kautilya studies konow

8/7/2019 Kautilya Studies Konow

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D E P A R T M E N T O F A R O H A E O L O G Y ]•

C ; E .N T B A L A R C .H A E O L O G I C , A LI

L I 8 , R . A . R Y

0 ' _ ~ ' . ' " . . , N _ , · .o, 2 q · , · 1:_'~ '7 I;A.Li" U _::I _ 1 \ ' . . 1

.iJ.G.,A.1~.



KAUTALYA STUDIES

In'

STEN KONOW i

•il.,vn'A·~[)L:L'{(,'.(!l" ~~[ lWI 'T I , , , , , DEli NDRSii:& V.IV£~" 'S '~ . .. !";;,..AI<:!U)fill!1 I Os liD,

U. Ha ; ;f '. ·:F i: r,m ; . KI..iISSI': l·9+S. N ,tI. :[

8569

..

K.te'\fI.r

: t KfHIU.'IISJON ROS JACOB DYBWAD

1945

E . J, 8!RiLL

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Ojl\iml~1 Soob -. Il • •

LEI'Cl: i~_ !-!Oi.I1.At-U~



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The problems raised by the disco[lv'elCYof the Kau~al[ya. Arth<ls.ru.tra

ha~'e not y d be-en 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 l l ysolved, The wud: begins w : i t h the foLlowing

st!ltemen~::

Pt:I'Ju~~ lfiMtfJiili:mc e;ti )'ifwnty artha,Slistr:'~,( ,pi2Yl/(l(:{iry{u1e

jwastnlip'l'I'aniprll:yasas fan~·5f l}~'hn'y(1.:k(, l1,11id(1;~~ta'l' tht.: ls{1$drcfl1?,i O r l a e m ,

by ma l nJ .y CO ' Ji'lid e n s,] ng tb .ooe ~1 'i~ h a~ li$ tr < J! s\\":hk:ih ha \Ie hMI:1I .composed

by earlier tead~,ers abou f winning and g l ! l ; i l . l I i 1 i . n g tnt i@8Jrth th is , one

artha5:astra has been made.

And we are riot I@1l in do,ubt about the identity of the author,

(or in th e fi:l'Ia l staf izOi. we read:

yC#(l S(lff.fra"~~,~ sastl~(;U!~ca Nan dartiil1;gaM ,en blm·il

amQr~.(:}J i()(Mll .rf f j fJy (lsu .tru d $ ,li$ h'a 'V 'l Mm t z krtGru I I

thi :s, t I ' ea t ise has bee [i m ad e by h im w ho D Jlirld i,gn a ti.m :l. q_ uic tl]y

extraeted jh e tr .e i~ ti:se snd 'the SWOii"d and th e e a r th 'th a .'t had gone te

t h . e - Nandaking, Andthis is !n accordanee with Indian tredltlce. i.

If the Alitliul!l!listn i tse l f is genuine, we call with safety draw t h e :

conclusien that it was actually the work of KlIll~ll~ya;the minister of

the !\'I<fur.:y2Cand,ragupta. For he is tnrou,ghou,t men,tioned as the final

auUlodty. But, eurleus 'enough, 'the fr ,eq uent expre-SSlon tt. i K.at4IJ(ya~

has been cons id e r ed to be : apt to raise sU$,Pic i ,an. Jacobi, Ober die

Ec h t h eH , : p o 833. iliilYSt ha t i 1 t is, ,a s fa r as he :kno'i!.iS~ 'thil only argument

wh~cb has been uF~d against Kau~a ly a~$ : ilJ !ithO r sl1 'ip .

j, c r. HiII~b;r""nil lt . l OIb~1 i 'd ~ s .1i:.~l!~n,r'1l.!!~8~rll,§ :a .n l" e' f; 'Q ;Cn~ t : r1 l tr ·wtetr : I~l I1di$el l~ K l l. i ll t i~ .I '

]:908, pp. I ff~,; J~QOI!il"Z1!!~Fri11l !< ts :~bicbJtc ,dct uiild~~e'l\i PIIHo~pbN:.S:a3A[91 l',

pPI . . 7 3~ fl'~; J! :@& tu r.;Spr~ h · u nd Li t~ml : h~ . ! l i :O , f i s>c .be~ llI!U del l ' ! Rag~lI ' y"a , ib idem

pp. '95+ If", i'rbcr die,uh!h~itdes K f l : C I ~ i l J y ! 1 " iblc!cm !!,H~j pp. t l a : 1 t fr.; Wintc t rn i t : : : ,

G e : s c l! li ~ 1 .e d ~ ! ' !'ldi~(!hsnLiter . t l l lur , i l l : , pp. s~, II:



H.·F.KI.

HiU~ ;b r and l , I~ ~ . ',p . nl~ t hOl ll ,gh : t l h~ t we hav e ·t.o do. w ith a wer k

by an -unknown a t . i h o ! l C ~ belonging lathe schooiof K ; : I 1 . 1 ~ ] y a . Bu t it

seems to 'e;'that j~cob~ 1•.c. pp. 83:2L, h as shown th ,at 5 1 l , c h cannerbe ehe case. . " :'~.•j-

'. Am "~r~U!~~t agal l1s i~ , the ' . :lUthen t i c ity , o r th e wor.k h a s a lso bee i"l

fO L ln d in i'ts "d is ag re em e n t, j['i s om e c ie t;'l[is \ \ i ti h Meg a s th e n e s ' accclI.u!l ' tof

]ndia. l-]oweve~, he eall:n.ot be d :a ara ctt :! r ize d a s a cridcill oblSel '\ e r , but

a.ccf lpted e\l'entne most pharJ iwst ic i i .1 tales h e : heard, 0" Ste in , Megl'lsthtmes

und Kautilya" pp. 104-16, laid stress on M ..ega s tbene s~ s ta tem en t th a t

th e re we re no s lav e s in Ind ia ; W.')O [ 1 . J [ l l } i ' l l ' o a 1'~fr.IXP ~ i l 1 'o t ; : 3 Q \ J i . . o 'J

iJ 'YjM~I:rr ; ' 1 : \ 3 ~ p& .::lri:t·r s f ~!!)t j ~!'I«~,~& x.~t ' t ' 6 1 i~ I ) : i y ~ ~ 'I' ,,~ " [ W i~ ' I' l'n

r.&'t.i"t'\:.!~ " r \l iI )C lu~ ~!v .: ; :- 'I '$ ) ,S l i. l{ l :,~p , .w, O'JB~ . . We( aOtlt.l)" S~'i:;(~> W , , 3 6 > ~ .K a u ~ ~ l y : 1 ,

eu th e other hand. spea ,k s of aiJsa$, slaves, l : t l I n d i a . Breloer, K a . l . I J ! n i I y a .

Studi.en HI pp..1:2 ff.j hs:s shown t h a t th e te rm s ao'flloj,o~and ilii!/!,(l [ire

nots,ynonymous. He migh t have added .3 . reference to I \C:m~aJj .Yfl ,

m . x iii : ml«:chr i /~!Tm , ad I J . : , ,; . a h . f m { 1 j r ; .. '/ ~ 'IJ,y"7(!llm~Iidji1lfUl~1 $ l I Z ' ml Il' cuaryasy,a

U4sai jAU'vai ) , i t is Il10 fa u lt w ith . 'ba rba ria ns , ' e o , s e ll lh e i r c h ild re n or p u t

them on" but a ll Aryan canno t bea s l ave . Such a !M:a t l iment would

be apt to lead Megasthenes astray.

The fac t t! lia t th e I{ ,u .l~ a lry ilis , w.ri.'ttelll in S:u'l,skri. 't migh t l eac lpeeplete doubt that itc"!1 b e $0 o l d as the > \ 1 J h celiif:Ur y a, c. E. S e n a r t ,

J . A,VIn ..viiiJ p. 4'041 s ay s : PO'Uf]e sanskrit c ] a ss iq 'll.e , s a preparation

dan s le mi lie u b ra '~m : a rliq lle " { on d c: !em a te ru eU em ! !n I: surla ]af!! ,glJevlld~qtu~,

pro\ i 'oq l.le e e n fa lit pa r le s premiere .s appi. ieatiolls d e l'e cr itu re 3.iJ.X.

d i a le c te ,s popu .l< l ir ,e s ,. d o it SI! place r eotre Ie [n~s ie c le av an t J . C. e e

le Ic r s :ii::c 'le d e l'E 're eh re tlenae . Son em pto,i. pllib~ .iq 'lQ eeu omde~. Il!a.

o o : m m e m l l i i d e s e : r~9 i1 l fi d n 'l : q 1 , 1 ' & la f i n du ie r sU:cle 0 1 . 1 . a u , c :ommen ,cemen t

dil n " ' , AUlCI;mOl! lvrage dels li.tt~ratul"e d"I!l1slque ne pent , l 1 1 t r l l a:l : l t~rie 'Lir

a . cette epoque.

Ja co,bi, K u ]tu li '. Spra.cll. IJJndli ten , t lUi"hi$~orUsc:he~. p. 961 , Is

Of!i"tatl l[Y right when he s ay s t h a t alreadythe lise of Sal.lskri1t in th e

epic ; s shows t h a t such is rte t the Case . Th e c a se ,of A l! io1 i:awas an

!f! :xc:eptioill ; ,an epi 's lode' , p :p . 9 5 ,7 ' f . , In bis administradon ili~ Bnhmi'i1's

were not th e 1 ead ing : a ! i . ! ! t n o , i t y " and tl'le"re s tllt was not ah ~ a :ys

<ldvOl l l tag,eo!J$ to h i : s : , em p ire ..

HiUebrai i (h. l. c . p. 13, drew att~:rn,tio.n t.o th e fad ' that there wes

a fi.xed and Muted t . e rminok lgy fn Indisn po]itica.1 ~or~;.tlndl Themes,



1945, NO.1...

JR AS [90~l'o p. 4:66, 19 I 4, p, 3~3, &c . ,po.~l1It(l<dout th~~ there <Ire :5()I!!!e

unmis t ak ab le parallels W .[{"ll~alJ<I'stenns ]n th e £\JQ k a in :! ! cd p~ iQ n,s .

.Bu t tha t doe 's Ilotp!,,()rve tb Sit s~ d1 termswere o6gi!'l<J&iy coined inPr~krH. They Ca l l liJJave beenteenelated from S!anskdt for th e u se of

A~ok~'s omt:~ .1l1s . lt IS t:empt;~l)lg to ~e anulldk:atuoll tnthls d~t

in the use o.f tenns such as pr('id(r!!;j'ktl'~ lJUlnilmlJJ,)'(l', samaja·, &c..,in

the Gi u n . ' U · v'e1isio·n.

T hM th .e K ;1 iu ~a lly aW < l > S or~g :~na ] l y wr iUen in Sa! ' l sk r~ t C < l 1 ! 1 ha. rd ly

be . d,oubtced, an~ a ls o KO l u~ a ~ ya '$ p re d ec es sors lIlre.~ 1"" .11) ,9 quot~ d ..in

that h'Lllgua,ge. nHilt does not, how.ev~r., : itnp.ly a hlter clatethan th e

4th cent; i lrry B . . . e • . ) N t : . h~vtl: <'tnJe&tlflnsi'll'>eplf@se Hlierature in Sflnskrit,

in th e BI ' . l Inma"al l> il ' lci!.lding th e Up lln i~ a .d s ~ lin d ] 1 1 . th e S a t i i < J i S . A nd

the okl g.rmmn<l~kal H~eratlJJre was based O ' l n , and written in thatlangu:lge:.

Tben we h:l\! 'e th e . [{ ~ma s i :lt r< l i, wh k h .;I!.cc,mlj! ' lg t~ JOlcobi, Obe r

d ie Echthd~l p, 8,p~. i r l ~ . b s · ( JI" ig illa ~ f o: rm c a n n ot b~o.ldetthan the la,st

h a lf of d le s th c eT lh :lry ~ . e ., h tlt \ :v ili~ ch w e onlyp<liSsess ~ n a ~.a!ter

retr .~cta6Q. which Jacdbl dlol i l ,ght .QQ u ld not be Q l,.d e r th an~ h e .3Dd

cemhl.ry A. D.

An()th~]t problem is raised by KlIll~<]:~]y;lX. m~wh~r.e wereaJ:

ap :i /u J ' 5 l o kc .~e bJu l; ,va ta b ;'

ynn: y(l: j l l(1·s(l.1?~Ch(J;ista/mslJca ' 'P£pm~ S'l;!fH'ga£!j. '~Uilltpmnl,cay'(lls ea y '(lu ti ~

k$atlMa l i i i n a . P " (;Itryii.'n,t:i §lJ~iil~jJrl11;il1~StJ,yuadI1l!~u parityaian(a/l I I

'lUJWlJ1Jsmthla'11 $alilas~va pnrJ,lm~~ stl~a~j'skrt'~1r~d!arbhakrt{)ttm'fJ'(m~ ~

tM lai.yrI mil'MU]J.~"ror.'(!IM'tp .c ~ g a . c ; c / z r J i y o ' bhar(ryl1Jl!asyak.,-.lefJ(l yui lh)u! /11

Th e second s ,tanz" .ls a lso foul :l d L !: lBh l$O l ,'s . Pf<i:tijilri).yo1l~gll[!(dnar~ya~ll,

IV. 3, and it may beasked eo whom rto ..]gina]~jt be ~Q llg s ~ to K . llilli~ a ~Y< l

or to Bhlsa.

No 'w G J l;ta pa ti Sastrl J in th e in trod il1 c t]@ 1 ] Ito h is ed i t . i o i l ' : l or th e

Svapn a~a . sa : \ i ' ada :ml . , p. xx·dH., draws :lt tf!!n,tloll eoth e fa c t th .u 'Kau ' ! i lya

dees not elaewberejetredeee hisown v~'.rseswi·th<lny such remark

as he re , Ol.!:Idh e d ea w$tne ~ nfer~ nceth a:t .K SiifJ~ ~ya h as bO ft'ow if::d d"e

~t;u'h~a[f\OmBh!lsa,while Jaaobi, Int<emat!QnaieWQcl1,en:5,C'l ' i r i i ' t , 1913. ,

p, 65S, UW ll;gh t t h ! ! ! t we may have to do w ith g lo!5 se s . I t 1 $ not pOSSJble

to aerlve at cer~<!il'lty~and ~f the,stll ' l,VlIza:s 'C<!Ilmot, for th e ressen ,sta~ed

by GaU1!p.a t i . be ascribooto K:al l~ t l lya ; of which I am not : 8 i t all eerta in .•

i h eym 4 ly be lQ J:! ig t o th at f l ioaHnlg' $w,k of s t ; lmzas by unknown authors



6 H ..~F..Kl.

w hkh w ·~ r~ c a rren t il l al:1I::ie!'lttim!.'l!5. And it sbould not be overlooked

that .Ka l l ~ t dya quotes h.vo stanzas, :lind t n a t Q[lly one . f J ' f them can be

traced ] 1 : ' 1 Bha sO l !'s play . ] cannot se e "Ulj 5~do1JsobjecdQntothe

aSJ su rmp l[o Il t :h llt .l3 Jh is ili h as b orrew ed h ls st'anZ3. f~orn K au ta ly a , .!!i i: ld J

so far as l C l i I D S~Ie: , there is noth ~[lgthn : toould lead us to t h i nk tha1

Bttbai$ not oonsi .dera.blyy1oQ.mge: r than Kaueslya.

Th e m os t s e r iou s ,obje c tion E o refel i l" i i l lg Kauta .1ya to Lhe4 t h

century a, c. lms been formulated by Jolly in his ca:r~flJl .Kellektaneen

zum[{OI ' l . I~ i l~ya Arthlis ! i is trn , Nac h r i c h ~ e n v ·on d e r K . Ge , s e l l s cha ; n d e r

Wi$$enscl'laften .ZIl Goui l l g . en . Phi lQl iJgisC:h·Histor]scbe Klasse, r9··16 , .

pp , 348 If. He mil]l1I t aille d t h a t~ h ep llF . a l] ~ lls fOlllndin Iaw- book s an dmedical texts. lead Ucs to trn.in:k of 8 . period consklenbly kiter [than.

the 4 . ) 1 i ~ century~. c.

This l i r ' i ( , ! of .argunumt dees not, h(jiw~v~r, carry convlcticn, I t

would be illil'lCOn ceivable tha~ta work such as the . I !au~a]ryal which was

certainly considered, durj[lg . O l l very I.oli'lgperiod; to be the· leading

al!l~ho·rityon Arth~l!ist;ril had been hrifldedl down wi thoo t any changes

or a dd iU o! 'ls . '~e must .aceordi.ngly .make a ca r ,e f u l ex a .mi ll3 .t ;i oll of tl'l,e

worE itself and try to !lnd oue whether it contains remini$ce.llll:es of

an earlier stage, without such c l l : I 3 . I ' I g . e5 a nd .a dd iti,on s. That has been

don e by Ja .oobi in h L S : i mpor t< lD1~ pape rs in th e B er lin Sitzungisbenchte,

, agld I c am o ln ly add some remarks ",s a ; ~lJPpl,em,entro h is argUlme[ ' r tat lcm.

THE Vn:WAS

The second adJllyliya of tile fiiS:t adhikanQa opens with th e

re 'ma: rn JmRk~ i k l tray', ' t )i l .r t t ll, d'f1}ff i } .1~rHscetl vidy1l8. Ish aH fQ ll4;nv

K alJ ta ly a ~ s en um eT iltlon or th e v ;l)r iou $ bra n c h e s of k now le d g e , a n dbegin with the 4n-vtk$ik'f.

I. ANViKSIKi

Thill ·~e rm i tse l f is wen kr . lOwn from good scm r.c e s . and does not

l ead to a ny ,eh i rono iogka ] inference. : E ! u t.it is . ofh :lte re 'S,t~ o se e what

K < l i u t a i y < l i . meant w i ~ h ! . t . In L ii h e s a y s that i . t compris~s Sa111khya~

¥ : ' 0 c a < l . : _ f 1 j d ! LDk5yata ;· · Sn. 'f l· khya '~ I : Yog( ) Loka)iat( .U! ' l c . e J y .i"ul~~;kl~

Th e b e st 3 J [I,a ly s is of th is s t:U em ern t h a s . be en g iv en by Jacobi .Z urF ru hg e s c h ie h te d e r in tli.s c h en Phi : lo$Qphie , Ber l i n e r Sitzung: ;ber ich te



7

19IIJ pp. ?321f. SQra l" tl~E can seehew~s eVIdently rlght li.rbien

h e m ain taJJli l i l ld th a t K a t l~ .a I.y a\ "8 ! s tl:!,(l_ f il rs t ene to tea.ci: l tha t th e re a re

fou r ~id:yJs, th e fou rth be in g th ~ A~7Jfl i i$ik~, which le e k s in ~ o, r igh t

and Ut~r igh t ~.I'I th e T,cayi , <lJdv :aL ' l t ag :eand d ls a d v an ta "g e in th e ' V:{Jt '1tu~.

right and\",ro~g measu r e s - in the D ( 1 . 1 J 4 ( m ~ t i , andjwith te.as[l iIl i lng, Into

the str l : l l lgdl and \",~all.tnE i ' & S of lh ,~ $ e (~ n re e ) i f idyct$;· tllmc11Jlidlu~n1Ja~e

tra.'~1.1, arlh/tual"fJmu iU:lritaflr~~~1.laJh'1;jMl'ytl:l~ daI;J4a1l'itya~t~. l J a I D 1 : m k

(;ait~lr.ti1ll /ulfflMl'r <Ulv.ik{>amu'vl'l. .Amik$iki J S : ac e or d il1 g :iy a sY 5 tem a , tk ; lIi

me t hod or l rlve'St~fJ:alion, W ith oU it re fe l'! e noe to the ch a r a e t e r Qf the

illdhridu<!l 'UidJ!(i~.

KlI1l]lI~ya's p:! 'e d~ C ~ O ir .$ a re :! ;U ,te d~ o have d en il! ld th e e x is te n c eof the A1l1.!i4ik! as a ",{dya orut$ OWIl. The Ma:I1.m!V8S included it hl

th e n~ay i . : ' i r u j . i td l , c$o hy ~~Jvu~iki; the B liirh as :pa ty as a ls e e :xch : ! d ed

th e Tra)fi, becau se it wasol ' l1yan O :O s c :u T . . tlon to h im who, k ]Jow~ s

the ways of the WOIli]d .sa~WJcu:a\':Pt.m~rJlra~llI~I:#'ay"l/o1t(lylitravida iti, and

th e A u! lia na sa s d id I l o · t re ec gu izl; : 'more thJ~ one vl :dy(J~ th e J)afJ!jm.iit£j '

beca u s e aUe'Jo;;t;l!"tiofls i~ vid,Ji ' l!~e bQil1!1!d IIp with it: ta~}TJ Id

$(1p@b:v idy l 1m~ tMal ; p ra t i b addM £ l ! : .

Fcur'es d~e nll!mbe:'.' of llh.e ' lJ.iiyt£s wss ]at~, on recognized by

an ! i iu t li l.Qr it ies . . But it LS c l~ : ilir ac :t~ 'r 15 t~ .c 't bi3J t th~y m ak e [h ie ,fiWUf.k.~I~i

a n all~, la;viJY4, i.«..it oU lgh t t~ be orth od ox and. leadte final emandpatlon.

Not 00 KalltaiY<l j• aad he " ' r>uldac~ord iI lg lyenl l imera te the LoH;ya . ta

t 'Og : e t h~ rwi t h Sa'11/.Mya c and Yog r a~ though be k!'le\l: tJOllt tneBi:!1Itiaspaty:as

were heretles who did not bdi~ve ' ~nthe ~#:. .LGiayatai:s tbemethod

of t e h I s ~ \ t ' "OrM~praml"a l pni]O$opby, wh le h w a s a n.a ux iH a !:y in ev ~r.~ l

braX l,ch of limQwled lg e. Jacobi draws a.t,teratio,n to, th e f< ld th a t: Nyaya

. tnd Va~~e~i .ka a re ,t1),ot Im.e[1l~]QI'I€:d~ c ~ fla r]y b eesuse they d id not t ih ~1 l.

e~l$t as ]mde'pemd!l!~t s.ys~e:ms, !1!~ir the two M'rmllif!$!lis,~ b~ca:lJ!s~Ka.1lJilalyai r l c~ .ud~d ~h~minlbefmyJ'. ]: dOlllo~dol,llbt: tn;llt: Nyayallind Va~ , e~ , l k a .

a re litter outcomes of~he oldt.ok: l l iy :aHI, but : dl9JJt is e f no im poir ti 'ln c e

h " l the j)!: \e,se'nt cenneet ice, o.n t r n ~ Ci~h~, h amd j it ]5 ofin~e:n;stm;1Jt

there is nore feF tltlC e to Budc l l h i s t ~l1ets !Su ch as ili,e , K:a~iko ." ' l ida . ,

probably be~!'Iltl$e t l : J ! ! ! y d id n e t ~ ~ O l i y a promiDJe:nl rO ! e in K : aU ! ~ al.J:a j:sd ay s .



8 H.-.F. Ki ..

U. TRAY1

The $e.COfild v~dJ' : ' i .aoool"d.i! 'J .gto Ka1J~ J J awa !> TJ:<.!y~jl~ e . th ~ th re ef irs t V,edOl i s .B~ , t it ls add ed that a lso th e . A tn a rv n v ed a and ! th e : h i h! l i sav~da

are Ved1 ISj~ nd th a t th e Il~r.ma ls o c (Jm p ris !\ '! s th e Ved~nlg<ls, S~k~ : i t

I{alpa .~ ,Vy;akat~rQIOl.~N i nd ,.t '! ,C h a ~ dot\1 id ,ti a ~ d Jylot~lI:: S F i m C l ItgYajtlr.

~J'Crlas t~iI}\I'l!'S Tray~'. AiJwri~a-v~dEti l ' l f l iS~v~d{J~~oav,e;(ub . $ik~{l Kll lp()

~yl l 'kar:a~u1J~,t N ; " ~ ' i . k f ; ( l ~ r , = C1M~l'fio~,i'c#ay(1t1~am il£rJlf~~ll~ Th is is i:n

a~cQrd:irtce w~th oHler old sourcesand doe$ not lead t.GO!I[lY cht joI1Qlogicf . l~

inference,

Th .e h i.h lis a llled a is , s taJbed~in 1 v .,~ o ff lc h .lJd ieA rillh 9! ~5 tra and

Dharma~stra, ;A.mil1},aJl l Jtivrlla.!~IAkhyJyH~i'f (jd{tfj'{jl~l1lJ(UI~ DlulJWlU·

:J(fs(ram AJ'thaS'{1i$,tJ'"a,r!~, ; u t i ' I l fhlis(1lJ. With regard to A rtn ,a .s :a stra th is

is ~xpiain~d in . tjh ~ 3;rd .s ta n il:aV. ' ! . ! ' ' l of th e g .re a~ ehapter on Yoga,vr t taJ

d l~ m e th od s of gove : i I . nmen t offidals, · t o · '; 'l! hk h th e Ar tha s~~ t r a prQ:p! l l r~y

be l .ongs :

#i7;rtla 'Pm-a~:l' iblryii '~~ /xx lhayca a1~tlU1.SlJst 'mvi t :1

k n ow ! f ig -t h e ArthaSilIis l ra be mu; ndnis t~ rJ ! !;,rnoM]ci h n s : t : r u c t ( t he k ing )

tb r (mgh iliv'fttCl I . !nd I m ' J ' l 1 ~ l . a . The A rth aM s tm ,c8 iin th iu s be ] n d ud ed

in th e te rm ltikii"$j' W w'hidl ~.~dQ ~ :S n ot p :rop ~rlJ beJO!lgl be eau se It.

contai nsac£!outlts of h .owth ing : s hsppened ( i # - u : r t i ' a ) a n d old tales

(pu:rJ;tta) g[V~I'I"'5 m,l15t]'ali:ons (udJiltl'r:a{,a).. The :!> il:m e thing-can of

course be said of th e :D h arma§: is ' t : : r a .

It is of no ]n te re5 t :for o,u :r present l?lllrp(}Se~o give pred5~

d e fin itiQ n ~ o f th e va ,k l·U $ teem s u s e d in th is text. Th e im po rt! 'l l '!J.t .t l l ii l1g

to U$ (ire th ese ta les th Jem .~elves , beCA1! l$e : the fo . rmt~,eytak f l : In th e

KaU!~ll. 'y8i mig h t coru:;;eivOl.o.]y le a d ~ o cn1fQ(noiogl .c :al!nr :~rn :nees ; . c r : J aeebl ,

K u ]tu r, Spra eh - lUnd L:it~rlltjtlrhi:$tllnscl!~5~pip. 970 f. r t w m , ~h,e re fore ,be adv is :a l:d ~ to g :o .Ii:ltodet l ' lU~3.W~ : ( '! v i.d :~ n d y h a ve tD do w ith a :n :d e n t

tiad!ftio[la~. ,u'ld popl]]ar talesj, wh i.ch pardy € !x ls ted :akeady in V ed ic

t ]mes , . u n . d ~ ' th i .ch 'W,e . :d50 know from th e~ p:ic5 ,a [ld folk -t;a l.~ .

L v i m e:ndQ [!s ru le ra wh c h av epe :l"ish ~ c l b~ e a :U 5,f ! :th~:y h adU l tO~

s lilbD !u e d th e ir senses; ~nd etherswac ~ol1ig e'llijloyoothe e,i'lirth beeaese

they ~xtetrni l1l :a~ed the: slx [[I]mkal ferces {safIW$a',¢wrea"r 7 J i ~ kam:a~

I.i(j'pll'~ lolM:a~ m· tWa, f n{N l ( l a : n d h,Cln!(J.,

: 1 . , klima ' ,' D~~ i4 .aR:JD '1iu~aJ 3hoj.a h k flm fJ d bnJh tno tm lu1:~JJ~~,1ah~~:·)\lI(,l'ltvd1.!Ullla~ sQb(mdln~lfj:;lJ'o 'lJi~~lUli!JS(l R·a .rJ la~ ,ea Flaititlull}, through



1945. No. I. 9

d e sire , v iola tIn g s , j )rahm a' l. lJ l i virg i l l ,pe . r I5~~d . with ' , e lat lves1im,cl l l1: i~~gdQu],

th~ Bh~ja ~Simled Dl !Q( j ,< l kya a,nd ,Ka,l'l1la th e Vi.deha·[{Jl]g. The t a~e

a bou t B hoja D :tII)JJ~ ;a ky ais ,SiS ment ioned by Ja.cobi,! ' \efe!"! 'ed to lfl th e

sam e te rm s in th e K!lmasilllr<;l.• p. :24~whi.d1 is y m ,m g er than the K:lIlu~;al iYIl,

< tn :d f u r th e r !n th e Rlm!:!.ya!~~"V I r. 7 9 _ ,g ~ ,w h e ~ e ' t im e ' k in g ':ll n a :m ~ i s

D a~Q .a , a ~ d th e ' Jatllkas 52g.Z!~ :530,~!WrM!:r,e ~11(l ]£ lc ;]]~ !ltd D a l)@ .a ld n.

Ti:1e ,Videha ,pf i ru~eKlI [ '1 i la i$ rnEl[),tklllJ~d 111the V i~a.y atyi iigopad,eSal ;:u lak 1 I ! J

wlli.ch is not a (loo.s :! llbi~ to me , b~ It is e vi.d en t~ y ,ill ]at :e work.

2 . kopa, . k o P « i Jmu:mn:jayo br f i luJ~aUI1·~r~v~TR.rfinJ(i's Tii . i (1jm.jgJ. i~§ca

.Bllr:gm;th th rou gh O !~ ge r h:le',lsh.ed!) J a n l l r n . e j i a y , ! l J , ; J s s amng : b:r. ! lJhml.u; las,

u nd T! l.]a j,u 1 gh a wk h tbe . e : b r g u . i > . Mllb~. X l L15(M W~

: I " ' e a d .(l's'id 1-a :j 'i i , ,~all1l" ' ! ! iryt lt l F_ar£k tp ' j ]a~l-amei( ly( l l i Iab , l~ddR . i p i l ' r .mm (~gaechad 1n':a!j,1~i(lIu:t$J'fi;~N1 #a ltl,a ti/J ~ ~

there: w~s a king Qfg.r~at: ' i lU g o W i , Jal ' la.m.ejaya ~he son of P~rik~lt;

i :nji lH:)iciol1sl.y he betool~ Mm.se~ . f to br;J.l:lm aij.a" mU,O!e ' f . And M lilhh.

m, 303.u runs.:

amana . yau M 'mlt l~G:rl l f j j~ . V : i !l ( ~ l P I : S ca "Ji'ttMistt1'al} II

nlhato bl'allirn'tJdat~(,ll!na WW jailg ll..as Ittt:lzm "1ltl ca . I I I

3 , la .b ll ( l .~ /lIlJ.lriid Ai t"( l~ t-a.t.!W'£ifU·Hpam a,(1; l t lhlZrayam~l~!ai l $(:!m.l'lr'(1s

, ( :'1 1 Aiabiudlil,(~, thtn1ugh ' g r~~d ,O"el '9 !S5I~s5 ingt t J ,e fGI~" '!ifarg,as, p!i!:rrs~H~d

Aila and A ja bin du Sa llJv ]ra :, Cf . . Mi:lbfu. L 75 . ~o f r . :

1J ip r o i/) sa vigra}m'~~cak r ( !~~ry (1m .1uJ ; l t a l~ /?'1,tr;fln.:tf"oJtili ,I

jd'ilraca sa 'Ulpr~~~~ 'ral}j'iil·fY r. j/R~'()§atr i:1t ' l ap£. ., .

t ( l t ( )~ . laAa~·Mib 'wud( ih 'a~ '&Sa .PI 'QsadYO~GIUlsyGta U

v i gou r ·madd ened PUIi],ravas qu a:r rd le d wU b th e 'hn.hmat;I !. ' ls , and h e toek

a.w.ay ~be jewels of the ltd,h!nOl:Q;$:, timali;l:gl:!tlley cried (lUll.. • . .

th enbe1 i!t onee perlshed , c l.l!l:$ed by 'll1~ :1Iing:ry brahmatlas.4. muna , 1.!liit:t'id Rri1Ul~~(JffjNlx'ada:raJl ap.r.G.JaiCch< ttl: Du.ryfJtlha~m

. r 6 e ) ' y l i d a~.? , I~a~r l(Ai,~I;m:mghl.l<l,ugiuirle5S (pe risbe d) H .l1 va f.!Anor g[ \ 11ng

1 J p the othe'ulswifej and Dur ) ,od !hana ( f10~ g iv rng u p) 8 1 . sha r e .in th e

]dngdom. The ta le s h e re .rderr;ed to are too w~M known to need

any comment

S. m:ada: ~nadM po.u l li IUJt iM(J/ l ;J tJ MfU lJvam l in ' i H a£ IU l y .a sca . •l b it ~~~J .~1

t h r - .ough wan , tonne ! ! ' !! · (pe ti$hed ) Qa~l!i.bl:!(HJ1bh:av8i l ' t J . despising (othe r )

beings, and Arjul'la Haihaya, Mhbh. v..96 Nda t e s . how Dambhodbh ~Vll



to H.·F..KI.

went abotrt in search of somebody ·equaJ Oil" superior to h imse]f, was

r.d~m~d to N aFol and N a l " a : y : a Q a , was di l l . feated and I .mmb led by t hem ,

a nd tne[(l be g.'l:[1 to pr.;ic t~ se r~ gh te ()·lQ s l'le $$ . lie Fe th e'r t! is n o re fe re nc e

to h is p elf i: sh it ilg '..Mhbh . m . I 16 11s rra te s 1 1 0 \"" th e H elh aya A !"ju Jll!3.

came to J~rnaciagnPs hermitage, earned off the calf' of the h ( ) < l J l ( 1 d l u ' ! u u ,r

and jmlled down the t ree s , Para~UJr:!ll'llt'ldum chcpped off Arj un .a's

th ou s.< lJnd a rm s and k ille d h im,

6. hm~a';' im:r'lffd Vatap.11'Ag(j$fY(j.matjll5(ld~y(ln Vr$1)iS tJ7lgha's

ea DU(uplt;'1 on l1m i:ti,~hr·ough m~ITY'In:aldng ' (pel 'islled) V ! i. 1 t :a p i doing

, dO:lc11Cf l to Agas tya , and the V~l)ii·commU!ni.tyeo Dv:a : ipayana , ( c r . . . boee

sub kOjJa, 2 , f or V . !iU i :p i.,.and Mbbh. XVI . r . :I:5 f .a bou t th e V :rolJis and. D v aip :i:y a n a : : th eY 'n e ek e d V i ~v .: '! mH r a" K a J~ ,· a am d Nr i r .a d a , d r e s si lli gup

&!mba .< lisa wom an .aD d . u s k m n g t , n i E l ~ jrlts whait h e ,\ '@ 1 .dd gh '@ b~r th

tot KlIl,*lya"$ st:a.tern.f! l1t that they ,did violence to Dvaip t ' l ya~ t l l ls o:i

importance, for, a s , m e n tio ne d by Ja.cobi·, L1lJ:iersbas sholi \ 'n~ ZDMG 58,.

p ..6~u, tliiat this is in accordance with. the original veraionof the Ji l t i l lka! : i .•

The n 1 i l al stanza of 1 . vi then mentions jamadagllya (Pai8lIllrAma)

and A m l:la rL $!I N abh ~ga e s h av ingen jQ yed th ee a rth f o . . 1 ' a . Io .n .got im e

becau se th ey k ept a loof from the Sl1lru$a¢Vtirga . As pointed out by

Jacobi, there is l ' lo, indkatio:1l ]Il th e Mhbh. or]11 t h en r s t two books

of the Rlm: l . yaua to th e effect thllt P.li lrnSUl"!l im.a ever ruled ove] ' the:

earth a sk ing"

AI1( i ther s > e ' n i e s , ,or ta les is . : ili': lc ll.c a t(l!din tb e Nis~llt;)pr3'~idhl, 1. NX ' ,

about t~~ dangers l.n~l]acing: a k: i l1g [fl Ms harem.: a~/argrila!ftJ,~ali'

s t lU l ! t J i ras t r lPaT '~{ ldM~t~ dt'lJi~~ jm·§~t. r ia · ; m , t 1 C ! " d ' ab / ugacch e l . dl!VZgrJu!

If;J~ohi blwiUi! Bhadras~(lJ!~ iag l iana, H.liiilf~ !> l t tyyt l f#(wgams ('n p u t : r a l t

Kan is.am . ..mj{J't; m'(u l l lt t ll e t i' : lJ i fe~a p,(J;r;p.'(}.$)Ul dee v i Kal£raiat/~,'f)l${f(llghma

nupwe l } t l Vaira.nly(1Jt·1j.,nekll.ali in.IQl)in.'fJ Sa1Wlt'atl', JllJllhaJn tJd arS 4Jto :j•

W~)\~I!~ IJfU!llm~.r sash'(url k r t J a i i t .v l V i q . f l r a I J I t i 1 , 1'

ja:ghaJu~,. h av i ng

e!ltel:'ed the inner a.partment. h e sh ou ld see hiS qlle'en~ .after she h a s

been proved to be pure by old weraen, and not aPP]loach any. For

h :id d ~ n in thie queen- ' · s . aRp.a: r tmel l t ~ be brother kmedBhadr ; t , s ena , . o : l : n d ,

lying in h is nu :n the ,,} 's bed the $On K~rilJa." The queen ]i:iI]ed tlil :e·KMi

ki:ng ha.v1og put poison on parched grains, saying it was honey ,

Vai l : an tya wilhan an k ile t be sm ea red w~ th poisO O"l,th e Sal!Ivirn. with a

girdle-jewel, J1iltitha\vith a mirror, Vi4ul'alth3J after having made a

weapc l I : ! hidden ill he.tbraid... Some of these ta le s a re in d ic a te d In



1945. N o. r , .H

E:am 'H ' I dak i .V B. 51 fE , whev e W~ fil]d Vairopya i J i . W Va! : ra jya fOIfV<!~rafltya'j

a nd Jal'll~ya for J!i!iUUllA" G<!,I~aIMLt[S!li's~rjjev e r ywhe r - e pl! ' ! i~" ,phrase$ the'

Ka , u~aUy a ~!:" t~,l~Mhbh ., m a'k ~ ng 5io'm ~ . : a d d u t U o t l s which n e m a y partly

h:l\!e take!'! from :a v~rn="<:;i:i]af'CO! inmen ta ry in his, pcsasssion, but WblCh

eannot be eonsldered to be :In eld SQU!"<C ie ,

A s . l i g h t c l i f fe r e m : < e h ~ tw , t J :C ' E i i.t h e K;iu, l~~lIya lInd the Mhbh . h < ! J ! Obelen

po.!ntccl out by .J aoobi, p, ()7 'o,KaJll~l1ya., IV. , vm . s ta te s th a t th e re h O !ve

be en people who h av e b een fm ,m d amo,nlg'th i ev e ,S \i v rth o u t t~ i e (] j! $ ,e ] v e $

being tb ieves: yatllli Jri l d a : ~ 4 t 1 c ' Q y ( l 1 ) k(1rJ;r~aklcsQ;6Ju1ylJd ac o r n b t:oro '~r.I.fli·

Ii brm)ii~!al), a s MaQ;~a ..vya ., w:hQ wa s [lot 0 '1 th ~ !e fjbu t : s a id be w as from

fear ofm()les~tion" , Mhbl~. T.ny] . 9' , s ay s : na frdt!/,r:M va l l 'm" l !a1 !~rlfj(Jm.~afjl ' l lT},Wi ddh,v asllilm va', h a c d idnot say 1 1 '\'ItQr,ol~good 0 1 : ' bad.

K n u ~ ~ d [y a V , v l r : lC iLdca~esth e n~<ces5 i tyor obsen..itllg t r n l l vat]olls

behaviour a l so ,ofQltrr.el: ' bdflgS th an men, anci gi"~s th e foHowinlg'

exam plea: ~yaM,~ u(t:{ l : i{~ '$£ ,u!I(J , f l t£ Kiii tyl i)1Wiab pr(l'l,l(f;v"tJ'}a,[{~ty5yam,l,

toe k th e v ow s (s l'l: r in g :) : t .h ~ s !J IrJe 'spl : ' i [ !kles~~gh j An~u i l ! co 'pa$a ' iJyam

, i t i K(}.'t~liik()BhrJn;,b.rija.~, Ka~iii~a Bhamdv!ja beca U )s e t h e 1 :1 e " 'V 3 S ' 1 1 .

heron f r o m th e ~ e f t ; trl'}am £ H Drrghas Cii : r i iJQ?J!I2{I ,D][ 'gha C ! i r a . y : a [ l l l c

onaoccmnt c o f VOlSS , : S fttl s n r 1 l i G A i f ) . t c a c I 1 . m k h . a t ~ ~ GI1 ( ) , ~3mukha because

d ~ e e loa k w8JS ( lok i jh(Wlpra{~'a1d~$r'd ~ ' h ".1{ifljtJlk,ail, .IG i lja lk a b ec a u se

. :mel ,ephant spnnl lded 1 iow rlwd s ! lim ; r ( J , i l ' l { i S 1 J m ~ l In·f!Mmt~s'ld ai P t ' c s l l m a [ i ,

Ph~una because aearrlage with horses was pFariseo; . / J ~ ' < l N r t l : o o , e S!U~Q'I.!

PMmMtjndra! : l j . t: 'he :50n of P i~una w n ~ ' , n ! a d og bark ed .aga:i:ll&l~.h lm ..

Th e s e ta ]e s .a :re not, 's o : fa r a s J ' k I l IO W j. re fe r re d tio :in oth e r SOU'C~5,.

GlIl}apaJti~~tri g iv ~ $ e~ p l ainaHon~j b1!.l~we do not ].;;rJiO'\"i' a :ny t ! l 1ng

ibolJ! t h is 5011roes.IPi$una ] s : a l ~ ( l quQled e i $e ' l : l , I ' h e : r e j e . g, Vl n , ]ii,

wh.e~ h e 15 stat! l ! :d to hav~mai]] t3]n~d t h . : ! ' I l t htllH~ng is worse than

gOlm.bl1ng, i:leclIlU!!:e h 'lth e C ::).~ e of th e hm e:r 01.1$ may Wi1!, as d idJ S : j ' : J J : b s e n a and D l J J r y Q d h a : r l l i l . E ! u t [{ ! I'lJ 1 ta ly a 0 b j ' ( l : c ts t i 1 :a t o u t ! ml]~tah~"l ly$

lose , a s shown. by Na la end Yl.ldhi~~hin,. Jacobi, p, 97 0 , lif!m il'ld s u s

o f th e fact d"JJ!iI,tt l i i,~ Mhblh . :speak s of P~~ k ara ,<l ind not ' l O f j a y . a t s e l l : s J j

bl;1 t rem <lvk s ilia~ th e I< ltt! li:r [5 a likely nam e: of N ,da 's , br'Otl~ef,

Su c h ta les we r e e 'V ' , identiy nu :me ro l l ! ~ . 00 th e g [be r hand we

$u rc d y f in c i a n y ir:ld~caJti.oJ:ls I?o;nt~nlg W th e c e:~ d s te nc e of khY<l:S, of

ly r ic a l poe try , ora r-e a l d r~ m a. W e k ~ ow from . ]3u d d bL i$ t :w ork s a n d



A.f., Kt

f rom the d ~ ; s ,cQv e r i es .i n C h i n e s e Tl!Jrikistatl ~hat th~r<l:we re m any Jyd c a l

poe t s i l f l a n c ie n t d a y s , A nd the : olde s t ,kavi ~ . r lQw :n~o ItS., V1ihn ' lkh

the 3:utho1i of t:he R 1 I l l: l l y , U Y a . , t;[I"~S us baek.jo an ea iHer time thalli

th e 41h c e n tu ry ![! .c ., a n d Ja a ob~ , p, 9 1 '2 ~ m ,a in , i < l ! in s th a t A ~ \ I< lg h ot! a's

p h l.YS a rid . h is ]3.[lddhllca]; '~ta5ho""'thllJt th e~ e h ad beena long d : ev ,e lopm. e r: lt

\ vh i .d l cel ' t:ainily goes bac k t .o~haJt t ime . I am nQ t able to a~ce 'pt t :h i :s

v Jew . The Mal- i ! l ,bh i i j ,O j I a does llIotm ,"m tioC i the d rm im ~ an ,d } \,a ;\! 'a ,g ho~ il

1 ;5 not e ld e r ~ h ;8 in th e : s econd h :a ]f of t he ' r s e , or, aocordul1igto my

Chl''Oll oioS'y , th e tlF $ .t .. h a Jf of the gnd i c~ nt:! J,y II .~. Th e K flu~ a~ 'ly a

~peOlJ::$ '0] Kli:rmli~ti"a.!'i., N:a i< l" l~ l ~ r k a s and M~u h l 'lr t1 k l l$ .L xiii, an d abou t

N 3~~5 : . N i I~" t : il I~3 s~GiiYOlrla s , V:!l:d!'lkas~ V!igj]".a!'l:~:!!. aad KuW;<lv:a:s I. xii~btl~.I . \ 'hat is m~8 i n t < Ire c '1 e a rly V . l I r i . 0 1 J S me r r y a ! 1 !d ! O ~ w s , m~me r s } IlCl"Qbatsf

m eu ne e ban k s , &c .. a n d m ot a c e e rs a i f r e a l . I ? ~ . a y s . A n il w e Qli.l!gtltto,

rem em be r th a t !O ~ ;d ba : r t i sU ; are m o t rn,e! ' l t ione:di in th e A ~ ok a h ls cr~ pti(ln s"

So fa r a s I c an s [J ;e t~le a bsenee of a n i ~ l d ! i cMk! !n s pOln~~ng to a re a l

Ol"1Irnlli$ an import.a.l'JJtsig[l or ~ge,

Pan f~ eO[llll, n d Templ es,

'V V itl~ .re g:a rd to l I~~ug~o:n, we fu,e,arabo1J' t Ga~ri . lkes ( : W l 1 j n a } a s

0t1~lIS5io[J5 when 1 ' 1 . I k~ :ngmay be ,ea sHy s ee n a ! lG a tta cbd ,. am i a l:Jol.lt

t~rnpJes (grha}fo'r dcdti ' i!s suc -nas .A p 'lf ~ jit aj A p ! ia tih a ta ~ Ja .Y~l lb t

V f ) J j a ; y a n t a , S.~vaj Vai~ra \ ! '< l ! I}a ,t h e Ahi ! 1 s ~ S rI < i! l f L dMadi!:'!!. j81boUJt v.ttstu-

de- . ,af , [ f~~(h.o~se·gods). abo~t aWjras (~QWIl l .g l :Hesl l ded]c!'l,t~c1to Bri!hm!li}

Em l~ a , Yama ! and Sen!' l lPa,t if & i C . t blllit rno]",e ]5 . sa id abeue ,obsf: 'J 'vance$

and ,rites ofa-I], Adlarval'licl:!illt!Ute. ]V.msptl.aks Ofj1.rZJipffji'lj S a C ' iN I ." U l m · ·

G-.a.netJ~tmnMl' ta.MaMi.k{J.c(hapi1}f i~. X I V . n men f i e n s varfeus m eth od s for

disJ~glll t i] ' lg, coloiJr.il'lg,~Itl:!'ling dise!lises, hea~ and f eve r , fOf heal~!'Iga n d mat ing in s ,e l1 s ib ~ e to .hea: tand pain , preven t ing nre, &c., an d

.X IV . m ~p ,e< !b Oil herbs , appl i ance s . and c ha-rm s au m ~ ng at seelng in

~ he daFk ~ ma k in g ol'les e·]f and c aWe imf i $ iMe , w.al~il1g ] [ 1 1 th.~ m r ,open l ing stli l ; l lt doors I PJlilitting p e o p : l l 1 l to ~If!~p,flI(lU,tlfilJizil'lg wef l ipo~rns ,

c < ' ! , u l O J n g o o i l ] s f ; i p a t u Q I : I and bl indness , &r:.. Th e d ' u i I , t : m : s . C O l '! l t! l l1 . I : ' !s e v e r a l

f la m eS - ofd le it ie s f illd a :s u rn s : : B an Va i l f ;Q .CIH' Ia ,Sa taml l , y3 , S:amha:,a: , .

Bn:a:~u: l i rnp!k8i , Nnl'at : : : ' l~ Nib:1lJmbha ll Ki lmbh l l ij D~ 'Va} a j' Ma r: ad a J, SI!\MIII}i

G!!Ia:lJ 'r iI . ,Slmam~PIJiJ;~pl, ] ? j ;, a h m : il jl T B r @ . i 1 ll u l l.K l tl ff ia J d h . . . .. a j a , &c. Theyarepardy knewn from~l1e Mhb]], and othc1i seureeaand we have evidently



19+5. No. I" 1 I3

to d o w .it! ln .prilc t~ ce ',s w hIc h p~~ y e d :!I!.conslderab]e rote ][J the cn : l i :y

pol,iUca.l sy5.~t!mof tjh~ M<lury:a Ul~Il~5te,'.

The i\yur\!'ed!a was he \ id to be an Upl ln lga of the .A th< ln! : a~·eda j

a nd \ y e hOlve aJreacly s e e n wJ;l~ch gnlat role m a g l,r : plays in . Katl~1li]ya'5

medical notes. We there learu his ~[lrnes of various drugsaed herbs,

whi,ch am m,o;;tly k llown h "O lil oM soerces such < IS S'U~mtaJ'C : l r O l k < i "

s nd th e B ow errM a :m J lJs cru p~ , e, g. A'nr~ikelJ i l ' l~pfs5a~ed mUk ; km-:im~r!~~'1'l~,

co r j ,mder . , tmmrii, lac, &c.. T I : 1 J , { ! r e are m.l![H~TQl!;o d e t l l i ~ e d lI{l'tes on

f erm e n ta titm , 011 g.if!l]IlS, a nd p!allb;",oll (m ~ : s an,d~~.1~ir treatn.llent"

alchelIlY, am!a~g,am,,c3]c~. I " Is~ iol ' l ,'&c'., It is ,of l:nte:l~M lbat mercury

(rascal was km )w n" It is a ls e men e e n e d bJl" C ara k a. a n d S~ 5 ru t< l, a ndin th e BoweT Ma n u s e r ! pl, b~ t e l s ewhe r e r[ltttll~.y in later texts. Alse

$, l~loa~ s u l p hu r , OCCUf$j a n d it is perhaps ,bes:~not to b"yto f i~ ]d ou t

whetn,~r l~' lilliS, aJl j ' t ih lng" to dQw. id ! l . t he L:H~nw()rd.

Th e whole s :y ste :m o f tih,~ : a dm i n j; st ra : tlo i] ~ llil'ld ~ r wh i c h e v e r y body

i[I th e k i~ lg 's Ile igbb@ ~ rh ood ,th e q ~ ee 'n ! ,. the pr i~Cl es~ t he : m i I'lLc s te ..s.•

a nd d own to th e m e a ne st la itlou re l"~ \ , : :1.$ .!nist~~ed a n d w a tc h e d , !~clI

to d eta ile c d ru le s ;lilld regulaAjollS ~bout e'i,"eryting.

Tn~:L~ is on ly OD~ :! 5,ta ~m !1 ::n tin th e K a u ;~ a ]['y a whi.c.h i seonnelCted

l",it:h S]~;a, ;;j,;. noli: (1.M~dd'y'(J vin'tlJs frl!;(1!!5tl'~} there are 63 S(]'l,l!ndls,

b~girm,ing'with a . , " , v : e knew from theoofl1lTle~t~l : 'yof tb~ Ta.~t t .

PrlthS1khy:a tl lat Ith eSi~ ~k llra ~ !Iad saki t r i~~ ' { i : s t!:(li!l~r;a~#t· '<IllwrQi'l'{lSamouJJ.i{ t le :nt{l/,{ttt. The nillmb~r 63 i :s ,al :s@ga,ven i.n the Ha:riv!lIT!sa

[616r.

:2. Kal .p t l ' .

The: .K ;dpa.sm ras are S,ral:!Jt;~·, G :rh Y< L "O i.[Id Dltarm asi!itr;as" K iln ·

~<!IY<l!mentigl:l$ d Ie \:v~I.H";1I1Iown rl l les a,o,Ot l l t the : duties: of tJ~efot lr

var~Ul:~ (ca;$,t~5) T.m ~wliidh do not enable us 1)0dl"aw ;liny cilrorlo,]og.kal

in fe re n e e . 'W e mOlY note " h ew ev er , th e:re fe !O e nC ll to re 'ma : r r i a ,ge"of a

w. i d~ j .w , I l l , if, w h i . < : ' h is ceril:aiH~Y<! :si.gr!iof 11COlfrl l(H'It" lIt1vely early per iod.



· 1 4 · H.·F, KL

3. t)rJ;wwa~tI.

.K a u ta 1 y.a 's n ot~ :5 , S 1 o o u t Vy'ka~i~{Za~re iJ f con( '> ide l 'ab le h:npol:taIl 'C~III connec t ion with th e q u e s tie n of dll~.

If we llI'b s '!: r, ac t f n;m a P 1 1 .lln iJ the me s t im por ta n tok l g ram m a tic a l

work is tb,~ M3~iabila$J '1I~ whicb p r e S 1 J p p C i 1 S e S Ol ,km .g G l flv el.o :pm e u ~ of

grammatnca . ] lo.e b~tw!! : ;e~i ts <l:UHIOf"!ld PaQ~nli. A nd w e ' c an , \ ,~ 'hh

,scnne cOflfid(2!n;c~, mil ' ln t~in tha t seme of P,! iJtai i j .a~Ys s t a t i e m e \ I J ~ S have

been taken ove r rroim his predecessors.

Som e Q fth e ' .1II,1thorities. h ~ qu~ te s a .re ,d so lk nown fh;Htl t he :

K,1'.I11~all]J',aa nd th e .K i itn a.s ilit ra ,a nd as pointed out by ja eobi, K u iltu r.,

Sprach. i[Ulld [ ' iwra :~l ] r l ' t i . s torI5ches , p, 959~, the pired ecessors O ' f

K a ll~ aly a an d Vatsy§ys l ' l a W C l : r e 5 :O ime ' ~ h n e s ·a ls e g ram m a ria n s , am i

the!"e~sj moreover, a l ' emaJ 'kabl ,e agreement ben l i '~(Ml Pa'tafijalial 'ld

Kal!J:~alya in th e u se , o f som e glramm:adc:il :~ t:enni$.,.

K!l iu~a l : ]ya Itx says : 1)(W~~Q!Sltl~,igniila~ padam . m e . ca t u r u i d ba~ j l

~iiit:!~likhyatop.a'S(jrg(.mj'p{il{jd(;l!tii a """,nrd .is:! comb iu<! i t io l l of ~ol,mds~

and it is of fou r k i nd s : noUJ r I , v e rb jp re p( lis it~ on j' p ar tic le ,

This . ag r e e s w i t h Y~ska~ s N l r l J ! k ' t a I. · 8 ; c .( l. t: ijv li: n~padai i i t iJ~u" ,1I}m{j,

kllyilf:c 6rt/h1$arc/'t~=i~lfi.~ ati~ lIn d Ma1 ill: ib h a !~ y a p. 3 , u r : t(lirofiiri padajdU!uit t(JmltklryJtapasa.l"§i lf~.dptUl1s C c G . , . Piil]lJ:] I does not ' ! : J . s , 1 ! ! the t C ' l r m s wlma

a n d {l'kh~ta f O i r' nou n a n d v e rb, respectively j but li ,e p !a c e s t h em by

s f t P and tij~. ]t wouk l l , howeve r , n 0 1 t be a d v h ):aM e to d raw any

cbrnIlQ.log~GaJ] C(:InCiIll,S;UOI'I$ [I"om thi$ difference .in t~rmlnolog'y.. As

s t a t ed b y J aooM j 1. c, p . . 966 , K a u ~ a~ .Y fl's dl!!finitiQD of dle t e rm s

~~paf.apgaa nd n ip i l la a re, m Q rC 1 :0V ~ lI.11: '1a:ccord3.nc~ \!l ~ th Pa r .a : in :ia n d

evidel(1Jl~y base d on h i,s ru le s : ()If .K i lu ~ a J :y a IL x krl;!-avise~iN!~prl1daYrl

t",pasar{jii{l. l I ' l J Y 8 ) ' o a S c a d a : ) ' f ) mPiJtl1'b w]th P.!i~ini I.iv j S6n. P 1 ~ g

r n c 1 1 ' a n n£p51lJ'~, CiU/ayo ' $ t . jm~!? ,pT l idaya ~ , t m $ ( } . 'p t fZ b kr i y l lYO~ .

Asm~Hl ' but [nt~res tlng de ta i l . IS th e IJIs .e of th e p.<'!!" tkle l # a b

in s umm i n g Ill' a d isc ~:S6:iotn , if1 the fil: 'lil.l stllTIiZ:' of V U . vii. ho i h e~e

Shama.S~str] d1:a:ng~ to J:da:ltj ' , as, r r~q I !l .e l lt ly in th e M < ! h ~ b h a ~ Y < l !w~ t h

the!Iru;OI![ l ]n;g (al1d I say)' ~ th ere fo re ~ ,. iEt l \OGuc:ing th e re:ason: d . Ll l de : ; $~

Si~unlgslbel'khle ~9161 1 '" 'f ~9·



-'-- ..... - .--.----~-.-~-----~-,~-.--~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- - - -1945. NO.L

4. Nlrukta.

We; eannet expect 'to lind any remarks eonneeted with 'thefc u rth Ved~l)g1li,tl:J,f! Nb ' rm i a , . i [1~heK.,u.l:~a] ' i 'y!I. ~,ut the ii inll.]menr t~on

of the (OUT classes o:fwords justmentlcned, with lheoo[i(;hu;:lirilg c e t i ,

looks like 0 1 q~ota.tLOrl :from Y:I.skil.

s . CI~(: l~uia£..

K au~31ya . eannot be expected to, giv e ru l.~ s ..bout metrics, but

.I :11cobi, p, 97 r , h<ls sh,ownti-la:thi:s CI'W!'! 1.I5~~ is in dose ,ag .reE :m ent

w ith th a t of th e R a m ! ii ,y a . l Q i 1 l !j a rid th is , ]S c er ta in ly a : s ig n of ag e .

6. lJl()H$a~l.

Asmen t ionec l i by Jaco 'b i ,p . ' 9 721 ' a pr im itiv e a s : tro]og y e~ i s t ed

in K,ul~a.]ya's days. Of p l'a n e1 :s , m :d j ' E!~h~sp.atiU u ppit.e :r) a nd Sukr,a

(V ,e l ' l 1 . ! s Ja re men t io n ed , ]txx i v , bu t that, doe s not: sh ow tba t they

we r e tlh,e on ly Q ,n e s k n own , ( lin d ~ X . lv W'e re a d ..bou t ~,Mk'$(llra5 .m d

tilhisl the latter withou t fUTtherr f l1->l?i<ll ' l la' l ioll.

M uch fuU er a re th e note s a lbou t, th e c< lle tlds r , I[.,~ie l l:p ]a i :n s t h e

te rm kala, t ime : r lJ ia , '1Q}~$ ' !l~!. l ml lsa{1 piJk5}o di '< la'saS e ll ' jJyw~t( lm. var~(j"

k(Jj~.I'(mtagr;$J".i(i{l(JJ~ (rti..va$tfpt(l"t,fll dr.Nl$'W111'/; pa,k~lfl.i , se$:i!# frtmJlJl;.

P r l n - d g atihlnlasaka ~fli klIla/;, rosa] year, month, IortJJl,i.ght" and day

{a.re} th e v)'~~{!1.. II I ~(lr\1lt:'l~ (th e ra i I"l! s),/u!;nanta (wlli te . i) arid grl.$uul.

(s ,u:mmer) the thi1rd and s ev e nth f( >tt! !'! ig ilts , an .1acl:.in_goI"l!e ' day, th e

oth ,@ , j' "on e s a re fu ll.. T h e Oldd i t iona l mQl1tnstands apn .r t, a ll th is is

killa ( time ) . .B r e le e r , S'taa'tveT'i.\la~tlJl:1g im a lte n Ind ien , pp, 257 f . . , IblloW,5

Sham as.asu'J' Second Oriel1ltlll. Conference, Cal'cotta 1922 (not a'OCl!sSiible

to me') a:ndtakes

tp'yllf{a~omean begit~ohl,g oj the year, but the use

0{ i i i befon~1jJ'i~fl(lJ as elsewhsre in Kal.lta1ya's practice, shows that

we hawe to do with a, lecllnicl'll term, \ \ r .hich seems to mean gone:

aw ,ay ! e f 'UYU~la in th e R l lp:m ! ! .til e -d .ic t of A$ob .

. E :a .cb . a f til~ th ree seasons, m en tion ed above con tai.ilt! ! id h v < o mont :hs

or Four fo ; r ln ig ;h ,5 , thus together 6 m on th s or twdve fo r tn igh t s . The

th ird an d th e se v e n th for tn ig h ts w e re e ,ach one : d a .y sh or te r t : lh ~nth e

ethers, There were thus .2 ,short as ,against 10 ful] for tn igh ts ; but

noth ing m e re is sa id ! abollit this m aU e'!" . Th en e em es th e < lic c e .s sory

month, and aU thIs is wbatis called kit/a.



H,·F. Kl

ll; x.Nwe l~ad: (~r i l ' j t i . l£k() ~m~hfJrl(lil. ,part,cad(JsomuAn"i() ' (/iooSQ

r i1hi~ca Cai t n t mii~' i : l i 'A$,7,) 'rryujr . e a m a : ~ £ l /ka~w:t(* talaf.l para,?, i} ' loid,"

:1mdu1.rta£r (my(J/(u·d' l~ '$a~maStl~f~rJffrdij(~tt,l Im15~lcctll', a :muil,w'ta hss

tw o I I ,aNs. A da J ' y an d < I. n igh t ia$ ;~ .f . 5 mu i l ~ i r ' o . s In ~ th e ulonths 1

Cnitra and Aha~~.l~jaa . c . a ; t~he v ~ f ' I ] : 3 J l a nd ! lu tu :m l:llfl[ e qu in cx es ],

Th ere a f te r e llh er ff lc re '.a ~ e$ Or dee r aa se s d~liing s j': ;,:lJmoU '~ h sw~ t h three'

muJJ{h:I~5' {~'. I! .~be'Y lncrease from Cal t ra c lrIw:rrtl'd s and d ecrease froi!In

. i fs.rayt1ja). No'w as a ~11~1t!#ir.ta~s ,eq~~"JOlJe!"!tt : . o ",8 mi l " l1 : l~es , th,@imlgtll!j,t

d~y wou ld h av e 18 muh l t r l a s e r ~4 houtS 24 mimrtes, th e s hort:e .s :t

9' h. 36 m, An d thus is ]1 ] fu n llg'!'eel'lle.nlt w.it:h cldseurees, aD d with

th e I">e 'm ad ;;a b o l1 tth e d lree short : fo<rt : l i l . ights. W e , e v : h : : l , e n t l y h av e todo\" '~~n the day:!> of rheJunar months.

The term vy~a is also used abolJ~ th e ent-ed~~gof receipts 1[1

the ak$ctpala la hnl'3~uryl. ]L v ir . 'TIle su pe rin ten den t should enter th e

i ncom.~ a: fh: : r tp}tl$!a~.plOl,eeof d e p o < s < ] t ! . t i~TleJ' h e ad l ng , o r i g i n , way of

comlng- fn~tiI leaJ5uj ' \e~ paye~rJ ' conectQr~ < C : l l l ' t a r i . n g d ~ k , and ' m c e i v i n g '

officer, vY/1l~~{(lde§(lk'ti l 'am:!mi~o.I ')t1I(J,I1;Jj:!Fdrltipra:l'. lt ifVad{1yakttdtip(duu~ilmlf"

d J 1 Q , _ k - a P F Q ; ! £ / f - r o ' l u ) k a i $ CJyIU~1 SmJttl;ltayc.~. H ~ "e th e f inot, ..ryljs~a), is the

~i l iq1) 'aI '~a,tbf!Jl~~u' ofth:e king', <lind we I;;nol\\I' {romtbe A~okJ

fnsc:riplions that re,gmd d a t e s were given in e l apsed Ye'ars. The

enl:ri~ s , S ib oll~ d ac( ;of lciingly me~r : lUQ<nl~ow _rn:any ye;i l , fc l : lJ , mon lh~ , [ort-

[ l I R g n t 5 . i . and dl<lYs b< lid l gone ' wh en th e , p a yme n t ' ' ' 'as made.. th e pla ce

wh.~mitwas m < l !d e j the time (rai.fl'S~ & \ C : . ) of ~n.try~. &c~ Therel1lr"-l:

i ; ! ~ r n i l a r i . l : ' I s t : n . l c t ~ o i [! $ a E iou t e x,pe ~n ,d itl]..e ( ' i J y . r J : y a ) , e a . p u t : a l . ( 1 . / J J J ' V , bUlt: a l l

th is h a s , noth ing-to dQ w .itbth e c 3 . ]e ; m , d a r •

.About tbe lU[larmon~ih$.w.e:r!Bladl, 'It xx: . /J ' I l lc(uiaSlihomtcrl1l) . ptJk$al ; .

s o m l l . r y l l y a n a / J Sukla~.$D1. iUI . ; 'Mr .ud~edanQ balmla,~, a fortn~ght has [ . : 5

d<lJy-ni,gbt-s; wl1:el l the moon . ln c re a s~ s ,it l5 brig h~ , w he n it is OlJtj d ~ r k .FUFtnerW'('l m U l v~tbt:' usual distinction between tile northward

alld $,DiLU Ji1.w.ard motio~ o t the SU!fI, th e form e r beg inn ing h ~ th e eold

$ .e a$ol:ljth .a la e e r in th ~ ra im ,; s U i i i J . d y ! ' utta.r(Jyafj{l'm. 'wrWfjdi dak{;intl"

J~ll'nam. And w~~a . .¥~ the usual six seaseas, eachcont<linil'lgh!~

mQnths:d ' i .J ' (1t~ 1 1 . I U ' s i l .. . . r~ r~b . . 5 : raua~d Pr,t;)~i{h(1p(1J(l~ c a v ·(lr :~ gb .·M-~ ~ . I l ' l U j a 4 . 1.Ki'lr tlik tlS ce sarat • .Miil:gaslr~a,b P(1,~if):(tSca I fc 'mcmtab. ' M l 1 i g k a , b

P ~M .l!JItm d c a Msir:~,fJ. CI1!:t:n;J Va£$ i i kAas C ~ 1Ja$anlal~.Jy.e'fiIAii~rflf1ya

A ' I J , r l , d h a s c o cii~m(ll~.Thi$ S le em$ to o e in , dioslllgreeme'Il,t,wit:hithe Brlb-UlISi~as~wh k h g~ v ,eP h a ~ g ;lln a an d C :a iu a fo:[email protected]] V(l£sakha an d



Jyal~M(j for gr~la;' A 5 } d t ! h a <lilt! $~'li'~Iiltl!aforr u( l: r~a6t.l '&c., But it will

be silen th a t tlll.s on ly m e .•ms that in th e I{ al: l~ !lJh ya th e m o w l , t h s beg,in

with fun· m o o U l , a s , is s o m e 't~ m e s also the C ! l I S J C ' ljill other o!d,SQlilrc~s.,

Then we h av e som e r~m !lik $a OO t.lt th e vary ing le '[Ig ' th of mO: r 1~h s

Co r $ped a l ]'ea$O[!$: trb~ISadan()r(i't'mJ; lraktu'lmn.~~i!i$.a~,:3JwQrk·moI'ilh

h a s 30 das·niglI~$; s(h'dhali .WU~M'( l" a . SllJrl"mOilltti30 If::; rmih:m'lJ ' , I ' l~la$

di~itih'jJ~!fisa~" a uloon"ri:1iI1I'lth 291 1 i . i . . sapta1Ji),tl$,ath- nlE.~abwwif5aJ.h a

Nak i ji at ,r a "lm :m t:b 27 ; drrffjtpir~~sad~j,ullaJm's.{j~, 32 th e i nt e n: :a lO l Je d m ont h ;

paT ical'ritrlsari (J5-<mc<J l'lJ ll'l:y .{l{~ .3,5th'~ mandl O i f horse .groom ingrCG·

t ~ r b , 1 1 S ( 1 . d dha$,ri#ih(jylJb,~o th e moneh o f e J e pn a 'n t.· g ro om i ng .

These rlll]~ a re ' I!io t k nQ w n, r~ om ,ollier SQUrte.5 wh i ch 1 h a ve seen .

Ka i J t a~ . y a~$ ge:ogrn:phi)ell~ ilor .izoIil c an be a s ,c e : r lf ; a in ed ! f rpm the

n a m ~ 5 ofl.oc<lUti~s 1 i t I ! l t , r l t : i i o n e c i by~"I lm, . e s : p ! i ! : ! c l . 8 IUy i n conn.~ct~o.1:'!with

the prevealenee of Var~OUi5, .objects H.xi~ xiii, xix.• sxlv, X~\i'; xxx.

It tab$ in th e whQ i,e o r ]Filmll.J.[f'O~fi fh e H lm l];Iy a . 1 0 th e nor th to th e T.\'IrnH

c iO u[! try in th e sou th , f rpm Afghl1n]st!'j i IJ in tn~ \V e s t to A$S3liill. a nd

B I l F r n 8 l i n th e ( l a ; ; r " OlJltsidCl: o f Ind ia . K atl~ a ]ya k new C ey~ofl a n d .

China. No chn: I I : IOI .og'ka] i n f e r e : n c e , c a : n be d~awn from tbis s b ~e of

lh :~ ng s , for Jacobi WOlJS prQ baJb']yrighit. 1 [1 mll i nt a llJ m g , Sptac'~. 'Uitld

U t e ra t ! . 1 rM ! O ~ O \ r l ; s c l : !e $ l ? 96I~ . tn8 i:t~ he 1 :'I:a .m ~C l i ! . J a 1S n e e d( ' :dved froIDthe d y n 'a B l t ; ) ' o f tile T h : S : ~ 1 ] ( :< : 4 7 B. c.).

The geogirapl:lkal na : l : l iH!S @ c c u : r r i. f l lg ' ~[1 the Kau~.a!iya c~mno~ aht ' ays ,

be k le fl'tif ie d J , when t b e y a re , n ot kno.wn f rom, o tm~ r SOtlJl"C!I!S.. In mc s t

c as e'S G a ."a pa tl Sa :s tv i lla;stne;dIto do ,S !O~ a nd . th ~ '", I iliave add l ed G.r" , I)!f ter

th,e n am e , Sorn e ,t 'lm e 's it !C an be d ou bite d wh e th e r w e h a v e te d o with

a name o r ]QCll~~tyor with a . noun. d e r lOUf l g~ome q !;!a J h y ~ < lin d fn

$~ c h c aSeS ] h :'l\1 '~a dd ed a qu e r y . [h av e th e[l d ra l,l" l:! iIl1 P .an :d pha b ( l : t ; i c 3 1

i . is t of sillch words .•' which mlly be of use, adding: rde : ,e :noe,s to the

t~ x t an d th e prod u c e s~ a J t:e d to be fO llJnd i n th e " ' a . r 1 0 I l s , ]ocal t t i . e~ .

A p.a rl: ! .Il'ta (K o !lk a ~ a nd M a la ba r) ]1. ,x i (COUOI l ) , ~ ; ; :J v { abou t qJLI<lmJl1 ty of

ra l fl need led for ~ .owing j .

}WIlIltl (MMava) ]1. 2 ' : :dv ( t h e same l ,

Atokag r au l l : a O n A s s am ) M . x i ( : S i a f l d a ~ , " .

M mak :a U "" Sin d } 1 [. ;) : .x : iv(a s w iih A ~'<u]~i}.

Ainlt :a:rapatya ( ([ '{; Im,t i le RivlI'lr Antara:vaU~!'l A$ s am~ Ga~,) I L x ] (s,8inda~',

Ar .a~~a( theco lJ ! I1 IEryo . f t!h~ Sln.d ihur l j l< l j . c r . Ml)~. V I. 8S. 3 .7 ,84~ Il • .x x : '! :

(horses).



H .-Y . K !.

'!II

Ind rav :l,[lik a (from K alin ,g a , G .aQ .) n. x i. ( d i amond s ) .A uu :a ra pa l'v ,a ta k a (f rom th e Nor~h·Mourltain, t',~. H ima l a y a ) n. x i

( s k in s ) ,K a p i~ ! 'i ( r iv e r and t :O,Wti . in th e [O!bu]00 Url t .TY ' 1.[. x x v (wine).

K: ln t an i : i v aka (? ) Il, x i (sk in s).

K lmbu b ( ? 1 sO'me mOu'Il,t<lil1.Ga.~ II. x iii ( sU v e T).

K am bojab (from K am boj.a , E as te r :n A(ghMni.sU!I l ) II. x x x {horses .) .

Ka tdamika ( f I : , \omthe riv er K ard am a, il, Pe r s i a , Ga l,)) 1 1 .x i (mauJ.: t ika) .

N : : a l a q : : l I l . F v a t < l m I L X l ( s a n d a ! ) .

K !1 in g ak a (F rom K i lU ng - a ., Co rom l lnd e l ) n. x i, xi i i ( c o ti tO t l a nd b :HICh·

stones) ..,K ! ! : s < i k ; a , { f rom, Bcma r e s ) n.xi (cot ton a n d k $ t i rm ' l ' t & , s i lken c lo th) .

K ! i~ m a k a, K I lil'ltJ ra , or KasUr i i ( r e · ad lng ' and ex p1 anll,tion unce r t a in ]

IF.x i (d ia m o nd s .) .

Ko~i l \ : a , r apa l ' v a t a (? ) U . x i fS3.n d.a 1 }.

Kau~a ([rom K.o f l :f between MalaJ a !lnd the sea, GIl~) It xi {ge:ms'J '

ma~Jn

K a llley a, (f :r·om Kll la~ a r ive r atthi~ May tlra gl'llm a , C e yl'o!1 ~ Gal; l .}

H. x i f J ; 1 ( 1 ; u k t l k a " pear ! ) .

Go~r~ fM a l< ly a ik a :d e '~ e ; G a lt.) IE . x i (s an d al) .

Ga , T h~ ik a (from . G E l l lc ; l a , . Nolth Bengal) It x m (.s ih.er) l .

GI~me r l l . k a (M ala Y < I! .tk ad es i! , G AQ) U . x i (s a l:1 da ], tai lap( ln .JiI~a sandel),

C a k i-a va :H (a n u nid en tif ie d p . i t ) I I . .xi i .i . ( s i ]ve r ) .

Cil lapa .~iI , Ollabh 'llm i j.a : ( .9 1 :1 1 .: :doth f rom China) II. x i.

C in a s l [in BaJkh) II. xi { s k i n s } .

C au rQ ey a (f ! 'om th e ' dVH Cili 'I )L i ! ; l th e K e ra la . ClOuntiy, : n .e a r th e tQ,\11]

Mmcad; qill)) II. x i (1 '1J17ui t tika" pear ls , ).

Jlmbufl .<lda, {from 1amb t l n ad i ; ol:'ll~of th e: bra nc he s ( : I f th e h e ,a .v ~ n,lyG ang a J• d..M a.h . V I. o. 2 43) II . :xi i i " g o L d J I ,

Jilvaka Or J apak a (in K ! lm a :rilpai Galj . .) Il , x i (s an da ij ..

Joi.Jg ak a,o-r C on ga ka (in K !m ar 'Q pa , G aQ ) n . x i (s a l'l! c la ~ ., t a i l a p ( l Y 1 J i k a

s a n d a ] , a loe ). .

.ra:pipll#l:r;a ( I l i stone fr'Onl tbe ,[ver npJ, G a Q . .'s emenda:tion~ II. x:iii.

but r. K li l~K a ka s tl ll ll 1 P f i$ ii J./ Qv a (a Ka:l if lga. kettle 'Oil' s tone), U. xii i

, ~ touch~ t cm! l : l .

Tlmbrapan)ili:a ( f rom th e r iv e r Tam r,a .~ a l"l:u in M alaya ) IL xi (pearls) ..

T! i l 'Qa.sa (1 , { r'om th e riv er' Trni i l l .s I i ,Ga.~ ' U.,; ;d (sandal ' ) .

I



i94S. N o. I" 19

Tut tha ' ~ an unident i f ied m o un E a~ n" G a Q )1 U . "iii (silver).

Taf t ah l (unidentified' n .x xx (Iloil's e .s } .Tau rupa (in f{a .m a1 iilpa , G al).l I],x i ( s and , a l ) .

Da i " '3 saM~, i i ( ? ) ]L,x i ( sa nd a l],

D ongak a (in K lirn a rilpa , G a:iC I)]1.x i (il,o,e).

rh;{jdn:sagr:i'JJ'1afya (froll l ;I ; 2' mil~cch: : l .vm < lg ,es in th :e Hima~ aye, G8JQ) U . x i

{liis: and mail.f i l i . lsi sk[nst

N: i g ap a r v a t a { l l Inident if iecl)] L x i "s a nd all,.

N;lipllaka ( f rom NepiU) It xi ( s h e e p s k i n s ) ,

P a.J ;I~ ly ak av !U a ka ( irom .M ala y ak o~ i h m j G al)) Il, x i (nhlttk~a, [ leads) .

PapeJ I', a k a i (un k l!e :n 'tifi (l; d l Il . x x x th,or.&es).Plralauhityaka (from beyond the Lalihitya, the Brl lbmOlpu t ra l Il,xi.

(sanda]).

Pl! . rasamyor ,al : :a (from beyond 'th e Sea" ~ '.e. ( rom Ce y lO l: 'l) IL x i mal,i.

gems, aloe"

P !l~ ik ya lf rom Pl ! i~ j k l i , 8L r iv e r n e ,,,,r P a '~ aH pilir ra , G a! )) II.x i) I~uauktlka~

pearls],

P u . n ; ; i a J k i l d v : r p a k a (fromPilin~lIcl\'~pa[ 1 ' 1 K : t m a rllpa, G a 1 ; i ) I I . x i (ttl iMp61n;.!ilm

s anda I ) .

P au t~ d li'a k o. (f rom PU l l ) < ; . h " a , Sooth B~h~rlilnd Benga l ] .n.",,:i ' d : I , f k ~ ' l , I a :

silI:j R$(1um(l. si lk , jJalli ' i)YIl-'lI silk).

P r a i y a k a (u nid ~ ntifie dJ Il.x i (~k i . l l s l"

.Bm:hlSiv~y:a (rrO'Ill Ba ] k h ) H . xi ( s k : i : n s 'J; Sa hli k a It xxx Ulor.;e5~1"

Ma.gadl.m (South Behar) U..xi (ptr.t~elr!la silk), :dx (we'ights of stone).

M~irnal l t aka , t b i [ 1 In , NOlrtberil! l ' n d i 1 ! , r, ·mmJ-tl t .alM, d . A <bh . X l II. 18.

IS28) IL x i < [d ia m on ds .} .

M ad hJ'am a r! 'l~ ~ra (tile K e sa la cou ntry ) n.xi { dia m on d s].

Mmdhu ra (from : l ii ' Iacil:an)Il.x] (coUOI' l ) ' .M!ll§! (r iver be tw ee n In .d l.-~ p'ra sth a a nd Gi1ii :vr3lja,c£ M ah . II. 20'. 7950 )

ll,x i fWla~i" ge .ms) .

M.ah~alta «the- ,C(j 'untry 011 th e N a rba dli, c apita ] MA hi!?m a :t: i)U "x i (c ,oUon).

M II.h eod ra . ( f rom Mal.e11drapaFvat:m., th e h ills f rom O ris sa . to M ad u n )

ILxi (mauki. iko j pearls].

Mebla (N!ount Ama.mab lJ t f l l k a whw~ the N a rbad_! has its s (n : i rc~ ; cf.

Mah. VT.87. ,3855, where we read that the Mek. ! !l as fonowedt~ , t 'l '

Kcaa l a ki l lg} Il, x :ix : ( \:1 .'e ig bts ; o f s e on e ),

1 ih ingaka( f ro :m V a f lg a . , E as te rn B el1 i~ SiU Il, .:d ( .d~dmia sUk) .



,H . · · Y . K . I.

V at5ak :a (fm i:n V a tSa ..G : a .p ~ t 3.~ K l IU s l im b ]) .H..l 'd (ootton).

VilJl!i_JlIU. ( U ! nld f ln ti~ C \ ld ,c f. M a ~ . V 1 . 9 ' ,365), Il,x xx {h ors e s ).

Va~.Qa,V8iIfrom M m . l: t1 I t VeijuJ unidentified)' n. x u l i ( g o l d , .

: : !l r O l , ta k u : r nbh a hlirl. i d , en t~ f i ed j e f M ail, V T .9 · 32 6 } I I. x l il (go] d ),

S : ! i k a l a . (Si l l U . @ t ) I I . : : - ; i {in fe r ior s a n d ~U.

S n . o d a k r y < l f?~ Il, x I r . nler iDf s:nndl l i l .

S!, ' ( lg l lsukt i {il! i SUiv l l r ( l ab i lQmi , 'G a lj) .'$ bh a ~ f! !ik a ~ IL x U i '[g old }.

. s r[k-a :~amlka (? ) I L sl (d i am :onds ) .

Sab~9:r!i:~p·alVaidarb'h[l, Berar] Il.xl (dill!IWinds).

S1tana (? ) n . ~'d ( s a .n d . ;J , O . .

S:Uilll m ll.xl (otter ikins).SamQra, S!milU 0) Il.xi {:;;~~i[lsf ~Qm Ba fkh ] ,

Sa illd h a v a { rrom Slnd ) n. x x . x (hors~s).

Sauv'itab (fmm SUli!1ra)]L xxx (holLs;e~)..

Sr~:Ut ' ,a .s] 'y:a(f rom Srl:.ltasl, a riv e r BlItlt iarai: i l i irf l J , G3.I;)'.) 1 [ , x i {mauh t i ka ,

pearls),

SI1 . l ; n~a~bh i lmi [Burma ) Il, ): .~ (k£thlyaYa,. saf f ron) ; Sauva : r .Qab. l (Jyaka

ia£ i ( zpat '~! i lm~ d1 > { l u J . l . f f ~ P O l t " l l P . ' 1 , J t l s.ilk}. {.~cc. ttl E . MOJle " Journlll

of the Pall T~t Soc:u~ty I,8a.S, p, IQ2 "most prebably the co"~lf rom Ra.ngoon to SingapQr~j\.

Harieendana ~Haride5f\ja, Mala .ya ik adeSe , G,,~} l[.;!bi {s<l!l ' ldaH.

Ha~a ];; a (Gam : Jh< l:r v.u :.a k ~ [t a. d e sa , c r . M.a ll. 11 .2<8.. 1(42) n . x m . (goJld).

H!nhrCiira hhe K:!Ibl,d~Qllntry, J{,flpiM:ya~MltiH'amhf:lramj' ]I.N};'" (wind.

H " '~ l n av : a ta { f rom B im~ l: ay < l) IL d (f~.tlJtJktiktJ, pearls).

Haumy a . Ha . imany a ( /d l lJ i l ,mbuni1 i j (JJya, to, be ' p rod u c e d with SI'IOW-

wan;~ f, c r ~ from th e Hima iO ! y~ ) ]I.;I;""iv {.~[llO~t1t of rain needed

fors ow in ,g ) ..

Hr!'l .d]ya t t r~mthe Iwada Sl: ']gh"n;~a in BlIifbf l l"aki l ! iJl , 6111)}n..x l (~.j1,a.uktiJm~

pearlsl,

H I. V.ARTTA~

L iv opens with t h . e ; r ema r k : kr$ l~ f tr i$ I { :p i11ye ~m,t . !i jya C 1 1 ' O J u r U f 1 ,

a_grkI i . lJ t ;U!re'~c :~t~ le .ore! l! ld i l l ig ' an d trade (constitute) th e : rJ /J rtm . .Tt

a. k . r~ l .

.Kr$i , plr.;lt!ghi!lg, is ;lg r.u c ll]tl[J .r ~ iP ro:p~ , sowi[ 'Jg a nd 1 :1 at , . e~ t~ng ' .

It .xxiv we v ~ a d : $;ilryul i Iiija5:l:ddlril),. f r om , the 5 1 1 n the m . a t l i i r i n g of



. :ee==;azs:gs

.1 94:5 , N o. I.,

the seed : brh( lsjm(rb !l'a~~t,l~IIJ;'!1$.t(lmlm~vwil'il,fl'tlTn Bri l<1l ;spO lti Ul ; lppi te' lt ,

th e de,itj" 0 f th e l :n.Qif : ] t~.b Pu~y i i J . ,D e c embe r · , l < i l [Iu a lf ,Y~ th e fa nn ing of e a rs :

~';" l>d~rt l 'd<'r ;Ui~I,. fmm SlJkl i : l . t\lanus, t; be d~. ity of M"y"j' l l.[ ' l( l:) tllemi n ~

tola/; jwabhm(xlakam d/p.()«(lk(l.r!~' < I i f S(l:5)!'dI]t ~1iP.(j:J'CI. then one should

SQW th eg ;ra~ fl ]]~ .ad fng [I1 lu cb or ~ iH h;: wa ;te 'r ; .~al£v.1'i l irk()lb'a<fati.lapri.

~'fflilgudt!ytd:(~'t){mdttl.lj pi~r,m'lJlipa'~j'sfJii :ulldv.y'jM rlce,.,kod~" 'a~.1ll l[Pasp:illrum

5ic:robk:u~fl t! i . l tn), s~:nn,pn)af.l.grl fp.ani ,c se,ed~, dr1raka r?t~~arnka {< I

k l n ,c ] o f beans ) are th e firs t so",,,,.ing 's ; M m d g m n I 1 , { ; 'O s . fJ ' ib ) , 1 l ma,dhymili 'J:pab,

' ~ J ' l t t "ga~Ph<l : l l eoh: !s M~Il ! ,go) and m{i:ja n?ha~eot l l s rad ia tu c$ ) bean s , and

~{aib:ya {?),~he m id d ~ e i!i{)I\,\'ll1gs, lm l !m~ JdJ( , rma :$ .r I !· t jk . rd l~ t th ( lf l" i fag(Jf ihn1} 'l /I I •

.kaltJ_Yfltasl:s(:r:;aplil) pasctUlt'i!f!fil), .saff[owlC'r, ]~tns,. sm aU carci>ll1nlom!lj,

ba ,r~ eJ , w h~ at:" pea s ,. f lax j• mus t a r d , th e blst SQ w il'lgs . • • • lIiIyf,7d~"

i),'Cf)(lIffm., rice, &(;.~ is d'le beSJt; ~~'·j)lf iQ m,~.dlryum( l l ! i ' !J(l1J.(/a (~c:c. ~o

GII!}@p,ati 1 t 1 8 ! ! J l I o a ' ! ; . , midc l l~ ! ]g , N~w.r.ll!pn~ty>fl1J4t'(J~. ik~avo hi b(Jhlibttdllfi

' < ) J ' a y t l l P ' a l z i : t 1 ' a . ~ ca,s lLiga.r .ea[l t l lS , th~ meanesr, ro]'th~ sl : lgi ' l r·can~s

are oann.ec.ttldwrth mUlCh rlloruble snd call1s: in,g expense.

We here have 1 1 0 do with the well -knewn klmrij andnilbi Cl 'OPS,

r i pcmung in th e ]ate<! lUt l l lmn a :~ d s pirin g, respediv,dy,i, q. wid'i speda:l

im H at~ cQ nd hio! '! s< ~ 'h i(lh h av e nQ ~ ch anged 1 [1h is ttork :iIIll tim e s . A .t th e

p.ut 'se :nt d ay th e ch ]e ( k A : a n ! c rop is , F le e , an d th !'l: prindprli rabi c rop

wheat Other .:rops Fotlltlea wilth rice are khadj m~llet, khariflins-eed~

&c. Th e' m os :tim porta ,n .t 1'(lbi c rop . I S wheat, If 'Ota! teciwith, li!'lseed" 1 ' l ! J h i

m ille t, c rn ! ,c k .p~ a.,6 i:c . Th ,e s ta e e of d lJn g :s < lc ,cord in g to th e H .a .tl~ a][y :a

" l S s .o 5~ imi ]a r t ha t rIO : f~ ; r the r re~arl \ ; ;S Illfe' ne ee s sa ry.

A long' series of bota[l iCll~ nam~s, \~'hh nota s ,0 1 1 p r ' O v ' C ' l l : d e n , ( ; e j .

co~,o~;r, smell a~id!qu:a l i tu~s . , isJound n .x~ : Ctflttia'IHl',5and a[ wirh V 3 1 1 ' 1 , e .t i e 1 !;

' C a n e d .~:i':latmY'l;lika, M I ( J d . r a s I " ' I y f lj, &c.; (J.:gt~'I'/'~, ..~oe ; R l l l , ! , Y ( 1 I M , C]J~ ! 1cnma

xa nd m Frh b :< I, & ie.131ll71J~icdd;J1"(N'idhlh1tlHJ~ H.il, d~!:dswl~h ci~MnJ!:;. holes, gaps'j in

the soil, "nd i s . of importance for our 1iJnck:rstandirJ 1g' o r the' term

Mnmiccll idmn,Jf i .yrt , dle maxim 0$ the rent$intbe: : soa , w : n : i c h [sso

com m ol'l In ]l'Isc ripti.on s; a A:farO l!! li1 ;!~/))lflmau, paSflMyo vi'iittim:p,myacdu!t,

01 '1 soil th a t 1 5 [lot to be p l Q i L l g h e l D ! on~S:houldi l e ave pasture-greunds

[or the catt1.e; pY(idi$.(t1blt,aYIl!!,thfjo.mr(Jjai 'JgamlJ~d C ( J . . o r l J h fn a 1 , ? t 1 M y a

hrah~.naSDl!I~(1ra~yani, . . Ia j)Q?J,Qju;uJ iC,~ ' tt:l:ptJwibhy()gotitlk(l.p(JJ'ri~£ j J 1 " q y a : >

r:ch.et~ groves tor study and .58icMfice, where !>tJlt iona.ry and mevsble

Qbje:cts<tre sec l ] l "e , o,ne: shouk l j giNe! w br:thm a~ a i! lt an ,{ I g rov es foil'



STEil' KO~OW I-t·F. Kl.

au:s teTiti l '1lsreascetics , d e s tln ed for the . family (Ga~ l " ecrreetsto gtn: l l , t (1~

p a r i l 1 ) ~ l . 1 1 1 inscriptioIls we occasionany r-ead about go. t r lJmsa, 'the

fa m ily s hllre ,.

Much information about cattie·breedi!lgis found in the chapters

dealing wjth H l e overseers o r eews, hors e s , a n d dephants (g rx{hy«k '$ t~

H . ~x:ix, , 1 1 . h i f t i i l ; y a R , § Q , H . xxx, l~(ls.ty,atlliyak~(l II . .xxxi], We le a rn to

. k now th e designations · o f v a r i ou s . kinds of herds, including th . e lub t lhak(1s,

bun ters , wbo h8 i.v e : eo guard aga ins .t h arm fM :nH snakes, wild an im ii:Is< ~

&;, They sh o· 'U Jc l be pa id in c , a sh lJlim~!)'(J) an d notw 'itli m il.k orbutterJ , in order not to harm the calves.

Each herdsman takes care of roo nnimals, Jn~he case of old

CO'W:! l , mU c IH : :oWS, p re g n~ : rr t .c ow s ., po { 1 l bau l l ~ 5 , and heifers, these should

be equaUy di.viclled intorn.ve. grQups, and one perscu sli,ould take

over each g . I " O O p .

Th e te rm j)a!ilhm~hi is of lr lte 'F e s t lt is used in thi! V.1 i i j a s a . l u~y[

Sal} lh i taj th e T a it tir iy ,a Br:lhm<ll.t<l, t .h .e KI'ii[11iki'l, tbe K : tty :iy an .a Srau.t a s !l lt :r a , S ind the $ iltapa ilia .a n d i e x p la in e d in c :om m ea te rie s a s a four

ye an ; old h .e if~ r .. Th e a c tu a l m e a nin,g is [lr> iJb ab ly~ :IS , s u ;gge s t ed In

the P,eters l>urg Dic t iona ry , able 00 calve, ruttish. T11e fontl , is ex-

p blin ed II] P a :ta fija li"s n o,te s on P 'a :'Ilin iV l .iv , 132 an d th e th re e v llr tt ik as

the, e, and i t is ,evid~[Itly old.

There are notes abo'Ll.tvario,t lS breeds, about llC'rding, f eed ing ,

g room ing , tra in in g and s ta bling . m ark in g an d cH pp~ ng , about t rapping 'S

of d ep h.3Jr .Ii~ j galopping, tro'tti:ng" .&c .

ileUs a re to be attach.ed to the anim als in order to fr.ighten a,.y,ay

s!i!!ikes a nd w ild 1 in im a ls and te warn tile herdsreenebeue the danger.We read < lbout hides and! ski ns;abollit the hairs of deer, about

wool, silk, 'cottOin, & c . . ,. and! we are t.okl about the size of the loads

to be earried by the varlous an ima l s of burden ..

It was a eapital crime if a herdsman s l augh t cm ' l d or carried a , w a . y

an . < l E ' l li m a l or . C 3 U S e d th is to be d en e , B u t, a s rem a rk e d by J aeo;bij•Ober d le E c h th .e it,. p . ,8.p. Ii Kall~.I .ya h as n o obje iC tion .'to m~.a t - e a t i : ng .

W e k now that A so].:a . cm ]y a fte r som e y e 'a rs m a d e great re$tr ict iOiI l IS

in tb ~ respe,ct, and Y! j f iavaU:y ,aJ , Slat. Br. m.~+2.~ljdeelared tnillt hedid ,e a t it if it w e re soft,' And 'the s a le of m ea t was r egu l a t ed by

.-I

I, .

~



..- ....- --_....--_.-.~-~....~---.- -- --.~-"""-~~----""""1iO:.

:K :A U 'F .A l. Y A S TU IU E :S

the S i lu C i d l ly a l i . '1 O - , the ovcF'See'r of thes l l l l l lghterbouse, itxsvl. There

was also a regulated sa le of alcohelic drin ks, under the stwlidlty'a!::sa,th e ov ers e e r of ,$ ,p i.ih IO 'n s Hquor s , [J. x x v,

AU this h. I!:iv~de[lt'lya sign of ali ea rly < l.s :e .

VO{liJ_J.rf i ,tra,d'e , W O I J S a n ~ m p 'o \,ta il,t : it~ m :a nd or ga ~ ]~ e d ilili gre i l t

d c 't < l'il. T h e $tn~it(1r'r. col lec tor , n.vi, had, t"~ter alia, 't o : 1 0 0 1 1 : 1 i J f : i : , j !l m -

v t1~, ikp(1tha; mer ,c l iLant ' spa tb , by I .and (sll:alapaJila) or by se a (V-di- i .

pa tha) ; a fte r t h e p cty y a sa "? ls th iJ "w iilr e· bo u silS , the 'U l J{ t i j , u radJer s .1 &c e.1

and tihe oyer , officia l in ,come CIeriv e e fl: 1om such i l 'e ims. Th e p(1,7}yadJiyaJ~~a,

ware-ecntreller, ]J. xvi, has, to, be infonned abOilt Wllr~, p ( r o d u ~ . e d en

d ryla :nd and [i iWait-eJi" (si!:ia.lajalaja),. b l"O '1 Jgh t i n by land or S~3·rou t t s

, (s t l ia iapal lu:wa1ipat1loj . fJ) ' i l la j , ~1::I!i,'lirv a rying v a lu e (slJrapha!gvrJ.l'gluJrllara),

am i whe t h e r the-yare mud : ! or Htde dell l~ndJed! (p,riyap'f ' l~Qt(J). aboue

th e proper t im e tQ d is tr iblllte @ r to eol tec tJ to b!,]yor to sell ('Ql~l!p'o·

saJ~Jk,r~,e'fJakray.({Vlkm,'t i:pr{tyo)fak~'la)'; h e s:i:l:cm ld : l 1 x priCle$~ re 'gula te th e

s.ale, and control tolls and taxes.

Th e n i i vadhyah , ;a , sbi .[HJover,s.eer , .] 1 xxviii!. should I ,oak < ! J f r e , r sea . '

goi~g.and river-craft ,(smUiub'tl$lutty:linwwdimuH,tdarapmciJra);' th~

mudradhya.k! j f l , $ea:I.~nrell '&eerl ILNx .x i v , sholltdl prov id e ' th e ca rrle rs of

in - ,< I[ld out.go.i.nlii wa re ;sw ith p ,O '! .iS 's a ge ·s tamp s. d ; :s .r gin g II. o~nai .~arn 'oUJnt

in fees. Pr 'Cwid,ed with such s ;~ am p$ ,onecou l.d en ter and leav eth e

place: mud ra dh ya kfj() rm u tY '& !t niQ$tlR.CI.I(Z b-8 g uR i a s in eash] tkldy1il.

sa~mldr() jan(.lpatiG1!1 .praVt~{m1~~11~lU' l :mtfl ! . i . J '~1m laMeln.

I[I this cO!iIl!i~ctkll1 it UllliY be eenvenient to mJ~ntion the cbapb::r'

janfJpatia'l-rives.ap, J].i, the kans£err,ing of people from Or t . o Qfh,e:r 'countr i . , e s : bMtapnrv.aJu t16I jn tapanN). ' f I -v . ( i j t H t a , P f l t i O I ! J jH'wiJrid6jJaooha.

~'it1la s:1J(:I(Je~;;bM~Y,'(lmia1J,mllaft,t1.1a ~ ni'l:lcsa~tltj an old or r 1 . ~W place

for people he should settle by leading it aWiY from other countA" ie 'S

OJ; by ~vomiting'~' 't ]h . es lu · p h ,l$ o J o X 1 , e " s 0\'\10 ~m ,m t r y .

As me:!lJtiollecli by Jaoobi , Ku ] t l l r . " Sp r a c h - lund Li t e r~ tu rMs : to : r i s c : he s ;

p, 960, we are here informed iiibout serndillg our co:lonie'$j and he ~s

c'ertain]y right in m l'JJin ta in in g th at noton]y the Dekhan, but also

F u re h e r In d ia h a d be e n brou.ght W 'ld e r th e sw ,a y of B ra hm an ism in

I(ill,ltBlya"g d a , j i : S .



H.·T. Kt

The term simtlcsi1Mif. ' f0m{aUm1l' l1lI ff is o r some i l ' l ' ~~ms t , because

it 'W a s , e \' , i d e n t l y known ~ . o Kl! l id a saJ . R O I .g h u v , a r rn $ 3 X V .2 9 and K u -marasambJ1 l . lV9 i V I. 37 he sa ys 'th a t Matnul'.I i and O~Qdhi :pr l l s lhaJ

r e sp e e r l v e]Y I w er-e fO Il.od ed , a s it we. -e , .a fli~ r ma t in s ' ~ ~v om i tin g ~ of

the su.rp,]l.1s(populati:olll) of heaven (sv l l rgnbMt;yamiafuo, l1MuUil ! l k!1iJet..'fJ'

}am·fleSi/aj.

T .h a .v ti no doubt U U l . l K :lilid a s a h as be rrewed ,th i:s ex pr,e s s ion from

t h e A u t ba .~ ~ s t :r f,lj'a r id thelll ~;uobiOJb]y f rom th e I ' : : l I u ~ ; i . i l r . r a . F or h e ]s

~ v k lle n d y in d ebte d to the s am e sou rc e in a n oth e r p1 i! s .s a g e . Th e f i.r s t

e d itor of O'l.H' text, R . Sh aU 'u !. Sastri, d raw s a tte n tion to . Kal l~a ]Y<l ' s

praise of IU J n tin .g , V lU . iii) because it l e ad s to exerciee (~J' , i l 'yaml'Z),

doe s 3 ! w ay w id \! p hle gm , bile , fa t~ a nd s w , e a l : U. lcs; .n ( lf JJ ·l lamed,rhs~c:da"i I$a) ,

m a kes Oin, i i ' farnm,f(r w ith ,!-~ m ing i1 t f ix e d and m ov able ,< lim !! ';( fXJ lc st lu ' rt

ca 1'l! :J 'Cl ak$afM'r icaya) . gives il'!,$ignt into t l n . ~ m ind of ' th e d e e r inangeT,

fi! ! a .r , s ta nd ing : and s tr iv ing ' ( kopab l ta :yas lham:h i t e~~eca mrgll'~uJ}]l r; i i l t i ._

jiil!naj'. He aptly eo ,mpar e s the 5th stal'lza of the se.oond act Q : f tl'l~

Sal; ;untal1! i ;

m e O O s c h c d a h r s o i iM " C 1 f " / I' lag /m b liav at 'y t1Jth{J)~(};yogY(!'ji~'J t J { J l m b" sallvM1i.m api k,l'k~yale v~fkrlimac·ci'l1tn1.1 h lu zyaR rtld ltl 'I; IO b ~

n~/uu~ab sa & I ' Z d l , m . ! ' J J / P t i i ' ! l yn d £$Q';kl(: , s idhy t lu t i l a k $ ; Y C , ca le

mithyaiva !!IYIl$,tUrli,!l 1j,alitlwti mrgoylm :fqrc vimrJai) k ~ ' f a . Q ~ I I ,

th e bod y , l l i ' l . t l h th e : be lly th h 'lJ le d th rou gh th e f \edl, i l i l : t~omlor f a l , b e come s

lig h t ' a n d c apable ; of e x e r tion : one also s e es h o'w til:e 'm e n t a]ity of

an im a ls is m od if ie d in ,a ng e r and fear; and t .hen t h i s glory 'of th e

~ rc h e l"s th a t th e a r row s h it in the mov i l 1 lg a im ; f :3J~ iy ' in d e e d dQ

they call i 'HIf.lt ing it d is s ipa tion ; w he re is ~ h~ re s:!Jld'll a pa.stim,e?

Th e re a re he re S . Q ' m a n y paralle ls , e v e n in tl ' l iC!word i ng , t ha t i. E is

diffi.cl!l]it to li!\roid the conclusion tbat Kli.lkli!isa knew 1{au~a~ya's,text.

]V. DANlJANITl

Datt#a4fili;"the leadi~g of the: rod", i, iI. the exercise: of punitive

power, is the most im por ta nt bra n c h o f knowl,edg 'e f rom the v iew-

point of government. Some of Kaw,.:alya'S p:redeces$on;went so far

a s to sO llY t h a t i t ; WIIS U !~ O : r : J J ly ( l ine. H e ' himself st!l!te:s~ 1.i'l'. 'that: th~



1945. No. I...

I Idngl makes. tll~ own paJr ty ilIIlC! the other par ty Sllb~cct to his. will

by meana of k v sa t~reasu,e.J' and da~u la ; {p lJnasiuing pow~r); . J i ' i 1 l l ( , i ( 1

provides s.ecur.ity in the other branches 01 knowledge (i'!·"~l;k#kitmyi.

mir l l u i 1 i i l ! 1 . yo.Uo.!uJcluasifdham;, (((v)ifail), and dmJ(jell iJii le ad s to a oq 1 .li:s i· tiQ Ii

of what one bas not got'j preservanon . ( ) f what one has got;incl"eas,e

of whOlt has been preserved, and IJS~ ·of theincr:ea~ fO F worthy

obj e e ts (a labdJm lli M i i1 'iM 1(;IINlIlopaFi·"(lk.~a~,J'~NJk $i'lavz' 'U(1ydhau.r:'<irddlulSJ'( l

hYt " .e~~11pra:t/pll i ltmJ w.j; the coarse 0 1 wordly me it dep.endent Oi' l, it,

:lOa he who cares ror this shol!l.ld ahll'a.ys raise the d(J~f4a ,(fasyii.m

ii ..wa lt a t okoyD l'r ll I l fJ .Sf fl ii l lo lur)' lZ l rJJ ,tM 1.Iifyam . lul ;ml(lda~ll f (11; syat); ir

it iSn.ol applied the reslIh, .is the 65tH ' ll a .x : imI f or th e 5tl" on lg e r deeoursth e w e ak on e sw l~ e re th e re .is n ol: lod ywh o hold 's tll~ rod {ap.ra1Jlto

hi mi'UsJ-a~lya:Jam udMlf:Wyati j b ff lf Ji J'~ ' ( 1ba la~ !.r }~i l Irm;a: l t l im)tja.

dfs,ori ibhiivej'.

He r e W'e sh ou ld a Jcoor 'd :in .g ]y e x pe e t te le a rn m ore that] an . 'ywh~] je

else about KaLl .~31ya '$ poUey a: l ld pr inc iples , the more so because Ms

remarks here make ill strong pe rSOll1Ii1l impl"ess~ol'l.

The p loob lem s . c on l! ile cle d with tia.vtjaufti have therefore been

.c ,u· .e : fuUJ 'dealt with ~ y the auth,o,iUes quo,.tecl a bov e, a nd ,m ,o,s t f u n . : > , .

by Breloer, Staa ts \ ! ' , enva l tung im alten Indien, where we also find a

]ong list of tt:!:hr~i.cal t·enl ' i$ and speda] expreseiens, K~w 1 : 1 ] not,

therefore, be necessa ry to. gave a J O i n g analysis of all details ..

111e k~l1g is t h e · d(J~u!adJl.( tra and, e m th~ w l h . o l . · e , tile supreme

ruler, But kingsh.ip has to be exercised t h r !" O i u :g h asseelates, a s h l , g : l e

wheel (ani undh·ided ro le ) does not roll; th e re fore h e sh ou ld appoin t

e cmpan i c n s and listen to thei D " a d / v ice:

s:a hily aS iJ 'd lly tllll 1 -a j(i1 1Un '!~ ca k r am ,C R am . 1 1a wrll1it I I

kuw l t l J .sj(:u;iVllt~s la$mal t8{Jfi~!1 c a Snil.rty~).j ~}mt.fUlt I I I ~ J . v i i.

We: re a d .• lxiii, abou t th e subjec ts w ho m a d e: .M a ntll V a il'ilSv ata

king, oppre s se d th rcm .g h the 1 ~ ,IO ts ya "r y.1 iJla .a nd s ettl,e d a s his sha r e

:3 J s ix th . of th e g ra .im , one · ten th of th e pmc'!! :I!cl 's .of l a . < l . d e · J and gold~

and thei'eiore the kings bri:ng tlbe sllbjecJs secilir i tyan.d take aw.ay

t:he~l'"giUih;· even the dwellers I . n l the forest bring a sh;~h of tbdr

g h '~ a rlitlg s. T bis w·eU·kl1m' i 'n .fk:ti;Ql! is , l~ept alive, out In re.alit) ' it h.

th e: im pos s ibility of rn a ld [lg ' om'! whee] ru n whieh malk)~sil neceS!!ia ry

for ~h~ king eo have cOllajILttor.s.



H .-F . K ! .

A~ntUJii!Jlpalt.·f~the .ap po]n ti:ngof m i.nliste r.s .J• is d ea ]t w ith Lvi i i ,

l l n d ! thllJtof couuci l lors and fami]y"prie. ' l t s , m a n t r i p l ~ ~ ' : O J d t ' O < ~ p ' ( 1 t t , ~ .I.i~,

and dl~ neees sa ry q1.l1l~ifk;ltuOj1]S for su ch ella rges a r-e d i.s .C : :lliSs ed .

L :i: .~ h e f lprQ c e e d s~ C lsh ow how U le re~l<lbiJuty or nOiHce' l i :abmty of

th e m;lo]st<;lrs $mol ! I ld be t:\: 'SIte a by va r ious tr[a~:58!rldbem.pt<lt](ms.

Vi!1~thollI~ s u e ll. tests n obod y is tn ste a.

The killl!! is th e cemral ~ gu r e orth~ 5~ ate ja n d Itm ll_Y be ,v or t~ ~

w·hil~ noe ing jha t he is simp~yde s i gna t e d r/{ill, < IS A $ob in h i$ .e d ic 'l's .

I, vi ~l lcuh; : .ue$ .d:ileimporhn:u::~ ofi!ltiriy.a:iGya, ~vichll'Y ov er th e gen s ,~ s~ ,

s e l fd i s c up l~ne l . w~ ~ho l J twh i ch d u : k ing -a t e n c e WD u . M 'p! ! :n :sI l~tholJJgl l be

r~ ] ed Q v~ r th e e a .r th w ith in U s fQu : r i imj ts . U ll.d e:! f~ he h ead of

iti~ a sav ed a , abov e pp. 9 f ., w e· h av e· ]1 e:ad a bou t ! l: 'Ia d isa s trou s. re su lts

of n e g ]e cd ng th i~ d is ,c lpn n e under the i r l l f lw~r lc~ Qfad~at!'[!,arlfa, th e

,s:i :- . i n im~ c a l forces ka1JM~k.()pa. lob/m, mJll(l·~ 'm laaa<!Jnd JU 1;Y ;/$a•

.]. v ii is a c t)n tu r.! ~ .a nc eof Lvi, a .n d c h ~m l s v lt h rrJial'?J:t~;lrt!a:m:j th e proper

behaviolat of the r,o'yl;d s8ii!:It: t"mi1'iyajaYfJ~~~km'V'rtilJ ~rddAa$(Jif ! . lY.QIP11~

prtijrmlll~ ciln:ua cak~llJ;, r~thflu.qJ1a Ji'()gak~t!J.rN;J,~iJJlJall(l ' ]r, eiiry{l1msfisa-

1,l: t lm· ' lWadharm.Gstht i jra"' ta,~~, :l\i'i"l~>,:aj~t v idYoP( ld~se llaJ . . /oR t fpr iya lv .tm t

a1,thasa1!ry;ag(",f(t~ J !it ~'( ~ '< J rllim , h e $h Qu ld effec:t v . i r :~QryOV ~ r Ills senses ,in~ight th roughaSiS ,odaHf lg w:itoh.oM,i. s. .! !xperi l f : : l ' lc l ! l ld~pseple, eji '~

{s igh t ) thm~f:ln : spy iJ]g~ me am s of secor. ity th rou g h. e n~ Jig y~ k C \ le p:~ l: lg

p~ C lp~ e to Ith e ir duty by in s tm c tion ]1 1 wl~Sit i s~o be done, d i:scipHne

by tfl'H;'~inzkl1io'w]edgej[lO~M,darity in the: world by pNvkll i l l ' .gfor its

wesl, ,m iC l !r -eg l! lb : te h~s · cond i !l c j; by wh; , : t ~ i $ \ v ho~ e$Qme .

Th~n {onow r : n ~ c: l i lapt i l ! :T:Sabout th e cbo~ clt!: of cO iJ lnc~U or$ and

miniSters an d t :hltl : u p( 1 dMe~ , td e li: s, tr ia ls , u s e d for t!e stn ng t!h e[rtru :slt-

wor th i l: l e s s ,I."i; t fpodhi ibh#~-smidl l l !mi l fVf i l 'Uar C o glJ't/ lwj! r l u ' 1 1 ! , ; " ! an flljindayci

k i 'i . / $ l i k f J d { l 5 iM ta e J · h a p a t i k .G v a ~ · d d U 1 k o , t~ ~ ' P ( 1 : f i @ y a } ' if Q . tr a . M ' saftr£tJk$~laM:!N~"

da.bll, . ·k~uhJs· ca~ navi! : lg ' tested the host of oOiu:ndUors by means of

tr ! a 1 s. h e s h ou ld appoin t lh ~d de ! 'lp e !C $o! ls (s e c re ta g e 'n t'S) d ~sg tlis e d 8:5

M:p~tf l~(i$, mi(Jt;ilu't'(l$, cr/!atm#k(i$·j.vaiddlak(l.s~ i iJ!)(M;a5~ and ! s(tlt};h)lls,

ffil'$~~ii$. ro ·$ ,ad{ i$ a nd b l i i k t ; u R . l s · " Tbes lt;l~ eTm $a re : t[le n e : xp ] a i n ed ;

panUtJan.lj,flfi'ul~i pl':a,gaIMIll j (;hiilrol~ kal'tl~£ktt(l, .ak :tpa tik a ! i~ ,m

il l trep]d scholar who knows the 'Il!'e3kpo][1ts of others; pr(l:I;Jrajyl1;·

. p " ' a l ~ < Y a s # ( J b pmjfiW$tlw::a:yu}~/a u d t 7 ; s t h i i i J / ; , . a n u d a:s th i,tlll is ol: : il~' ! i nohas r e $Qh~ e d t:otJke the ll'OW;9 and Is in. p0551e5s1o.n of l r l ! s : i g ' h t < l _ l l d



1945. NQ. I.

honesty jka,~~k() 1w#jkfI~.Hlb ; ' " ( 1jJFla5f1U(:(lyukfo , g r l m p ' O " i ' i !J , a l 'y ' ( J 1 u . J , ~ i' a

c td tiv il! :or ou t of emp!oym~.Ii'It~,w ho is , in ,po:SSl"-s s iQ nof ~nsighl an d

honesty, is a househo,lder in di$g:l.Iise; ~' i l t l i j( lko tJrittik!fJ:~1.tl{. pr(J:j~la.

s,atJr(1y~,kl() ~mi"dcA'(fkavy(JiijmJ'(1I}, a tra de sm a ,n in disguise in a merci l :a l1l ' t

out of eunploym~nlJ ' who lsin poo$ession ,of iflSj'ght: and nOines ty ;

rmtf)fjo ja#lh ",I "'rttikilmaSmp(1.!fi,~v:y(rfJ.j(1.'~(1 tl:,llJll ascetic ~n disguise i : 5

a persen wid~15:n aved hair 01" twisted locks. Lxii: ye , o a p y aStilll"

bam f ld tm · ~11~(1. "ha rtQ !lJ ya$ Ie /ak§tJ ,) 'am ( .: Ji l;gavlr iy iI ,!' ja~~Mak(W . id j6 .} ! r

milJli~<:(lI(mJ iist'awadhm·:nl(u]'! ~linll:tt~'ffl ,(:m.fa.r(l.ta~rtlml~/y adldyrlllii})

~ < ; a l l r j J , J a , l ' sm!lsnrga1l i t i l l l ",u,and sllittl'insare also these who" riot be ing

re latsd (Ga:I). r ,eads : f o e ,c l l5JI17 , s a l v b a 1 1 t i l ! i " u o ),and sho 'uJd certain.!y besupported, who imve s tud i ed the marks Ol! iducat iw! of goed ~uck),t n ! 1 l lore

(),f body (ma rk s ) , tlh ~ ]Q re o r char;J] ' ]S, (d., Mh .bh . V . 6 +,(1 ), d eh iJ:s .ioli'l, th e

rules about the , ' .ui.()us stages of life" omlna, th e ]n'termediate circle

(i. r : . th e m . ,e :a i: ll[lg o r th e v llrY L l:Ig directj(m of bIrd s' fiig,ht), or th e a rt

of "$ sQ ci.~ ,t]n g w ith peop~ ~ ( .c { M h btl. X IV . '.7 ' w be l"e N n a l«u :u~ha glosses

k a f',,! a- v (1~ac c :h tl }ma ); y c jmu l 'p a d , selJn!; tydtlltmmu} /1easti~jfj ';!1 "J'iila ' l~'

1i:a dravya!wlo 'b PHi!.iyodha-Yi!JIl$ ,t~ lfFt!}fJn{l; s i ha ip fm: ; are th os e w ho

wi~h danger to their life, for th e S9Jk~ o r g-ain fight i1ne ]epl \ i , an t or

ltg,ell" before people; J 'C ba};l'(i llrt,,""!~ . n i iJ s J " } e M i ~ krlfr:iJ'!1 c l U a : s ' i i ~ c a tf !

1 " a S t l t t a , ( l , pois e n e rs a re th e s e w ho'J ' not iovi .ng 'tileirrelat"'e5, a r e :

cruel and idle; (Ja'f'WI'il j i '/t" vr.tt£kiim{t dendra 'vidluwa pr.~gaI6f1{t

hrlZlim,(!'tt1J tm~J;p.I 'w;e krtasatkIJnJ mo,'h.(Jm,afmkuld'fry tnihigacdet, a wan-

dering' female mendleant, wanting a livelihood, poor, ,< I wldow" l t H ; l i d J a

bf l lhmaQI; honoured in 'the harem, should a.pprroach tbe h igh officials,;

J j ll i 'k ~ r d ~ . r p 7 ', Y J t i$ l J d J I I : d v . t. lf )S t J r a p . r :m ; zm p I 'W l i JI,,( i t~pil ,FVyail jQna,& §i ' ipak4r tkdl .~

k~dlta'V'l ! d4~yc va BrtamJdyabhllt'ullignrflull~'kJ~'sa,trj1iaMi'r vii ~rat~t

.nirher(')Ill,l), where f ema l e menciicJ:I:Tlts a re r iot a cim iU e d"tl:ie d Q o .. k .e epe 'li5 ,

one a fte r the, other, people disguised as, paTents , or ' C h i iU" l l ' ~men ,

songs t re$Ses , or f ema ] e s lav e-s ). s h ou ld O ri,n g ou t th e information"

OF

;oth e rs by m e sa s of ind]c~ t tol l s , th r'O l]g h so:n ,g j n m sic ; or w 'r itiin g 1 1 id de n

011 I i . I t cn si 1 s , : d t r· g J U J 1 Y J : g t m .m a d 1 J g u i ra s a V 1 : Stir1t(!~I 'at l!a g. fJ t j'ham!r' !Pr lN. l"aM'am j

'o r they sh ou ld go ,OlLl t s ec r : eUy 0111 a C ' ( :O l !n t of II. Tong 'H i n e s !> , ma d n e ~ .

'O T 'c au s hn g f ire or p ois o.llil)g . r"a~~tiimekadk)I'C 5'1' l ;?~prat jayal), . whe r e

three s~y Eht: i same ~h~. l1g, they ~hollild he' trusted,

Such .ilIgenb> the king S h O ' l ld d emp :lc ry ~ l'Ior de r 1 : 0 , g:e' t infomu~d

Abou t ,everybody in M s sendee if ! Ilis ow n QOlmt ry . And t h e y s hQuLd



n.r. Kt

not k ilo,"" abou t e a !c :noth ! i:1 i.. Th e y shoa ld a lse be sen t abroad , te (tH~

~ n d J f r ~ C 'l l ] d j 't h o s ~ b e e w e e n o c d h , . a n a e h e s e who are i n . d i f i ' " e ! c e ! ' 1 ! t , a J l 1 I G

Hod Ollllit who ~ < 'in a nd WhOCOlI'II!lOit. b e ma[l3g~d~ !Ina w ha t peop le t~il.

!.",,.-,.11'lm~lnldhiRti1't lb, gh r e5 rules· :abQ ' !a . t th~ ddii:Jera:tioIls. ill c ou n c il

and ~ bQ u~ th e n e C \ e & S : ~ t y C iifsec rec y~ and h ere K iu li~ a]ya q1 ll!ote sth ie

opin. lol ls of h ~ :s pr~ d~ c~ :s$ iO ]"s an d fin a .! ]y g i.v e s h h . o~1l'f1lth a t m u ch

dep end s OI :J th .e ,H t ic re rot d!\cumstam::es.[1I!>nphl]Q~1 abou t th e p1: 'O~' l ,~r

nu m be r ·of ! 'ld !J i$ ~ ef$ is s im ila ..~ Q ne m ;~ st cO!lJs ide · r thedr abmty. The

r n]e rr " s h ouM . ]oo k j:j]!)OIil.lai~t~rs1O g'( ith e rw Ith tn .os~ who a re pre sen e tm d

com:mur l icat l f t with these who a re not. 1 1 '1wrm~g fpa trcrSClJ1 Ip: re f} (1 l) I!Jt (1 ) .

.His ~ne~Se]1:lgel"_~.(dfU/ls)m<l .y be funy entrusted with the objectin vlew) \!Jith the power gf a C'Qundllor (nif;f:j{li.ri'A.tl), OF with a ql ; l a r~ei

~'ess (tJ{idafP~~~aJ;fn(libpa ' ' ; 'J . i . ! ' t i ' i r t lu1~)1 or OiiJiy \ \ l i th 11 . half, as s imp l e ·

order-carriers ( e m : J J U 1 : g u ~ a J j j:"U!~sti$tmalia 1 ' ( 1 1 ; ) ' , . They must b~ ca re-fiL l:1t lo no-

t ie e f .: lv ~ r ytin g ail" ld ro mvea.IUlJOthililg' , a s se t forlh in Dmap ra J )idM { J, l,xv l ,

] , xv i i . .R(1;japttimJ"ttk${1!Mw.l,the w< ltc h rin g e v e r jheprlnees, Th e

khlg' g llt al" d .s h i s nd e aga~~st near and d i'sta[l~ people , < !i! lc in th e .llr$~

p ]; 'Ic e a ga in s t his CO i n sQdan . d s,o' f ! iS,<l iS $le t forth !f]Is<ome deta i l LI' l this

and dl.!! :foUowing cl 'laJpters.'L xi'l;, R' }apr . a1 ; idhM"gaves : n skatch of the k in g's W 'or.k in g d . l I Y , .

""'hid] LS : j ' in mQst oetlliis,. repea ted by r1l!~er.u,uho,s. h may be not~ld

th a t th e s e c re t ag~r1t;g shQ !lJild b~ re c e iv ,e d in th e fll~$;t pi~;tof th e n igh t;

evidently to secure g f iC ' ! a t~ r sec r 'e cy~ and t hey should be sent o~,t in

the lastbllt one.

I.xx:i~ A:b1tar1Jk#l(l;k(M'~, tbe g:UiJrd.ing of hbe k~ng's)p~!fSQlI : l r~.ru lJ.QWS

how im.portant th is lIlaUe'. wa s considered to be, As 500n as he

r hes , he Js t a k ' t ' J i 11 l eare of by female arehers ( t0y.antJd, tftthilaf; s/rjgar;ai! '

dlU1"I ' t) ' ibM~~ pO) ' i .grhy~:ta) . M ~ f l [It:~$ d e a F l y the If'0YOll bodY'~l:'lliard of

wom.eJ i'l~ WhQ WeTe ~ . , I t ~ · ,on C'an~dya~L'i:n:i ~ 'Greek wOme n . Tb~s de-

s \g~ aJtiol'l is not, so fa!" a s Ik n@w r (Milia ea rlie r th ~n in i{1 li]id !'it:>a~ s

wod ;s ,. .B ut i.tC :.a l'l W e U be ' older. T.h e "m u ch d is eorsed yava'~i1.n.r,

\ y J ] u c h K! ty : : l y ana . ill V!! i ru i ta . on P !~ in i JV .i .... 9 s ay s lll(taJl1S Grlld:

writ ing, can ve ry wei] mr~a:n .~ :Gre 'ek weman. There is .8 J bso.1IUt :e iy

I:'wthl[ilg 1 1 1 1 ] )! I~ . lin i> ste 'x t wMch points tQ :l~other me: ,min ,g t i : l an in the

remaJni.ng' wQ r-.d srG ifm e d w ith the suffix lillt, which all designata' th~

r . ema l e ,correspond~ng tOOl . m asc tllin ~ ~ l]d ing ~ n -a, A nd I do ne e

und'el" ,s , tand how t J i l l e ' In ld f a m . could hac , " e r eoe~V 'ed O l : !' ) ) , i l ' l form;atkm



about Greek wridtilg before Alex.lII:lder, and, we may add, KAty:iyana.

P ;! l~ lin i! on th e other h and , m us t belong e c an earlier f ime ,

in other appartments tll~ gua.dillg in taken over by armed

.a t te n d an ts of ' \!1.wious Ik.indls; in ttl'!;: k itc h e n t:h ~ lr:i:ng;8 food ]s tasted

.in befol'ielHmd, losee if i.~ may be poisoned, &c.

W hen th e k i 'ng goes out, , e t ' e . ry th i ,ng is done to pr-otect h im

.ng'l l inst danger,

The: second chapter, AdhYrl"~. I i ( lprtu:t i ;mll , deals with the mny

"over-seers" who h a ve to loo, l \ : after ' the , " a r kms branches, <I Ioout the i r

'0 f f ic es a nd s ta tion s. The t e rm s ' 1 1 S 0 0 .ill th !:s s e ction ,a r~ l f i o s t l y m:i l f . :nown

from old sources and p,roOab]y eeined ily K au \a l,Y iiI. .An lmporteneolflcial, with extensive' contrQ] of state business,

is th e $(l~m£dllll'tr, th e d epO lSitor or ' 'T re a su re r G en e ra l, IT .v , H oe

provides for the building of a h o S a g r i l , ( J ' . treasure IDouse~ a /Hl(ryagr1j{l;

ware-house: a 'Wlflh(Jl1fi.raj grnn,ary. store-reom: a kU:pyagl ' l Ia, wood·

arsenal; an (I:yudM!igiir~,weapon-arsenal, and a 6,mdlla~iIffiJra, prison,

and rules are g i.v ef iC or 'tn e tr erection and safety and about tile

punistullent of negl.'ig~r1c~.

A tD o,~ h er h ig h rUrl1ctiotil;,~l'y was th e saml1hm'(r, th e C olle e tc r

General, It V I , xxxv, He should 'control d!~rga (diffic;Jlt passeges,

places to be approached with care), ri1~{r(l (p1ougI~iflgj. taxes, &c,) ,

klumt { I.nir l lng], self, (places (or' sowing and irrigating fiQ \v ,e rs , Ji;ru its ,

&c.)t ~1~'(J ~g rov e s for c .a we ., g a.r lile ,,,,,·ood ., e!ep.ll'ilnts),'lJ'raja h e r d s , o : f

cows, buffaloes, goats, s.heepl dOrl'keys, eamels, hor s e s and mules),

and v,(I~l i 'kpath.a {trade!"lioll t~S}'. AU tihese,partly a r tU] !daJ . terms are

sp~cifioo. The various items form part of the ineome , ( t z y a : ) , which

sh o,u ld be ba la n c e d a ,g a im 'J ! :th e e x pe n se s ( ' < f Y t 1 c y . a ) . ,

N um .'ff i"O IlSc v e rs e e e rs a re a t w ,a rk . ill 'th is c otm .e c tioll. ]n lh eaR$apata.la ( t r ( l aS!L1ry )the overseer should have ap leee made fortl'l;('l

Jdhandlulpt fSlaRqs Ul!dger.sJ, wl:'i~re the number, provenience and origin

ofilie vari OLlS, heads, gains and i , ( } 9 1 S e S , proflt~. fees and tells, are

booked. This is Lhi!i!gifV'l~ifr.y.~dMkctr(J.J' the' aeecuntantofflee, H. v u ~ ,n. viii explains l:Iow cne si ' lOl l ld restoi"e 'what is removed by the

ynaias, . a term whieh we know {rom the Aseka editts,. where it has

been shown by Themas, lad, Ant. 37'2I,JRAS 1909, 4J6?; I9f4. 381 f[!

to . mean ofll,cial. Every udeitaking is dependent on wealth, Sind

eherefore ene should 6rst of all look a~tier one's we!lUh ,(kooSapfirriJ,(i



30 H.-F. K~,

5m~a',mbft i lb II it!,sm(fJ p ; m . 1 0 1 1 ~ kM'aTU ,(po!ckf}l!ta). TI1~ t e rm s kOSlWf(MM

and i'o$(lk~(lya (ific Fe as :e ' a nd d e ere as e Q r th e treasure], &c."a t-e e x pJ:a li:n ed ,

and we read about l ' I iI lmy devices for c l1ea t ing , and h ow th ey can be

d ete c te d a r id ! pu nis h ed .

• U . i x , rtPayuklapf1"ik~ii, te s : t in g ' of tn e ov e r-c lf ie la ls , e n join s th e

; iLppo in l tment 'o f s a n 1 i i . r i j r . y a R f ' j t 1 . S ( ,o ,verseers g,( ir i ,er ;al) , wi th th e c :ompf lh :J lce

of C10 I lIf lC i llo ,,; ({J/N,ruY(lsr:nj"lpaa'ojJcto);, aad aqU2I.inti i l i lce, wi th the~ i r <!.ctiv!ty.

They shouM act iI( :;oording to their Ins t rne t ions , neither ClOtls,uJdtlg'

nor oP'pOSLfIg each ,o t~~e-r ' ,and th~' sho~ Jd in form their m as te r about

eve ry t :h~ng th ey u nd e r ta k e , u n le s s it is to obviate some cal~tllity.

Their a c tions s 'h ,o l.lld b e ,oontrQl led by s pi,~ 5 a! 1d s ec re t <Jig-ents.U. x, , $ a 1 N : m I M I :£ I . < W 'o i } , the chapter <I.bollit f \oy~d erders, mentions

th e lekhaka, th e se c re ta ry w ho h a s to ptlil: th em . in to w ritin g .. H e

shou ld h a v e th e oompe t e :n cy of a eeunci l lor (amll ty ,{ t$(Jrr ,padojMta),

k fliQ .V th e- w h.o~ e' c O l n ,V ' I !I 1 : ti c m a l usag( l ' (sa"f}'(l:S(J.~~u:yav,iri)j' b ,e , ab le to wr.it~

quickly (lllmgytilllua); !lave a pl,easil lg hand-writing ,(corvak.fjara)), be

able to n'ad out the wrinen . rm::ssage ( l ' e k i u , w { J . ' c a n . ( l s , a m a t " i l u l j and tl:l

wll'ite it down in th e' proper ordeli' (art !m"~,I " f1m(!J <lnd s e " q u f f i " J l c e ($ti"~/"

(umalla), with oomp] . e tml . e s s (p(Zripil'r~,(lill), urban i ty (maJlll~rya), nobility((u,~d{Jrya)', a nd dearness , (S jm${o tw) , i. e .; as poitllted out by Jacobi ,

K~ltl.ll"~Sprsch- und Li te raCLl : l ' h i s to r i s ch~s , p. 961. we have to, dowi:th

,th e ru d im en ts of a H te ra l'y s t ,y le . A m ong th e $ iloll'tc o.m in g's of a writer,

H .x, 1S m e'f ltk m ,ed tlh e u se of ' dirty shee'ts (!itli ' it1/Jatra"fa)~ 3[iJd fwm

It zx v ii we learn t h i a J t ; th e writing materia]!'; were leavesof Ui / l and

t t l la palms and birch·bark. C oppe rpla t .e s a re not mentlo:ned. , a r id w e

do net know whether they were used before .A~oka?s tUlue.

We Je a rn t , o k now a .Iong s e r ie s Q f adhyak$ t lS , ov ers e e rs , su pe r-

in tm oen ts : th e Jm§ijd~J' 'ak~, ItX l , re c! I! iv e -s e v er :y tilli 'ilg of v a lu e -th a t

should be deposibedin thetreasury, pearls, n e ck la c e s , g em s" sandal;

aloe, oils, h i d e$ and sk:in$J'woo~, &c., and th ,1 l !des igna : t ions , proveniertce

a nd shapes of se eh o,bje c ts a re m en t~ oirneo ; th e l i~ l 1 r . l l ' 1 M . ' Y t: l k $ Q , : , th e

min ing over see r , II.x i i . • ]ook :$ , a fm r th e p i iOc l ill !ceQ f m in ing , ores and

m e t:il] s f r· om eld : lin d n ew pi'ts , Irem the g rou nd or from wa te r , th e ir

c olou r, sm e ll, a : 1 ' l d o,ther C e a : ! I L l r e . s , th e ird e an ir llg " w e ig h t an d sa le , th e

punishm.ent of embezz l emene a~ d fraud, &c.: th e lo! : .ac /hyak$a ta l t es

care or ccpper-, i e , : i li d . ., tin·. me["~ ; a :n ·y · ·and be [l'm : e 'ta lw 'og 'k a nd the

s ,a te ·of u te n s ils n la d e f rom. t h € !m ; th e lak$oa~~{fdJfJ 'ak$al .ooks afb!!!r th e



s t ;am p in g of cO lm ;; t ile n 7 : p o t i a r $ a li : a , . i i s s : aye . p re gll'la te s th e p~!t(~y;JfFu,

tbeproc e 'd u 1 ! 'e of p'ilyir'ig' and r e C e i v . i l : l . g f eO ! $ J t h e rupllM with 8 ~ J Q I '

the 'l)!(ij1 with . 5 ' r i J o j th e j iar.lk$ikl l with I l l s ~io; th e khanYQ·dhyaR{f tZ ,

th e pit-ov e rs e e r , prov id e s for~ he work s e enne e te d w 'ith s h e U s , di l l 'momtds · ,

pearls, corals, sQlltpe'\!!; 'e.and for their .salle·, the l troo"¥,ldlzyo;/J!}'(J coJrects

tli·e sa ] t-tax and d 'l.i::lduties Oil sa le of sa lt.

Il.xiii, M$(lSfiJil:Y:{i}l'J s U l . J ' m ' l, f .r u l 1 f ' Y . ( J & t ; d , . the g'old·ovt:lrs ,ee:r in the'

t re a s u ry , prov id e s fo .r th e e re c tio 'i: lof a . treasure-hall, with fOllF'

un c oMe c t e d I I "OQ~l1L$~ < ln d ll'bs ta lls a d e x s e re u s a n d reliable go 1 d sm i t h

. i l ' l the ma i e s tre e t, w ho c3r~fl . l ] ly e x am i n e !> the m e ta ls , N 'o $tranger

W!lS a dmi t t e d , . and th os e w ho h a d to work there v e re c .a rl! f'u U y s ea : r ehed

on enter]ng and Ie s ving. W·e read abeu] thev; r r io lJs kinds; of work

acme by them., for which c r. jo lly ·s . K o lle k t an e e u , pp. 355 f f . . , where

·m ·o . s t o f thet~C'h! ' l ic; .d te n u s h a v e be e n sa t : i s fadorHy ,e xp la in ed .. C f .

II . x i '! ' , . 1 J i S i k h r l : y a ' , r ' !MIM'f}(ln)fkap."I'(i.ti!ralj,. tht ' l lllctl\'ity of th ~ go· ]dsmi lh

in th ~ m ain s : trn e t , ,..h e r e 'we also re a d il.boillit th e v a r iou s w a .y s of

defrauding' .md the :~:I!;U1is~llinentof {nua.

H . xv . . k ( )t ;#h~gU n" ldky ,ak l ia ' ,the store-house o~ ' e rs ; e e l' , S< l J :p e l" in t e n d s

sUa , : lq].${ra j• kmJ~ i tml j p tJ r iwa r ldo" p r . f i J l . I 1 " t y . a k a , a/Ja1,;.i ifyakllj. si,1fl/l(;lnika,

(JJryajri;ta~ vyayapra· t .Ya) 'arand upastkf ln ,a, .a I 'Q da ll jh e s e · te : rm s a re e x -:pla .ined .. Fu rth e r lie ' ta l\ :e s c a re of corn, filt, m ola s s e s a n d sa lts

(dltiJt.ty.tlsj j f!h.ak~,~rola1J(J~U'l). honey (madl lu); adds (suktaj',sonr ffuits

and gru el {a" . iJa~r!1aJ .pUl l iger i i t .stlJ!ffs, p ep lp ~ T , & .c :. {ka{uka"Y!Jrga} , dried

fisb,meat, roots, f ru. i ts ,pot·h@ li iJs , & : c . (Sak t1Va1 'ga ) , abQUl t an ef'wbieh

l[ '! JJ orm a d o n is ghJ'Cllj• i : . a , a bou t h ·QWm u ch i:Sto be e ate n by ele pl'la nts

horses, &c:.

U . x l I . i j . p ( l J ; v ' f l d h y a R ! 2 o , the ware'-IXlrltraUer,. $.abov e u nd er 'ii(l~lijya, p. 23..

H ..xvii. , kupyt~·dJ~.5JQ., th e im),'a conb'"oHe:!", ~ ilk es c a re tbat the

ra a g e rs br in g th e lmp ya , i, e . t h e l! 'a llll1 lib I~wood ; b am b ee s , creeper-a ,

ba rk , rope m a te r ia is , ] illaw s , 'A o'\ : \ 'e r :sip la a ts , pois on s ,. s n a k e s a n d

~\lQI;ms in ja rs , h id es , bon es , &c.j o f v . a f'i olll s.a n im:a l s , iron ores, wleke r -

lind clay-atensils ...

IF .x vH l , (lyudll~g{#1idJ.iJ.YJ.k$a; 'tile con trolle r of th i! w eapon arsenal,

prov ide s C o g o ' tn ,e mi' l l i l ,I lIJa.cuUJdflg·and depcs ition of a ll kinds of weapons

a nd w ar .im p L em e n .ts .l, a rm Q u r a tld b"~ P P 'jl'lg s.s tra .ta ge m s ., & c . .

H . x ix IPaui :avf l~ , .ak$:a~ the ' wdgM- a n d meaS1J~e·O(m ~ ro .1ler, t a k e s

ca r e Q · f the v ariou s. w 'e ig h ts and s c a l e s ,



H.-F. KL

]I. ;Kl'! :, j ~nl}.~(jd_~;yq.~$(l" th e mea~I,:!l:,e"CQPlroaer~ $hou k l be f a m m < l J f

\!!i,ittl 1ine<i l " m e a s l I , : l ! : o e l : l , t h e sllbdivls]OIl:ll Qir t ~me~ &le,; d: above u n d e r

J,\()t i~j [Jip.l5 ff.

U . ;!;~i, . ~ . fdJ tad f :~k .~ , l l1 , e t~~ tooIrQU ,e r , e s taJ ) li sh . e -s a ta x han

(sl",lkdliliiJ with a badge (I!' HlIg (elh'IJ.aj'aj ne a r th ( 'l hfil!lJd.ga~e~where

Ule~aK·reQeive!"$ OQ.!1~.fo!.me'f tha:nt :$; llld others and SEN;lto it th~i I ; their

wa re : ; ; a ;re p rop .e r !y 5 h l.rn .pe d . Th e tra d e rs of f 'e : r~ he ir w :n ~ $ for s a l e :

and pill._Ylne t a . " , e s : 1 w d i dmle,s,W.e re lld a ibou t~ v h a t: c a n be broU !gh t

UI Qllty.free, a n d lIbol:l;~ th e pill:'!is.ilm(!;nt for a ttem pts a : t d,e:f l"8!udi l lg.

U. xx i i J l!.~dk'(lvya~ah(W a , dea l s with th ~ t ,a x . q u€',st ion, The r e wll$

O ! ! !' l at i t l ryam (gu.er>L 's t r-eat rn ,ent}Q f ollil;· a nd in .going w:aTes~ ! ind duty

for what should be brought _ou t sud~21n .d ,ent:ru"e-.dj(lmh,JtlIU JlJhyaularll'l~

catillJytu!~! tl i$k.fiiJ~.I:1/l~2tp'l 'a<J$4.yal'rJ ta sl,llkau~).,. The g 'u t i : ' s t ' s t r ea tme ' r l t ;

a pp~ i~ d to t 'l':>,portsa.nd lm;por t s free f rom duty, is sp fc i f i~d n.x.xi~

-;mfulE!tU~l1,mwlvaj'anQm alctPffJI l1m ·"ha:il?lyajfJ~k~ja:pn,m (1"<I(1na ~1ni. ikd~X 11!.~

dtvejy.f{;cmll()pafilayrul.a!fO-da1favrat(lr/fkfJl;J.~jij ,d4!'~ !wl) ' lJ ' !ui tJtqe!JuMar.~{ i~1u

1,(c- -rh~~lhai!~f fGcr ; lu ! t~waresa! ' lJdu1ie ! l$H;$ cOI lnededwi th ' t h e marr iOl"ge

and hom ,e ,bi,ing il'lg ' (of tn e ] )r .id · e ), and wh ilin iit ia tio lf i in th e cer~iI lol l jCS: ,ill sacdfices, bir th , off!i!rings to th e god s , tOI1J5uJr~, inv~s t i l1g with

t;he ssered d:-r'('lad,. ha:Ll"cllI t t ing,. vows .u:ld c()lns f-cra t ion, should pass

f re e of d l l t y . "Th e duty jt 5e ~ f v s r le s fl10m i J ~ to i J l ( J of d "le v alu e.

D. x A m . . s f U r r J i i h y a k w < ! J , the [Jlire"d·inspedG!"~t~ke~ care ef spinning

and lYle.wing operations.

H,~,,~vl$mufh.yaki$a~. th~ fu r row- inspec tor , is in d h a r g ' e of p l o u _ g h u n g

a nd ~ a:r i~ s tfr ttg , cf.abo~ tm der Vtlrll'li., p, ao,

IL x : ; : ; v , surildhyak{ia, Hlie liCJitl.or~sillperTI"lt:elld!(!lntl m gtd :a te :s th a

l k p . J o r l o . t n d e . 'Ddnking "'<IS ! : l i o t yet a gl"ea~ sin .

. n . : ; ; : x v i~ .s,flttfi(il l ;;ak5j-a J t h e ! s la u_g tlt eT lu~u s e~1Jpf !" in~ende :t 'l, tj' t ak e s

c<!r- .e that prote c ted an im "l$ a ;e ) ;l O t sla~ghteredi,<ll'ld regulates Hl!e

sale of meat, whkh \" ' : l l s by r : ! ome ; 1~n s f i b t r r b i d d , e n c f. a be ve u n : c l l e r

paSl~a,tyG , p o 22•.

n.xR¥i: i, .g!l f} ikl i{ lhy{lkWIl~. th,ecQJurt ;ezan.; i l1$p,~c; tov, ha~ th e ' s~ :per~

v is ion of br .otbJ~ ls , & c .

.[[:-;:x v:Hi , 1Ul~'otihy.ak!iaj t h e : sh ip .: 5.up t.r .u n~ lld f !l: 'It , s, above Ill]d~ l! '

fJat,lj'ya;. p. ~3.,

n . Kxh: : , j fodhyakfJa, ~ h e catJtle-s!JI[H:r.tf l t :erlde.ntj n . N X X ~ af" .mdhya.k{ i ( t ,th e h e ree -superjntend en t: U • .xx "" i f Iwstya,dJJ,yakrl the e]eph:ant-sUipe:r .



- - , - . - - ~ _ . · · . . .P - . . . . - . . . . . . . , - - - - - - . . . . . . - - . . . . - . - .

33

in t : e J i lde I ' l t ; I l .xxxi i hrr$l.Yt1(ll iyak·.~e hasHprlu:llra th e d e a J i I ' i J g ; ; ; w ith e le ph a nts

under the elephallt·slIpe.fll'ltEil'ident; n ..xxxiil, rn t l l i id l l yaR$a, )alJytuln)'"

al.·!)I1, s C J ' l i J p ! 1 t i p r : C I , C f ; ' f r a . the superintendents of war·dl t l l" io: rs . and foo,t·

sold ie rs , d ~ e 3c-thli ty of th e a rm y-le a d e r , a re offic i.a ls whos e .li. t: t iv it) ,

] 1 0 clear from :th.d.r des ign ations,

Il.xxxiv 1UIuir:t;I ' l i l lyakljtl ,. 'j)i'i.lUlidbyt1~aj thes ;up.er i l1 i~nderl t s of pass-

ports and pasture Iand. bke care th:u out- and in.go~Iilgs can be

oOIl·tl"ollod ..

n. xss v. $lJl'11illmr1rlu'natlm!:,gr/l'liljJalitraldt/ta/JatapaS(l,'})!(IfJjalltiJ.1

pra1)hl /w.)mi). th e a~t~t'ity of th e .snm a h a rtr , the s e l uHng ' O'lJt of pe l'Som ;

dLSgUised 0iI~ householders, t raders , ' D l r ascetlss, cf~.ai)o"..e pp. 2 6 r .U nd e r th e direction of the sfunfi!uwlr 'n the- . i ' ( l ,f f ic ials i lc t <IS i nspec tor s ,

a gopa ( h : l . . c ow ..h e rd ) of f iv e or te n v i]]a ,g e s i < J I .su:'lim 7ka ( l i e~ te : 1 lanU

of a dist r ic t-qual 'bel"; pe r; :; om ; . g .n rbed l 3$, hO l! !ls e b.o ld e rs . o f f ie lds.,

heuses and ramiHesj othel">!i.,as b~adel"$, of wares and products

from mLIl]ng, forests, &c.; ethers, as ascetlca, C'ult i .vawr ,s , cowherds,

eraders, .&c.

] [ . X ~x V ] '1t'lgat'(jhpr~~lidhi, a ppoin tln e n t of a towl: l rch: ieJ , pol ice .

master, whose fLHictiom.. are similmr to these of the 5tmllUu.fNr~ but

limited to·... town. A grJ,/!tl 'has charge of groups o r 10; 20 CW40families; .a stllllllika of a dtuga·qlil.arlOOr; the d"#r'}lfivasatM1U:tll~ th e

managers ,of th e t i h a n m 1 7 . 1 a s I 1 i l a a !'lOW called dlmYn is l i i i i , rest housel•

put up sectarians, !l'.a~:eners~ascetics and: learned pe r sons , &c.

c.are: ]s t a k en to Si.VO~.d and to exli .ngiUisl l fire, 1 ;0 preven t i n c end i a r i sm

and t lu ' ,owU1lg Ollt of rubbi sh , swee.pinJ.gs, &.c.

As ~, '{e have seen, the reler bas ma1i ' l l ya.ss i !Otants and h~lper:s,

bu t they a re ! : 'lot t~ri!l$tedj' bu t cO Mtan tly -ccntrclled by s cou ts 3:1 '1 :d

secret agents. EV . ( ! 1 1 these are distrusted+ Tb!1!Ymust not know each

olhe r r , they a re reeel v e d .and s e n t ou t at n igh t . and their reports .are

e x am in e d a nd eom [J in ·~ d . W h en th r .e e a g re e , th ~ ym a.y be ' re lia ble ,

DUl tsL l sp ido [ ! is the p]"(ivai l l i .ng a t t ibu : ! e toW!iu rdseve ' . l "ybody. It]s dif f icul t

to avoid . ' th inking of I~ gv ed a VII . 61.3. ;

pror t J r MiMJlJtl :n·~~1' i:prth.ivyttJ.i

Imi d i 1 N i rqvfi4 o r1 wfd $ s,~ul'nflII

S p d s D dadJj'nlh~oS'adhl~u V f R ) 5 1 U

;:dkagyald d:n.iJ;.u:~a.I~I·rtfk~am{1;1J~,

I I



3 , 5 ,

The seurce of .p'<ld{icatlo~a ~ d vigour is the i O h ; :, :q u < J i lH y gro~p

, ( l famm.r)~ya)J·! '9 'Q.r ym.!ifJ~dguuyam)" T~]'I'lword f{ltf!p{{lya is lIot known

from o~de~r goU!r~es and W<lS probs. bly i .ntrodt l !ced by I{8i l1j~::l ]y;l l .. It Is

form e d :in :a cc ord an otl '~ 'ith P~~fni V •.L 124' gu~~av(lr.'(mabriilm~(lf)f/;dibltyUJj

karmat~i ttl {th e !l;u ffi:-: j~ a ii} a f~ e r wQ rd$e~ proe$s iv e of q 1 : . l a H t y 0 1 1 1 d

< I«1e r b J ' n l m w . a ~ ' ( 1 j &c.j, in th e sense of h e-II'):g8 iod of act~vtty. N o

:alu;ha6ti~5 :are qL:lotedin tb e d1,<lpte"5~}~'allfdl(jJ!('m:!~liU'IG511m~ " l i .

ydmilmm~ w h ic h m a k ·f ! th .~ ~ m .pre $$ ion o r be i! )g th e ind epend en t WtllJi k

of K aLQ .~ aJya .

VIL ~~APG{jf!YAM

!?fit!g:tIJ)]nl$ t;rea,bedat ].ength i l 1 l t l l e eight~~:rI sections Q ) f the

7th adhilmntJiJa., Its ~(mroCJe~s the pr(lkrt~'ma{~t/ala,~ ~(i :4: t t f !Jya!5y,a '

lW'akrlb~f;(J1;}ial,(J~t ,y (J 'I,Ii.~ .D iff ~rin gop]~ iofl'S . a :;e oc c< lI:! "ion a]]y ql;J:oted I

u5ua]~y withth'l'l remar ! ; : Ui , l l ' , c a r y r ( ' ! ' p . , th~$ the' teachers, bu }t Q l'J!c e,

VI], . i . , with th e a dd i t ~Qn :iN VlllMJflidh£l,s~tnus VliJauyadlti., We g~t

the~mpj f . e$$io~ t h a t K"u~" Jya h a s pru t th e sec t io 'ml in to it s f ill r ill s i: la ,p e ,

:aft,:er h~s prede~sQl;"s n .lld be ,~ lln to dra:it it Tbereare several

oom pll r.uso.nS! f ,om daj ly ]W~.and pra(~ke, wli l ]cm make ti 'le te xt ]iv e]~ er

tban u su a]it1 l thlr! l Kl l1 ] t: :: lh . y: a~Olndw.e have every reason to think th<'lt

they are dll~ to Kail l ;a ly :a . ., Thus V U . m h : e w n .Q go~s to war :aga:in.st :

a .$ tr oiJ 'i'g e r on e is c om pa re d w 'jtilO 'rm w ho figh ts , : & : 1 " 1 ~ h l:ph SJn t on foot

The six ql]ll!lities axe enumerated Vll] , smJldh~:>l!ig~'aJla~iis~ma,

yi lna~ .~q .a~lSrayal ,e/vaidhfMl!v( l, !Ina here Ka1iJ~alya ag.reeswith his

pred~ce5Sor,s,olllly V~lavJ~dmi diS$e~n,6!1g. Sa'f~dll~·I$ e~xplained 11$

m~a.nirlg 1)(.'l~j(jMj1dluzj.~gr~l1lment:mg r n b . a ;)$ apak ( t ra j• harmi[;lg~ war;

lis.mr,ajs:~tting, as up.t.k!}ri~ Qverlog, l i : . i l : lg~ di is : r egard iI lg ; ft~l~~going,ma:rcbi.flg~. ,asabJ:yucI.Jaya, it'lIC'r~a5~j' $(;£1. of one's own. resourees ;

iSm~~Sm,;lo'a, J:eag!Jillg~ j i o i l l : i m ; g , as parl~~ia, e:ntrrus t ing oneself to

aMth . e r , and dvo.idhFolt l iva., dUiplidty ~a !O 5'a1!} ldld:1I4grohopl ldi i tU! j adiopti:ng

agreemlElnt and ligh t. it is shown a lt grellt ]el1gth wl.~~chof the ~:ix

q tla litie ~ b.riF lg s t!ne g;rea~esl; 1 I0v ll Ii ti ll ge In th e va ry ing ' c~r~il,m!l$t:am::~s~

an d howen s ough t 10 ac t wh~ n two go t 'O,gt l t lu :r IiIInd each of t h em

wants to get the better ·of ~he other (a'liw'11uilnltm'1).



H.-F. KI.

vrn, JURISDICTION

The 3tld and 4th 1~dhik: ! l r1l1~:a$, .J)i~(J~'nlf1$ihJYff.the judge.ac:tivi'ty,and 1(a.~~.ra/;rfJlod]rtma,the thorl l .c leal" . lng" have bsen fu]]y dealt with

by JoIly, E une :n .e u e ind iseh Rech t sq [ lC \ lUe Ij and it is superfluous ~ o

give it detailcdan:al.ys,is in. ~he present place .

ru . s ta te d by Jolly, th e fonllcr d ·e a ls w ith m ln e r , th e l aUe ," wi th

mo r e se r ious c r im es ; th e form er u nd e r th ~ pre s id e n c y of th re e ju d g e s

(dJr,(!Jrmatf.lhfll), and! three eeunelllers (amiUy.rz) . the·llIttel." under three

h Ighe r judge!> (praacfW) 0 ' 1 1 ' th re e c 'O u nc i1 i.Q r~(m'~'lfi(ya). Th e form er

,comprIses twenty, t n . € : latter t b t r ~~ enad l r y ay a s _The ~'ol:"d d l u ; f J · , . n a s . t ! J i : _ ? a 15 formed wit~ lhesLIffi x i y a . : 2 .r~0!11

d~,t1r:m(1$tlla., wh ic h K u ll ilk a s ta t:e s to m ~ am f n 1i tl ~I i<N1ka ~ Ju d ge (M anu

V Ill, 5 1} ' K(1~1!(lk(l, thorn, is ! illc c ord l~ g ' to the : s : ame authori tj' {Manu

IX. 2S2}, c a w ' ( 1 ! l . a A ( l s . ~ · k 4 d i , thie,'es~ felons, &c.,Umrns (rom the V:l l lmr"

po[nt of th e $ t:a te ~ ~.!1e ' rn ! ,~ ! !of good governm(;: : :r l t : . P r a t i c w ; t r ls kmHl.!'n

from. th.e PmJ'icata.ntra [ed, Btlhler, 2 . e d l t !on"Bomb~y 4.,881, p, 48',

but the 1 JhiLmlte seuree ·olfthes.'I'il terms can ve;rywill be Kau~a.tyOl.

S~nc e j Judsd ic tkm is < le aH with .in the ArtI lUas: t r<lt one: nt~ght

be : in d ille d to th in k th a tj fr om th fl b! itg i.n nin g, i. t fotm~d par t of PQli t Ica l

lore , a s is w a< $ finally codified byKatl~lya. A pr]or .i~ . h ow ev e r , w e

w ou ld ! il.: iip t:c t ittiO beJong to the: 'Diha,mat~stra. And s .u c :~ was

e \ · ldendy th e case ...

N Q weight e a n be . ~ a id on the faetthat Dh~ r ! l 1 ~~~$ t r . a i smen t i one c l

be:fo·.re Arthas !J : s t ra ~ n th e ~ n1 Jm en :tio.n of th e tre atl$ t;:S ,oor lsd l lUt jng

the h~b! l : $a" , e ! ,b~ J , v ~ PI:lr:itlSlm, ltivruam, .Akhy1i._yiktl l~ Ud~h a r . a ' ! ) am ,

Dhar.il :m.s! ' i$tum,. A[t i las : i_s tnuu . .Bu t it is of ~spc;cial i : n t e I ' E l : ; ; t that we

read in the Dhar .ma : s th1ya . , HI.!! th a t wh en . th e ju dg~ i5 in doub t

\v h ic 'h prin d p.!e :5 h e shQ u ld apply , h e~ hou ]d a c t accord il: lg ~ o d b a rm l l.:

S(u'Psthii .yli. dh(m~t.as~:tr.e1..U" Slish'OI~{l : 1 J i a <J:ytlmil~ii i" ' lkam r

ya~mhm art!!e v£rmiJl}. 'fJla dJlfJrme~ffirt/1,a'tl ' lJini i t ;. t1:yd I I ,

wh e re : tbe oonv e n tiQ ! : l or th e lawsuir-Iere (based O ! 1 J [h e $ . l y i n g of

witnesses) Is I n . disagreement with the Dh:;m:n:3J~straOTIH~ S~bOtY .1d decide

! l : . c co rd~ng tI O dlJ~m.ua. S h am a Sash".ioom p 1 lir ~ :! ;Y ! ljila v a lk y a .][. ~H:

'Zd, t! l~! l r l f t Ct l r v~ i I "g : lc imt ; [I .d ( l R~ >c 'h !~ ' '' '' i~ s e ' '' ! sQb~f : t ,.3 7 j. p .P . :i ,~ ' 9 - SoH .

~ . Se e; R~,ol!ii, (;f~m m~tr~ s" 'Lmstrit.!! ., .p . ~5r,

J

..,

i,

I

- I



ar t lm s(lsimi .t~l halavad dhm"ltaf,i'JSithm~ ifi '$i 'Ir~'tlb '!

i : tis"," e s : t ! ' l l J 1 l : i n . e d i ma~ im t h a t the nh.ar !1 I l< ' l$~$ t ! "< l " bas H . Q r e · weight

t han the Artha:l i ;i istra~ !;\lb~d~ can . 'we',y well be based on th~ JK.lI,ut! l ihy~;

c { N a fll;G .lI. I .; i; .39 f.

There ! ;$ . :s tiU "nort:h e :r d e ta il w f u i c i'l $ ,bQ ~ k inot be o\'erloob;d.

]n the adhJil{ara~lI$ dea]Jng\ iVi th jurisdiction Kal]~lI\y:aoldy .q~otes stat:b

< l ;l "r tbo r iti es saa re ], :no\vn.a$lIuthoirs. o f DhO l]" .m as [ l; t: ra s ~U~!iJni!l$" Brh aspa t]

: il 'ldM an l]~ a ! 'ld not th e pifild(?ce$SOfS o r K<lu~aly", in th e .Artl:l<li'!i~5tl"a.

U s.u aH y we ilnd !i:uch .st< !t;em ~m Jts as !:/y i lCil}Jia{l .,. ~'tI: Km~~(y'll1J

UTI. i.v,v; [[[,,.ix, xx 6~' t1 HKa '!{ 'al)m l~; m " vi ha s i~Aus-rn~,;uo ...rb}~~:gall;

m . vil 1"ty f7 c llr;W lli " " " it)' trJn1il"Q , , • #i 'J(a.tttalya·ll; III. X l £tyAl~sri:1l1lS11b

• • ..~~" M ,fi; j1flcvrll) iii .B i id j'l l${ .J (J ,t .1 {j?~ ." l tl .l(m~{rl/)I(f!J; U I ;;,:vi[ U i

jl'f? i,11m fib • ." J ' t y A'It1s{jna5ii~ " " .. it)' .Kcmta/:ytJ.J.l.,

SilC:~il'ldii:atiQfl!5 pOin t to the cone lus i cn that KlItJ!~a]y;ls d];:lI!p~ers

01'1 jurlsdk::tkm a lCe based ' o :n t heDha :mla~ :a [ i t r a59 ind have o!l'lly been

slIghtly modM'l t !d i . ]o.liy d raws <IU~nti~n to cma d!l::taa,tbe c-vident

t e n den cy to n:p]ac~ oo.rpore'a~. pl! . ln i ihim ent, Q e e e n < I ~ost b~rba.r~ us

e n e , by f i n es . Alld Hll~" t ' l :3S01'1 lS e~ id ,e i l t , the f :] l'lIe$,we!ltinto~he

killg"S pocket, w~th aclld:ition!li~payl 'l '~~.[Jts of J ' i 1 p 1 . ' l {wi~h 8 ~ 1 t J } a n dt J . v l i j ' i ( \ \ l u t h . ; ~ M ,

O n th e OU 1 ~ 1 " hand i~m . !p t lya doe:: ;" no't mak e any r e f e r e n e e t()

ord ~ a .ls ~ bill, h e spe<lh of e r~ b~ ee n kinds. of torture ora most bsr-

bareus description (Pl" \ t u m , . A bnMm(l.~m, however, ,c~nno~beWNI,lIf\ed~

:!;i;Iri).rJ:pt1rdd.k~~a.pE(/a.tjiylJ' brliI.11f,~(j'fal1" H is fo"e h e a c iis rn a r l\ :~ d .a s

hekmgi t'lg 'to a c r i im i U l .8 J i , [Ina he ca n be b !lln ~ s h t'ld o rr :S ,C 'ln tto,the pks ..

As is well l i m , ( ) w [ l , t h u s e~emption from tortll,'e is correberated bY'

O J : compa r .u l ve · ] y old s e u rc e , in th e Mrcdlakai~i:k!~~od.S t em l e r j p, lot I .~.f.)

Ca: l" 'ud<JI t ta . ,who lm th e : SaJ'd tra ac c ilse sof h a \\ ' i 1 i ' l \ g ' m~ud e l ' e d v .asan tasen m ,a sk s . tn!:l Adh ib i ; r a ! }Lb , i f th e ~ J o c l . I ! . < l t k m mad e b y : 5w ;: h a vma l n snol!lld

be a c ~ e pte d a n d not te s te d Ih,clI~gh a n oiid ea l ( I( l: d e r; i, 71 I {Ya f~1 bIJ(1: f~( l t~?

1W lad v: icat ; ( j .~ tJa~! l?) . .And (p . :! iSO,l)

'iJ£fias~ lila ftd{iC ~iPra nhftc ,,~ c v iw . n r

Im z iM r:am ~ 'l!a $ rtr;~ "t: v ik$ 'Y t! l t i( lt "/1! -! :YaJ.~ ! l l1(1.i

afh(J. n't#~~a(;rmId vJ brl i imrat1Q"t, j ;},;;.",n UilUl~/si

/J'Oiasi .ilarakama'dlfj'f! p~{tr(1)'(Jtdmi~ sa~J'Mfa~I I



38

now S Jneean ordeal conc e rn ingn~,e, dUQug l l po.iSorl, w l I : t e r . , weighing'

or fire has be e f! d e .m ! li! lo ed ,lI! H I aner see ing- the saw-that s,h~u]d be

applie d to m y body~ if you th en s : l:a j m e , a bra lu na l~ ;~ ., on th e word

fir m y en ,i:lrl'ilY ,you fall in to th e m id s t ,of h e n , <!ccompanied by yQ~J"

S(l!l'lS and sens' SOilS.

Tbe th ree Jlmrmastll(Jf, a n d U 1 ~ t llr e,e i;lo u: l'! c U llo rss h ou ld d ls c h 3r g e

hlw·s~its Oil the border of < I dis.tdctJ a t: d1~ g',rCIUp·, d~ ·v~Y(N : ap i t a I ,

a~d $elOsiDIl CQtl,t$;: dllan~ta!!ilh{j5 tray.o· mil{yif j M a ' P a d a : s a 1 w i h i ~ q . f 1 : t W

grl!ll~rtl!mdn!JQa"~~t~hIJsfllu.nlJt'$~~..ryavalMbikiTu arMJ·I, i AmrYJil).

M05t of thes~ terms areexplalaed in theaihyakl jQ. , /wm:r l rn , II. L

Af'mr having 5pok~mabolJt the fm ,Hlda . t io I lS indS iHangem en t of "mages( g r l J n U ' J . j K " 'Il:~ aIJa goe 's on to s .ay : i r:l the centre 0;('" grollp of 800

" ,m< lge s he sbe u ld e s tabllsh ." $til(l11.rya, of 4;00 vUlllges a drt)!;wm!fdflm,.

Of:2;fiO villages a k~lJnp'Q,W~ojof I0 vin~g'e$a $( l iJc~ 'a l im.p l . These words

lltili o.fr.at{l oee a rren c e and ! pro ba .b]y be long t:o,th ~ ol.d te 'rm inolQgy

of judSidk:tion. Th e D iv y! li:v ad ~n a mentions dro}.m:~.jjt~hya (p .. 62Q.~)

and ! . ' { lnMf#k,tJ~45.2:J)."KI1,antJ!~·kfJ is formed from .klu.n"1j(jla, which

tbe M [t:l:k .$ ar.ii, Yoljr!avalkya U. H 5 7 r gJosses pr(u;urakafJta:kl1sm/l.tii~tl·

griilna~ a v iU age 'l; \ th h nlany ~thorn$~> adding thlltthepan~llM~,·cirtl!mfe'.r~:mej 0'( a c:rltma~ < I Ua.Yw~a, and a wlgm-a sb ould be mo~

::l00 fj])[1 400 d lm~u sJ ' I'es:pectivdy.

Kau!alya th~ngoe~ on. to explain what lkti'u)ts of hm'·s:u,i ts the

jtJ.d:ges shotlld refuse to delll wil~,: In..1 ~yaV.t'tJl~1:Y{l~/J~{iP(l1l{l",h.rllda·

:p(Jd(lJ,,;hm.rJh~~, 1 l lr rlmg ( \ lm e :n t o f p r c c e d u r e , t reat ' lsEl on Qb j e c t s ,of . 1 0 1 .w-

suit!>. Tiro1 li tan iQml ,g; :l "ml (J,kf il ra~ 'IY(}pddJrJupahvl'lmkrm1'~ IS t IT vYG..,ah(1rl l ' /~

p.1"IJHf!edl~aY~1,4! they ShOllM not admit 13w\,slJltS abcur what is don e

] 1 ' 1 sc,r : : re tj wItihf Q th e hoese , a :t n igh t, in the for l! :5 t" dece i tf uUy , ' O i l "

Clandestine]y. There are exceptions to this res t r lc t iOrl ,a .nd t h ey I I D E l

el:lm'll!(l:rat~d;d . Y a jn :a v aU :y a It 3 . it r . , N!lnu:;b.U 43.

Th,en f'b,now5 an . im portan t tn~ attseabou trnar:ri< lg illj III. ii ~l'Vli'·

ha s. an l .Y d t e ~1 'v a Ju l d lm ' t'1 .n a (~$ .Mdha 'i tr l ro f } aQ ' d J n ' v c d Q . m 7 m m , in cm:U':Ii~,c:ti.()n

will , J:fIar.riage, th e m a :rrI: 'lg e U$fige~ th e law abou t W~nlf:'I'lI'S property,

th e g if ts to .~ 5uper5ede,cl! w .ife . Th e n foH ow the d e s ig f]a ;tion s of th e

t,a .a itl.on31 S k~ l l !d$of marri<l!ge, in dO l !le a eoo rd a tlo e with th e A ~ \ 'a J: ly an 3

Grhya siiltra t 6:

.1 " lM.i'{Vd'da.h",af~1 fm n iJ llm a ia iJ .k rl) )'( l ur i1 lwUJ ~£1/a.l!,{lb

A:~\~,.I:.,.amid~rlya; J : ( i ! 1 { Y ~ l m t~dq. lw p 'nnJ ll IJ I ( :ku ly tid €!j(r , or lJ lmw ' i , , ~ V i t h a l J ;



1945 . .NO•.L 39

M \ ·. , . 2. r tl Ji je ,v it al t kan.n.a,~~idild)fld ala~krt.J''(l £(1 aoJv() , s ee K .a l,lJ ~ ld Y ll· 4 .

2., s(lhadJl(,lnJUJ'Ca~:fl'i p 1 ' a j ( i 1 ! a ( Y G J . ~ , ~\$v,3 s a J r , ( l dAQ1WUill]1 c~mia

i . t t " :(J~j'iipalyal).,.

3· Cl)mi'tl~1mfi,rili~/t'i(l (lr~ah, AsV'. 4 go~.~1i t l j f ' { jJ·mf lda#'N) jm;ymxh8#," l

sa I l rq ,a~ l

~. (mf~rwdyam rfui),tdiinad d..dvt1l:h see J:V'~·'2.

: 5 . mit/lab $(1ma'llJyl1d gii~uilu:u~a.~~ A , : S ~ ' . 5, mit/wI;; $aH1iajllill!~

I i r l < i ' f Y / H z y G C l 1 J I N a sa gZ'b.ui/wriJ'ab

6 . s$ l;.lk fld oiJ ulfa ilStm;i~! Mv , is dJ~al.r(m()/l(I:t'OffJy()payacdwt(J $(,I' ( i$u1" i1b :

7; jJra's,tdryli:dfitUid 1"tik$asal~, A . ~ . v . 7Sfpti'lI~(i~!1 IN'f11!nat!jj 'w1~~

~ l4 pa ll(l;rlt! sa p(tr¥Hicl1.~~sere Ka!l)l~"8.

8 sU/#iJdi!-Jlirt p1JiSdaall, S e e .K.~v. '1 , Mv.S lialm l)J :d ll-m : 'C a'

.ifr~afli ,·ti,daffl!'~ r l ldaaMy.() /i .a1"C, ts .1 r ,17k$ ,a$alz~ :s~e K:au:~ . 't-

The-co r r e spond anee is : S 1 O c l e s e that we m u s t in fe r that Ka ; u ; ~ " lY1 l

h a s s im pljl'fJ ld op :t~ cl! th e V ed ~ c d e :f in iti,oim . . T h e numbe r s differ:

K<lu~.2"""~\~Y.3j I{a:~~.3=A~v. , .4, [{!liU~.'"=A~V . 2 ,K : a I:l~ . '7 -= MV ...8r

K.a!.l!~. 8 =.Aj~·.']. N:ttrada. XU. 410-4 f:01l!ows Ka' l [ l ,~fI~.ya, .

P£rrlwiml(l~{Jtwt~~rah pUf'VYt dlmrf~~J~J;.,~.nrJri%p£trJw:aj~~I~JaiJs f l . w · a ; b ;Ull~ 1 1 . 1 :.~ I .~ lkakaratJ ;d l1~ l l£ iu~; (1JtJ.fI:.tarabhli 'Ue ' : l:lJ'Gtaro ' l 1 a ~ the f O i I l ,f i i l iS i l

cnes :3 " , ( ' l l l l~ .def d lril au th ority of ~ h e f< lth e , a nd ! I : ' jgh~eo!J !$~.tl:i~ ot n e 'ron es a l'~ liln d er' th e : : ; l II l thofuty o f m o t h . e - f l l n c l l fa.ti' i i l l lr, f lO r those t cwo

take the br i d , e ·p : r i ~e forth~ da;lIght~rr or one of them if on e of t h em

is . .n o~ e x i:s t: in g,

D?iiiiy.mtl Su lkm. l~ s tr .~ ·h(1 .ra .~ /sar'~tQ,,!lpl'f~~r()Pa1}alJ~ alwal#ifldam~.

< 'l : se co nd (lId d iti.o in a .l) m r ig .e :'[b Il" f(le th e wife s~:! lo :uld h I k e ' j to a ll it is

jjn forbid d e :[1 wg~ v e g if ts of lov e . (Si: lam a S.8 Js~ ri ] "C1 : .ad ;SGdt t~·n)a~t l ) .

Vrlth' i i !J.aJ/~ya,1!J v a 5tridluma~1~.Pm~cui~is(lha'S,r{j:s:tJrlljlyll vrltilJ r

alu;rdhyffniy.ama/)r ma~l l t e . n " ,nee e r c rn am e a r s a r e wha t is d u e 'to th e

w ife : tile rn ab:lte :l'la !'lc e sl'J;OIl~d! be :s e t,u ed u p ~O 2;000; th e re is n o

rest r ic t ion em Qirnam,ents . . J t ! , 1 > fi;itther s t< lte d ]Ja w sbecan~~e ' r !d t h is .

W h a t h a s been e iu joyed intheg(itull!ardtl a rnd (~rasbe should be

~1J'ul,.deto giveaway, that iDt~,~ rllR$((tj.{l a n C 1 paiJi ica s:be ShoOiUld

g i v e · a ;s lf i t \ ; ' ; l , e r . e : . s t : o l e n .

Mrit llll'tl.nari dJt!J't'1~lak,iJr;ta tadllmm f tV,Jstldl/ iy. lh!u1ratfa11l Cfl

laone ta , whc \ln ~ h e h u sban d has d le d , she sho'uld £"e t be r

orn am en ts < ln d · th ,~· r~ m ai:rJJd er e f th e b:r£d e,,:p iik e, : if G , h e wisne!! ; to

sm bra c e a re ]fs~ ou s nCe; d. N 'I:ra d a ]. ~ 8 j lfl~dA'ri w a ~.itJda.JI~{jUlt



s(;l1,JrildMko~'T~ ~r.MmyaJl~d~pye(at OI"J if sh e JUi:S fO lU nd ta n1'!\lr h !J : sb~nd) ,

s h e ~ h ou lc l be :rn aa e to l"eIlOLlno('! l lo: th; ku{umbxd~ti l.ntr, .t1~ S"l1stll'1'a·

pfft£datt(l~~i 1~£vd (lkaJc la/). fj 'l !ta, bl:ltir sh e w]~ he$ to ·ta :av e a . h mJ:seh :olr.i J

s h e sh ou ld ge t w h :illt J 5 gi.v~]j, by rather· in~II , i \ i i ; ' and husband; a t th e

tlm ,e of f f i i e ' t i t J , i ng down ; cl~41&lwaprnti l[mt.JI€J~ff 'v a uivitr/rJ ,~ ' : )(1S~{~·ajJ~ui.

da{ja)t.~ j 1 y , c l : a j' 0", jf sh e h a s se ttle d down aga in s t th e w is h of t h e '

fa th e r-in -law , sh e .shQ uld lo$ t;l, wha t: was g. iven by fa th er-ill·la w 3.f1 d

hus:b ; ]na . j fj , t ihasfi id (l;f ;JJI~Jj' lr$'l( i ju j im iayo y'a:f,Mgrhft(l~!j dad:yt~bJ' if she

h a s : be e n ~ io];)jte d 1 I t : th e .n .a .['Idof h tlr re li:! t iv ~ s , t ille rd ~ ti\ 'e s sh ou ld

giv:C' l t i : lem ] 1 ' 1 aeeo rdanee with wha : t W<lS r eee i ved : 1~yqpa8!!lliy(11)

p.m~ijmtlif sll'1dlum(u~~ ffOfa.V.i!t~ of QM\¥!tO has b~el] approaehedaccording to nile themafl who gets her should guard the prmpe' r t .y or

th e w ife; palid('ly{u!Jviuda~."Ili'Jti jiycl(j~when shef :1nds (< l no tl 'l :e r husb and )

she S~.10Ll.M. i05etrn.e: !nh~r]t:ancefrom her husband: Jllarmaklt:mfi

bllU:ij jUa,if sha wishes to ~mhrf:!lce a religious life, she should enjoy

it; ln~lraMti tJ'h~~lamftnll !S{ridha~(M~~)'lye/aJ ta t if' Ji.tr.rdJl~Mnl~ptftnl

hareYIl/ j" If she h as S.QII' l,s <lnd finds (m lOther , i lusb<lnd) , she should

IQS,e th e wl fe · 'p rQP e ['~y~ bu t th e 100 :nS should take it j 1m'tl"iofb}~(lrCf~!artl~m~1

tl\if 1 )i" du :m ibm putr ar iUa1? l sph. l i t l /mryt l t }0[' w he ns ile f indSiQif le : ,ih e s h ou Jd

lncrtt; ' ls,e i. t {:or th~ bt :: :n f l:n tof he~ r :SQ[lJS j !Jahup1~1'/~'ftlpFaj.in{i 'f:J p~tr.{jt!{1f!t

yatha pitl'datlalJl 8tr ,Xdluz~,i ( lm I'lMslniijN1';fei, {lOr ~Oll$ i b : e g > o U ; e t l by m a r l Y

men she snouldset;tl~ thfl wife.property : ; ' 1$ it wasgI v en by th e

C....th e .$ ;.. . a 'P . t d r i i pa l t 5aycma~ ' /~ pillaya1~fi glt~'u'$tm~i~'$tf.~dltrr:nam

i ' i } , u : { J k $ t 1 y { l : d b h l d 1 j " t t a j.iZpv.i(l,l'l!uJ,'ll Ai strtdhmJam, IDtdkrJ(.f}tl dayada~l

g.tr,~~hd,if s h eJh !li:v in g n o SOilS., k ee ps h err 'im :sh a:t1 d ts bed , ~ .!1 Jth e :presence

of h er Siu pe r.~ [)r$ $! l,e s hot.lJd ,e njoy th e wif~pmp{lr tytm theend of h e r

life , for th e w ife ·"prope rty is th e l: 'e f< lr~ h e sak e o:f cO lil8 irn f ti.~ s ,.and

aft.er\.li':ard5 it should go t o : th~}]dr,

Th e In@ti,n,ttlresting fe am r~ in th e se ru le s is th e .fad~ha~ t h ey

s ,h ow th at 0\ w id ow :cou ld m an ry anotnel" h u sba nd , a n d ~hi,sp~ints to

a l 1 e ady date for th e Ka~ta]]Y<l,.Modifh:.a~ions ll~ d m i ! 'lQ r a d d it ioln s

th elil'im ay h aw ,e be le n m ad e, 'bu t, so fa r a s I c a ll ,s e e~ Ja cobP s ju d gem en t

Sibout its au th en tic ity s tili rem <!in :s th e m ost Hke ly one.

Var~il"~y tl~~(jpra j I ; ) ! ( 1 " ' t ' i i 1 1 , ( i , m apubf.i~~b'(11.l'(/hyii1V '1l1dink:~tJaj'

d asa ' :n b ~J u" t:l, d vtld tJ ;# J. k(JnylIpra5'(luln;m~· .f:ttlab/Jub-arlh'i dvtb"yi i jri

'q . in ,dda/ iasyrUiJwal/f lc s:ulka~~'I.'5tr'ldlul1lam Gr'd luu :f l C{ tdh l~ 'U! !J (J ,' ,li ka~~.1rkUlytlt, ,r;~~frvil~~satlp,a~~'tlpm'ill~]lC~ d( l1)4aH,J . ,e '~gh t y!ll:liWS h e s h ,Q lQ ldw i.~ t

e .~



when the\ ,v:ife does net bear cnildrfl ' l l , ]",13£ no :son~ or is b;ill·r~n;ten

wh el'! sh e u$ oe liv ,e l'e d i of a d e a ,d eh i ld , twe]V!!ll when :s Jm g iv e$ birtll1

t i l :) gurls; after that he $1.10~,1dfind aseeend {wife) , jf he want s a' £on ~;ift~r the Iapse of t t ! : 1 . a : t h e Should g[ve the bride-prIce : l ind balr of the

w lfe ~s fo,r tu ne <ls , r sdM~$t . i (u t l ka ~.gin ~ 'o th e $upel : 'S>eded wife~. and a

fine tlpt(l2i pa~!'(M, e f Ya jl'i!lv :a i.k y 11 . ]1 I.:J ,8 j. M : a n u IX.·8I.

Su l k ( 1 .Sd i ' £dha l~ 'N~ (ltlu/~(lslTXdlumris .ltltpra'iI,Iil"~~a~,I~Qfi t . i v . e:dG1! i /Ut ' . l !

aJuwfipm~t '{~ 'tITltb!~ doU'Q(I bvdW1r api vitJrietal fmMlr#uI M I>lri)'tl~"

havir l ig given, bdde.prl4le ,md\ \ . ' ! f e ' s . property, a ~a]pel! '$e$io! ' l gift of

the same va,lu~, a[ld a s u ltaM e m !lf~ te !1 !a ! lc e ~ h e may .a~$o find man y .

w'ho have not received bride-p,·ice or'f, ...i J e : ' : s propel'fty,. fbi· women are

there fo:. the sake of (beal".ing) sons.

m.!il Vt'vi!J~asm~ry~~.kiesff{;:r.fi~iMll(1rm1Jp~rrl'iYaJ1.Hl:!jlE~.~.(:(ir()p(1~t1mvya·

'VaI1ifr(1pmtr'~'e'(!l l lJs C~J ]0 c!O,nnedlloiL'l: with m a rr i~ 5 ~ obe c llie n ,c e ,( ~ o

p"ren l1 s} , m atn tenance {of fe .t1 llak JO .),h a rsh n es s (in word s·, a lld llictS},

d ]:s a a" ed ion ~ . lh ~ $ oon d u ~ tt for bid d e n f1l\fQI[ir$ and a~,od.:Jitton"

DWld'a!safj.fi~'$a $irf pr:apttwya.' iJtdll1J'7i bimv'ati !}'(j4asfZUar$atl,tt€J.l~,l.tJ~

al~l (b 'dlwat)~ a~u$rR~,1fJU1~'d:dEdasQ/m,o/J5fn'yi! d(1~Jd(Jl):frmllso' dvigrl1;}a~~

tw e lv e y e a rs o1d<l wom : a n oome s of a g e , SiA ~e e ! l y e a r s did a m sn ;

in th e ' c a se o r df!ilobed~~IlJ;;e t h e r ea ft>e~r a "l'Or1J1In i s . [ in~d lr2 pa~la,:iI m anth e d ou ble , In th e ebapte r abou t rm arr~ < lg$th ; isc:a l l Ol;!i]Y bur l r~f~renc~

to th e pr r ipe r a g e of r t l; ]r ti .a .~ "lc [ M am l IX . 9 '4 , N U < ld a 1. 35< f , . } , a n d

ltis ther:llfote of intflres:t, l1 'r :1r the yQ!!ll'lgC'lli t 11~ source,the lower th e

Ilge.hll. tll.ertlodernact a iooU i t marria,g:e of Jl91~9 d le c orr eg ,pon d irJ Ig

.f i: l; iu]"C!ssr~ 1 .4 and IS . Tbere is :no l'e f e ~ · e Ili c e ' i n th e Ka u ~ . a l~ j ': fl t o

I :na r r] ! ilg~ b ,e twC 'l ,e r l ·c~i~dr~n."

Bna.r:ma~tyJ)lJm an~h;U~/akillJyll'!~~<:rfJs{jc""Chlf ' ( iQ;nm!iv?idMk(j~Jt yathl1.

fRwu,"~aparh;nJ'(j1~! S{l 'U i$e~l la '1~ J~r(l.flt/ 1l~:}·d2j.(( j ldUliy( i1?~tat sa1J~kj jyJya

bandilaJ{~ ca a a d ; J o f J t , SUlkt1.$Mclhm~{it!hwctim~l:kfiw.{J)n .m~lidfjrtr: ca,

s';MSrmzimlapravi; 'J#itya121 ' < 1 i M ~ M i i Y i i J 1 ~ ~t'l ' ' i' lih/l.IJfojyalj; p(lti~~~ wh en th e

'maintenance has. not been determi l l iC ld l 3s~o t i : r m ~ ' 1 h~ shotd.d g i 1 i . .e

rood and do t Jh~ ! ]g ; or a lIul,[l more~ according to th e pla ce of th e m an ,.

'w ith SDm e th in ga borv .! 'l ~ If it is d ee erm ln ed : 1 1$ to tim e h e should C 0 1!, lrlt O iIJ ~

ju s e a m u eh and g i.v e a 'ph' ldge, a ad withlout t a : l dngaw3!Y b"ri.de:.pri.oe~

wif~'s prope.rty or 5uper \! l~ion gHlts ' i if sne has gone bJtlle heuse

of her fa ther· , in· l<lw or if there has bsen . f l . panitiol~ of the property,

nle hus l lJan d s .1 1 , O U ~ d ! not b e' saed,



H.,·]i". Kl.

BJf,G1WUltlyii · E l \ l i C l e t l t i . y refers to the same ~bing as bluuma. The

f !~ea. !' li l'lg ~h i re~ wagesJol g1\lllrl in O 'UJ rd i ct ion <ll :]e ' sis due roa ml:surla,er-

s tanding oJ Ii~millcarldm's AbbidhaJ1Jaci! 'l ti!il '!1<1Q.]3~63. Th e .rl:le an in g' Q rptlr~1lllfm is l l I l tCC1: ' r tSil l l . M:hbh . V .. ~ ~ ~ .~ N [ia k al:! ~ h:3 g l 05S~ sl:h,DJ:'ia:. G<l!)apillJt~

grkr: tM aw ~f~ja~tf)paka} ' l ii {< l(Jnal ih, ' ;' ;l l! j1 ' f f~ \Um a .

P(Jnft;yamt Itarsnness, when th e husband seelds or bea t s his wife ,

.!l ' \artber ~Qmme:I'Itis not necellsary. J)~, ' .e$(l , d! ,~ a : f t ~C t jOf i . .A ~ r som e

rem ark s a fuom . what Sh~ldd be dQ neun the¢&$iC 1!of conj uga .l ~ .nfi(]eJity ,

and aitloll,t, th e hU:5band '$ oMigadot ! i s in thf : i case of ph ys ic al de f e c t s

~ r . dt!!JtaNiI~gp) a r id fa ls e s ta tem en ts th e w x t deals ' \ \ ' i ' i thdivorce, m~~o~~p

blulrltw akii'~}~a$)''1>1uw,$r1 / i hltrJryli, blmryllylJ.g ca Marm~ paraSll\tlr(f~~1d:mlilJ! ~~ l o k$ ' ( 1 !~ ,a di5:aff"ect~d\~'.ife of a nQ~~lo·"~[lghusband <linda

(d i sa f fec ted) I :msbando f (a not"lovi f lg) wife c annot obtain O l. d ' lvQ"oe,

but there is dlvcree from mutual dh.aff~lct i( lI1. The h : !O ! t remark is

.n.otin. ag r e>emen tw i t h later te:l';ts~d. N~T:"adllXi I . 90 w~y;a'"'!l lJ"aja{'(w

aga l l .syfid (J;~~Y"'nya'VimriJ(llt(1ytJb·

Str ,v lp raM riid ~a p t t rw jas CI!UmQh'$t lm: ~ ' !; cJuu lyall~agrllit(J;~ll asyai

dady .~ t / pt~J'tl$(ftdpr(jkiIn1dVla~t"1 €.~~~ m ok fm n lc c ,;u m nasyai yallM't.

crhUa1! l tllu(yul; 1fmoe{ io dI1l:lrmlJ.iJi"Vii'h.5J~Jm: ~)i,if a man wishes a

d ivO ltc :e O Il. aCoolmt of th e w ife 1 m .ru tin g· Mm , . k 'te s h ou ld gi.\!~h e r 3S h e

h,lS ~~c : e iv ed , or i f th e w iC ew ish e s a d iv orc e on a e eou ae of th e m an insult-

in g h~ ., h e should not gi.v e her as he has recel vee; thC \lm is no divon:e

in tbe case of tlle dharrn(l.'I)i'Vi!ll{l'S (the first four kinds of mar.ri .ag:e).

At{w1' i f1, m i sc on d u ct. P it:r [)i$ h fiie T I~ L lf !lw iC e who, alber having'

been wa rn e d (pnlli~i{ldnli), shows &n"Of i ahc~ d r.iflk s, or tak es t~

coque t r y j gO ~ 5~Q a show··en t ! \ l " ta r inm~ht of wom en or m e tlin d ay t i!~ ,e

or in t'!1e night (d. Manu IH.84); sleeps it lt ox r c a: ~ ~ d w lle ~ n th e h~balld

has gone a .w aya fld s :h .u ts the door to h i II I j whi'll] she ~I]rn:s h im out

at n igh t; when woman or m a :n m :lik e g es tu re s. w ·]t'h th eir body a~m lng

atoohaout!ltiQ!'I;. or talk together in a . secret way ~ when th.~ycatch 1 . 1 0 , ] ( 1

of t h . · £ ! ! hairs, th·~ dQth] a nd make use of teeth or nai ls; when. there

]S ll. a o:nvers 3Jt1 0n a t: a s us pfc iQ .li,1 $ plll.c e!; .pr(1t1fJ~~Jdjlu·sber darpo"M'

d:1t if .k.yf. rja:l li .~ l ; ( tw a 5l~'rprl !k$Jvi /~ar.ag(l .m( l 'J:j 'e ; l 'UJ'u$a:pnk$fi,1)ilt:lW:agcm.I(.ffl't

•. . • ,.fU r-au ; 5Mptap."I'tM"Jf:ll lfi pJ'mN.rj{}.-w.~ bhar/$ l r !Jmt1fll ca aoo1'a$)f(J;

~" iUm~~ ~ ~ i $ k . f J f . i .m l e , ; slrWpuJtJs-ayor mia£ i h . t ~~ i l r t h ' e "~ i : n g (m l c ( !~ ! uY f i 1 !~palla!}.

sfl(lsa .~ !lb ir!t$ IJ 'y {t I !l ~ / kesa#r';)id(mt(lHakliiJ'Ualttmk.'n~$.~~; $(f.fIJ;i taslJlafM

stllJlbhii:j.fiyfiJ!l.



43

UIMkl!i.m'!:ytMJalul">fJplJ"'ati~tdha~, forbidden f",vom -s and assoela-

ti.of]J. p,.atl~{ddhay(}~ s'trjp1ill~S{1y,01''lmyoniPo/MI.'iir:f, when \VOma nand

man in spit~ of prohibidon fSivollr~d'l o t r n . e r : p r O ' ) . N # d ( l J u : t : P ' 2 l ! ~ U .{iav)'(~va!fi'jlr~~~t]n ;JSSOdfflldollSWml forbidden persons, cf.. Nalfaclia

XU,6~,66-6{t

[Itlv, vl(!{jlrtl$nJJty.!~kte~~iiq)'(Jlaj,uU!~Plithy ,anl~~:raV'.a~ll brrJs,<m!N"a'·

misa.(t {li.'f'!JlMp}~I1$i'i$as ta, :~ln,()Om:H!CE~Onwith mar-r:i~;ge:n.llning a w O ' l . y ,

fo 'H ow ing on th e roa d , $howt ~bsenlc~, and ~ on g i1 1 ID :s en ce.

Ni "~ /mtm,um. I~ .rIJIlllninlg away. P'lllni!lh:met~lt of a . w~fe \ \ . ' I l . o leaves

hC i lf h l !l: 5band ." s hou s e i f s h e h a s no~ bee f! in su lte d l (a/~yel'ro vipnilm.rlttj;

,i f she goes beyQnd ~he [l,eighbolJf'S house (p"at~ 'v.c. {(J:grhr :nfuafaf llJ ; ) "

if s he h as 'oo ta b:ll,ed ad r n i i u , a ! ' l c ( l ~ iII~m5, or wares., F f '! S J U ; :c t Lve ly , f r Q I ! l

neigbbollrs~rl1e'nd~cOl!!ltsarlo' traders (pr~lt ivldi luzhlj ' ik$~kaT),r :Hd~/jakl i1' l . f im

a1.!lIJ~ti.iaMih~~tifJtl,{~yll'diiut); if they h a v e be e n forblcl!(I~[I h e ] " (prtlii$~'ddJ~ii"

'~ t ' l1~ /) ; if'she h~:sgLm e beJQirldthe SUJiTO undirlg hOU!5,,"S (ptwigrJr i l l ig.atrJ"

ylitp); cf. P Sira!i;am a X . : 2 1 8- 3 0 .

P . ar a b .k J ry ,It 'a ,k a st Jd 1 :~ l c sat ya a t I J , . u t o ' u y :a l r -npudM: t~b :v i i ' r : a t~aiI1! i i ' .

- ' J o : y o r 1u'l"do1J,al~ pra ti,J ipraM i'r lJl',\v llililn ad m itt! l[! )c e h as bsen give :n

ttl anether'e l!dfe, t:fuer·e is, fl iJ,ne of It 00, if thejj~ is not a

c a l, a rll Ity ~ there is no faJult if they forbid or do nlot kn~)w,. and ag il i ns t<'!n insy~t.

p(Jtijilmislfkha~sth(lgr:anri~~~:rilid;,Md~il'1~~~k'fjlilJtil.mlanlJmtI;tu'atamau~

a.prfYW}(lm g(U~lum adat;a~~ ity Q,c. i ry t l ,~ ,ut r~ [10. f;'lu~~t : o g:o to gne of

the houses ofa relative .of tile ~li~ba]i!CI~a happily estab]lsnt'ld

"vmag~~ 1 1 J bail, a ~rektdye ef'a fem:a]eme: l i1 ; ( l lcant . , lif tlle'r'e is no ma n ,

thus the tleach~.r5; sap t . tr ;u~m:~1 ~ j 'f j(Uic.II1am, ' .mio hi sl ldhvi j 'auaS'ya

c k,a !.a ~ t~ .M iR Jmm ( tI e d a~ahDdd;um~it £ K~u;alyal~,or t1 0 the hoase Qf

a re~adve where t h e r e ~sa : m r a l l ~ for ~ lQ \ vCQu l d good W Q m e n f o ] k

d ece iv e? thO 'it ise a$Y ro fn~ d 'OU[J thlLl$ K!llI~il l lya.

Prda-~J' l I \dhi { l )y.at ! (J,~( lgwbl l ( , l t l£m~:t fam alw .a: t1 . :$ i ' dd l l l1~~evq j11'li likJila.

camCl:1Mlnlj it is ~ot forbidden i]Q go to a re~advte ' s house o~[I:a.coonnt,

of death, disease, 01 : ' pr-egna . ! : !~y ; "~j:m£ltaJ?~'iMl"qyala drJ'lida~apo~()

da~~'(/a1J.j t'ltr'Pfgllh.(l~nt:na $1J'IdJ~tl.J,~t!l']lJ'fytta~ j'iilUayotii'l d~daya'MI(!'I~

$~/oo 'se$( lm! if he {the llusbanld]1 dcss 1'I0~ admit the reason, there ils

tI.n l:le ·of J l g pa~a~a.nd ~f5h~ lleY~:rtheiessbides U:I1~:rejshe should

lese her wife 's p:r-opefty,. orth.e re,]a:ti '\ i '\t: l~. who fuJid e he r th e l:-em Olitnd ,e :r

of th e Ilr id e.;pttQ e.



H.·F" 1 \ : 1 .

Pa thy ai 'Ui ' .sart l~;tam! foilo\"\!ing OIl th e w ay . Palilm l1 l1 1 tU f;p tily a

gram l il1 tm" (J{ fmm Uie t f~ lll d( j.~t1p t: tJ .I 'Od(l~lr.f,trlt sth'ii/lyiibJuW<l'jil!QpaS sa, wh en .

gO 'in g ' to anoth e r v ,illag~ ! 'lif te r h a v i,llg ru n aw ay from th e h u sband 'sh ou se th e re is t i l . lin e of 1:2 /J(l~:~f1 a nd 1os s of th e ' ora am en ts sh e h a s

to deposit: gamyma ita p,W{!Sti MJUJ;pJY/,S#tfJ'IlC ,CGtlln.lb~lsati'I){1f.I(j{i

sal",!1(ldllr:J.rmuiopas ,cliJIY'l1lm Mat"J~/(ldl i l , l l ' I l iY'h.a§,I'(Jl l lal1(i l ;,IIJ'a1~i p l~ ' t~ . sa l i

pflrtlall S!''ilr(l,scu/.a·{IQall t /~JyasreY'as,ab, pIIjJi]! tJ80 ",mlh:ym}Uf,~', b am i l m r

(l{la~uJfl~,pml i$ed }~c ' ~ :n Ih( lda "J {la '{ I, !, it she sets out together with a

m an w ltla w hom ,sh e : C i l [ l l 1 i a ~ . ' e in te re oe rs e , th e f i n e is 24 :/J'lIJjO.', a nd

s h e ' loses. II Il h e r ,r ig h ts w ith the except io 1 ,1 of ,c a l" ln g 'f or 't h e I1Ul Lllten,3.nee

and s,oing in thec~'Llr5es (to, the husband); rOlf" the man it is th~firs,t vi 'ol~nce f ine (250'ptl~m), if h ( : is of e q u al s ta n d in g , the midd l e

( S IO O ' ) , if h~ is t nf e'r im (cf. Man,1,Iv m . , 13,8 about :Slflu:t$:tld('l~d(rl; < l relative

]$ not ttl be f : i l l , e d , . if he i~ forbidden~ the' half.

P oilu ' < 1 Jum ta rcg 12 '(pia dcsli/)/liC tm u uw m a it:)um lfr.tlrc1 ia s(n':tldtaf!ratl·

l i iddhlibh~li l!l to.Dpatl ty rmus. lh' i1,J( I sa~IU!'(lIU~~ta'l~ vld)rUt , when she goes

to an i n t e rmeod i a t e hidden pi3,ce, or fol] 'QwS o n the way people sus-

pec h :d or ' forb~ d .d e n w ith re ,g a rd to coila bita .tioll, one should know

that there is a sexual asscelatien (cf. Manu V[l[.3S6).

Ta:li!pacar(l.c't lraf,UnnaJ$yC1ba1~dhakalubdljak,agopi' i i( lkastm~utiMjl i fnt

,cmYC$Q1l lttl pra~~tastf'iklIvi~~.tpalllY am lsr:w a ~,lam tldO$tl~,there :is 110

l a q , l I e to folloW-Or! th e way danc e r s , t singe.l's,fis:llelF$; hU! ' l t e r s"cm'o"

herds, liquor-sellers or C!thllT$ with Ieese wives,

H:raS1)I'lI!1'(wli$(l,~, a sh or t a bse n e e , H ow long a wife h a s t i l l waI t

for h e~ r ab.s e r l't h u sba lld , an d th en to whom s h e - s h ou ld tu rn , for it

is a l'engiQus murder to obs tru c t th e courses (l ir {h .o /J{w o dlw M

dharm avadha& l. .

J)1~"!J1l l ' l 'p ' rarssa~:, ill lo[lg ' abse n ce . H ow lQ ng 3 wife h 8 JS to wait

~ , . . h~n tt l e h u sband is long a way , has ta k e ]1 th e v ow s , or is d e a d ,

a n d th en to whom sl 'i ,eshoou]d tUFO.

Ill,v, DlJyav ' iMa.ec dllyahra.mnizJ in tile partition of inheritance,

th e StliCCl~S~ion a t j,nherilam;;e. H ow th e' d ~ffe :J ie n t h eirs sho'uld i nhe r i t

is e 'x pla in e d in essential ag r , e eme l l t w ith th e D ha rm 3su tra s . IfoUow

Gag;l.apa:ti i n readil: lg rikMiJ~l Jn4J'af!ata~1 pul jr -~ duMta r o v.cf ( l I u n · m i : ~ { l t r . r ; . u

1JiVlihc$'l~ i iUMJ, th e , i : l ' lher . i tan,ce a f tie r a m an who h a s SOIlI : ; ; , th e son s

or th e d a u g -be e rs ooom in r 'll8 ' bt eQu$ m a r r ia g e s (the:f i rs t four k i nd s o rma.rr.i : ' l ige) should t a k e , Dirnct l l t -ls tl1~ e passage adliyijJakQ.~~i rrrja



45

liard isl . l~f~',! ' / iJp}'e.trtkad.t7rymmrjai1J. I~ Se em s to m e a n th a t 'th e k illg

sheud cOIlI'fise8Jt~ the lnherltanee if there are flO direct heirs,l!Xccept

when the deceased has been miserly \\ ith regard to the maintenaneeof h is w ~ fe a n d h is d u tie s tow ard ,. th e depiE i lf" te d 01fl~:S. Ga~ J a p a ! t[ , c h , ; l nge s

prc takmiarya to p . re laku l 'ya , which ]oo,ks Hk~ a p i S - a / 1 8 1 " . Ct ! M a n l l

lX,.~8!'iit ',!i.rada Xnl.So, Vi~~!!' XVI]"4-9., Ynjliavalkya ,n.120.

m . vi (1J'!l'srlflJiMlf'go(" .i.ppol"ti lO!l!I!,ent of shares (in the inheritaneel,

£kasb-11mjrli~l/l~ll jYe.!Jtflu,!~sab::; hr7ifJmJ(ll~finfim ajil/;, J.;~alri),{J~~rJma5 < J I J I ; ,

'~raisftll 'd'''~ g i i v o b . s/ iddlJ, t i tm' aOlf1'yail. am.o[J ,g S Q n : : ; ( ) i f one mot~ l . e : r t l 1 e

principAi share with ot"(t lmw?I.(ls are ,g"O \:ilt5 ,~!tith k¥G,tri; 'as hO~C5 j with

l I I , a i t Y Q S cows, \vith §ooras sheep, &c. Nm,i:lJs,tr~putl-(j~liiJ~,J.. . , t n l t · .

'lmiaJlm(ma jye~{ ' IU1bMl1al l . ill'nong sons of differ 'fOnt mothers, the

p rinclpa] sh are is by p!r i tuogen i t l l r -e ; cf is",pastambSi II. 14.7 . , Man 1 J

lX. J~,6.

m . ' 1d i '/J1I!l'/lllibhapll, dif ferent sons. P.CirtI jmjry,; l frohc lJ fjam :1 ~ f- sr $((U ll

k $ C , tr i J , t l l l l ily i ! ' i i ' r : , : w i ~ " a seed thrown into <llliother's property 'belongs

to the owner of the field, (l1u$ ~he teachers: l 1 M J U : Mast1'i1;,),asya

,I"ttl(.l$t ttv5)lllpa'lyam £~v apare, E t U ! ! mother is < I leathern hag , . he who

has UU ~ selm.~tD,~o him belongs the child, thus others . , :l)idya/~t,TJliJ,m

uMu'ryam iii Kar~M!ya~I' both is to be f 'o ' l !md, th l l s Kilu~nJy:a. This isfurther explained, Auyt ' ls.a, legili!!lla;~e,!. is a son who ]5 begotten with

one's wife; equal to him is the Imtrik'lilmtraj the SOIl o t cne's da.ught:er"

3[1d a son begetten th:wugh levirate is k§riraja, bern jintbe field,

l, e . ] e -g lt il' nla t ~ ; ia .n a)d tIoW asary "myasmi;"t {}titf"lt sa e1JJl dv£p·Hrko ,Jv~"gotr:o

Viii if the beg,ett,ev has no other SIlI'l, this one wit i have two fathers,

e\'enUuaUy two go~a$; latsadllarm(l hIilU.dlli ll1ll1!' crMgFlqli'tljiUas tu

g n l l r a j t l ' h " of e q u a l f ights w it .h . h im is h e w h o is born in th ( il h ou s e

of r.ela.t~\'es., but ftH4fuli~r 1 : 5 one who .is bom dandest:ine'ly; i xmdku . -

m:jjS}'~~O 'ptt ' tJhldlurb S(J}~15A.'ilrli{~p.it~J'a!J, One who is rejected by a

relative is a n n p . i l'Q id d / ia , r~ j! ! t 'te d , a n d i.s th e son ,of h im w ho in itia te s

h im ; !u lnyagr: t rbh ( l l~ k'lIf1l'uli" t h e : S01l. of an u flm ar .l" i,e dwO fila o is a

k8'ni:n'a; SCig(W Md fjl ji iy l. l b sah'or!ha~i, h e w h o is born by a p r~ g rl,a flt

wom all is j;I sllhDrJlm; pUfwrbJrmiJy6 l ) }tnmarbluf i r.Hl: ! ;, the son of a

r ema r r i e d woman is 11 p(l:rm{Jrl.)lur~a; c r . 'VaJ~~a ' \ I ' , l \ r kyalL I ~8 ff.; Man u

IX . 52, 166 f[.; N i il'a d a X l l, 5 . 5 1 , 5 8 . Sev era l o th er d,esignations ,~re a d d e d :

dat ta , ~lpaealll, krlalm, k rU al (lmAIJ~f/jl(J (sen o r a bril.hmal;l3 an d .3,

va i5 :y l ) , w'flidaor p~'rosa1J(1 (0 1 br:thmaoa'Hlld

!tQldr~)j 'ftgro, (o J



STEN RON!)\\' , [i.-F. KI.

k~a , t r . iya i i l IHi sod.raJ" ' l I.r-alya {born by b; ; : lhm! lQasl k .~ atr iy a s e r v aiSya s

wi th wom en of 'th e sam e c a s te s , bu t w ith ou t ma',r i l l :ge ' l sflJrQd (Jy()gava,

RjjIiZUf", ca~ujjjia {by O J! $ [lJd ra . w ith a v al~ y lij' k~~tl'iy:l and bl'ahm!~m,re5pediv'~ly)j Mitylbl mligad/!(1vtlid(!lulA.\a,,~ (by a. vll i :Sya with a Tqlrltriya

iin d bl'lbrn .n ;d , re :s ,pe ct'L v,e ly), k:r;.aJriyIU siiJab (by II. I~~'triya w.itb. O iL

bralnna.Q.il , 1m/aka (by Ugr ! [ ; J jnd 'ai~adl), pu l kasa (by N<l i~ ! id a an d

Ug:r [ i i ' "v ,a*a (by Amb3! j l~h l l and Vaideh ik : i ) j . lmsfJava {by Vaidc : ! h a . k a

a nd Amb.~~h~'Jsvapi i l la {by K~3ttr 3I1dUgr t J ' j c r . Many X . 6 tr.m. vii i grll(~~slulu:ml.a bou t : t h e homestead. R u le s abou t the a r r ange -

m e n t ofehe dwel l ing-place . . its, pos ilion , w jth r~ ga rd to neighbours 50

~5 to avo.id ' C O ! l l m C ~ S ; d,Nl'lrada XL 1 5 .

m . i .x . v : J s h ~ ' 1 J i k ' f ' ; a y , a J . l , s a i,e of the homestead. R u le s ,abou t 'th e s a le

of homestead, settling of di. .sention w:ith regard to boundaries, f ie lds ,

&c. , The re a d in g is s o m e ! t i m ~ s ui lce : r ta i :n .Fol ' ke.d/J'~'()!1(ldlu1.M()gail;

Oil:Q.lIpati r ~ a d s k~dllrop(lbM,ga~~I,.appare!1t1y with ou t su ppor t in h is

manu s c r i p t s , c r . Y.3 j i l ava l kya n . ] I '50 fr.; M lln u V III. 2 45 , 2 58 ,:2 65 0 ;

Na"raa < I X I, 2.. 1,0" 1.2, 2.6 .

Ill,x rqb,).~taJM jetralat lu:ddl[j .${j $( l I '1( lya'Sy:rJ.t ta/JDRarm a ca , d am .age to

p:f lJstuf ;e-grol l l l1d ls " f ie ld s , a n d . pa tbs :: Dot f t l l f iUlng of ~ ng ag ;em e llts .

R u le s about no·\';' topre v e .n t d am l'lig e t @ e th e r s by ol i : ! :sUl, lct' i f lg t h e '

water"iS'upply, p: la ,dng dams and o,bjects of wo.rship on flJn::ign grol lnd ,

: 'ilP P F opia tin g ' o r seIling law-barriers,; obstructing the pa th s ; a bou t

cHhivatio.rili not d oing th e ! r d u ty ; a.b ou t II, v il.la g e ·b.e ad m an w ho, tu rn s

iii vmager out; s.bollt im prov i! ig ,a n d protecting th e p as tJ u r,e -g ro u nd s ;

aboot how to d e a l w.ith cau]e grazing th em off an d :h. ,ow t o . d : r Ive

t:hem away; about p lQughmen . 110t dQing their duty; about admittance

to s how s; a .'bol'lt lis le ni~ ,g to , one whQ s ay s wh!lt is g ood rorall~ <m d

abollt insulting people, &c. Re,ading an d explanation of sOmepassagesu n c e ! rt all'l. C f ~Y a jii av a l.k y a 1[. 159f~ " 162j,16S~I9I-3; Man u v . m . 22 I,

2,31. 242; Narae a Xl, 1 1 " 5" 34, .38; Vi!;!l;'iil v . . '13,Ut x i, r~jijd'anam, r~c~veri~,g of debt; Deta i l ed "remarks .al : im,l t

ra te s of interest, : re -spons ibiUty fOIF debts of deceased pe rson s an d

several debts: abo'llt people who C 8 i l l n o t be made respcnsible; a,bolllt:

wilne , sSe$ and perscns not admitted as witnesses; about the different

Wl l lYS , of e xam i nin g' w itllle 's s es , < u : :.c :o rc lin g to t he ir c a s te : a b ou t the

preeed U 1 r e when. w i t n e s s e s disagree o r do ! ' I O , t a I 1 . $ W O e r the q l h ~ · . s ! t i ( m : s

~ n! .l: t'to th em pF ope r~ y, &c 'i in g e l: ie q d ag r,e em en t w ith th e Sn lr tis .

"



47_ , _ . --.-----.----------__;~c r . Manu V Ill, 6gtf:, r 20 C . , I40, I42~ 152, 160; Ya:jfi.arwllli:ya

n·38f f ' .

H I. x li/a np an ld h i~ (lm f llbQU lt d .e pos h:s . .De:t i l l~.~:edru les Ol,bo" ' t~pptmidldjdeposits, ~ndth~ ~sp()n$tb !Hty ef the d~posiuliry; 1 1! b O l l t his I , ! t i ] i ~ i l 1 g

the: d e po< s it or s el]J n g it; .a bm , l~ h i1> l 'eflls.lng ee g ive : i t bSic k and \!3rkIlJ!s

ways ofcoflfoum;Hng h~m;:lI!hQl!J.ti idcsa and am!l!aM,instrudiol1l:S and

deposits g~;ve!'l by one, e.g. ... senal1ltJ to be' handed overto : : l ,no: ther :

about ~oa~l,s.gra;ntecl 01 '1 reqw!s t , (!r hired obje ct$ • < lbo!Jt ;v~~J'd 'V:r lyat \{"

kraya', sale tbr-ough cornmJss l .o l : ' le rs ;abo: l1 l~ t rest~t[llio!lof de'pol$itsthat

h~ve been, lost or de:t"t 'riolrabed, & C ' . cr. Y f i j r n , : ! I i v a ] l ! : y a ]t : s . a If.; Manu.

VUL ~i4, [8 rff., N a ,;Jjd !a '~r.3" 7, 8, 18.

Ill.xlii, da$(lludp,aJlj, the s ]a ;v e,·]aw ,W .e h av e a .h ieady se e n ~ h ; 'litan. :aryaean not be a s i8 !v . e . Even 81 SCan C~ tUl l@t be sold SiS s13.vg.

,B u t m le e e h a s clln se n c r h IL lY t h ,l! lir ch~ldFe~, A~! r J ' : a caa p l edge

hlmsel f to wetk {or others, bu t m us t be em 8 !j]d p< 'llt~ dwben his ebli-

ga.ttansare acq Il~,w~d.They must, not be put t - o : improper' work.

Th e c h ]ld re n of one who h a s ~ ,~ oM " himself < l lIe IJ ry a s . C f . Y a : jii:a -

va ! l k ya J[. ~ 9 f C ., ~'91;Ma~ u V I l E . 2I7! 415 ; Na r a d a v.,S:: ; : 'fr. , V L2 r., 1 8 f.m . x i v , k::arm(JkarakaIPa./J,.5a1~tMf(,!la :S( l ,mf l ; t#H: l I~am.th.~ ~awabo! J t

h ired labou re rs and col l ec t ive und ert< 'llk ing s . H ow to d ea l with a ] :ilbO'llJrlltfwho doe s not do his work ; h ow ]f th is is dllJe~o n~fless,; s im i l< ! l r r~ l e s

for servant;; of a commlUn[ty~ciJ.]hivllltQf$~ traders: sacdf idr : lgpde,s ; t !O~

& : < ' : . C f .Y ! ! ijiia v a v a .lk y a 1 1 .::1 :93; Manu V HL 208, :2 ]:5, . .2r '7 ~ N!i.rad a, H I. 8 [,j

VL2, 5; Vii\l~u V,IS3~ 157·

Ill,xv " ' j lkr i ta.k.~ lmm!MI)~{ l f IJ ' r'!'lp~:ntingfl 5a]~C)Irpurehase j d. N ' a , r a d i a

VUL 4, [X . . 5 f ., Xn. 3., 33; Vi~iju V. 1:2)9.

l U • . ) 1 ; , ' 1 ' 1 d{JJta"5~~(1,.p; t_kanm,i , ( lS1J"{ im~:vHn·(1y.(J~j ' $'JJl!sMmi'$t:l,!~band'hah,

no t . d eHve ry · 0 1 a g i f t J ' s ale by ol'le w h o is n ot th e .oW l:lle ir ,re ~ ~t,~ o~ orp o s S o t : ! 5 s i J l j ' 1 l !

amd pessessor, S(lyti('iS~'~~ p!#r:fl<d(i~'{m~ ,eUm'li~M'I'rJ tH..t lt l i1~rd!ly.fj 'Jab

pr:aya~~ll{1laj dhannaa.fiH(lm Q.sfidil:r;qu ,k'U"M'iL1S'~ .~t;lJlpagll{lmu:~u ' t r i l l ,

rw.f i t t lei( i :mJman:u.palf iJ.r i$1! apd l!l'£ !} utli'!, k ilm c u illfc u:m r (U.U;WfI(!!{jU cal ya llf iJ i ,;1

tillfapy.atigraliftt! ,a "J()palla{:(U~ s)1(71,,"~t ta lh l i"1td( lY .(r~ lm:Jalii,~ k.alpa.vcJ'u~/

t ia~ t4a.bJUlY .M .akro~1JMa:y lld arthaMa..y l1d·~ Dha"uda~laJr,J prcaligrlt~"Ulta~

sw y.a (/a "J4 aJ; pr o y(u ;,; ha tu S c a, ,ro~adllnM!>l pa""(1M~~!siiytt'fl~ t'5j~m'nl r~pMl

d : a , . p a d l l l 1 a t ) ~ (:(1, ( : a t r o t / a m l ) d G J } ,( / ' a b , whe:J.~Cine repents hav ing given 11is

whole prQpelfty, c'h~kl a~dw i r e~ ",nd i : d m : ! 5 e ] f , one should d.e]iverit t o

h im ; {so a lso) a gift { " O r r -e~ ig~oU!spu r !p (l i! l~ s ee people who· prove te be



H .·]l'. K 1 .

bed or te l'lg 'O lg ed }i:n h arrn fu l deeds! < l money gift to people who do

t~Qt help one O f' who harm one' ,11 love,gift to unworthy peeple, and

pro fidem persons should s~u'e about the regrc't,w that give,' andT~ce'tver are : n ot prejud iced, he who aeeepts 01" gi ves a g,~ft of (emir,

from fea r of pun ishm en t, Q . f c ~ !ls [lre ! a bc :n ,ltQnc',~plloperty~ is pUJr l i shed

as [J , thief; (so also i n l~he c;1:si~of) .r 1 gift of wrath 1n l~,arming others,

and a gift ,of pr]d~ to Idng5,th~re is lb~ highflS.t punishment, c r .Yajflo'livalk ya II. 17 6 r: :

$Wlj~~ kU,(lmlbavirod.lu:na r ie , ru~ l d'iiraSu.liid rt,; r

' . l( i1 . 1 1 . m ; _ J P e S ( 1 r i s t l: r 'V ' a .w a J ' l~ yac c01wasm~£pr,~itnlJi(im I I

IN'cdigrrlJuzbp"'aRf'1 St;t,~j $ J o a t :s t / i ' ( iVt l l 'VlSYt l ' l ; n ' s e F f G I ~ h : j

d f , . ' J f J t ! l lmltisrtJI'(l~~,J ,(;ttiva rir:dtvrl 1 . J . { l p a l u . w . e t p u1li1b n

M1 II: lu VH f . .::l.I2 r : :dl l ( l rm{JrHMu~~ ywa datla)·~ SJlli . t ktls,,~!tJi~M :p ijta J e d l!( l1 jti'l1 ~ r

pa s!! ' : i%G 'iii! llil fatha fat S';Yi!1~ 'ltl d(yaJ.~!t( lSji \a tad Mm~t nj'a di sa~~~ sa :d h(J .y ll tu n tu da,:pllt !a .M cn a ~: . ~ 1 ~ t l . l ! Irl1jFHl d~/ya l .~ s!War1,l t l1~l $,Jill M~y(l $te.J" l@,a m:"krli l); I I

So fa r ,:] ;SF can s e e , ~ Ile r-e is h e re : , l , d i 5 1 l , g ' v e e m ent be tween

K.lIU~: l i iya. aad Mann: The fot.m·~T spe3ksabQ~t gifts given to ki[l~

out of 'prJd~, i. c.~o5how oW, and th~ latter about the Id[lgwi:lo

w m . p!Jnis~ hiIII who l'\e tSiln s th eg iifl: . M anu hastnen appan:ntiy

mi~lL.u l !derstoQn.d1his SOIl!"(e, a nd th is , wculd be of ~n~rest for the question

of date,

PrlilibJravya·~fl d( l~ t fasu l.klJsQ~~lm i !J ;! .u ;~·k 'U ! lI>tmrlk(1.~rJ ~7mat ia7Ja1! !

CD , . i ' i ' iki2"~~ailputra dJ:'O' .~dova ,'~:~lhal1tn'od(ldyi l t~ < l g - i f t : for whieh there

is a, bailJ or where them : isSln, lmaJcqu~u . ed rest of afirle 0. . . a bri.dtl·

prk:eJ < Ii debt Incurred thr~u.gh preying dice or ddl'lking, and a love-

gin, a . s ,on Q r an heir who ge t s the ]nb.e.rft8iIlC~should not pay ~gain5t

his wish, The readiJlg is certain; d.Yaj.n.f lv,dkya It..:ft :

sm1!:.kfJ~Nlld'y.i iUakrlf l"r~de l i ' . .~c f ( (s ldM<m§l~lakm.n,I

1jrt l iaJ..a11a~1~ mlhaiv'f!ila lmfro tlad}\Wt~/a jmi ' idmm I l

MI.IXI~ vm . l39' ;

pr'(iliblla1{y(U,1~ 'i;Jrtk{irJ;j~wu akfJika'/i l 5 (lu ".iJM ,~ c ,a j o M l J IIII ~)F'-+- ~

da~l'(ta$Jd~fiwst~mt·~Cl~ na .t)1~ro d{Jt~~marh(Ji£ I I

1



49

a~'1liiml~.ik.1~(ty(Jb~sa k by Ill. : p e r s 1 o [ l l who, is n@ t the oW.nler. Na~(~'.

palwia1Jt asadya ,~ifmt dl).(tnnw.;: tb~.(J, gr l l lwye t , d(rSG}J/ lJ!~Up.at tat lv i l 5~)'l:li11~

l :r l l , jw(}po.l~fJrqiJ dh(m~ l GstlM l .Sc ;a &I!;:tJ1imuua/!l~f/rtn./U~ kuta5 h t l ob d lm 1 J~ it l_ :saeed iiCfi'YdnUMf2t dat.$a~/a na vtlrfJ.tiira~1~f,as)''adr:av,ya' ' 'Yff t l i>1Jrgu~ta

m lu ;yc.ia - ' mkY'eili ted dr$yqt(~ )1.l:Rb.a,!lsk-y(ld(l~l#a~~C(ll .'ill &eiapa:;llram:

adlf ieaa; l ter iapa$(J,r :ef i ; ttpnsiil'nc!}(ryadi/i, k~ (1ye mn l y< l .~ !~ $ t~yad(1~ ,4 'mt l

c a dadyJ/, h av in g -c orn e ac ros s s o m e : t h u l 1 g " lcvlf l lch h O l S b~en ~~QlSt~ nd

ta.k.iI!l:1 Q\" . ay , dH! ,owne:lr ~;;nolJld C.a~;Se l tto be se~zed by th e j~d~1

if it Is be yond h im ~ tJ1 t!jlldgtt)illi placel l lnd t~m!iil h e sh ou ld h im s! 'l]f

t < ! k e it and bd~g it,. and th e jUdg{lShoUlk] eX.lm]fll~ th e oo"l'.l'JJer: whe : i~

nllvf!' you Itilke[l it :fl'omf if he poin~out the course of proc.eeding

bu t uot th ~ buyer, he $.hou.M. getr~ee by h< l n d il: lg o v e r th e ooj,ect;

if th ~ bu y e r is poin re d ou t, h e $ hQ u ~ d (p la y ) the v ..]u e ,,~ d a :l1 in efQ r

tlh e f t;if h e d l@ llld re sort t: o an e g re s s , he wou id goe :t o;Jf u n tJI.th e

re ~O 'ft s tops ; i f ]t ~lop~ he should pa y the value , and 11 .: !1Jnefor t~~ft.

c r. Y ! : i j I ' l . 3 . ' ' i . ' a l k Y : : l . II.uS8ff. :

suar?~ taM~lfwlyavlkr"itmtl ;,.,:elur a M s " ~pt;(Jkli5'£tcIh inJ :d m Jw h imum71y .~ rJr:illhilte Co t l l s k L ' l r : l i l ' { i : I U

'I(1tf~fiPtilll·t(lma~t idJ!a

har{;itra.1~~(lr,aJUlye.~,m rJ 'am ~

dtsaklilfiHpa#rJu C{~''fJJUv'a .~yqmarpaYI!/II

" "J " lm l b t Y ' tillr-sanfic duu:k ih£ l l S"<ld'1~if~dn :wya1 ' ~ 1 7Wl ) ( J d(1J11~~'u.i

.krct l l ~~lrt!y(lmafllf!»wti . ' / .asmarl Jlas ll1~y.avfk,(ayi I f

tltf'l~ncunPd'Mogeua ~u1§tm/ i MOWj1a . r j , j ai()l,.ljlt!'11I1,{j ~

paIJ'Caw J1J.ho dQ ,m a,~ ta"ya ~ 'f l j ; J (} f i!Mi1rdbl lavlte I Ihrl;fr~!~ IN' ( l l ! ( j~~I~J . 1 ( . 1 d r (Jvym1~ . t) (', n lh \ fJs tf fda1 ) lipw . : t~ : Ja t ia'li~!cdj,a ~rpt da"lif:J'ab S~ ff~ $tl :r;navQ,lhr~ pa.~~tl

nMal'llU vm . 1:9jlf.

~Jr:l«rlf)iJt! } (J razya$-V( l~y(J ' S~"4:mi ' sVi l~ ,~ag 'a: l'1 'Im ( l' JOl t ~

tla. t.tl~1 t~(1ycla sd:~Yll1/t lu .'$ l~ (lm a$Una1uli:~lill.am l i

l F o J i l l i i l : r y - o Mawc ctUVl l ~n:IJayab ' ;a#ala1~,i da'-!lam r

~1~ra, ' lVt fyo 'n a 'P tl$ tlr a~ p 'r 1iP .ta lJ '$ :Y ~ c .cmmakllbi ! j lm:! n

alba ~.lIt2laj~~a,~ak~ry.a~ pr.fl/lli$:dnfJ'(l$odhit(l~ I

(ula~4yc 1jlt~9at£! 1 t i ; j ' 1 i . i ~JJiI~\~ikol'ablraie tilu'l~um~I I



H.·F.KI.

NU$~ i/ ,m ; cIIC l't S ""a:k \J1r a8 ,a )~ t k . rh / t l 1U1${~pr(l'tyiJhrt(U# labl l t ta . . svaRa"

rat~ubJ~fiv~prmc.'(fbtl:ndlu) llayJalJ i' tac ca d1 :a~J I ! ' I~~ l .r; t l i (1d/~armJ'Q'~1 syllt,

~~ai!j I{JP.hrt(l :m (ud:ve;(lyo.tkm·l, ffatai) s < J r J ' ~ : l ~ ~ " ~ ( 1 bp.r;rval) s l l l u~ sada~ r4ab j having'made an a t it :e s t e d app rQp r i. d io J'lw i tb regard to th e lost obie c t h e

m :ly ta k e w h a t w a s ]Q Sta [ld lbrQ ugh t ba c k i if th e re f s n o appmpr~,"Hoo,

th ere 1 $ :l.A 1 f1 eof afirfth of d .e v a la e " a nd th e ebje c tis ~ u bje c te d to

t ] m ; e kil i ,g 'S iiaJW j. f o r th~ · O W I H l r who t a k a s ov e r w h a l h a s be e n lest

or co! l'r .ie d a :~ v ay w ~ t hoiIJ t gMn g infor :maHon a l :mu t l i t , th e ft: ' is tha 6rst :

viiillel1ce"fine.

$:rdkasl/tf!!ml n,a~{ii 'P~hrlQ.tpam~a'1!! (H l1 . ~ s Ga : ij< l paU , other Cidl t lons

"pam.m s) li~ etj' Irtpa,/ttjiidflrdhV(lm anabhi$.~ '" ( l '1~ raja bal'lJ t, fS "< !.i1m 'i'V U ;5 iWkara~: l \ ! , lna, pm1mpaui lu ! l1~~ m J 1 p a d a . r l l l m $y(.l~it;kraym!1 d(ldym,

calu§/)'(u)ika:m !J lmkJl~t;pasya~(m.ipm.u'~m~i gf'}fJl'(lM~~'sy.a.jJ ! ' 4 ' d i l ~ ' ( J 1 ~ t k~lwi1'''a·

/ J ( l , s f u z t i ! ! 1 } t'atNas.tJra:pllaigu,klfpy.fiflil,,~~pfliJc(1J,w~ $atrr l~ d a d , y l J t , W l l O i " t has

be en Ios t or take~ away a n d re ee v er ed ll: lith e : t ;a x ~ Q ffk e sh oU ! l.d re :m ~ i !l

t h e r e , if t h e r e u S n.ol'lgress affe't, threle fO i r tn :~g :h l s ,t h~ k i ng sh,ol.dd ' take

itaw < lY , or th e 'OWIl~ ' t l 'nlfough l lppropr:il l ti .O!1; h e shou ld g iv e a s re -

dempUQ!'l lfl!\re prJ 'f Jia fo r ,e",ehtwo.foot~d, fQor fJ'(l~(1;S for e ac . h solid.

footed c~~ature j~wQ f J Q , ~ ' a c s [0 " GOw:sand buffaloes, a q~uarter~;{lJ.~~forsm sll cattle, and 5 ~ /Q fo:rg em s ,~ \i'SilI.l3b]'~ and bass m eti3J~ s ,

C[Y!lijnavalkya ll.I13 f, :

s,fl;!tlkikaif) slhth.tapa/ail" fJi1 nfliitapa/Jriam tlhrtaJ'l j

arcVJk $tfJtliMrStMv"U sdm~ hare/a ptwnl(}1IT}tl& n

p.t;J~yclneka$ap. l l£ t ladyiid caiu!",,/) l?d~~(''amiinfli.'j.~ ~

mah ( ~ O ' f 4 J " C 1 1 1 ' a i 1 i h t . l a'Vau dum~ p r ; d a J 1 1 j)'i'lda~t afo,'vikc n

'There is I l l . s.]igh~ d iK e r e ~ c e in th e last Slum:!: a, where we h a v e

~}I(lI I i$(J$tya;ga{).f1Jf~ ins:~e~d of g(mu;~}j#a'SI·'/Z. The l !1~er~io! ' l of ·tj~lrltf

Gam . ~ ]~ is : S 'U S p i , C ' . io 1 ] s , beClll)a;Sea'lMfU di/,at~ l e a d s 1 : 1 $ t~ l h ink or two8incl

not th "ee spe c ie s , jiu s t las,plida'll } t 1 d a : m 1 l~ ;5 , rtlferellce to t?'o, goats

and sheep. Eise~where there lSaJ . , do$ea ,g r e e rn en . t betwee'nKau~a]ya

and the two smrtis" <ll:ldwh e ,~ w ,e hi,we been abl~ to poin t to d is -

ag reem en t, .K au~ al.y 8 J.'$ te' :- ;. t IS leem!5,~O ' 1 1 H : l the better' one.

T l'JJe w ord s .a .pasaM ar id ! apasl i ra h av e bee a espl a ~l'I~ d In d if fe re ntw ays , bu t: t~ e m e iilin l.~ g.s e em s i@ be pe rfe -e tly d ea r. AjHlsr me.!l.Il$

to .rtIn i'lwaj'j to wHhd: ir8W r"om an o , b ~ ~ : g a l ; u o [ l , a f l d ! t i s used by



K itlU lik :a to g lO ':s s a p . G ( l h a l l ~ . M <II] U V II[, 5 -!!-. a rid ,apelsllra is a n egress,

[l means t : o t r a l l$ fer one's re spoim. ibWly to another person,

AnQtrn~r ~ntermit1.ng~~rm.o~'ClU!rr iF! lg in th~$pas;;;ageissva.kl:l~'ct{l1i~

milk ing one's own" wh i.ch W~ k :now fro,mlP'al,;l]ll] 1. iiii,56~ \V~~e r~ It is

- used ~boiJtrn arrying. The fo rm is c iB rt3 : lE l~ .y,old, but has been d]s,

c a r d ed by la ter a~ t ho r s .

The passages discm$Sied above r l l ! .m~ shed us with an e~cepLio'r:la]ly

r i c h l : 'U ! l J t e 'r i a l [0., s:scelt:ah:'ilit 'l,g Kal . l~ id :ya ' s : r e l a t i o n s h i p with th e ! i i i ! 1 ! ' t i s "

and I 11ave therc{ore t hm~{ l ' h t it ad v is able to go in to d ~ t:nU 5 " bu t it

would lead IU :S~QO far' to proceed IJl t;he same way 'w . i t hwha t fellows,

TI!H' l I~e lIre r .eml l rks l IbDl ! ] ! t ,objecfus bl'onght : f h : l I . ' I "Da n other r e a l m o : r

frQttlt1m,~ rornsts, carried away by thi l !':::\ 'e,5, &¢. , I lbOWl,~ the Fe]Ol t IO~5h ipbet.wecil property and OW.t1~t, abou l t t i ! l u l l I J ; $ ather.! :> have ui§ed~o llleir

plI"ofi t~&iC. cr. G au tam a X ..~ 6f : ; VU~I}U 1 1 [,6 6 [., M anu Vm.~'4,}" ~49 ;Y§jriali 'E!.~kY<li. H . :2+.? , 1 3 . . .

Ill,xviij t;lij~a5am.. vi,oleFl.ce: m~,"tr;}a'O)tltp,rasabhakm~ffa, '\'io]~nt

seiz,ing of what is cOinl l l lwn property; ' ~ j~ra~wa_ycstcym'rl (J 'P6 lV) IGJ 'Gl l t i ' ( 0 1 ,if it is not cornm en proper ty , and i ! o!'le den i e$ ju t ! Slh etl;t"f. V ! l:j[l:.lJ "

va l k ya ]123of[ ' J 24J3 j 2 7 5 0 C .; Mal l ' l . l vm . 322 r:; 3 , 3 : 3 , 344 .m.xvii]~ rikpaI'M~y,,"m. v ;oh ;mc e i [ i J WQ,dS:lip(W{7dn~f kNt:$rrW~~~,1

aiFhi'blra'l':tSlmrw:i iti, cenlsu ,~~ abuse, thrC\latC\llling; ,cf.Y~.jII' i :a ,\!<!rkya. Il,2Q41 f , ;

N~n,tI vm 274. &c.

m.xi z , da ;~r4ap iJ rx~~yam,sdd ·v~ .o l e ru ; : e , Oldu ; l ! l \i'iole!lI~e: spad~~(J.Ujj'

m;mgnn.m~~tJp"ahalom ~:tr' j touch ing , , $ I l 11kungl, he l a t i ng (i~ ju rin g w ith

h and j foot. ,we:3!ponsj t ih r -,ougn < l; sne s, . &c.~ ; c r . ¥ r : t j f f i i s v a l kya] ~ .2] 2 ff,

( t heco rnme t ' l t a . r y qU !ot~ ;s, N firad a X V ,. 4,;

parag:(1b:e$~ nM idroliQ kllstaplld'f lYNd'hltt i ibh{J; I

b l:msm( ld ibh Mc( )paglli 'Uoda~41);p{l~'$llJyam N({y'alil

i l ' jManu VIU.::l;18ff" &r:.

][1. x ; , :~ dJ l , jUa ,s ' i l'J~ , j i2JwaY l l: ! !~p.r:dtl ' 'J '}aj iJn i, c h ~ Heng i~ gto g 'il imbbn.g ,

d. Yil'ijjlava~ky~ n. :199 i:.~ MilUJiIl lX.,.: :< :21 ·if.; mlseellsnea {punis.hrnent

(o r v< lv i,QI . l: !Sk inds Gf nlisoondu:ct :); d. Y l llji 'ila v :a lk y a , H . 2,32 i F : , 24-3 , 2;5',"

29,o~29S ff , The cerreependanee is only slight

The rema ] r l, tn :gd l< l lp te li 's ~r the K<l:Ill~aU ya areOfI;:OIl'siderabj.,!

~riltC'l:restfor Q",r I.mder.5ta;n,d~rng of h is po]ibco1!l t~~ory and prll .c~;ice ,

b Ult th e1 y d o I]O ~ !:le ip u s < w i t h !Oeg a r d t o tlle qUJe :s t: .iQ f ill.bou t th e



H.·F..KL

a u ~ h ,or '! O d a ,te . InhL s im portam t p<Ji.pers i L ' l 1 ~ h e ZDMG 6j~ P Ip· 49 ff.,

68 , pp , 345 ff, Jo[~ y h as g i.v ~C I IJS . i J i . cQmp a ra l;L \ 'e s .~ lld yQn K : a.l'l~ 3T y,,! s

r :e la .t km sh jpt:olhe

Dharm a:! i:i:s tra . H e tried to.shew thil!t W(fl

l im lth e g ,~ a:~ es t agreemellt in la te !!"$ m r t i$. B ~t, h e h im se lf d 'r1 ilw s f l t : t en~km

'to th e f < l i C i t thaJl: th e c lO r re ,s ;p on d an r:: eis m ,os:t m .:lrk ;ed in the case of

Y ~ , jj 'i . a \ ,< 1 1 ' - 5 '' ' ' '

IX . KAUTALYA'S VOCABULARY.

Man.y words , rn .en ti 01 'H ' lc l i : n i; )O \ '~ a : r J e ra re o ..O ir.t" I:~ ~t~yQP.ll :v~, . orr

Qnly tnown, ftom ~ c 'x ic og rn pih e r:s . $o'me a . f th e la "tte 'f one s can very

w e n h a." ':e ; be en ~ aik efl f rom tn e A rth !c li5 :5 tra ; we ha v e g r adua l l y learnt

t h .a t . ~n .d i ::m . le l{ kog l" a l? hen ; to II greatexbellt d re w o.fJJg -ood ,~Om·Ces.

Itt'l 'ol;lid [1 iOi~$ .e rv e < l! :lYpUFpo: s<e to d]~iU55 aU such te rm s, h ~ t u t will

be desirable to e x am in e s< lm e ofthel'l1 ~ wh i,oh rn u g h .t b~ of in t e l f e$ t

for jhe q_nel)tLOfiSlIbol]t . date <'lndabtl1l,t Ka,u;l'l]ya's authorsh]p.·

i J sn r f S($/i, [X.,. v ii m .rf{;lklldf11 111 J~pm -bitf'Uo .t,}attir £ ti Madl1awl),:

k a l a b l z ( l 1 i ! l ! J ' 1 g ,]e arling , V .ii (H e 'n li.. an ., M ed .): C!'l.Ct1l'MlarT, X U . lv , X l V . i,

m1:,l$k-rat=t . 'h r~chm~da, ' ;[Manu, Yaji'l.,M<llllbhl.)~ Rajar l lgha~ '~ I l ; dlwUM,

XIV ' ! J !Ficl!.l~ lad iea (Tdk., Hem,1 l .n . , M,ed.), & J C . It is bar'd.ly possible

to d ra \!if a m y fnif:e",enoe fFom su:ch e ; ; : : < J ! l l p l e s .

'[he same u s the case with then l]m~QUS mWtary ~ e r rm \ , There

:a re s e v e ra l .k in d s e f fastnesses, drtrgll." (l'W1a~ll! (Wl l . t e l " ·{as tnes ses )

be : tw~e ' n tw~ i s les (a1~ta.p.d'J!pam), o,r on s .lm re a .mids t low p la e ea .la k e s,

&c. (~t'!(1.1'a,tl ~#Jl' I}tavm·urJdh.(m~hprJl"Wrlta lrm :M ;m t ain ·fa 5tn ~ se s} 0 [1 ]\Q c k $

(pNl$larIH',I) O r in :COlVes (./Jultam); d e~ e r,t ..f as tn le : sses (fi.hil1,1.'O)1l1,J(lm) in

p]ac es \y .i;f:h Q ~t\ li'a ~e :r a nd g.ra5S ( ' .~~:rUi: iaka5t (Jm~~, jV01." barren silty

gro'llnd (£ r i .~mj~) ; . fQ~~ t , . f a$ l r ! e s s~$ (vtma,d't t~:€t:1J~.where th ere :h ; :m u .d dy

W<l!ter . ( k ha} (uU: l ' l i f 1 k t Jm)o r t ~ i c k e t -S of t e e d s , (s t tm~hagalu l . f l ( fm) ma l d n g

i t : difk ;ul t~f : ) wall:tj. U . m .De t a i l ~ ( I re lss a re g i v~m a bou t d 'li! l::se !f< ls tl'u ~ ~ e ,5 .T h ey :s h ou ld be

~l l I r i r -OUindedw.ith moa t s ( p . a r i M t r i) , di . tc rues (wnpm), r ampar t s ( f J ' r I 1 k i 2 ' r a ) ;

th e re sho,u ]d be wab: : hwrwers ratt4laka)~ gang~ ' ay$ (p1"atoh), plaHolI"ms

( i~zd*,nJt(} .sG)~secret e~dts ( d i ? - v r r p i a t l t . a A p]:a !oosof ref~ge ( p r a d h l J v , i t U r ; / J ) . .

&c.; ou ts id ew ~1 3:re ja ' l ' l$bhaYJj(1" l f~j ~I k n e j eAm~ a k e r ~ ~ ; t r ; fsRt~prakaras.

t l ." . ide:n, t .spok!t 's ; k i : l f a $ j lron-! ' ipokes; ( 1 ; ' I ; ) t l p . a , l a s . , p.it.faIls, & 1 ; .



53

DUl'g(ud.'' l ' s a l l H . iv d ea ls w lth th.e Mre~'tS.~d'l .e pISiC~S occup ied

by th e : k in g , the h a rem , &c · ., a nd w ith Ul'H'ltH] ol:l t ,gpi n lg prov lslens,

The term used is vlfvadha,. l;~'hkhis well k nowu from Vedk sou r c e s .

P ! ln in i 1 ' v . hI. I'i IUl$'/J,i'r)tu/h(!, by t r<l!tai1j1at~ w v t u i l u " I c c~li V'(lkta1)ytu.~~

and elsewhere, Il,L36~ It [],~..~.2 on1y ffi'Otltlluz. The Slddhl i in t aJ ,aUil l l lGi

s a y s ~~j·MdlraO!l;?M"illaStIMti1) u/).1'Itt:Y'at(J.!mtldba!;i!.. 'Yc~qJM~~~lh'{juti1ryei k i ' i $ ! h . c

~!(wtdl',thewGrds " 'i';m d lla ~nd 'ilil!(ui/t.rt art; t1sed a.bcmt a st i .c:k, wit~

s~.in,gs alt~ch,edat b 0 1 l 1 t ends, 'to be carried on t l leshot: !~d,el fS. .A

~ i ' . , l i 1 ! t u i l u · k i UV.iV, I j:), th e n".i5 a p ers on c arf yu l'lg 's ~ ch a s tH ; luMe r· y· clk e .

Allid what h e carries can be se en from th e M ah i;jbh a ;lfya L 390 I~

ut i (rku1, t l l . () ? A T . ; J f l ~ i 1 k ' l i j ' 8. :shou]deli""yoi.;,e{or (fc'tchinll'l"wat~r. The ward

also .rllccul.-si:n t :h e M ah a.bh a.~ ya or! IUn. I g ga lJQ ,r ./ A aka rm t ;J 't ~i dm :·t1yi lca~fYth,Ym~ t1tf.t~(I;y~lm aluufhv 'am", <.lbo,ut lM ob j!e,et o f {v el: 'b fil) m e .a .n in g'

to go e h e a~ c u sa~ h ;re ! i!n d th e dail ;uve <J1:i ! l l l !~ed t > a ,de :n ,ot~ dlCi m ot;ion~ bu t

not in thecase ofa way.. Thus we' can, on]ysay pa' l tMi j~:a1:J~ g a e & : l u r t i ,

r/i ' imtlJj( ' i '1Jlga'~hal£. Th e K 3:a :~ k ! 'i.h.t::I'fl 'rep~aJ.c;e5 :rJrvmflla' l~ by ~1~J-rg(l)?~,

~Ild la te r .1 ~ x ic i( )g ra plle r5 .s tlc h 3S Am. , H. an., Ne d , ~ Vaij.ayant:i give

~way" a s one o i f t h e m.e<l l l i l :1gs of~1Vadha, A m " ;l !W < 1 ! has p.ir;yahi!in:ls

cae mrTr ;gGs C!l " ,h) .adJuf~~v~M dlun~ "!1/~~~, bl!I~ M. ihe tl ;\ \, il Ita . i il ddJs : hlwn

to e h r : [-I.<l.n ,fii~ (J JA {J _ !1 .fJ .ad lu )M'ifJ'E jJGryi ihi ' l ' l ' iJ{ j lw.m~or ap i ~ and the

Vai jaya rU. ' i ~/iv(jdllO ~)h~dlMS Ca d1} .a : I~p.ary.(!i]lllr.c ' J h v o . : b A l Z n J y o 8 (W!l~

th e or ig In a l. r~ a.d .i[jg ptJr jJhi l r i ldhvaoimrOlY0/:}?)

KO lll: ta lya g i\1 es th e fO[~olw.~ng ]MormatLo: ! ' J ; vffJ.lliit'tJf1l! prasFiPl'l~,

!s~l(ldtl;#td an<ffl~t:h' '<I!Jwd/~(lbI mitralmlawlistJrab. pl'(ls(f~'a ....;,provIs:iollls

from fbire s~ $ ; " I /nmdha = brunging in f FO rm . · Q ! f H l " : S ' ow.n, 'OOlul try ; tl'sil\l'a=1 1 {rie[ld's fo:roe; f."j~P(J.dhii$flrfJfJagM.to rak$a:va ... ity .asvci:.kartl"Ii~;u·j

dEl$truct :r l ) )nor gluard!img' of Ofi~i{;fdlu:r .•. arethe bus ines s of th~c a v a ky :

(x'.lVJ; .cAltl)1ilrH! 1fNjtldJlf'jsiirapra~lfr;;n vi! (tlbl:dhanJt~l~)', 'O r {they $~cndd

d.~5tiroJ) '()7VflfiJM~ t~e f rJ:C'md~sforce" andthe forest ..p:rQvls10l: lS0I!i. anone-mar l ' s . pMh {ZIL : i"J; vlfflmast.1w.sya m~$~i~t 5~£ya~~1 v(l i Ju:mjrld viva:"

dlul/w'asl!nm ~rn,: for on e wh (;I is in diik:ulty h e $ h.o'llM d,estroythe s e ed

or the gras5,o.r~he ; I 1 : " i J a d b . a : l, [lg prov l s; uCl fi s tXnL iv).

k i5~ ] t :h~nkjclear U 1 1 0 l ! t whe r J 'JJ.ir.mtlIJ(/; l:S5i1lid to me a n /)llZiJ'a,

]oad~ fls!liol.dder"yoke "lead ~s mean~, snd 'Ofimui/tml! iJactlu#i means

~he goes the sl~oulder·yoke \l,tay'~~ he is ,employed as a. shQu]d~",yok~

C'arr ie ' r~ th e ;;!)CCIl$at;[ve bering a.dv~rb]a]. We here h a v e §I.D e X < l J m p le

of h ow h t'! \ .ic og ra pl1 :~ :Jis sometim e s m i~ l:Ind e~ tood gooc l S . Q U J f c , e s ,



: 5 4 H.·F,K'I.

T h e f o r m "<~iM(lfja f o T ' ' P . D . Q i . r i i ' s . 1 1 ' h m d b a is o f c h ron o]og lc a l if lte r~ s tJ '

b~ in_S ' .evident·ly la te r th a n Pai ; l in l . bu t e < .'lta blis ,be d in Pata:Bj.ali ' .8 t ime .

His addition v 'E v a d - h f l c c e l l Mk/ 'avyam is acoording' to, Klelhern not avi't"itik'tl, but can very W!l!U be older dl:lan PatanjaH.

Mal1!y'curious terms are used about the v 3ri e u s kinds of battle-

ar ray. An ~rmy isr;(1t~wallgiu, consis t ing of four parts, elephants,

chariots, .cavj ,dry, and inf.. '1nb·y, but this term has not been found

e a r lie r · th a n in L 1 1 e M iah i! ih h : :lra ta an d th e R lirn ii( li'8 .Q a . II] th e ba ttle -

a . r ra .ys . Kau t a l yn . 8! fI :~ I" qu otin g th e oplnicns of U sana s a n d B rh a s .paU ,

who d i5d ngu rish be tw ee n d ( 1 ' ~ l 4 ( l " s taf f . ; M o . g t l . , c:un,e; m G ' 1 , lt /a i a , ' r ing,

a ad trSa"'/lhata, not be a ten t.og e t! l,e r , 'opelll,arnd a f te r m e ntion in g the :wings (pakjari), th e f1 a .n k s { ' k( lk$Ot4~ 3.rld th e c en tre ,(urasy.a), describes

tJi.~ varicus kinds (X. vi):' tm/.:$akak$OTl' lsyai l) . sat}ur.I~~'iNwJ(lmiltw d'l~ufali,

staff, whe[1l gob'ilg ev\eflly w u t . h wings, f l a u k s , and 'Ci~n~l'e(<I!IsoAK.,

M.,Iian., & 1 : • .1. with 15 vari,~tiessuch as IUlk$if.t.ikrlJtltall prail(m#.i'!

·teirri.ng W~lerl JUf1C :h :~ngW~th the Wiflgs bey.rln,d ( th e en em y ); s a t ; 1 N . r p ( l ·

k$ak ak~l l !J ll 'y lb! .1 pnl i iky; l l:Juo' d n . i A · ' l k a f l , sU· .OI1Ig 'when a tta ck .in g w ith wil lgs

and :f1anks, &c.

pakg,dak- forasyai7 ' ·fJi§(1n.l(Jtf~ 1 ta rtam{1J1 l) MIQ ga l; , eurve when goingunevenly ~ ! j ' : l t h ~7i'in!l$, flanks, .and centre: $'(1 S ;(ll 'p a~ ri g o mm r i/m < t a ,

it is .m ov ing U ke aSlla k :e or lik e c ow ..u r in e , &c.

1) I {' l,k~kdf }( ) ra 'Sy l !u i2 'm .ckfMi iZ lc mtl~lt!Il/(l'b, . r i ·U! 'glOihel'l w i[ig ~ , f la n k s

a nd e e n e re be e em e ea e j sa !M.nJQi()niuklia~, s t1 r1 .J (1 t'Qb lu ld ra~ , C l !j {U I .I r. k. f)

Juriayaiti m(J:~u!tlia'Q'y.ilIlllh,. it is f':a c in .g i1 iU directions, good il:i a ll

dleeetiena, eight.faced, difficult to conquer, thus tiler.ing.al'rays.

pak;;a/ ta·k$fJ1 'l1.sy ,'Tmf itn I (' IS(U!I '/u; ft t!d' a$an . l lm ta~ , not bea ten together

wh en w ing s ,. flanks fl;lld centre are not beaten together, i, c. opel1l;

sa pandl',:fHll1iJm (1):r#sthapanfid' uajro gDdli1J w a r it is called thunder.

bolt er am.ga.tor ;acc·ordi~g to the arrang.emel'lt of the f ive faces, &c:..

N '1 i.I;m erO U$ c unou s te rm s a n found 1[1 t h i s . paS$llge, Since

ICaUJ t : a lyament io t lS ·tw,o p r ed e e e s s e r s , i.t is pos sibJ .e ~ that m O i S t o r them.am: inhelrited. The same may be the 'case with the indicatlons.aboll.lJ

the proper dl.Oiiee o r baWe-ar,a.y.Th en we le a rn eekaow th e tit le s of the ] e ·ad l ing ,of f ic e r s : 1 ' J . { I g a d a · s { 1 -

kasyalhl) p~tilJ:p.adika~~~ d i lM J . d a s ( J : : ~ ( J . s y a : l7 2 t z b s . e l1 f i p a , t i~ I i C ( { l r i l J s a k . ( I , s : y a ~ ' k ( )1/i1:y!:lka ~'JJ~pad;ka(c o!cm eli) , th e on ly le a d e r of te n afjgas (ba: t ta]io[!.s) , .

st ' '1 ' 'Ya~i a rmy . .· le a .d ! e r I r g e ' n . e J . ' B J ] ) tba t of ~i!n. j) ,Q ,d l kas- , n , yaka [leader,



55

eom m ande r-in .,eh ie f) th a t of te n aV l: 'lly · le a .d e rs ; X , vi, A lsoth ese 'be l"m :!1 l

are' probablymherttee, but their exact [ I 1eOl l ln i l~gis, sO far as I knew,

not known from older ~Oi!,l !r i :·e.s t!han the Kai l l~a lYya .

There are ml'es 31bQIlt the disposition of the fbur ,(lf1Cl1t; in the

diflie:r\\!:n;~arrays and eaeh of them ha\illi: di:ffe~ent l\:ind~of emp : loymen t"

e l v aym l dA : { l ~~ i, ka.stijllddltlJni, ,'atiuzjltt(Mlrlllltj. and po(;ltliy~~dd/rlim: fX ; . v ] ,

Th e gro011lil1,g · of e le ph a n ts and horses is i3JtilE n de dh;); In H\ l e c h ap t e r

a~boutthe awtti4yaki/ i1J (U , xxx) Were ar'e notes ::IlDoutthe different way8

a horse moves: v'o lg(ma j gaUop; ,r,f,cair gala, m:nbHl' l lg; J , ( : l J " l t J h a n a ,

p;ra.ncing; dlJOJw{11i i t'f'ott!ng; 1IlJr.o'${1'a I' obeying th e rider's pressure,

w ith In an y v .a r i:a t~ o.n s , T h e e x : p l a i ' t ' na tion of t h e s e : t e r . m s j, wh ic h a re

partly ,t1( 'i t~~ lsyt5'!l$vo:, i5 not found e l se ' \~ ;he . .e. Tli l lcy are! hewever,of eensiderable 'in.terest because the ]ndian numerals aika, I, tfra 3 ,;

pauz(j 5l,SaUtl ' 7), &c" ;Ireused in th i : l Hettite m.an l ; l a~o r horse-trainjagfound by Hro~n,y \ so tlhat ho,r,s~.trainlng mu s t have been wen. known

1 1 1 their cOIJ~~ry long before Ka.U'~alya.

Th e Ca5Je is simna;r w ith r-eg ;a l'd totbe m a ny d es ig :m ..t .ion s of

w'eapofls'J' men tloned in the: ehapter ab O ' lI l J t 'th~ arsenal-overseer, ll)'u·

d/~ffgtil'iJdllyakj,!alij n.xvi i i . T a m (J(liilble to m a k e a n y u s e of th ~ m for

ch:ron'illogica] purposes,

C O r lls id era tion of th e : a.'ttitlld~' of ne igh bQ Iir 'in g r u le rs p]~y a gre : a t

role in m ilita ry tac tic s , as, men t io n ed VII. x V IlI:H Je r $liiCU'liJlO.. The

piJnJ!, iC11!l la, "heel-catcher" is I;heprOiSpeetiv,e any of afilil]et who

w'ant5· tfi tr .i llJmph (vlj'i~1~) Qv,er h is lfH'!:ighhoor; the ,~mJ ",SUlccoul"e'r".

beyond the: neighbourJ , isal.$Ot:o bC'i reckoned as, . 1 1 . probable any.

A : l1Iadhyama, ~;: [ l , termedi3tej ' ke!!ips d'ie middle bel ; \Yll~n friend and

(r ie nd '.$ fr .i~ ,d on ene, am i d ' i l i 'r i Iemy, , enemy" s fr ie~dJ' end enem y's fdend~s

f r ie n d on th e other s i d e , finally we h a v e the rfitJ'sfna, ou t - s id e r ,

neutral.

cr.Manu

vu.~07. where Pfi"f{zigrlJlia and aRl 'Q7uia occur,

a'/Hls{!irab" Il, xiv, Ill, xvi, ' e g f l e s s , way out.

r r d J i i v : e d a , . 1 i k a m . U Lii, wb< l! t ]s to, be pa id to' th e firs t wire when

ma.r ryh.1lg II. second,

iiya~~J inoo,m.e1 U . vi: f . l1 l r : la J ; ll 'G n . a { j . (I 'IJInningh/M'YyW}it(j Uastyear's),

any:ap ias (goo.e astny} c(Jy'ab; vyayapmtyayab (e' .xpe:nse-tIliK),

rema~r.ls of wn a t has been spent on ~£k§tpa ' ( , 0 I 1 , u 'm ''f), diseases,



H.-F. KI.

and undertakings; ;1~l)aili [increase of the value of articles of trade).

'Uyl!jf {g"ln real UZ{ld t !uoug-h d q.ffe r·!! !nc ·~iu m e as~ re~ , or increase

when thei!'~ is a throllgof buyers (kraya5m!lghar~iJ·"( . i 'a; ' ( )rddh!~rif)' .fiy(l~V. The lJy.asar ir .am, i r n ' co :me"~body i \ is derived from

mining (khmlOl b!li!l]b and dams ( s . ( 1 , ' l n ) , forests (.raua) herds

(;Jrajaj, end trade-roetes (vW lJt · I' j'aIb.(1); th~ ~TyamukMmi income-

"h ead ~,oom p tu se s.- p ric e (mflh.PN)~ [the k i l'lg 's ) ' s h a r· e (M[j!Ji i~~. lM ~

vfii./r ( ta x on increase in v .iillu e" l ' / : l l ] , p(mgJI€l.~l. [ g a ee -money ] ,

Idptam Ui~,,"d dues from villages, &c.), rf'ipikam '(8 ~~ for eon-

t l"OJ1ing);. atYI1;ya§ (flIfI,es} d lymmlkJmm.

kli11urj"asC(lh l r .mrp l~J the rcmr'grt)u:p aris ing irom leve, explained fnvm . m,punt.~(1....ya sa J1 m !,a }~ ·h jth eg ·r .a ;u p of m an '!> vice's:~~arg~ya

(hun t ing l . l iy iJ l t tmt (gambl ing ) , $/'rIJI'ali (worn,ell)j. and pa'l1(lm (drink).

ir o p aja s tr iu arg «lfl thethr-ee-gt'ollp aris,ing from. allger vm . iii: v i f k~

f!Drttfi)'flffl ,( h ar sn lle s lS o f speech, in,s;ultinlg ]al' lgu:ii,ge},. artlttui{i$'(ltum~

' h~poil ing of p~"Ope r tyJ is defined aSGd{ j~ l a1u {not·giving), ifdltJI'am

{taki.n,g away) , ' i1;~fisaJ) ~de5i1:r lJct iQ~l, and par i t y i r ga~ . Oening ;

neglecHng, of propertY)'j. dotu!api i rw;yam (ha.iSness in punish-

m en ts J, .

klmm'b,rn~ne5, H.."..ij•of SU'lJti'tlm (gold); rajat« (silver}, vo i r ! ) (d . iamo.n .ds ) ,

m (J,~.I£ !(j iew:e]5), m.uk k i (pe.ar]s l . fJr(lmiln. (cora l) . J(JJikk,a {sh .eUs) ,

lana liron); laf)(l~a l s a l t h , t:dJiblli.~!Jso.·prfj:start1..(IMitlf:(ja~ {ons' in

earth, stones,iiI[i) d wate r ] ,

80/Jaii ; Il, ;>:xi~ s;bJP~.'I" intel" ld,ent0'( . < I i gro;~:p of 'i!iU a g~ s (A .: I< ., [-].~ Hen.,

Meet).

datp;ar:(1s.mlgt'DRaka/; ]1 , ,X J{\!iii, seizer of the mooring-rope (dDira else-

where -- sieve),

t lWaf!!!_thQl~ If.iii, god's patJll,secret pass age.

d;;~s;~~II. xxviii, pool of the' gods, < I . permanent poot

11-l{;kultaeiwJ'tJmII m,tree·lui!]ow deer, for em e r.g 'e flc y O r oo.s l! n'a I.tio n.

P ( 1 , s N u J ! l i t i , !>e~ above p ; 2'~,

}unlf ia' [1J'as.al ta~ see k t i 1 J . 1 a i a s c{1{Ur1J-(Jrgal.! .

b.hfnnakINa, v m .v , ! fspiiL -h ;e iid ", a (" .oon try th ~ t has lost its leader,

YO'/[(UJrtt 'a1':, V,i,. tricky behaviour, varlcus dec~it'Illl W:ilj'S of eor-

rl .lpl;ing possible enem ies . , frustrating their endeavou r s , and geUi ! lg '

rid 0] them.

f'(Jsmi!l f xm ..iv,pro,v):siol'lsj food; e f V. S. XV. 16, Salt . Br. VIn.5.33•_.",M ... .. . .. .. ,. ._ ... ;r. ~



5'1

nJ'5J{P£Wl, n ..X .v ,re a.!m ~ t~ ]e re ee jp ts or the state, pil)qdwral) (Vm'f l lge

t l! l!xl, ! imJM'i1:ga~! ~trne 6 th pa .rt ,o f giii',l]!l., &iC.), !umlJb ftaktc; r?~U'oocl

]O'l" tbe a rm y), bali~ {an ad d itiona l tax e ""a c~ e d '. 8(J'rab ( t< !x" On

fi"L,~H$, l r ee !O .&c . ) , f ~ t s (1 i~ga~ (~lau:ncll·l;lIx .~obe pl l~d a ner theb~l't!h of a son,' &c")~ ,ptl,nJ.ra'll. f"SLc lk :" , a ,d d fE10 I: l1 l] ta x e x a c ~ e d by

omd.ti i ls), prirJll'if,liktU]1 Ulnes whefl one's cattl,~ has done d ama g e , .

tW P t i> ' ( l ' 1 u ' 1 M 1 ~ 1 (wha t u S ghren a s · ." , p res en t h ka~f~{lU!Y'akmu h: : : lxes

~ o be pa id whc lil 1l:srng the Ik~ng' ,$ I;allhj par'h~&(;.7 ) e li! rMtrm~/.

.N l 1mm Il, v i. a p t l s l t · { ca t .de" ) 1~ l rga " (d t : l ~ · l ' t l r a~ ' y a . "wQod· ) h~s t i · e J eph" !1 H

,m~(ljNlrlff.rall>() (fol1"est"e:nclo.s lQr~)v.gJl . rmt U s c : f l J ~ C 1 : dro r~~ t ) .

"'lI.~itaJ.~llI1'lj1 1 .x i v , gi ld ~! lg. .

' i,lJ,~~#ib~,n . x v (fol'e d 'la bou r) : '~~(1J" i ( lka·(swe't;: 'per), ~raR~(ik(l" ' · {\" i ' l loclnuerl)

dJMJ'dRtt· (w~lght. i l ' l$l?e ,( : torj , ~,~aJ,( ! l . ia ·(me! l : ! lure 'r )ma:p(1ha (m e a s u r e -

SJUrveYl) r ) dtiyaka,{p8Jye1f) dl iPak-a .~pay.ment. iSUirveyar) sairiklip~;at£.

g ) ' J l l a J ~ a . ( r ~ o C 1 : l v e . of s rle k s &c .,.) di15almrm,a'vQ,rg:a~ { the h o s t , o f

, : s la v e -wo l: k e r s ) c a c V i $ # J I .

v isaras, . II..xxvili, a ] )00.1 that C < I _ Q d ry up.

vctm~op,(Jl f1(iJMRa",.I~ n . ~ 1 > i J { , s.e] 'vlng (IiiS 11 J ; e rd i sme[ l )for f ix ed w . 1 . g e s : (a rnd

n o! ; p aym . en t . m l m ilk o:r b~t]er)l.

'Vy~ya~ ,e x p e! l1 . se :s ,( of t h e : O i . t . a t C 1 l ) ~ ] L v i: d.f!'<Nl/lit'r)1Jilidffl'l~r:fIUl'tl (for the

:~ ;a k e of w orsh Ip of god5~ n d an,cesto l is a nd ~f a Lm s h s"V'(u;il~-

C,gm'l1U (com p l i : ~ t l : l ' l t ; a . r y o'ff 'edng-s to tbe prlest] , a1lt~l.rp~r(J } r J ( the

h:a ,~ ,ml) , ~~!Jhr1uasa11~ (the k H c h _ . e T l ) , dil l ;(lpcrl i1:la~·N,.naf! l (s. t ! :nd ing of

m~5 ;Ser ige rS~ j 'kO'{i{ft lJ,~lr(J.m l the ; t re~ s l J ry 'j a :Y l il rlb( jgU ra 'i ~ ( the a r sena l ] ,

pa~tyCI'grhrutJ {the wa.re ·hol , i l s<e ) ,kupY~lf l 'ha~ t (Ibu]k]fngfor ror~st"

prod u ce , c f~ E L x v li) , J.l(m.~~a.nt'a (works ) , . vifJ~ib (fo,l: :ed l abour ) ,

jmJtyat-.Mnrth(1d!!lpapar/C~'t1.h'(l (m :a ir il.t ~ na n ee ,of i~f!l!ntlFy, c a v a l r y ,

d' iOlr iots , ; ': l! ]d elephants), . g!)1\~'UIIJ4o.ttJm "oo~!,I"·hel'd!)!.paS1~f:ttrgajJaA$i~

",y.f1fG'lJ'ii!i i.~ (e nd 0 $1 1 1r( '!s f or cattle, d e!e1 f~ bird s, and w~kl animals) ,

k l i ~ {h :a t r~M~(aS (endosu.re·J:!, for ' 'i'ood! ~Jldgr:ass),;l?ii ' U ) ' a y u t : a r l: 1 " : m r l .' l

(; l: !" ethe exp~ l1 I: 5c1 l; "body );

vy:ayapratyaya'(t (ie -tum of outbiy), n.vi![ x v : vik$,e.pavyfidMlfi~lt(lrl1-

romMU1~i!~(l~~~c,a ( re s~ of , e ~ p e n d ~ ~ t l ' i l" 'C 1 : o n a l an ss , m , e d i - c ; 1 I 1 t re! l l . t .

m en t , a n d u n .d e r ta k in g s ) ~yaYfl :tw(,l t. ;wlyah (com.tib.lte.s: th e ou tl: llJ"

r,~tu~rIli).

vyiif'i htr .ad!~. !htx) , H.xii; 'Pailr;aka1!t sa.tam {S ~ , f o ) o ~n,;,;vi: ! jo(/,asabfiiJgo

. , 1 \ I1 d ' n a · v y ii ' j l ' Pf~~~hetaxcumeesuremect),



H.-F. KI.

vrojrril ( ll ;I ~ r d l 'I t v i ; gomah i$am (c ow s, e n d b u W a t o e . s J , Qja'l) ;JUJ~i: {goat$.

and sh e ep, fdu;l'''"04fifram r a s se s , a ; l 1 I C 1 c<lmels) , (f5;i!,{'isva{(f,_rJs CI1 ( and

bOr5{ t s and mule ' s l~ r ' a j~ i l .,"!.ft(1 ( fu r row)" [I,x v : SJllidlt.J 'ak$'(}p(l,~lrta1) s~sya'1Ja,'I"~laka~i , s E t a I(sl/a is th e

g n !1>S,.s pe c ie s br ou g h t if ! by It~,e rlll"ll'OW·O\l'~rs~eT).

isch~b ( d am , dyke}1 n. viplf,yrllfJll(llm:uttai!i(J.')(lal:i!dllram'fjlavii:pti~ ! i ,club

(se t t i (o r s ow il1 l, g'flowe rs , ilii1 d fru it [fl! e nc le su re s, th ic k ets , ,i l irigSited

fields; and ,over roots).

"A 1!\:t~, l~'Y0I'- '~v«.

aVI'(lr.a}'aI;" 11.J.:xxi: l i l f i [rahJil ' tlll1sfi) a'/y«r{J'/'6i11 an . a., a n (e le 'plla n t ) 1,o f 8 ,araill i.

adi i ' : (~, XU, a w om an living b y sho iwi f lg pietures of' goos , (Ga:Qapa,t i :

nt:'~ttflcMte,kJlJl(lp,.,aUa,~'J(l:Vftt(lyab $tnYa~).

mmlfi ,s.ab, U. iv , 3 !CC.to, Gal}3p<lti= tlwttktf$fJ, spllIce,opening"

(l1j r J . l J d h i ( l , ntpentanoe, Ill, m , a c e . to G aQ apa tL e f h aw ing e . i un l s t ed other 'S

with le aa s .

, e io J j f U ' t 4 M f l Ill, x ii~ to c 'O ~npensatel m,a ,k :~ good r n .GraM

m .xx, ace. to G ,a ! ; la pa ti. a .tia t p ie c e ·of leaeher for playing

dice 'Orl.

arJl lapll/J.~l i luf, m . , : ; : , am OI lI l~ i i'llg , to t lld f a : palja. Gail , l .apat i r e ad s ( lr t iJia ·

pa1lJIM, c f . hbf lU vm . 404 .

aU(l1Jcyimm,ij 1[,x iii , ta k in g' , away va luab . le jewels. a nd substituting

va lue less ones, (G< l I; I. ; l 1 ie ie ii Jds Gjl lm'S, I1non).

,( fvl!U}ulrsa6l 'u' t t i ' Ill,v:ili, structure above a. v , e r . 3 : ! l d a h to protect agaitls;t

rain.

avas'ftfr:a Il,viii: s iddha1!1 .M.; lt rm I J P r D P t a , ~ ~kwoty apri IjJ. fa1 ]" ,pr ilpta1; ,' l1C(: r

tlf]11:$Zll1ra/);,a, is, when Olleen:~eil"S, what has been received and

r eaU :zed ,a s I ) .c r t r ecelved , and wh a t h a s n oe been re c e iv e d a 's

r ece i ved .

a$lak~l..]Lxiv~ lac, soldier.

, i l~l l H . iii, ace . to G : i L Q . S i l l a H ; : I i s m a l l d o o r . .

tU iw i u ' ka n. v v i, N UL iii. t r ans 'PQl t gu a r d .

l1baJiyas(lm- X V U , the weaker's a,ttitude tO ~ ' i'a rd s t he s e r e nge r ,

ti:iM!M'l~i I 1 ~ : o :h ' , a c ,ra (t$ma . [!).

illli!5Iam~ ]1!Jo>L' l , twisr t ing.



59

t~f{:nI-a1)l.~n)tl,kaIl.xiv: i i imr,I1Jilra""f2/Hi'11 ~Y)'ft(1}'a1,'ar:~!a'mlj~aad II, pieee o rcoppe~'Ol!nd s ilv e r \ 'i 'ith a d(l~b]e ! a y e r of go]d is c an e d ~ be se

celeueed" ..

IIlsaf~!;(l Il, x v . a c e . 10 G:lQapati :ifts to th e k in g '011 th e bi rdll of a

son, &c.

r,ulanjo.ra m,\'iii, <ICC , to G aQ lapati a great j a 1 f , Cor\ ..' :H~1i" as <I safeguard

against flre.

l'&jm(.inm'ka, xm . i~a k in d ,of a : n , t , Rv, V U L l02,.:.u.

~eP(lv/1.sa, JII. x acaleivatcr ln the ~erv'ice of the \.i]]age,.

u !Ms lU" , Ill. x ,a tra c t , o f c ommo n land round 3 . \ ' iUage or ,tc\~'l'l; ,cf.

juJn/~tJrt l, Manu . Vm.2 .3 ,7 '

rJpastJ~fili'(r.I"iIl , xv: t : t /4mlJn'i i /Jta 1 ' (1 '11 [ d i f f e r en t m easu re andweigbt, sc,il l bu yin g < lin d s e llin g). lias,tapf1t'(1~IlJm ( f illin g th e h an d ) :Ilfk(w()

(m bblsh add ed ) fJ;)'ii)'r, !(rn:ise.climeasure-tax) P(.u'J!Ji#la,!l (of la st yea!")

f f t ': t1Yi~'tm1~ 'i exacted] i i: o p a s . th Q 'n ( J : l1 ! .

al ldam:ka ]Lxxxvi, a . seller of boiled rice, cf. P,i l !} .. IV. iv. I,'.aM/j(mi{ jadj 'k(m~ XIV the use 'of poisonous herbs, &.c., , aga in s t Od ' ( ! 1C5 , .

lntptu}{ijika Ill. xv cofls,istiog in h a . " l r . i J g ' been slept w ' i t . 1 ' i .

m~,pl lyt lm· 'kt l .m U . xv , wha t is g1,V i I ! ! I l a s a pre s -e n t" See: 1 f~~Y 'am. @bov e '

P · · 57 ·1M~"~t i {ak( ln 'u(J 'nt(J.U.xxii, aee. to G a r . ta p " a ti . " " " sntl '(J'.sm~ma/ulkanJ1.{1"

k a c a g J " I J o / J a t l f U . x:x .x v i, ~ h@ il" ·s eize r'; ; ',im p le m e n t foli"r emov . ing t h a .~ch i ,ng

in, orde r ' t,o prevent f i r e .

ka,\nmiim~ ]I"xiii.: ,ar/aye! A \ : Q ' ~ l '1 k ( , l :r m m . 'I o i : !I ~ jiDr!c(lMZiga~~' k6i ' i l rn : r ' la~ '~$

d a s o b J i a g a 1 1 ! ' ~a~!imii1itm.I, fO I" th e s e ttll: lg of 'g ]s s s one sh ou ld h a nd

over 5 parts 'ofgQla, 3nd re parts as aplll : lgenf" measure, i. e,

111$ it covering OV'! ! ! : ' the s.oettiIlg :in erder to make it stron,ger.

(Th e re ad in g ta k e n ~ rom th e Vy 'akhy I i i ) . .

!.ia:p.rUOf;lU,!'ls.ra,ya VILi i , '''skuU·joining'', tre a ty on equal terms.

ka'~( , lpr«l: ikaro n.xxix, t t l lx-reqll i l :al : g/lr1asylmtm varok'a-1J {B ~rok.(l

c ~ 3 i ' i f i , e c l buller} pa1};ka,!~p,tlc,ham h p a J : l J ' . l . ~3!d'l,tail) aJ l kacanna

(stamped hid,e, ca w. 'r$ikI17!~ aadyii(l (he should give each year)

iN J.\arn/m(I,t,~"}uU'al) ( th is is th e ta .'l:-r-,e q! .l! it : l~ ).

karmii:hMgrahfl ]V. v i, la .1 { ing h old ! of th e d fle d . d is c ~ e s l n g a th eft

a n d its k i n d .

k{lkQ.J}J"ka Il, x H i, \It.'e 'ig hin g a k@aJ} i ; cr. krtki1jf-kal, 'M ah!ibhaU3 V. 1 . 33 ·



H .-F . K L

ki'lea ] [.1 '. ;i .v , . aee, to G O l J l) a p a J t i <l ind ] 0 ] ] 3 1 ' , [mud .

ft. i~!1)jjbandha U . .x;;;:v: .~']1i1$~I·~fllal~rdr());J.rtm,ifl'lra~.~l sidd/ml!z ~ ~ w f a d ! " O g a

be:lin-pasle' \ ? ) J taw or 'OI;H; l ]k ,~d) / ; r i bh . i j g l i d l l i k rda~ l r fo .~ lm~(wi th t Jm~ep:i'l['t~m ore of riD e) w(Jro{: i i t l fual] lki i 'J '$iR,aMllp:Y/~!J'lm!J ( t: og ~ t.h e r w i.~ h

9.k.ttr$(J po.rtion Of 'HG.rot~ , &c,) .&ll)l}{jblrjldlm~ U s th e w~y of

tls[ng fernlent:s~.

lmpy.a ILxv.i~. kitpyrr,dllyak~d~, the k u p y a ' · Q v e - . r s e > ! l . ' r . . ,C)aka. (~~3k) t£uJ~:a.

{D :d be rg i,a U .jj.e im ~ " "s is ) dhamN1 IM " (AJlmgi,MfllImrllm} n~im. l ( l .

{T,enlllna,]i ,Si Arj~nal ,n,al if l lU~H· (B as sia L a U [o!i< l)t.'lG Im - (Clero.

dend rumph !oU lo ;d e s ) $ 4 J I , ' a - (Vat i ,c 'a , rOi;I!J , lS~<l!) S . i J f 1 5 1 ~ p a ~ (Da]be~'g ' ]a

S~:: ;SQQ) GJ-i ' l i1Cd'a· (VachelUa FlIm~S~aMI) J'tijli.titi11a. (l!?Iu~chal'l<'l.nia

Lat:~folla)1 #rr~(;l. (Acacia Skissa) Mmtli:ra· (Ac8!cui l 'Cat~chu)sara/a·

~rinlJsLoi t lg i fo i ia j ttl la- ~fal ' l .p 'a.]m}sarjtl" ( TC !nn~ rmU9 !Tom.eflOO$ala8tia~

k.(n"{~~-(V . a t ic . " R obu s t a ) f j .o .maf1alka~( . A . c a c i a J l " r . a b ' : c 2 I ) kQ~a " (3 k ind

of AC < ld a ?) ar~lr(l- (m~l ' lg() l p l ' i y / o . R , a " (N.i i lucle.<l iC r J l d < l I ' l l o l ! l l dlu!7),lf:di~

(Gris 'Ie:a. TQIIMl~to$;,l.J. &c.) kU} 'Ymmrg(1 t~ O s th e kupy -a · . g roup) .

/wmlJ.p'f n .XX)[~., aQC . t o G~~a:p:at~a bellm above the post to which Qn

e ]epb A n t is U ed to m .ak e d 'l~ Mnding , s ;~ r~ ; l I1ge l · .

krwiikrtyapak'$I/J'Yaksa~Nl I.x ill, wa tc ll'l[tlg ove r th e p'l,I~ tie \ ll th a t c ;~ n ,

or Cll.[ililOt. bemanaged, i. <'l.sci'lerningat br~[Iging th~mtQ dese:rt

an e J f l e < m y .

kf)srilsang~ VUI. i.\l: streff) mukl!Y(!$,t>t (sHddng t @ the chiefs) ptm"/£flra-

p.a./wtab (chllm.f1g.t1:d.thmilgl1 ex em ption ~ ,/!,J'akfn)Q ( sca : t te red) i ~d·,

t l O ' l i $ . o . ' 1 ~ b l . 1 f 1 1 1 1 J (wrongly· cQ]~ectec l l ) s(int(lnt lJ!(WiM.rta ha t~ en away

by neighboll !rs Oir liorestf'rs)iti k() tJa '$a~C{ib {such the $t~ck~:n\gs

for jhe rre;a:s!uryt

! l r r r ; y i w a nx.v: t iJ :WlyalJmfyaJt1 ( the com~pr. ic~) . J u : d a n i d ~ { 7 r a J . 1 (lr-ell$·UFe·'

h .o a rd~~g ) .pm..yogrr.pl'"atytidI iJ'l .(l1~l ,eo. ( re tJJ :ll"n i~ gof wh a t h a s be enIlttl i ; ; ,;ed) .krayima~1~tare tile pUirohase-grQup) .

~'rp'lj~ltl It " " m ; k - $ e p a ~ J a b k a , c r 1 y p . a U r i d f J . 1 . ~ : ' (R$~Jla~a"'-"~eUlfig' glass, &c.,

" c . in g Q J d J .

I i h a ~ l r J ( J . p l m l l a m .. vi i i ,a :c .JC-_tQ Ga!}<l ;paH sp;ut{l:tasa1~tsjt'lr 'a~lrepilrri[]gof

lbT e ak a g es •.

k l , , { l , r o a ! £ k ' 4 ]U cen tre of 200 v li.I.a .g e :s ; d .abov e p, 38 .

Ci:l.lJrJik~l 1lx u i ~ J , ; ; , h ~ . < I! w H ( 1 1 . §oily).

gopa . n . : \ : x x '" ,h e ad of fiyeor te n v m .ag e s .golinga U.~xvHi, a.cow-cart .



[94$, No", I.

d~Ql1.dika, X L ~ p~ ,e dU e ction .

iaI1:g}~i1.{f l 'a I l, x xx v , s ha nl< -m l;! ~tit~ d,e , ~he 1 : 1 0 1 1 1 b~.~Qf I!~gsof ~11l&v iduals.

ilwrak~l IV . i, wate r - ea r r t ee .

Jadlli1Jfla . n . .~x: yo ~d y : a d t#/JaayatfJ l e U IttIMak~(l;yat~'j one wl~o dw.tcmrs

all h~ca!li g!lt hdd ot

trk$~ratxiiyc jr map ade sarli'S (ya1:tn lmi1no !ms!i1~\(HJltJyiM'l~l~..Iff d:nlV'y.ahctoJ)

prattyod/~q(!t,;lrus Ie l!ik~~1fil.l~these whoa!> heroes, risking their lire,

figh t < lga : ~ n s t a n el.>I1:'pha,r1tor4 tiger befo:re: peo ])< ]e fo r n lio ney '$ sate .

are the sbarpere,

i l ' i lm{aka I I .x~v, :lwo ] )O r~~mi l s s1ive:r. , orn es l! l.lph llir . W h el:1 .th ]s is u se d

to t -em.o\ ·e go~c1 com i:r lg from th ~ p.it, tl iat :~5 c an e d tripNtaR{t:

jmsrll'ita, re m o\ 'a ltth ! 'O ~ g h tb re e"fold in g.l~{1'rt; l$!ru~S!ee above ! P ' 55,

1~l f$W.M m .x \'l~ cOn~,1?rfll[lg what is na ,~ ;a rl:O lilt.

11 .~" id l t ]I].H, a woman b~ ar]llg ' a d~adl cliii~d, H. S3I.

l l£sp. i lh . l , J U..x i.v , r ip en in g, comp ]eHcm .

~,lai~d.(mik~]H.v ~ wbat!!> req l.:Iiredfoir G e m n ~ upa separate b01;ls~niol(l:

8m~m! ~'ffr{lS'(WiltI1n (l.I;1!l~'!mi'Vr~~t{!Myt)1!(l~:~).~~(1:.~!ik{n~~:d(uiyuli~ they

shou ld g l v 'e :th os e wh .o h av e l~ot s : eU~ ! ' l ddown (i.e. ma r r i e d J ' an

equa'~ seuHmg,s l1m as th~ S~ilt~edon~s.

mU:$littmik£r X I. i, X U . ~v.: ~UliSet;~1;~lr~~'(11~1ill :~uadll~$Gr.'(lSq;Yl.~kf('u '11alO,i { l '~

k1~~·,d)1l ( j f l l;amsa~ p~qyac'Ch{lml)~ they s hQU lld p r-e $1el'lt n ~I ' ldred: s of

liquor-pitchers WiU l ]f1 tt1 :1 :lc O l:H n g poi~on 1I!5 a ~~ioat:~ol]",

jH/lUjf>rifkufi!lm X l V . i, t n , e f iV 'e ,pal : ' t$ of !tu${lul ( COS . tU 5 : sp e d lo s ~ s ) 'Qi:S.

rlnd, leaves, nawers, (rult5Jrnots.

pariku{$aHa II .xi iv. : p .e~akapadt ! t c .n ,a l l r$ l tml l gWJ(I.'l~ ,pi{<!ki i l~~ 1M' yat

,p.a.risjjt( jy'fl~N lat tHlP{er4t 'au{lw. olJtling'·aw(ljyi;swne~!lJ th~y c u t of f

1 1 . Pr$ i la , a .. th re a .d l, or a pi~~hel' under the pret(;Tlce of $e!akt l l .

~7I'iMJi~14tt, U. xiii :'P r!S i{ ;( lk l1 (i (l.k ,, "m { lu ,a~ , . lr :a y .o Iu " Mlf.g'lii} ptU"ibltlli!ifa1 ? Jtkau va:stffk{!.1!~', coliiitro .~ VlistulutltJ tmj!lllilp,;wl/;.fj:(Ir;ilam, of.S!

p nila .g ]a 5 'S~w or k .[n P r ~ it~ ·g ]a s$ ,.;w ork f _lre U~l."e~eparts th .~ fr3,m~~

h v ! O 'th ~ bas:e~ or f o u r ~ h e - b aSJ !! : thre:~ th ~ f r ame .

j f f ln1Ull '. IaJUl II . V .Iit ra'iaJr(W~~~aman)'alt.rm!!yet~~diftl~m~ s e lz :un_g t h~ ~dng':5

pooperil:y by {5yb~titLJti] 'Jg) oth~rpl"OpertJj d~H.~v sa$Yfi~ar~u'l:wA'J~J

r1.Fghll~lal'M}a 'Ubdmayl1~ prwb.Ml.riakcall'l jJaTi'1mt'iaka= ~xch:angiJlg

g r a s s e s wkh :su ch of d Jff~ re in t v alu e,

pa:.risikm n . ,xxvu~ ~1aug~'te:,ede u e s td e th e s' lal lght>arhoUise.



S'nlN KONIOW H.·¥., 1\1

par£s rp ta . vm.! I : p ar i~ rp "am apasrmm , p . =gone away. ,

lun'£hi1Pa~m U. viii: k{p lmn I 'f y m r z pa rilliljJ '( J; ya li ~ !) Ia ya rliv :a 1 }.( ;'lr d/ta ya ti#

parihripa~a1J~,he mak,es the settled in,C!om~too low or inereases

tbe expenses, this is p a r t : h ~ 1 P . ( 1 1 p l .

jmroR la m .ieueruled ..,p~lJt f$_ud!l fJva'm [V.i s we epe r.

p i i , : a s om ( l Il •.xx~, am u le : ,c r. f1 i iy:a~af)a, ill m nn of m i;o;:ed caste, SOb' !

of a brabm a :Q .a and a $ndr,i i :, m . vii .jilrlll'ivl'lul lLxv, 6fie-5 for damage done by cattle..

p;Jrik~.ika n. xii.; : p , a . r j t . r s l k t l l l , l ( ls~abhitC' ika1!1 salam th e inspe,c;t iol : l duty 8 O f o .

p l i r sua Il.vi, x v , addirionel ta x ,e ""a ,e te d.

pllii Il.xxlv, dy k e , dam; c r. R l ja ta [" . V. 106 . .

pil l ik.y.a II xx iv , a k in d a pum p[k io [th u s G8!jl ' lpat i , who re ad s ' lJlill- ikya).

/ J f ~ t r J : ( J . , ]I.xi'.i', (ra~dllie'rd $lllbstitLlti,(;m of less l I ' ,L' l . I . l ! lablemaUeT, e . g ; glass

for jewelsj $~.iver for gold , , & i e .

}in'Ch(j ]1. xiv, f~a:th~r used by goldsmith lo r b]owing up fiue.

I f l : :Uiki~(a II.xi\' j rust.

f J r . # t a U.x i . i i , X l V , " s pr if lld e d ~ ! , m ( n ,.! ]i lt e d , s e t; p r# la l . ' l t caka rmn , se t t img

g1a:ssOf' pearls, &'c.~ingold UoUy : hol low).

pc /a im U.xh', one of the go'idsmi,th's ways of decei.v,in,g. It is g!i t .#w,iJrm, or I!iM~yu(ldlliJ"Jll, rernevable. A gi!rJ. lu lPe~Ma is a , piece

of lead "smeared" with a g{lhl ' · ]eaf ,md fastened inside with lac

(sf~~(1rfil,amSUV l ' l rtlafJatr:e~liJ':IJ(1,f#tl(lmaM/~fmt,waffl(l:$#defta baddAmJ t) ..

'\ iV h e n~ he re is c ,n ]y fok ~ ed lay e:;s ,it l$ ; re m o va b]e (SIl ei/$l' /J~~ral(tsa.t~f·

p t l t e f~! ' I1MYI~dt i l r l i r_y . ' (1b) ·

pra:tik} 'O$trJIll,b an overbidder,

!mat~~graJj(fX. " " : i , the rear of a bat.u~:·<liray..

pmti '1l 'oFlc;a II.Hi a platform b~I'a}1.(;a) filcillg' anether,prat,!) '" U.i ib d wy.o r attlJ lak ayo ,' m ad hy.e s,o ll«r myad vl tala ',!~ d ~'Y aJ"til l i i .

;y:{fmf!i ' l~ pra to / rJ ' ! l kllruyel I at{(;r laJmjJl"( lW/rm(J.dltyl! 17".klhi iu:~IIInUh1·~

$ {h ll n a~ st f.p £ dh {im lc "h i:d ,- o p .h al ak a $,('I.~!.IJlIltfJ.m i i . rudh:rk()$( lf~,1 k4raye i . ,

betwee.n hvo w,atcbto\ver,s he sho!.ild let make a praMif with two

m8in! i i ;~OI :Ht l r fa·a~:%i ,(cove:r. ing !tile roofs of the two t.owers'?l\ 1 ji g

t i .m~ more bro.acll(th!ltl high); b~tw~en tower' and p ra to / ! he

should ]crt make fI.p l.!ltform ~ as place for three archers" beaten

tOge ' t h e r ol p lanks with h ole s th < ! it ean be covered: an 1~1di'dQsa

(pl~t{i;lmlli ' . Pr:atoli Ils ,llla lly me a n s head-s t r ee t , O l < l t in m e d i e a l



t.

F:AUTALYA S1'UD1E:S

• texts .9 . bandage; her-e appaloenUy ,a s t rue teee above dl!! wateh-

t·Ow.eI"5.

pl'adhlJvilj;k/i. n.m, plati! of reru:ge.

/Jras(J: lmDyoga ]I. ~ ; r ; ; v: d ' I J f J d a S r i 4 1 U 1 k l J ' ~ 1 pi~la'S) 'Q, panc'a prasthllb kir , l! laSYll ,

p~~b"(Jk"{'j l~;akph(fi{ iy,ukl 'o't l i t l j(]t is(u~lbhi1mll- ,pasfmn6yacab. l2 i l/ fJuzka;

flour, 5 pnuMa ife rm e n t , or ;'I cQ]iectlo!' i o r species combined

with th e rin d and . fm i.t of d1ep!ltralultiri!l.(!.; is , pr:a': ' 'ClJnUl)'Ogff.

prt lsilnJ X . ii: V'(ff l .{ i jwa/; ' p r a s U . i ' : a l ~ , forest. nourisbment {rice" gra$s.e~ &~.}

is p r a s c 1 ' r a .

pran(,wrlV(J ][.xX\'J Ill .x, Vll.:n·i"

XU.v, XHUi, fe-st.ival ga t l1er in ,g .

p'YlJ{1v~ull!(lm'lm n..xix clol'itr,oUing.

fJ11im#yaka Itx v : snsyayac(mam ,a1~y(ltabp11! imftp,akutJI , a sli:in g f or g r ; : I I S r : ; e s

n ' , o m others iSfJramityakl1i t , a d Q - V i < pyat/deinilrillam ape m i ' 1 y 1 1 iU N 1 J ,

wh e n it is to be restored ~ s ~ P G r J ! l t . Y a k - a .

pnlr1artiJ'm~ I I . ~ . . , .x iv , l I i d h d t : y , ios t f !um,entaHty"

pIJlmlf.{Jh.lI(1. H. ~l'!ill, f013l1l-stdkin,g, plaee resehsd by foam, near \'1~3'teI'.

p ! t e l t i vlt . ; t . : : \ l i i ; box, cr. D i v y l v . 5:03. 24.

Magl1()t$/,${.cI:ka 1 1 . xx ix : 'Oyi' id/rIWiJ'IJfQJi:{ff immy(uio/i ldi(rdohr:pltWagli l lt l1i i ' l '

,en stlma.vihlrlf'{!'tll/i ri ' iptl~al.(lJ?I ' / lcUay(m/(" 's tajj'eilj7~{n",bbiigtJJ?I' tia(i;'l1r

iIi /J/ t . (1f :1 iolsn((J/mw,tbose w h o tend Ill!.lndrecl ( c o W ' S . ) , that are

sick, crippled, no! t,o be mIlked by ,othe~J d~mcllil'teo milk ! slippingth e ca l r

lr= qu aU y d i5 tr ibllte d ~ sh ou ld :pay th e cO rl"e spond i.l'lg d u e

f . . , i i l i . ~JI~):tha.tis bllagft,()l$nFka.

MtJ: t f t i iHdMkara~~7 1 1 .,X lV i ' su ppor t of ili1 lpl~ m e 'n t:s .

bl l f igmm'Prav#l j j "~( l II. xxU~:1}(1.r :a~akr!J(ar i f6h( lJf{ ld o.n.~prtWl~!lffi't{H~~jNISlt ..

1111r! ipi ikmadlutr lncrJ. t ' l d.asdMga~~~~iadyur i ti ' ,hhllptt .i tj 'l ra 'VJ"$(afmm !

for tbek!l:epin,g' of cattle broug:h tin fFom fear or other rulers OF

01 foresters they should pay 1/10: that ~ s {),hdgtJml.j!w(}.v#taka.

b l l r c${ t IU.x ii ]055 {of eatrusted property which one has been un 1 '1 hie

to· prevent); c . f . . ) 1 J i j f l . U . 66 .

in./i'nasnivrl It xix, !J(IRtli{.wdMlig.O mlJrla.~rlht() dr.a1Ji!if)J1~1, l l 5 ! l is the

m easu re : ta x for flu id s .

mu~u la /~ twm!J 'a i ' mUJJiak{ulMl'tt U . H i , I?e rh aps a strilld1Jlr'e~,a door m.ade

• . o x lopped trun l~s.

mUSrl,l# ,1 1 kifld of ~ 1 i"e ap on l! l& ed in defence o r IOFtre sses , ; lUii; d.

b l I u S ' t ~ ~ z t J i ?

mfilt'lh'(lrn. ]I. ix: yal) jn'trP'a£li irl loh',am nrt/i(ln;a'!,)'uyclla blmk~tl:yali. one



H.-F. KL

who ~mproper~y eeasumes the weliith ll"lherfted from fa;the'r ilnd

g , ! ' l I l 1 d r : a t h e r .

JfJ1.dpo$a1ra [I,Ui,ii]~bre e d e r oif O l . [ li m a ] s . • S I J J c h " " , chid"en~ p i g s , s h e epand gQ~ t s , OOWS ..~d bu f f ..]o ·e s ~ h or se \l; a J:ld ~ n ~ ~ c s.

va.mzla{ i I U . v i U i , a a c . i J o Gal;)iapl i i t i . 8 0 . v e l C 8 J n d a h .

vi~(o,ml'iHltlm I l , ;;:x}1vi~t ! : l , [ l nrst < l i n d t'l$t~Ul/11m~o f t h e night, ' \" '~ell

d~ e :mJ .ig hh1 i'8 it !: :; hd rt.nn vas struck.

1u:ttaka It xiv, a~ :allloy~ ll..d f iron h aM :5~ ~ ,v e1 i.

'<Jaidhara(u~ H.xiiJ:\:vi, ,"'x\!'~ ma_ki[lS'geed lesses on £'Ovemm~rlt wares,

~ya;!:ltara m.iv, rem,o, te .

vyaj i" It 'Ii']" : o , : ; u i t 1 l i x on UleaSllr1l:1g~ paid with ,5 ~ r f j , . ,ta'~~aX . v=Lt ~i lg tl I3 . .

§fJ.:l 'jM Il, XKN:y[~a wldce r b<asJ;;et:, u sed a s a fan for li< e ep]l:lg off s m ok e ,

sa#ro Vl ] , v~X . H ~ .: d!Ji ' l~ lvaJw;sa~katapa~lmiaf lan£mJ1a: 'Ul$Ir I .mmi!17.){Jgt'tV(lY

: S ' a l > a ( , ; w Y W ' li O ~ , t r k i i i r a 1'l1trir #i sattriip.i, a desert, narrow, mi l lddy~,

stony, Low, U!leVe~r:! : [phu;e , s ) , sh i ,p~ , CQWS, a chariot.army~fog, o]gnt

are the' s a t t r a , s " S a t J N t ~ . ~$~$5io,n~~ means a greilt: soma"sacri~t\e,

arid h enc e a d liic ! .llit work . A bou t th e ' saUdp(I ,b , se :Ji l ;)orve' p. = 7 .

, s J ' J r m r d l , U m XU ! . i i , a fQr~rm~.teUer..

$~,'~d1lriiJlikaItXy: kj ,~tW;lkarol ;aknsaktu5t t j , t (Jpi$takarmCi t(l:iiru(N~'C$U lalla"

pfcja1U'IJ'n (I~1'abll,r.a(;~krik~$1j£k$fUtti;1?l~'a k$}im.lu~nrl,G . 5 ~ ' ' J ? ~ h a : n ; M l .

S£ltlju~~iiklj l:5wh a ,t com es in fm .m Willi.:: on cl 'Ushing ' j , add hag

5t im]J]a :n ts 'J pOIJl : ld inI2 j ,ad .d ing addls., gr iml ]ngJ

amo ! t g thQ~ewho

h<l'l 'ie this ]iving, ol]-p~ "e ~~ ;irlgJ with silee 'p" and goat.btl~chers,. 8JOG

[) r l ; ldu .c ing~rea ,de ' J &c , . from ~U!_g :OI . f IoCa~ ,es .

s r u i k r J l ~ , r l . p a In..~ ·m !wen ( for c l!e a! 'lin g) a . iying-hl woman.

S ' U ( l / r l ; a r . a J , ; m m.A.vi , mak ing Qnl~ '$ ' lo:wl: I~be-s t itka tk ln of ownersh :ip; as to

t~le form d"Pln~i[ll Uii 56.

,",

Many of th e word sl'tu~ ntioned i!J,oy t': h av e already been dea lt

wHh by Jolly in h is p:ap!!r L ~ :x .i,k a!i5ch es8 ;1 JiS c lem AT'tha!l;!stra,. ]I'ldo,·

germanlaehe F O I i" . s c h tm g e : n , XXXI, pp. 2,04,-10, ,..!J!:Ik~I ,orlly bow

from h is im portan t pape r A rth iil~ iIs ; tr .a um d D~:I1l.]"rn! lJ~:a~tr.l .... ZDMG

67 , P P .< J;9 ff . H is ;e sl;q ]tlO are mainly th e same a s ] 1 1 the Kel l ek -

tafleen: The Kau~ai ' ly!lJ if ! numereua detailsiilgmes with t h e$mr l~ : s ,

and E l.spec'Uy .1vi. th oomparail :1vdy late W O J " . l ; ; 5 .S lJ . ell a s Y~ j fl: av a .] k y! lJ . a~dN.il irl ldl l.~iI:. ca.nn,ot~ thJ!'lFefolfe~ wen b'e$Q old a s th e 4t~ ] ce:n,t(II: ,) '



1945. No.L

13.c. But he ~lim:;e]f draws at :te~ti!On w<se'\i 'e! l ' ,<l i l desails wllLetl i show

110\'1 c<lil:\efu~ we mill ~t be ~n drawi[ lgany , s u ( : n cot ildil ls iO]'l,S.

The D h a rm a@ strf l h a s : h ad 1 1 .

~ o n gd e ' ! . l e k l p m e n t , . and 1Tl ; l i [ l yof

thesmrt is are 1 ]!i t'{ li tte c li ly c ompa : r~ ti .v c ]y l ~ te workst but s ti i l l .i t ]5

possibl.e to speak, of ancld keme],. which goes hack to ;ilcon;sl.deliOlbly

earlier 'P~,iod than the 4th ~e!lt~ry I J : . c. ¥fn,ela:terchanges aod

neoiog i} s lll! iO c :a n n ; i l " " ~ been t . a k ' ! l l l l ove r f]"om th e Arthat:lisb:Ji~ ", ," 'hieb

c an s ls e , a s 3]t"~8.dyrem ark ed , be th e see re e f l">omwh ! !C 'hlexieogra:phers

h a v . e t ak en SOfJ ro l f : o f d11ewords wek~lo,w il 'om t n . e m a : l : ' l . d f l i · o m I ( ." 'U~IIIJa.

A m : ! . the cases of d i v e r g ; t ! i n 1 o e can be due to th~ dlif~l;mt ' l ! ' iew·pohilts

ln the Ard'lr :as!str~ and th e D·hO\l I : ' ITba.$! ist l i 'a. It s~em5to II il l ! ! that 1 10

.com:luslveeviden~e b~s been b.mugnt forw<Ji~dls .aga~:flst] acobi's viewthat our K a u ~ a 1 r y : a i _ s ' J ess~nti.aliy ~.! i :~'nlui ;n.e and that l l ts < l1 lt: l i 'Ior WO lS

rh ens in i~ ~ e f O 'fth~ M!lllrya.emiperoii >C"'! ld l"<\gup~a.



66 B . - F . 1 ': : 1 .

INDEX

References to pages wbe:re il wO'li 'd is given and, e\"entmllIJy:, its

~);,pl,al: l , [ idon begun.

a .1 l1~< !v ibh ! li ga 45

ak~< li pa~ , a la 29Ag,as ty 1 1 . .J 0

<ll?llrt.l..21

.1Ingav~.d}·~2"]

Ajab indUi Sm. .tv i I : ( 1 9

a~~laka 52aUcll i,ra 41

atisall!ldh~ 35A~ ha r \l'a '\ ·e d a . ,8

a . d m i y ~ d ~ 44

adbya 'kf , l apmcara 29a na bbis ,! \ r"a So'

anearaeakra 27

:intarndvlpa 5 , 2anvay,gvat 5ta : m l ' r 1 . d h i i 4']

an\'lyaua 32a : p ami t y a ka : 3 : rApar'ij it!li r~Ap ,a r'II 'H a 1 73 .p al; 'id d h a 4 5apavyaJ :ana . 5 J !

apasara 49. 55:aprat: ihatf l l !~

a b h.iblilJ lrts alla ,5 1

a ,bh i~ y a ! le ia vama l l a 2 3

am§.t},3, 34136am § tyQtpnu: i 26

A rpbarr~ a N lbh lga 10

;atn.bil~~ha45;aJog.av::l 4 1 6

ai: 'HlP,r i i lq~ti34-

arimitra 34

3F.i~8J~v<lrg:a .26Ai"jul' l,a Fbdhaya9a r th acUina 4 - "j

artbSiSa1f!~y'[)ga26aV<I;gllrl}lI 5 I

Avant l . I']

avap!! i ta 52A&ok ag:iam a, ~ 7

A sm ak a Ji7as.va.kan:n 0 1 53MVrI! \ ' ! Iham: tsa 1 1 : '1

a~lo ' : r idhyak~a 32A~vin 12 -

!lSIIlJlhata54aSY i l1m i v ih ,a y a. 4 7

a ka rJd h y ak ~'ilI 3 /:1

::Ikll'!lk~!li 40

,a ,k F atid a 34-i ik~ ik8J . 4 J : l ,1l lkhyata 1 4 -

A ik b j'!!,y :ikm : 8

acchuiana 41

!i'tab 14

!itiU 'D y a ,3gIItmarakl:i~taka28

: lbTI'l . ' \~;kraya 47

a :d eta ,47 'a dll'iV 1 ed afl ik a 38 ,; 5::;A nta liapa : ty a r 7AnvTblllki 6:ibadhya ,39a :mlava fga~ -3 1

Iy a ~9J 559 iY l ld ]) !i g!!it3 . ; !2 :9 , 3 .I

Ara~J\ :a . I ']

i'ir~a vWaha 39

a~r l l .m.ad lha1l "m<l .27Mvayqja 16 -

! 'Is,ana 35

!sAra ,)3

asura yivaha39

aSlJirf s!.lti 52i k ~ U A :21

[dvrtta 8

Wh i'is a ved il. 8

Indra I~

indrakos3 52K['!Jdravlinika ~8

itldriya,\'ij aya 26

ir.il}s 52

ug r a 45U~c :h1 l 1k i l l 32

un a.d ,Y <lllJa 1 6

u Uh ::!.fIa :26I ld!!sJ'tI<l S5udas ' th i ta 2 .6



1-].,·[<'.KI.

Jayanta 12,

Jlim a d s,g ln ya HJ

j!n~bb.aiij an] 52:Jmm !nm ad 1J! irSJ a : 1 i U n a , ;1 ;0

Ja:vika, 18Joilgablg]i'iltikl(l~agallil :!Iniil 43

jyef}'~habhiliga45. 1 y o t i ' ! ? a 15pambhodbh<l\'a 9

t ap8 .S1J i . 26 , 33

TIipf rSTi tmbrapa i rQ ika .l,a

TarnaS3 18nJ.~jai:lgha 9t~JapacarilJ 4 4 -

dthi IS

nk~\.Ia!2:6tfl'thop,arod ha H

TlUtha 19ttlvs.ri , 1 3

Taitala l,gT aHa :pa rl} ika :2 1

J'aur'Ciipa [9TFay l ' 8~[" i~ ;o. l i lpra~! ra ,52.D~l j !Q.a~ya ,Bhoja adal:!$IQllya,n" J 6

daQ4a. 25. 34. 54dal ; ld,anui 2~

da:Ii) .(lap1!i,ru~Yll51

dau~at1Jlk3$e~a .,48

d a U a + 5

dauasylnapakarma 4. " l

darpedana ~'i

d1!i.tr;il5a.il1gr~~~ah56d ~.yav jbh ag ,a 44

d~saludpEli'4 7d iva sa , IS

dik~s,r:t '" 32DJrg:h,a C! ra iy ! l IQ8. I.l

d1'rghapra v:'iS;l! 43 44-

dUf,ga 29~ 3'1, :52

d 'll,r,g a[l iv es a 5 3

DQJfY 'odhana 9

d tl j)~a1 inga 42d[Ua 28devapa t i . l a 52, 56Devi i l a ]:2<

deva s a l "1 l 1 ) 5 6dew;~jya , ,32;

d ai" 'a v iv 51 (la 39Dalvasabba 19 'D o . i 1 ; g a k a 19dyuta:sam!l.h'·'iJlya _5I

drouamuldul 38Dv , t'l, d iil sl lg ,i j m ] :Y ; l! r 9

d\·ar.li!['2

dval l ; i s t i laparampll r ! l 2 '7

dvigotra.4Sdvipaiial'lllpa 50

dvipi'trka 45dvesa 4:2,

d\'a~dbfbh!!.\·n3SDVOI i ip l i ya [1 l1 10·

d h < l !! I l V i n I 28-d h a ;rm a d iU : l< i 4 7Dhal"m a~as t t "a , B

d i'!a rm a sth a 3 6-

Dharmaseuya 36dhann l l i vasaJ th in 33dhan v an a 42,

dhon~laS5dhvaja 3~nak5,lI t ra ]j5na~a l2

IHl id ipOjja I~

Radrmut :hata . raprad l "a

2,3.

N; ; l . 1 ! ' a k i i l ]:2;

nar taka . . 12,

N:da ]:1[

n i l ik . ' j i : i l t r a .m a s O i ~ " 1

N a g< l[J ,a rv ata . 1 9

[ i i~arak< l l 33n am a 14.

naya t : a 54

Narada 12

n!rof.i~ra55

l 'i in ra .d h ya k~ a 23 , 3 2NiiklJmbha 12

nind u < f,oJ'61nip~t.l : 1 : 4 -

n i b a n d h a p u t a k a 29

nimina 2 7n i F a . ! 1 I'i.'2y:J : 5 [

!l;~ilda 4:5NiukEIl 15ni :aan tapraQidhi HI

ni'Jpa'talHI 43n~Sr,5~r t h a ~ a .

nitail" ,gala 55N aipllih ik a 1 9'.I'Iairnlttikl l l 12

pa k s a 15i 54[l~i ' i icabandha 50pa lJ l yag~ha 29

paf.ly,asilln:sthi 23

pa~ya i , dhj'ilk~il 2 3pllthy anusaraea 43'pad a 14

padika. 54

paradesapavahana 23p ar ab h ! ry a . vaka.<iad§n a

43padmitiltnha 28pa:r ivar tal i :a 31

par i v.r ' .i jik: l i 27

pu\ 'a tapaja i2P i1I '~upatyi! l 2:2

pa~d.dv!pil2:I

pa.! j i thauhl 22. 56

Pa.J)~yaka \ ' < l t a i ' : a r9'P a p e y . i I ' I . : a 19P!i l 'a la tuhi tya.ka J 9

I?lril~avll45 .Pf l '3saml ! ld rak :a 19p.alik~ika 3 I

p.! i [ \ l~ya. 42p~nra.ta 52

p~r '~1)I , ig r lh .a5.5



jpgik.ra 19

Pisuna I I

Plsrm aputra II

piga l1 : a3c

7p utm d i ilr a v ik ra y:a 41puEra \'i b 'b ! l.SO! 45 .

puti~IUi.p'LI;tra 45

Pur:ilJa . 8

perusav yasa l i la 36pUII::a;,~ii46P i l l C ~ l a . k a d v ] l ? 1 J i k a . J 9'pO fv a \ i" ~ pa 2£

paiAi i .ca viv:lh:a 39

Pauuc; l r ika 19paut"IlidhYiik~a 31pa lU na rbh aH a 45p n i .k i i l r m a m a s : m J 1.1

pr ak r t ayab 3 . < 1 -

pf'aiJidha.ya~, 33

pr aee l t 5'2

p.rl l .c le~tr 36pnldh! vHika 52

prasavana 32

praSAra 5 3 -p! "as~~s , t r ka 44prahatn 51 '

p 'r ak a .l'a 'S z

P l 1 i j ! J . [ : H i t y a \ 'i vaha 3 9

pr!ltibJ]j~vya 4.8p r: ip ta v a y a sk a . 41pr lmi t yak : a 3I

Praiyaka 19phen:lghlit3: 6Sphe·ll 03.

ba!:idhan!li.g:li l l"a 29B ali V a iroc ana ll2

B ! h l a v e y a 19Bjhaspatl 1s . 21

Hra~mit12~

Erahmr:!lll r 2

brilllma v iv a ;h a . 3 8

bhOlgnots,rnta k a . 63bh ag ·c jik !ld hik ar:i: 'u ta 6 3

B h a u . 4 1 N i . p a k a . 12

.

Bhad ra sena 10

bharma 41bharm a Q ya . .p

bnastr!l. 4Sbh: : l ig! l r lu 'Pr.~. ' : i~ takr l i63

Bhilsa . 5bh~k i? -U 26b lli l" ll!l ilk iita 5 .,6bh l I l . m . i c c l i i d r . a , v idh ! lma

21

Bh!:,sa~.'<lb 9

b h og <l! 5 4bhn ; ; :S; lJ 63

Magadba . 19Ma~itnai1dUlka 1 9 '

I li a q a .( jl a~a ! 34. MmaQ,(Ia layo.n i . 34

matsJany~ya : l i8ma:lSya.oandhaka Hrnada 8Madi ra 12

madhu 37'm ad h yam a ,5 .5

Ma dhyOlmlllrl~~l"aI9

n l ad hyamavap . a 21

1 l Il .3n t rMI1L ik i' if :l 28

Imdamli:ll:a 17

m '1 . l ~ : r : ;l : :a . c c ha p i j J j ~ l::i;l

Magadlha 1 '9Madilul r 'a 19ml'il1la 1 3

mi!inasrit"'a 63m.IUl !lidhyilk~i1-32

m!liy!gatll 2'7'

M ~tl4av y3. r I

Mall : :i:9

m~ s : a 15M!h i . ~ak :< i 19Mfll.henci r .a !9

mitn34mUI;I.Q.!l!harlli ya 63mudil!idhya.~i;la23

mu~ti :5 3musro~i ,6 3

muht l r t a 16mQlla i l a r < ! 63

mO ~ ik 1i S2

mrg ·a ,Y a24Mek a !8iI9

mo~ 421l1i'llUlhilrtlka 1....

y:ajlla r a, 32Y a m a 12

yana 35

y~lk tn :2'9

Yudbi~thk'a J I

Yoga. 6

yogavl"tt<l !. 56yonipOl1ak", 64

nLth:'ldhyal;:~a33, " . a i! ! im ] 56vasa 13rasada 26

r iik : r;a s a v i v:lha 39r l! .j apu t! f< ! ]" a~ r ; iJ I .l a - 28

r!lijar~iv!'tta .26

rlja \ ' an~a I S -

I " : ! : ] a 29R!vl IJ : lfl9r a : w · , , " 29. 3,1/ 51riipad a rna k a 3 r

r n..r; s da 'na 41

l~kl!i'I~"a 2']

I < l k l ' , i a J : l M h Y l l . l k s a . 301 . '1 I 1gha .na 55lubdhaka 2:2, HI , e k i : l a i ; : a 30Lokiy.a!la 6

lobha 9'l ohAdbYa!~a 3,0

vat t ik .patha 23, 29

" . a t l i j . y ! ! : 23V;\Il .<lC29 • .51'll'anadurga .5 2

vapra 5.2: ! t a lga l .l ;a . 55

\'.al'$ilij. IS

"ilsa nta ))5



H.-F. K'I.

v5.kp'm:"l!l~ya 51

v a ,g jh ' a n a 12

Va l ' igaka IQ

Vati i .pi .10

V[U!i~k~,20

v i l d aka 12

Yin t ll ,a :~ l ' 64-

Vln! i . yu 20

l:'ili:rtt~ 20

l;" ,:! sh a k a 5 7,,"as;~I:Id.l!v.atilJ l~

, , . ~ s tU l f i kmya 46

t'ikr3y:t 23vikritfl.l!:ri'tlltly~aya 47

"" ,ik~epa, 23

vi ,grana 3 5"l~lgl'!$\iI 34, 5:5VidOra tb-a 10

,·idy~.b6

vidyopadda, ~6v.indam!ina 39

\,ibhakra .,.I

'r lv ad ha J 5 ,3v L " iih ad n a rm a 38, ' h · I t : ak~e t r ap ;u ;b ahhpsll

+6

V l \· n n , d i l y a . i :: : 1 l '1 i 33

~'lsikh~31v l~ . \1 . n [i Ji, ka 6*

-~:i~i,51visaras 57v tv ad h a :5 3

vrt~i39v rd d h :a s 3 liil1 y og a ~ ;6

V !~:IJ .i s il l:"gha 10

v e t :a .nopag l1 l.llik a 5 7V , e d : § . i f l g a 13veUak;~ 6-1 -

V.!Jj~Jan ta . : i:~

va lu a 46VaiJ.i:a,va ~o

vaidehaka 26,33, 4'6va i dh a rar;t3 04

\."ad;y5\'!'tya\' i ikr:aY:l.47

V a : i 1 : : a r l t y a . 10

\.'a h ·a ,d l'iik a 5 3

vlIi\'ahok3 32Vag~l' l1' l 'afll,a !2, .

v ya n ta ra 44" 6.f-

vj'ay::l 29 ' . SI\yaY,fl.p,l"aty:llya SI,

'l3'n w~h!lnl4[~'ya!;ahr!r:ilsthipan!

'~ylk"r;ll,tla 14 -

v .Y~J[ 3I, 57, 64

\ . · y u~~31 ISvraja 29.58"nlla 32v . r a l J~a 'fi6SSic~n;~Ual ;aH)

Sata l ; ;u rnbha 20

Sii!il~rnayu .l!2

~ntFu~a.(,~\'n.tga8~ ama 64 -

s..milvy~yamik:a 34-

Sa inbara 12

Sabia 20

s a imvo rga 3 ,1~!i]j2I

~as" ,nah an 28Si 'v . il I, u~,

Sik~ilIl:3SU:ooakiya 20

8 uk&a .31. $ukr i l r5 , 2 I

~ u 1k:lvy a v a h !'nll 32$l[I~ktlSth~l'utSo

s ulk ild hy ak !jiQ .3 :2:

sulba 13Su~rjj~iI 41

~i lrpa 64Srng~lJkti 20

s a ~ ~ d!i:k a 4 4Sri ll2 .

Sdka~a l )ak .a20,

$v<lplh 46

~a,~![J ,a21

~lIlflilla$a r6

~jj~gul)Ja35, 55S 3 1 1 1 " 1 : ! i r a y i l 35. S : i J l I . J I :s t 'l i1 [ [ 36sanskrit 4

S 3 1 1 1 1 l k $ e p a 235 7 S < ! i ~ 1 1 , g " l " 3 h ' l l ; t a 38

. s Q c : i ; v a 2,']

38 s<lUll"a :26, 6Isattrin 2']

sa:l ] lr l , idhl l i tr 29

Sabhjjrii~~ra20s.amayana.p!karma 46

sam:!hartr 29;· 33samlldra.sallllylll'la 23

S,fll 'Il bh IGY !I s am Q l t.th ~ . na

41

san asvavihlll'3 4.'is,arI . ' J .d,byak~a 30

sas ;yn 53s ab :o \l~ a 4 ,,5

S~l l f Ikhya (5 .

Sll31i'l1l.; Si lUb la . .20

S~.miir[, Siimiillf 20

: s llm e d h ik ", 9 4-Siiv3n_l1 12

$ i i l i l a . s : 1 . I fPsi ihrJisad ~ I . . w a ~4

si.,~h<ll:lil;a 3 r, 6+

sni ,5.8

s n a d h y a k~ ; a 32sur' l ldhyak:!}a 23, 32S1;.!\~:arI;lap;~~p[12

sUlvar~dhyiik~a, 3.1sOla .¢

s ilt i. bk i Ji. pa . 64 -

s"i l t r t ldhya1i :$a 32

SUn3idhJ:a.k~ 23. ,32

setl;l 29'. S8senl8!p~'lltj 11<: , 5+

Sa~f1dha .va . 20·saur ,am 8i58 I']

1

I

J J



1 945 <. N o. I, 71

saurika ",8s al , ]Va r :t l~ka 3 rSaU\·jnl. I0, ~O

sh"Idhaml 38~39s, l t'ha.]a I.l '~m :~~\.a n. ld:dlha

52.sthilnika 33. s thI l J l~ya 38

S ' P ' " rsana 5I~nuta:siy3. 20

s V a J k a r , r u ; :l i l 50, 6 - ' 1 -S\l',£l~JaMl'[lm~ ~.o

:s;y,a5vlmisi l : l1lbandhi l . ; 1 - " J '

$v !m.un 34-H:ilFi,c:ancl:u:ll:l 20,

ha s , t y ad l l yuk ! ; ! : l 32

H!:~i!lka20

H~rahnr,a :20

hita 26

heman'til 15Hai .mi lya :H)

hrns1 l8 ,pra vllsaJ ~., l .

Hra.d iY~ 20



.-.-

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CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL UBltARY

NEW DELHII SSll e t:acer d I

Call No.~ 294. 7/K·on - 85·69

Title- Kautaly J. stu d.':e.s•1st-earlY .)

kautilya studies konow

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