Made by – MANJARI SHARMASubmitted to – Mr. K. Ramesh

KASHMIR : A MERGED LANDSCAPE IN

INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

WHY IS KASHMIR A VAXING PROBLEM ?

PROBLEMS

COULD EMBOLDENED

OTHER GROUPS OF

INDIA

TERRORISM

RELIGION

3 SUB-REGION

COLD REGION

HILLS OF KASHMIR

INDUS RIVER

The state has 3 sub regions- JAMMU,KASHMIR and LADAKH. In

Kashmir Muslims are pre dominant however in Jammu and Ladakh Hindus

and Buddhist are dominant.

It was extremely cold region the hills and terrain cutting is not as easy as it

looks on the map.

The hills are strategically important to both countries. The hills of Kashmir

slope into the crucial region of Punjab on both sides of the border.

The region carries the Indus water that is extremely crucial for both

Pakistan and Nothern India.

KASHMIR PROBLEM

The status of Hindu in Pakistan is infinitely worse than that of the Muslims

in India. That means any solution that involves Hindus ending up in Pakistan

is far worse than a solution involving Muslims ending up in India .

Terrorism. The region adjoins extremely troubled regions such as Nothern

Pakistan, Afganistan, Xinjiang in china and central Asia .

India is a highly heterogeneous country and removing Kashmir could

emboldened other separatist groups all over the nation .

TWO SCENARIOS

1. Formalize the status quo and make the Line Of

Control into a permanent border. India would

formally give up the regions that it still shows in its

map and Pakistan can fully integrate its part of

Kashmir .

2. Let India and Pakistan give up their control of the

valley and make the valley region into quasi-

independent nation with UN control or a guarded

neutrality similar to Switzerland . This could act as a

sort of buffer state . India and Pakistan could

provide 50% of armed forced each to its new

authority .

JOURNEY FROM

1965

Bangladesh seceded from Pakistan with Indian help

LOC drawn, Siachenconflict

1965

CHINA

attacked

on India

Mujahids ,

Gazhwa -e-

Hind..

thanks to

Zia Ul Haq

Kargil

happened

Delhi

parliament

attack

Bombay

attack

19711984

19891999

20012008

PAST : HISTORY OF

CONFLICT

• Kashmir’s conflict seems to start in the year 1989. In year

1846 Kashmir was purchased by Dogra Maharaja GULAB

SINGH

• His rule is described as exploitative with laws like Chakra

where Hindu subject could beseech the king and get land

rights to land which belonged to Muslim peasants .

• July 13, saw an uprising, in which 21 people were killed by

dogra soldiers. Constantly, july 13 is observed as Youm-e-

Shuhada in Kashmir .

• Kashmir acceded to India. State’s relation with India was to

be guided under 370 which entailed greater autonomy to

state.

• This article specifies that except for defence, foreign affairs,

finance and communication the Indian Parliament needs

the state government’s concurrence for applying all other

laws.

• Thus the state’s residents lived under a separate set of laws,

including those related to citizenship, ownership of

property and fundamental rights as compared to other

Indians.

1989

End of Soviet occupation of Afganistan releases a great deal of militant energy and weapons

to kashmir.

Pakistan provides arms and trannings to both indigenous and foreign militants in kashmir ,

thus adding fuel to the smouldering fire of discontent in the valley.

GAWAKADAL MASSACRE

On JANVARY 19 ,1990, the night Jagmohan

was appointed governer, Indian security forces

conducted extensive , warrantless , and therefore

illegal house-to-house searches in Srinagar in an

effort , to find illegal weapons .

next morning 1000 of Kashmiris took to the

streets in protests , demanding independence .

Jagmohan responded by putting the city under

curfew .

An estimated 100 people were killed when this

large group of unarmed protesters was fired

upon the Indian troops at the Gawakadal bridge.

There were numerous other documented

incidents like BIJBEHERA MASSACRE

,CHITPISINGHPURA MASSACRE ,

SOPORE MASSACRE .

13 FEBRUARY

On this date director of Srinagar

Doordarshan , was killed by the militants

for implementing pro-Indian media

policy.

The JKLF tried to explain that the

kiLlings of pandits were not communal ,

the murders cause a scare among the

minority Hindu community .

The rise of new militants groups , some

warnings in anonymous posters and

some unexplained members of the

community contributed to an

atmosphere of insecurity for the

Kashmiri Pandits .

Most of the estimated 162, 500 hindus in

the valley , including the entire kashmiri

pandits flat the valley in march .

CURRENT STATUS IN POLITICAL

DIVISION

The eastern region of the former princely state of kashmir has also been involved in

a boundary dispute .

In the late 19th – and early 20th centuries , although some boundary agreements were

signed b/w Great Britain , Afganistan and Russia over the northern borders of

kashmir , China never accepted these agreements and China’s official position did not

change with the communist revolution in 1949 .

The region is divided amongst 3 countries in TERRITORIAL dispte : Pakistan ,

India and China..

India controls 101,338 km sq , Pakistan controls 85,846 km sq , China controls the

remainig 37,555 km sq .

Jammu and Pakistan administerd Kashmir lie outside Pir Panjal range .

IS “AZADI” REALLY THE ANSWER

No body knows . Majority in kashmir demands azadi but no body knows what it really

means . Azadi isn’t pin pointed and demarcated .

The geo – political location of kashmir b/w India , Pakistan and China puts it in a very

tough situation it would most likely end up being a proxy state in case of indipedent

WHAT DOES AZADI MEAN FOR

INDIA

Indian policies in kashmir have been questioned and criticized . The failure of 1987

elections is seen by many as breaking point in Kashimr .

There has been a long standing demand for removal of Armed Forces Act from the state.

The chief minister held talks with home minister in this regard but Army is not willing to

work without it . Even a partial revocation from Srinagar hasn’t been accepted .

Government of India held round table conferrence with separatist which stopped in the

year 2008 and 2010 was result of it .

WHAT WOULD ISLAMIST MAKE OF

KASHMIR ONCE IT GOES

INDEPENDENT ??

Kashmir has been a major center of sufism . The worst part of situation is the

anger of prople is being used to justify the poor governance, poor justice , attacks

on endividual self stemm .

The logic that support AFSPA , is India has seen alienation of its own land in

naxalite area .