg; ghbatH ahH? kfhftp ghujpahH

jkpo;ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w ftpQH ahH? ghujpahH ghujpahH vt;thW nfhz;lhlg; gl;ltH? ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd; ghujp Rje;jug; Nghuhl;l tPuH ahH? kfhftp ghujpahH ,e;jpu khefiu Mz;L te;jth; ahh;? ghz;lth;

ehd;kzpf;fbif- tpsk;gpehfdhH “kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths;” vd;Dk; ehd;kzpf;fbifg; ghliy ghbatH ahH? tpsk;gpehfdhH ehd;kzpf;fbif ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F FLk;gj;jpd; tpsf;F ahH? ngz; fbif vd;Gj mzpfyd; ( eif) ehd;kzpf;fbif vd;gjd; nghUs;. ehd;F kzpfs; nfhz;l mzpfyd; ehd;kzpf;fbifapd; MrpupaH ahH? tpsk;gpehfdhH tpsk;gp - CHg;ngaH@ ehfdhH vd;gJ Gytupd; ,aw;ngaH

,iraKJ- tpOJk; NtUk; , vq;fs; jkpo; jkpo;tsHr;rp - ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd;

ghNte;jH ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaHRg; Guj;jpdk; gpwg;G : 29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu GJitapy; gpwe;jhH. jha;: ,yf;Fkp je;ij : fdfrig gilg;Gfs; :FLk;gtpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> jkpopaf;fk;> ghz;bad; gupR> Nru jhz;ltk mofpd; rpupg;G fz;zfp Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp FwpQ;rpj;jpl;Lj;. kioNa kioNa th th vd;w ,iraKJ vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? Gul;rpf;ftpQH

ghujpjhrd; “Gul;rpf; ftpQH” vd;Wk; ghNte;jH vd;Wk; Gfog;gLgtH ahH? ghujpjhrd; ghujpjhrd; vd;gtupd; ,aw;ngaH? fdfRg;Guj;jpdk; ghujpapd; ftpij kPJ nfhz;l fhjyhy; jk;Kila ngaiud khw;wpf;nfhz;ltH ahH? ghujpjhrd;



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tpOJk; NtUk;- ,g;ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH? ghujpjhrd; ghujpjhrupd; rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; vd;d? ghNte;jH> Gul;rpf;ftpQH ahUld; nfhz;l neUq;fpa njhlHgpdhy; ghujpjhrd; vdj; jd; ngaiu mikj;Jf;

nfhz;lhH? ghujpahH J}yk; Nghy; tsH fpisf;F tpOJfs; J}d;fs; vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? ghujpjhrd; je;ij ngupahupd; gFj;jwpTr; rpe;jidfisg; ghujpjhrd; mtHfs; vt;tbtpy; je;jhH? ftpij ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly; vd;Dk; E}ypy; „tpOJk; NtUk;‟vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ? mofpd; rpupg;G jpwy; - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ typik kwtH - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ tPuH ,dpikj; jkpo;nkhop vdj; njhlq;Fk; vq;fs; jkpo; ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? ghujpjhrd; ,dpik> ,d;gk;> mKJ> fdpr; rhnwdj; jpfl;Lk; Ritkpf;fJ vJ? jkpo; fy;tp - jkpo;> gpnuQ;rp> Mq;fpyk; ,g;ghly; ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs; ftpijj; njhFjpapy; vq;fs; jkpo; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;

,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. gonkhop ehD}W - Kd;Wiw miuadhH

“Mw;wTk; fw;whH mwpTilahH” vd;w gonkhop ehD}W ghliy ghbatH ahH? Kd;Wiw miuadhH

Nghjpa E}y;fis epiwthff; fw;wtH ahH? mwpTilahH mwpTilahupd; Gfo; ve;j jpirfspy; guTk;? ehd;F jpirfspYk; gonkhop ehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; vJ? gonkhop ehD}W gonkhop ehD}W vd;Dk; ghlypy; tUk; gonkhop Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ ,y; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? fw;wtDf;Ff; fl;Lr;NrhWmNtz;lhk; gonkhop ehD}w;wpd; MrpupaH ahH? Kd;Wiw miuadhH

Kd;Wiw vd;gJ vd;d? CHg;ngaH miuad; vd;w nrhy; Fwpf;Fk; muridf;

rpj;jH ghly;- fLntspr;rpj;jH “itNjhiu $l itahNj” vd;w rpj;jH ghly; ghbatH ahH? fLntspr;rpj;jH rpj;jHfs; vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jkpofj;jpd; fhL kiyfspy; tho;e;jtHfs;. RkhH ehD}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd; rpj;jHfspd; fhuzg;ngaHfs; ahJ? ghk;ghl;br;rpj;jH> Fjk;igr;rpj;jH> mOFzpr;rpj;jH. cUt topghL nra;ahky; ntl;l ntspiaNa flTshf topgl;ltH ahH? fLntspr;rpj;jH vspa nrhw;fspd; mwpTiufisr; nrhd;dtH ahH? fLntspr;rpj;jH

GwehD}W- xsitahH

MrpupaH Fwpg;G:- rq;f fhyj;jpy; ngz; ftpQH gyH ,Ue;jdH mtHfSs; kpFjpahd

ghly;fs; ghbatH xsitahH. rq;fg;ghly; ghba xsitahUk;> Mj;jp#b ghba xsitahUk; xUtH my;yH@ NtW NtwhdtH

“ehlhF xd;Nwh@ fhlhF xd;Nwh” vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghliyg; ghbatH ahH? xsitahH



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GwehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W? vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;. E}y;Fwpg;G

,e;E}y; GytH gyH ,aw;wpa ghly;fspd; njhFg;G. vl;Lj;njhifAk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; rq;f E}y;fSk; rq;f ,yf;fpak; <uhapuk; Mz;Lfs; gioik cilaJ. jkpoHfspd;

tuyhW> gz;ghL Mfpatw;iw mwpa cjTk; E}yhfg; GwehD}W jpfo;fpwJ xsitahH ahH? rq;fg;GytH

xsitahupd; ez;gd; ahH? mjpakhd; xsitahH mupaney;ypf;fdpia ahuplk; ngw;wtH? mjpakhdplk;

jpz;izia ,bj;Jj; njUthf;F!- jhuhghujp

cl;fhH ez;gh> eye;jhdh? eP xJq;fp tho;tJ rupjhdh? vd;w ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH? jhuhghujp

ve;jf; ftpQH vOr;rpkpf;f ftpijfs; vOJtjpy; ty;ytH? ftpQH jhuhghujp jkpof murpd; ey;yhrpupaH tpUJ ngw;wtH ahH? jhuhghujp jhuhghujp ftpijfs; Kjypad ,tHjk; E}y;fSs; rpy.

Gjpa tpbay;fs;> ,J vq;fs; fpof;F jhuhghujp tho;e;j fhyk; 26.02.1947 Kjy; 13.05.2000 tiu

tho;j;J- jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh;

jpU.tp.f mth;fs; tho;e;j fhyk; vd;d? 26.08.1883 - 17.09.1953 gz;zpid ,aw;if itj;j vdg; njhlq;Fk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;?

jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh;; jpU.tp.f vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; vd;d? jpUth&h; tpUj;jhrydhh; kfdhh; fypahzRe;judhh;. jpU.tp.f tpd; ngw;Nwhh; ngah; vd;d? tpUj;jhrydhh; - rpd;dk;ikahh; jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; gpwe;j Ch; vJ? fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s Js;sk;. Js;sk;

jw;nghOJ vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? jz;lyk; jpU.tp.f tpd; rpwg;G:

,th; njhopyhsh; eyDf;Fk; ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; mauhJ ghLgl;lhh;. Nkilj; jkpOf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jhh;. ,thpd; jkpo; eiliag; Nghw;wpj; “jkpo;j; njd;wy;” vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; gilg;Gfs; ahit? 1.kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk;> 2). ngz;zpd; ngUik> 3). jkpo;j;njd;wy;> 4).chpik Ntl;if> 5). KUfd; my;yJ moF> 6).rPh;jpUj;jk; my;yJ ,sik tpUe;J> 7). nghJik Ntl;ly;.

jpU.tp.f ,aw;wpa tho;j;Jg; ghly; ve;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? nghJik Ntl;ly; nghJik Ntl;ly; vd;Dk; E}y; ve;jj; jiyg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? Nghw;wp nghJik Ntl;ly; vjidf; fle;J cyfj;ij xU FLk;gkhff; fUJfpwJ?

ehL> kjk;> ,dk;> nkhop> epwk; nja;tepr;rak; Kjyhfg; Nghw;wp <whf vj;jid jiyg;Gfspy; cs;sJ? ehw;gj;J ehd;F nghJik Ntl;ly; vj;jid ghf;fshy; MdJ? ehD}w;W Kg;gJ nrd;idapy; cs;s ve;jg; gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhf jpU.tp.f. mth;fs; gzpahw;wpdhh;?

,uhag;Ngl;il nt];yp gs;spapy;



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tho;j;J - jhAkhdtH

Kj;Nj gtsNk nkha;j;jgRk; nghw;RlNu- vdj; njhlq;Fk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy vOjpatH ahH? jhAkhdtH

jhAkhdtupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? Nfbypag;gH nfrty;yp mk;ikahH



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jhAkhdtH gpwe;j CH vJ? ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s jpUkiwf;fhL (Ntjhuz;ak;) jhAkhdtupd; gzp vd;d? jpUr;rpia Mz;l tpra uFehj nrhf;fypq;fuplk; fUt+y

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,dpait ehw;gJ - g+jQ;Nre;jdhH

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jkpo;g;grp - f.rr;rpjhde;jd;

nghd;dpd; Fitnadf;F Ntz;ba jpy;iy- vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? f.rr;rpjhde;jd;

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jpUts;Stkhiy- fgpyH jpUts;Stkhiy ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH? fgpyH



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fgpyH gpwe;j fhyk; vJ? fp.gp.,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jtnud;Wk;> rq;ff;fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; tho;e;jtnud;Wk; Fwpg;gH.

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fyPypNah fypyp

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md;dg;gwit

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ghujj;jha;- mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH

ghujj;jha; vd;w ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH ? mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH gpwe;j CH vJ ? jpz;btdj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s ,ul;liz



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mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vJ?Mj;jp#b ntz;gh> jpyfH Guhzk; Rthkpfs; rupjk;> fhe;jp Guhzk;>

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jpUke;jpuk;- jpU%yH

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gd;ikAk; ngw;W “jpU%yH” vd Mapw;W

Njk;ghtzp - tPukhKdptH

Njk;ghtzp vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH? tPukhKdptH tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp tPukhKdptupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? nfhz;ly; Nghng];fp vyprngj; eifnra; jd;ikapdk; ngoP ,j;jha; tPukhKdptH vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghliy vOjpatH tPukhKdptH gpwe;j CH vJ ,j;jhyp ehl;by; fh];jpf;fpsp Nahd; tPukhKdptH mwpe;j nkhopfs; vit? ,j;jhypak;> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk; vgpNuak;> jkpo;>

njYq;F> rkw;fpUjk; tPukhKdptUf;Fj; jkpo;nkhopia fw;Wf; nfhLj;jtH ahH? kJiur; Rg;gpujPgf; ftpuhaH tPukhKdptupd; rpwg;G ahJ? Kg;gjhk; tajpy; jkpofk; te;J jkpo; gapd;W fhg;gpak;

gilj;jik tPukhKdptH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vit? QhNdhgNjrk;> gukhHj;j FUfij rJufuhjp>

jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;. tPukhKdptupd; fhyk; vJ? 1680-1747 Fwpg;G



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Njk;ghtzp Njk;gh+mzp thlhjkhiy@ Njd;+gh+mzp Njd; Nghd;w ,dpa ghly;fshyhd khiy. ,e;E}y; ,NaR ngUkhdpd; tsHg;Gj; je;ijahfpa #irag;giuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; fpwpj;jtr; rkaj;jhupd; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ. ,e;E}ypy; %d;W fhz;lq; fSk; Kg;gj;jhW glyq;fSk;

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ahH ftpQd;- Kbaurd;

ahH ftpQd; ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH? Kbaurd; ftpQH Kbaurupd; ,aw;ngaH ahJ? JiuuhR Kbaurupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? Rg;guhaY - rPjhnyl;Rkp Kbaurupd; gpwe;j CH vJ? Njdp khtl;lj;jpYs;s ngupaFsk; KbaurH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit? G+q;nfhb> fhtpag;ghit> tPufhtpak; Kbaurupd; gzp vd;d jkpohrpupaH> kP.R. caHepiyg; gs;sp> fhiuf;Fb. gwk;Gkiyapy; ele;j tpohtpy; „ftpauR‟ vd;Dk; gl;lk; ve;j mbfshuhy;

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toq;fpaJ? 1966 Mk; Mz;L Kbaurupd; fhyk; vJ 1920-1998 rpwg;G Kbaurd;> ghujpjhrd; guk;giuj; jiyKiwf; ftpQUs; %j;jtH. je;ij ngupahH

NguwpQH mz;zh MfpNahuplk; neUq;fpg; gofpatH MtH.

rpWgQ;r%yk;- fhhpahrhd; fz;tdg;Gf; fz;Nzhl;lk;> fhy;tdg;Gr; nry;yhik – vd;w rpWgQ;r%yk; vd;w ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? fhhpahrhd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-



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fhhpahrhd;> kJiuj; jkpohrphpah; khf;fhadhhpd; khzth; vdr; rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; $WfpwJ. ,th;> rkz rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;. ,tUk; fzpNkjhtpahUk; xU rhiy khdhf;fuhth;.ngUk;ghd;ik nghJ mwf;fUj;JfSk; rpWghd;ik rkz mwf;fUj;JfSk; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

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[p.A.Nghg; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.

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NjtFyj;jhh;. E}w;Fwpg;G :-

FWe;njhif. Fiwe;j mbasthy; ghlg; ngw;w ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng FWe;njhif. ,e;E}y;> vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,jpy;> flTs; tho;j;Jld; ehD}w;nwhU ghly;fs; cs;sd. mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa ghly;fisg; gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j Gyth;fs; ghbAs;shh;fs;. ,g;ghly;fs; Fiwe;j msthf ehd;fbfisAk; mjpf msthf vl;L mbfisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;E}iyj; njhFj;jth; g+hpf;Nfh. ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh; ,e;E}Yf;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghbAs;shh;. ,g;ghlyh rphpah; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; fpilf;f tpy;iy.

,e;E}y; thapyhfg; gz;ilj; jkpohpd; ,y;tho;f;if> xOf;fk;> kfsph; khz;G> mwTzh;T Kjypatw;iw mwpayhk;

vl;Lj;njhif E}y; FWe;njhif FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 401 FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd; mbtiu 4-8

Ie;jpiz FwpQ;rp> 2. Ky;iy> 3. kUjk;> 4. nea;jy; 5. ghiy.

jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;-guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;



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jkpo;g;Gyth;fs; ,iwtDf;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; cs;s gpizg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jNt jpUtpisahly; Guhzk; Kjypa Guhzq;fis ,aw;wpajhff; nfhs;syhk;.

Gyth; jk; Gyikj; jpwj;ij mwpa ,iwtid Ntz;br; rq;fg; gyifiag ngw;wdh;. tq;fpa Nrfu ghz;badpd; kfd; tq;fpa #lhkzpghz;bad; kJiuapy; murhl;rpg;

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rpyg;gjpfhuk;(kJiuf;fhz;lk;)(tof;Fiu fhij)- ,sq;Nfhtbfs



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,sq;Nfhtbfs; NrukugpdH je;ij ,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd; jha; ew;Nrhiz. ,tHjk; jikad; Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;.

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ngupaGuhzk;-mg;g+jpabfs; Guhzk;- Nrf;fpohH

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"cyfk;> capH> flTs;" Mfpa %d;iwAk; xUq;Nf fhl;Lk; fhtpae;jhd; ngupaGuhzk; vd;wtH ahH? jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhH

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rPf;fpuk; nry;Yf Neh;topapy; - vd;Dk; ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? rhiy. ,se;jpiuad;



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Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- rhiy. ,se;jpiuadpd; ngw;Nwhh; ,uhikah> md;dyl;Rkp. ,th; gpwe;j Ch; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj; jpYs;s rhiyeapdhh; gs;spthry;. jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;j; Jiw jiytuhdhh;. cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rpf; fofk;> ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf; fofj; jkpohrphpah; kd;wk;> jpy;ypj; jkpo; vOj;jhsh; rq;fk;> cyfj; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;L ,af;fk; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhdth; rhiy.,se;jpiuad;. 1991 ,y; jkpof murpd; ghNte;jh; tpUJ ngw;whh;. jk; tho;ehs; KOtJk; jkpopd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw; fhd gilg;Gfis toq;fp vOr;rpa+l;bdhh;. ,th; tho;e;j fhyk; 06.09.1930 -04.10.1998

E}w;Fwpg;G:- ghlg;gFjpapy; te;Js;s ftpij> 'g+j;jJ khDlk;” vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ. rhiyahpd; gilg;Gfshd 'Gul;rp Kof;fk;” 'ciutPr;R” Mfpa E}y;fs; jkpof murpd; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd ghpRfs; ngw;Ws;sd.

VI TAMIL

,uhkypq;f mbfshH rpwg;G ngaH - jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhH

ts;syhH gpwe;j Ch; - flY}H khtl;lk; kUJ}H

rkur rd;khHf;f newpia toq;fpatH - ts;syhH

jpUtUl;gh> [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;> kDKiwfz;l thrfk; Mfpa E}y;fis vOjpatH -

ts;syhH

rkur rd;khHf;f rq;fk;> rj;jpa jUkrhiy> rj;jpa Qhdrig Mfpatw;iw epWtpatH -

ts;syhH

ts;syhH mwr;rhiy epWtpa Ch; - tlY}H

thba gapiu fz;lnghOnjy;yhk; thbNdd; vdf; $wpatH - ts;syhH

ts;syhH tho;e;j fhyk; - 5/10/1822 Kjy; 30/01/1874

ts;syhhpd; ngw;NwhH - ,uhikah> rpd;dk;ik

jpUts;StH gpwe;j Mz;L - fp.K. 31

jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s mjpfhuq;fs; - 133> ghly;fs;- 1330

jpUf;Fws; mwj;Jg;ghy; - 38 > nghUl;ghy;- 70> fhkj;Jg;ghy; - 25> vDk;

Kg;gphpTfisAk;> 130 mjpfhuq;fisAk; cilaJ.

jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s nkhj;j ,ay;fs; - mwk; - 4> nghUs; - 3> ,d;gk; - 2> nkhj;jk; 9

,ay;fis nfhz;lJ

jpUts;Sthpd; NtW ngaHfs; - nre;ehg;NghjhH> nja;tg;GytH> ngha;apy; GytH>

khjhDghq;fp> ehadhH> Iad;> NjtH> Kjw;ghtyh;> ngUehtyH> ehd;KfdhH

jpUf;Fwspd; NtW ngaHfs; - Kg;ghy;> jkpo;kiw> cyfg;nghJkiw> thAiu tho;j;J>

jkpo;khjpd; ,dpa capHepiy> nja;tE}y;> ngha;ahnkhop

jpUf;Fwisg; Nghw;Wk; E}y; - jpUts;Stkhiy

jpUf;FwSld; njhlHGila vz; - 7

jpUf;FwSf;F rpwe;j ciu vOjpatH - ghpNkyofH

tpf;Nlhhpa kfhuhzp fhiyapy; fz; tpopj;jJk; Kjypy; gbj;j E}y; - jpUf;Fws;



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u\;a ehl;by; mZJisf;fhj fpnuk;spd; khspifapy; cs;s Ruq;fg; ghJfhg;Gg;

ngl;lfj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; - jpUf;Fws;

,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lf; fhl;rpr; rhiyapy; jpUf;Fws; tptpypaj;Jld; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

jpUf;Fws; Fws; ntz;ghthy; MdJ

jpUf;Fws; gjpndz; fPo;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W

jpUf;Fws; - milnaLj;j fUtpahF ngaH

jpUf;Fwis ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; tPukhKdptUk;> Mq;fpyj;jpy; [p.A. Nghg; mtHfSk;

nkhop ngaHj;jdH

ts;stidg; ngw;wjhy; ngw;wNj Gfo; itafNk vd ghbatH - ghujpjhrd;

ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; ngw;w jkpo;ehL vdf; $wpatH -

ghujpahH

,izapy;iy Kg;ghYf;F ,e;epyj;Nj - vd $wpatH - ghujpjhrd;

jpUf;Fws; 107 nkhopfspy; nkhop ngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

kdpjd; kdpjdhf tho kdpjd; kdpjDf;F $wpa mwTiu - jpUf;Fws;

jpUf;Fwspy; cilik vd;W KbAk; mjpfhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 10

jpUf;FwSf;F ciu nra;j gj;J NgH - jUkH> jhkj;jh> ghpjp> jpUkiyaH>

ghpg;ngUkhs;> kzf;FltH> er;rH> ghpNkyofH> ky;yH> fhspq;fH

jkpo;jhj;jh vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH - c.Nt.rhkpehj IaH

c.Nt.rhtpd; gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth&H khtl;lk; cj;jkjhdGuk;

c.Nt.rhtpd; MrphpaH - kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is

c.Nt.rh.tpd; ,aw;ngaH - Ntq;fluj;jpdk;

rhkpehjd; vdg; ngahpl;ltH - kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is

c.Nt.rh. gpwe;j Mz;L - 19.2.1855 kiwT 28.4.1942

c.Nt.rh. mtHfspd; epidT ,y;yk; mike;Js;s CH - cj;jkjhdGuk;

c.Nt.rh. mtHfspd; ngauhy; nrd;idapy; ngrz;l; efhpy; E}yfk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L

- 1942

c.Nt.rh. mtHfspd; tho;f;if tuyhW - vd; rhpjk;

eLtz; muR c.Nt.rh. mtHfspd; mQ;ry; jiyia ntspapl;l Mz;L - 2006

fgpyH vOjpa FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vDk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s kyHfspd; vz;zpf;if - 99

fhfpjj;jpy; cUtq;fs; nra;Ak ; fiyia [g;ghdpaH ‘Xhpfhkp;” vd;Wk; mioj;jdH.

‘nld; ypl;by; gpq;fH” vOjpatH - mutpe;j; Fg;jh

ehybahH vDk; E}iy vOjpatH - rkz KdptHfs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;git gj;Jg;ghl;Lk;> vl;Lj;njhifAk;

Ntshz; Ntjk; vd miof;fg;gLk; E}y; - ehybahH

ghujpahH gpwe;j Ch; - vl;laGuk;

ghujp Njhw;wk; - 11/12/1882 kiwT 11/9/1921

MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpjk; nra;Nthk;> nts;spg; gdpkiyapd; kPJ cyhTNthk; -

ghujpahH



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ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd; - ghujpahH

gwitfs; ,lk; tpl;L ,lk; ngaHtjw;F - tyir Nghjy; vd;W ngaH

jkpofj;jpy; gl;lhR ntbf;fhj xNu Ch; - jpUney;Ntyp khl;lj;jpy; cs;s $e;jd; Fsk;

gwitfis czT mbg;gilapy; 5 tifahfg;gphpg;gH

jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs;

1. Ntle;jhq;fy;> fhpf;fsp - fhQ;rpGuk;

2. fQ;rpuq;Fsk;> rpj;jpuq;Fb> Nky;nry;tD}H - ,uhkehjGuk;

3. goNtw;fhL - jpUts;@H

4. cjakhHj;jhz;lk; - jpUth&H

5. tLT+H - jQ;rhT+H

6. fiuntl;b - nguk;gY}H

7. Ntl;lq;Fb - rptfq;if

8. nts;NshL - <NuhL

9. $e;jd;Fsk; - jpUney;Ntyp

10. Nfhbaf;fiu - ehfg;gl;bdk;

cyfj;jpy; cs;s ghk;gpd; tiffs; - 2750

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ghk;gpd; tiffs; - 244

cyfpNyNa kpf ePskhd ghk;G $Lfl;b thOk; ghk;G tif - ,uh[ehfk;

er;Rj; jd;ik cila ghk;gpd; tiffs; - 52

ey;y ghk;gpd; eQ;rpd; %yk; vLf;fg;gLk; typ ePf;fp kUe;jpd; ngaH - Nfhg;uhf;rpd;

,e;jpa muR tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1972 d; gb NjhYf;fhfg; ghk;Gfs;

nfhy;yg;gLtij jLf;fpwJ

ehd;kzpf;fbifapd; MrphpaH - tpsk;gpehfdhH

kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths; ngz; vdf; $Wk; E}y; - ehd;kzpf;fbif

fbif vd;gjd; nghUs; - mzpfyd;

jhspy; vOjhJ tha;nkhopahf tUtJ ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs;

fhdhg; ghly;fs;> kPdtH ghly;fs; Nghd;wit ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; tifahFk;

tpNtfhde;jhpd; ,aw;ngaH - eNue;jpujj;

jpUney;Ntyp kf;fs; gonkhopfis - nrhytilfs; vd miog;gH

Mdk; vd;gjd; nghUs; - Fok;G

,iraKJ vOjpatH - ghujpjhrd;

Gul;rpf;ftpQH> ghNte;jH vd;W Gfog;gLgtH - ghujpjhrd;

ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaH - fdfRg;Guj;jpdk;

ghz;bad; ghpR> mofpd; rphpg;G> FLk;g tpsf;F vOjpatH - ghujpjhrd;

ghujpjhrdpd; Njhw;wk; - 29/4/1891> kiwT - 21/4/1964

gonkhop ehD}W vDk; E}ypd; MrphpaH - Kd;Wiw miuadhH

Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ ,y; -vd $Wk; E}y; - gonkhop ehD}W

Mw;Wzh vd;gjd; nghUs; - fl;Lr;NrhW



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tp];tghujp gy;fiyf;fofk; epWtpatH - jh$H

tp];tghujp gy;fiyf; fofk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - Nkw;F tq;fhs khepyk; -

rhe;jpepNfjd;

my;Nkhuh rpiw mike;Js;s khepy; - cj;juhQ;ry;

Nfk;ghpl;[; gy;fiyf; fofk; cs;s ,lk; - ,q;fpyhe;J

rhFe;jyk; ehlfj;ij vOjpatH - fhspjhrH

NghUk; mikjpAk; vd;Dk; ehtiy vOjpatH - ypNah lhy;];lha;

jdf;F kpfTk; gpbj;jtuhf NeU ngl;uz;l; u];]y; mtHfis Fwpg;gpLfpwhH

itNjhiu $l itahNj vd ghbatH - fLntsp rpj;jH

ftpf;Nfh mg;Jy; uFkhd; mtHfSf;F rhfpj;a mfhlkp tpUijg; ngw;Wj; je;j E}y; -

Myhgid

Rl;Ltpuy;> ghy;tPjp> NeaH tpUg;gk;> gpj;jd; ,itfs; mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; gilg;Gfs;

nghpahH vd miof;fg;gLgtH - <.Nt.uhkrhkp

gFj;jwpthsH rq;fk; epWtpaH - <.Nt.uh.

itf;fk; tPuH vd miof;fg;gl;ltH - nghpahH

nghpahH mtHfSf;F Ad];Nfh tpUJ toq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1970

eLtz; muR nghpahhpd; cUtk; nghwpj;j mQ;ry; jiyia ntspapl;l Mz;L - 1978

je;ij nghpahH mtHfs; gpwe;j CH - <NuhL> Njhw;wk; - 17/9/1879 kiwT 20/12/1973

GwehD}W - Gwk; + ehd;F + E}W

mjpakhdpd; ez;gH - xsitahH

mjpakhdplkpUe;J ney;ypf;fdp ngw;wtH - xsitahH

ehlhF xd;Nwh> fhlhF xd;Nwh. vt;top ey;ytH MltH> mt;topty;iy thopa epyNd

- xsitahH

mty; vd;gjd; nghUs; - gs;sk;

kpir vd;gjd; nghUs; - NkL

rq;f fhy ngz; ftpQHfSs; kpFjpahdg; ghly;fisg; ghba GytH - xsitahH

Mj;jpr;;#b> %Jiu> ey;top> nfhd;iw Nte;jd; - xsitahH

jkpoHfspd; tuyhw;Wg; ngl;lfk; - GwehD}W

jpz;izia ,bj;Jj; njUthf;F vdg;ghbatH - jhuhghujp

Gjpa tpbay;fs;> ,J vq;fs; fpof;F vOjpatH - jhuhghujp

flypy; ehd; xU Kj;J vd;W eP fhl;L vdg;ghbatH - jhuhghujp

ntWq;if vd;gJ %lj;jdk;> tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; %yjdk; vdg; ghbatH - jhuhghujp

Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH gpwe;j CH - ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk;> gRk;nghd; Mz;L - 1908

mf;NlhgH 30

Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njthpd; MrphpaH - Fiwtw thrpj;jhd; gps;is

jkJ epyq;fis jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F mspj;J kfpo;e;jtH - Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH

rhjpAk;> epwKk; murpaYf;Fkpy;iy> Md;kPfj;jpw;Fk; ,y;iy vdf; $wpatH -

Kj;Juhkypq;f NjtH



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Njthpd; murpay; topfhl;b tq;fr; rpq;fk; Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];

Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky; vd;W Njtiu mioj;jtH - jpU.tp.f.

jz;zPH tpl;lh tsHj;Njhk; fz;zPuhy; fhj;Njhk; vdg; ghbatH - ghujpahH

Ntjhe;j gh];fH> gpuzt Nfrhp> rd;khHf;f rz;lkhUjk;> ,e;J Gj;j rka Nkij>

jkpofj;jpd; rpw;fk; vdg; ghuhl;lg;gl;ltH - Kj;Juhkypq;f NjtH

njd;ghz;br; rPikapd; Kb#lh kd;dd; - Kj;Juhkypq;fH

kdpjdpd; kdepiyia kUs;> ,Us;> njUs;> mUs; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ltH -

Kj;Juhkypq;fH

Njthpd; kiwT - 1963 mf;NLhgH 30

jk; gpwe;j ehisNa epidT ehshf;fpatH - NjtH

gidkuj;jpypUe;J tpOe;J gpioj;jtDk; cz;L. tay; tug;gpy; tOf;fp tpOe;J

,we;jtDk; cz;L vd;W $wpatH - Kj;Juhkypq;fH

Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njthpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;fpdq;f 6/9/1939 md;W kJiu te;jtH - Nejh[p

Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];

eLtz; muR Kj;Juhkypqfj; NjtUila mQ;ry; jiyia ntspapl;l Mz;L –

1995

kf;fs; ftpQH vd miof;fg;gLgtH - gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;> Ch; -

nrq;fg;gLj;jhd;fhL

nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; - me;jj; jpwikjhd; ekJ nry;tk; vdg; ghbatH -

gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;

mhprpyhW (m) muryhW ghAk; Ch; - Fk;gNfhzk;

jhuhRuj;jpy; cs;s IuhtjP];tuH Nfhapiyf; fl;batH - ,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d;

Kg;Gwk; vhpj;jtd; - rptd;

jhuhRuk; Nfhapy; thd;ntsp ,ufrpaj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ vdf; $wpatH - fhHy;Nrfd;

jhuhRuk; Nfhapiy kuG milahsr; rpd;dkhf mwptpj;j mikg;G - And];Nfh

fiyfspd; ruzhyak; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - jhuhRuk; IuhtjP];tuH Nfhapy;

gpsh];bf; vd;gjd; jkpo; tbtk; - nefpop

njHkh$y; vd;gjd; jkpo; tbtk; - nel;bfs;

NkhpfpA+hp gpwe;j Ch; - Nghye;J

NkhpfpA+hp> gpA+hp fpA+hp ,UtUk; NrHe;J fz;Lgpbj;jJ - nghNyhdpak;> Nubak;

NkhpfpA+hp Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w Mz;Lfs; - 1903> 1911

fy;iyj;jhd; kz;izj;jhd; fha;r;rpj;jhd; Fbf;fj;jhd; fw;gpj;jhdh vdg; ghbatH -

,uhkr;re;jpuf; ftpuhaH

Jd;gj;jpYk; eifr;RitNahL nrhy;tjpy; ty;ytH - ,uhkr;re;jpuf; ftpuhaH

gFj;jwpTf; ftpuhaH vd miof;fg;gLgtH - cLkiy ehuhazftp

rHtfyrhiy vd;gJ - gy;fiyf;fofk; MFk;

B - NjePH> fh‡gp - Fsk;gp> kPbah - Clfk;> bgd; - rpw;Wz;b> gpshl;ghuk; - eilghij>

njHkhkPl;lH - ntg;gkhdp> ,z;lHnel; - ,izak;



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CUk; NgUk; vDk; E}iy vOjpatH - uh.gp. NrJgps;is

rpwe;j CHfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; - Guk;

flw;fiuapy; cUthFk; efuq;fs; - gl;bdk;

Gyk; vDk; nrhy; epyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;

nea;jy; epyj;jpy; mike;j tho;tplq;fs; - Fg;gk;

Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp E}ypd; MrphpaH - jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhaH

thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk; > ke;jp rpe;Jk; fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs;

nfQ;Rk; - vd;w thpfs; ,lk; ngw;w E}y; - Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp

kpd;dhH vd;gjd; nghUs; - ngz;fs;

xU nrhy;Nyh njhlNuh ,UnghUs; jUkhW ghLtJ rpNyil vdg;gLk;

rpNyil vd;gjd; NtWngaH - ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; MFk;

flw;fiu rpw;W}Hfs; - ghf;fk;

Materials and Questions Bank with Answers .

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