karnataka textbook society (r.) textbooks/class7/7th...to prepare children to assume their roles as...

KARNATAKA TEXTBOOK SOCIETY (R.)100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru-85

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The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986).

The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.

These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the Textbook Development Committee responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group in Science and Mathematics, Professor J.V. Narlikar and the Chief Advisor for this book, Prof. V.B. Bhatia for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, the NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement.

DirectorNew Delhi National Council of Educational20 November 2006 Research and Training

iii

FOREWORD

This book is the outcome of the efforts of the Textbook Development Committee appointed by the NCERT. The committee met a few times to interact with one another to improve the draft. Then there was a review meeting in which many experts and practicing school teachers were invited to review the draft and suggest improvements.

By and large we have stuck to the format of the Class VI book. By now, famous characters, Boojho and Paheli, have been used to make the text interactive. Attempt has been made to recall children’s own experiences and build concepts around them. This is designed to connect science that they study in the school with their every-day life.

Many activities have been suggested to clarify concepts. Some of these activities are so simple that children can perform them on their own. The requirement of the apparatus required for the activities is minimal. We performed all the activities ourselves to ensure that there was no difficulty in performing them in the school situation. The activities should also help children in developing skills such as presentation of data in tabular and graphical forms, reasoning and drawing inference from the given data.

The language of the book has been kept as simple as possible. A large number of photographs, illustrations, cartoons, etc. have been included to make the book attractive. To help teachers evaluate children effectively, a large number of exercises have been given at the end of each chapter. The teachers are encouraged to frame additional exercises to test children’s understanding. Some challenging exercises have also been devised for those children who would like to appear for the National Talent Search Examination conducted by the NCERT.

We are conscious of the fact that there is a paucity of additional reading material for children. We have tried to address this problem by providing non-evaluative boxes. These boxes, in blue, contain additional information, anecdotes, stories, strange facts and other such interesting materials.

We all know that children are mischievous and playful by nature. Therefore, in order to prevent any untoward incident during the performance of the activities in the school or outside, necessary cautions, in red, have been inserted at various places in the book.

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PREFACE

To prepare children to assume their roles as responsible citizens of tomorrow, attempt has been made to sensitise them to the issues concerning gender, religion, environment, health and hygiene, water scarcity and energy conservation. We have sought to weave into the text the value of cooperation and the importance of peer learning.

An important feature of the book is what we call Extended Learning. These are totally non-evaluative, and purely voluntary activities and projects. Some of the projects in this section have been designed to enhance children’s interaction with the experts, teachers, even parents, and society at large. The children are required to collect information of various kind and draw conclusions of their own.

My request to teachers and parents is to use the book in the spirit in which it has been written. Encourage children to perform activities and learn by doing, rather than by rote. You can supplement, or even replace, the activities given here. If you feel that you have better alternatives, especially with your local/ regional flavour, please write to us so that these activities could be used in the future editions of the book.

We have been able to include only a small subset of children’s experiences. You have a better knowledge of their experiences because you are in touch with them. Use them to illustrate the concepts being taught. Above all, please do not stifle children’s natural curiosity. Encourage them to ask questions, even if sometimes you feel uncomfortable. If you do not know the answer to a question on the spot, do not feel embarrassed. You can promise them to find the answer and deal with it later. Make a genuine attempt to get the answer from whatever resources are within your reach, such as senior school or college teachers, experts, libraries, internet, etc. If, in spite of your efforts, you cannot get the answer to some question, you could write to NCERT.

I must thank the NCERT for enabling us to talk to children through the medium of this book. Every member of the NCERT has been courteous and helpful to us. If you find this book useful and enjoy teaching/learning science through this book, the Editing Team and I shall consider ourselves well-rewarded.

V.B. Bhatia Chief Advisor

Textbook Development Committee

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TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEEChairperson, Advisory Group For Textbooks in Science and Mathematics

J.V. Narlikar, Emeritus Professor, Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCCA), Ganeshkhind, Pune University, Pune

Chief Advisor

V.B. Bhatia, Professor, Retd. (Physics), Delhi University, Delhi

Members

Bharati Sarkar, Reader, Retd. (Zoology), Maitreyi College, Delhi University, Delhi

C.V. Shimray, Lecturer, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics (DESM), NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi

D. Lahiry, Professor, Retd, DESM, NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi

G.P. Pande, Uttarakhand Seva Nidhi, Paryavaran Shiksha Sansthan, Jakhan Devi, Almora, Uttaranchal

Harsh Kumari, Headmistress, CIE Experimental Basic School, Department of Education, Delhi University, Delhi

J.S. Gill, Professor, DESM, NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi

Kamal Deep Peter, TGT (Science), Kendriya Vidyalaya, Bangalore

Kanhiya Lal, Principal, Retd., Directorate of Education, Delhi

Lalita S. Kumar, Reader (Chemistry), School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Maidan Garhi, New Delhi

Mohd. Iftikhar Alam, TGT (Science), Sarvodaya Bal Vidyalaya (No.1), Jama Masjid, Delhi

P.S. Yadava, Professor, Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal

R. Joshi, Lecturer (Selection Grade), DESM, NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi

Rachna Garg, Lecturer, DESM, Central Institute of Educational Technology, NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi

Ranjana Agrawal, Principal Scientist and Head, Division of Forecasting Techniques,

Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, IARI Campus, Pusa, New Delhi

R.S. Sindhu, Professor, DESM, NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi

Ruchi Verma, Lecturer, PPMED, NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi

Sarita Kumar, Reader (Zoology), Acharya Narendra Dev College, Delhi University, Delhi

Sunila Masih, Teacher, Mitra GHS School, Suhagpur, P.O. Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh

V.K. Gupta, Reader (Chemistry), Hans Raj College, Delhi University, Delhi

Member-coordinator

R.K. Parashar, Lecturer, DESM, NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) acknowledges the valuable contribution of the individuals and organisations involved in the development of Science textbook for Class VII. The Council acknowledges the valuable contribution of the following academics for reviewing and refining the manuscripts of this book: Sushma Kiran Setia, Principal, Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya, Hari Nagar (Clock Tower), New Delhi; Mohini Bindra, Principal, Ramjas School, Pusa Road, New Delhi; D.K. Bedi, Principal, Apeejay Senior Secondary School, Pitampura, Road No. 42, Sainik Vihar, New Delhi; Chand Vir Singh, Lecturer (Biology), GBSS School, Rajouri Garden (Main), New Delhi; Renuka Madan, TGT (Physics), Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute, Subroto Park, Delhi Cantt; Reena Jhani, TGT (Science), Darbari Lal DAV Model School, Pitam Pura, New Delhi; Geeta Bajaj, TGT (Science), K. V. No. 3, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi; Gagandeep Bajaj, Lecturer, Department of Education, S.P.M. College, Delhi University, Delhi; Shashi Prabha, Lecturer, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi; A.K. Bakhshi, Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi; N. Rathnasree, Director, Nehru Planetarium, Teen Murti Bhavan, New Delhi; S.B. Singh, TGT (Science), J.N.V. Sonikpur, P.O. Trivediganj, Distt. Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh; Madhur Mohan Ranga, Lecturer (Selection Scale), (Zoology), Govt. College, Ajmer, Rajasthan; K.G. Ojha, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, M.D.S. University, Ajmer, Rajasthan; Puneeta Sharma, TGT (Science), L.D. Jain Girls Senior Secondary School, Pahari Dhiraj, Delhi; Manohar Lal Patel, Teacher, Govt. R.N.A. Exc. H.S.S. Pipariya, Distt. Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh; Bharat Bhushan Gupta, PGT (Biology), Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, No.1, Shakurpur, Delhi; Sushma Jairath, Reader, Department of Women Studies (DWS), NCERT, New Delhi; Mina Yadav, Lecturer, DWS, NCERT, New Delhi; Swadesh Taneja, Ex-Reader (Life Sciences), IGNOU, New Delhi and M.M. Kapur, Professor, Retd. (Chemistry), Delhi University, Delhi. The contributions of Pramila Tanvar and Ashish K. Srivastava, Assistant Professors, are acknowledged for being a part of the review of this textbook.

The council is highly thankful to the India Meteorological Department, New Delhi, for providing some illustrations for the Chapter 8: Winds, Storms and Cyclones. The Council gratefully acknowledges the valuable suggestions received from the National Monitoring Committee in the development of the manuscript of this textbook.

The dynamic leadership of Professor Hukum Singh, Head, DESM, for providing guidance in the final editing of the manuscript and extending infrastructure facilities is highly acknowledged. Special thanks are due to Shveta Uppal, Chief Editor; and Bijnan Sutar, Assistant Editor, for going through the manuscript and suggesting relevant changes.

The Council also acknowledges the efforts of Deepak Kapoor, Incharge, Computer Station; Purnendu Kumar Barik, Musarrat Parveen and Satish Kumar Mishra, Copy Editors; Neelam Walecha and Muhammad Aiyub, DTP Operators; and Randhir Thakur, Proof Reader.

The contribution of APC-office, administration of DESM, Publication Department and Secretariat of NCERT is also acknowledged.

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PÀ£ÁðlPÀ ¥ÀoÀå¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀ ¸ÀAWÀ(j.)

¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ - 85

ix

x

Sri K.G. Rangaiah, Deputy Director, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru.

nhobr Am{U ~wPmo m§Mr OmoS>r nmR>çnwñVH$mÀ`m àdmgmV Vw_À`m gmo~V AgUma Amho. Ë`m§Zm àíZ {dMmaUo AmdS>Vo. Ë`m§À`m _ZmV oUmao gd©àH$maMo àíZ Vo Ë`m§À`m JmR>moS>çmV EH$Ì H$aVmV. H$mhr doim ho àíZ Vw_À`mer {d^mJyZ KoVmV, H$maU Vo Vwåhr `màH$aUmVyZ dmMbobo AgVmV.

nhobr Am{U ~wPmo ho XoIrb AZoH$ àíZm§À`m CÎmam§À`m emoYmV AgVmV. H$mhr doim Vo ñdV… ghnmR>r, dJ©{_Ì, {ejH$ `m§À`mer MMm© H$aVmV. Voìhm Ë`m MM}VM Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§Mr CÎmao {_iVmV. H$mhr doim BVHo$ H$ê$Z XoIrb Ë`m§À`m H$mhr àíZm§Mr CÎmao {_iV ZmhrV Ago dmQ>Vo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm ñdV…bm dmQ>Vo H$s AmnU à`moJ H$ê$Z nhmdoV, dmMZmb`mV OmD$Z nwñVHo$ dmMmdrV, d¡km{ZH$m§Zm àíZ nmR>dmdoV, eŠ` {VVŠ`m _mJm©Zo ImoXÿZ ImoXÿZ eŠ`Vm nS>Vmimì`mV Am{U àíZm§Mr CÎmao {_iVmV H$m nhmdrV. H$Xm{MV Vo Og Ogo darb B`ÎmoV OmVrb, Vg Vgo Ë`m§À`m JmR>moS>çmV AZoH$ AZwÎmarV àíZ AmUIr O_m hmoVrb.

IamoIa Ë`m§Zm AmUIr ñ\w$aU MT>ob Ooìhm Vwåhr Ë`m§À`m JmR>moS>çmV AmUIr àíZ O_m H$amb qH$dm Ë`m§À`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao Vwåhr Úmb. nmR>çnwñVH$mV gwM{dboë`m H¥$Vr Am{U {dÚmÏ`mªMo Ë`mnmgyZ {ZKmbobo {ZîH$f© ho BVa {dÚmWu Am{U {ejH$m§Zm Hw$VyhbH$maH$ R>aVrb. nwñVH$mVrb H¥$Vr Ho$ë`mZ§VaMo {ZîH$f© Am{U emoY, nhobr Am{U ~wPmobm Vwåhr Oê$a nmR>dy eH$Vm. EH$ _hËdmMr gyMZm Amho H$s Á`mH¥$Vr_Ü`o ãboS>, MmHy$, H$mÌr, A½Zr `m§Mm Cn`moJ hmoUma Amho Ë`mH¥$Vr Vwåhr Vw_À`m {ejH$m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZwgma H$amì`mV. nyd©gyMZm nyU©nUo bjmV KoD$Z H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMm AmZ§X Vwåhr AZw^dm. bjmV ¿`m Oa Vwåhr H¥$Vr nyU© Ho$ë`m ZmhrV Va ho nwñVH$ Vwåhmbm åhUmdo {VVHo$ ghmæ`H$ R>aUma Zmhr.

Amåhr Vwåhmbm g„m XoD$ BpÀN>Vmo H$s Vwåhr ñdV… {ZarjU H$am Am{U Ë`mMo Ambobo {ZîH$f© Zm|Xdm. Á`m {df`mMm Aä`mg AmnU H$[aV AgVmo Vmo OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r gImob Am{U _ZmnmgyZ {ZarjU H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$mhr H$maUmZo Vw_Mo {ZîH$f© Vw_À`m dJ©gmo~Ë`m§À`m {ZîH$fm©nojm doJio AgVrb. Vwåhr Ë`mMr H$miOr H$é ZH$m. Ë`m§À`m {ZîH$fm©H$S>o Xþb©j Z H$aVm {ZîH$fm©Mr H$maUo emoYm. Vw_À`m dJ©gmo~Ë`m§À`m {ZîH$fm©Mr ZH$b H|$ìhmhr H$é ZH$m.

Vwåhr Vw_Mo A{^àm` nhobr Am{U ~wPmobm Imbrb nË`mda nmR>dy eH$Vm.

{dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r gyMZm

To, The Managing Director Karnataka Textbook Society (R.)

100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru - 560 085.

xi

FOREWORD iii

{dÚmÏ`ªmgmR>r gyMZm xi

àH$aU 1dZñnVtMo nmofU 1

àH$aU 2àmÊ`m§Mo nmofU 16

àH$aU 3V§Vy Vo dó 33

àH$aU 4CîUVm 47

àH$aU 5Amåbo, AëH$br Am{U jma 65

àH$aU 6^m¡{VH$ Am{U amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb 78àH$aU 7{ZË` hdm_mZ, àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ Am{U Ë`m hdm_mZmZwgma àmÊ`m§Mo g_m`moOZ 92

àH$aU 8dmao, dmXio Am{U MH«$sdmXio 108

àH$aU 9_mVr 128

eãXgyMr 144

AZwH«$_{UH$m

^mJ - 1

xii

{dkmZ dZñnVtMo nmofU 1PB

dZñnVtMo nmofU1

B`Îmm ghmdr_Ü`o Vwåhr {eH$bm AmhmV H$s gd© g{Odm§Zm AmhmamMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Vwåhr ho Xo{Ib {eH$bm AmhmV H$s H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>g, àmoQ>rÝg, \°$Q²>g, OrdZgËdo Am{U I{ZOo ho gd© AmhmamMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. Am_À`m earamgmR>r AmhmamMo ho KQ>H$ Amdí`H$ AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§Zm nm¡ï>rH$ nXmW© (nutrients) åhUVmV.

gd© gOrd g¥ï>rbm AmhmamMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. dZñnVr ñdV…Mo AÞ ñdV… V`ma H$éZ KoVmV, na§Vy _mZdmgh BVa àmUr Vo H$é eH$V ZmhrV. Vo Ë`m§Zm dZñnVr nmgyZ {_iVo AWdm dZñnVtMo godZ H$aUmÀ`m àmÊ`mnmgyZ {_iVo. åhUOoM _mZd Am{U àmUr àË`j AWdm AàË`jnUo dZñnVrda Adb§~yZ AmhoV.

~wPmobm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s dZñnVr Amnbo AÞ H$go V`ma H$éZ KoVmV.

1.1 dZñnVrVrb nmofU nÜXV

nmUr, H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmB©S> Am{U I{ZOo `m§Mm dmna H$éZ ñdV…Mo AÞ ñdV… V`ma H$éZ KoUmar dZñnVr hr EH$_oH$ àOmVr Amho. H$ƒo nXmW© Ë`m§À`m g^modVmbrM CnbãY AgVmV.

g{Odm§À`m eara aMZogmR>r, dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r, earamVrb {~KS>bobm Ad`d XþéñV hmoD$Z H$m`©aV hmoÊ`mgmR>r, O¡{dH$ {H«$`mgmR>r bmJUmar D$Om© ho gmao nmofH$ KQ>H$mVyZ {_iVo. g{OdmH$Sy>Z AmhmamMo godZ H$éZ Ë`mMm dmna earamgmR>r H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrbm nmofU (nutrition) Ago åhUVmV. gmÜ`m nXmWm©nmgyZ ñdV…Mo AÞ ñdV… H$éZ KoD$Z nmofU H$éZ KoÊ`mÀ`m gOrdm§À`m `m nÜXVrbm ñd`§nmofU (autotrophic nutrition) åhUVmV. (auto- ñdV… Am{U trophos - nmofU H$ê$Z KoUo). åhUyZ dZñnVtZm ñd`§nmofr (autotrophos) åhUVmV. àmUr Am{U OmñVrV OmñV BVa gOrd ho dZñnVtZr V`ma Ho$bobm Amhma KoVmV. Ë`mZm nanmofr (heterotrophs) (heteros-Xþgè`mda) åhUVmV.

{dkmZ dZñnVtMo nmofU 32

nhobrbm OmUyZ ¿`md`mMo Amho H$s H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S>, nmUr Am{U I{ZOo `m§Mm dmna H$éZ dZñnVr à_mUo Amnbo eara AÞ H$m V`ma H$é eH$V Zmhr.

AmVm Amåhr {dMmé H$s dZñnVtMm AÞ H$maImZm dZñnVrV H$moR>o AgVmo Am{U dZñnVr_Üò gd© ^mJmV AWdm dZñnVrÀ`m {d{eï> ^mJmVM AÞ V`ma hmoVo H$m? g^modVmbr AgUmam H$ƒm _mb dZñnVr H$gm {_idyZ KoVmV? dZñnVrVrb AÞ H$maImÝ`mV Vmo H$gm nmR>{dVmV?

1.2 àH$me g§ûbofU - dZñnVrV AÞ V`ma H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m

nmZo hr dZñnVrÀ`m AÞmMm H$maImZm hmo`. dZñnVr§À`m AÞmMo g§ûbofU ho nmZm_Üò hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r gd© H$ƒo nXmW© VoWo nmohmoMbo nm{hOoV. _mVr_Üò Agbobo nmUr Am{U jma ho _wimH$Sy>Z emofbo OmVmV d Ë`m§Mo dhZ nmZmH$S>o hmoVo.

hdoVrb H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> hm nmZmda Agboë`m gyú_ a§Y«mÛmao emofbm OmVmo. `m a§Y«m^modVr ‘g§ajH$ noer’ AgVmV, Ë`m a§Y«mZm nU©a§Y« (stomata) åhUVmV [{MÌ 1.2(c)].

noer Vwåhr nm{hbm AmhmV H$s B_maVr {dQ>mnmgyZ V`ma hmoVmV. Ë`mM à_mUo gOrdm§Mo eara ho XoIrb gyú_ KQ>H$mnmgyZ ~Zbo AgyZ Ë`m§Zm noer (cell) åhUVmo. H$mhr gOrd \$ŠV EH$M noernmgyZ ~Zbo AmhoV. noerÀ`m ~mhoarb ~mOyZo nmVi Ago EH$ AmdaU AgVo Ë`mbm noer AmdaU (cell membrane) åhUVmV. OmñVrV OmñV noer_Üò _Ü`mda Jmob. AmH$mamMr EH$ aMZm AgVo Ë`mbm noerH|$Ð (nucleus) åhUVmV ({MÌ -1.1). noerH|$Ðm ^modVr OobrgmaIm (jelly like) nXmW© AgVmo Ë`mbm noerÐì` (cytoplasm) Ago åhUVmV.

{MÌ 1.1 noer

noer AmdaU

noerÐì`|

noerH|$Ð


~wPmobm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s _wimH$Sy>Z emofyZ KoVbob nmUr Am{U I{ZOo nmZmH$S>o H$go nmohm|MVmV.

nmUr Am{U I{ZOo dZñnVrMr _wio, ImoS>, \$m§Úm Am{U nmZo `m§À`mV Agboë`m dm{hÝ`m (vessels), Á`m nmBngma»`m ngaboë`m AgVmV Ë`m§À`m dmQ>o nmZmH$S>o nmohmoMVmV. Ë`m dm{hÝ`m nmZmH$S>o nmofH$ Ðì` OmÊ`mg gVV _mJ© CnbãY H$éZ XoVmV. dZñnVrVrb nXmWmªMo dhZ `m~ÔbMr A{YH$ _m{hVr àH$aU 11 _Üò Vwåhr {eH$mb.

nhobrbm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s nmZm_Üò Ago H$m` d¡{eï> Amho H$s Ë`m_Üò g§ûcofU hmoVo na§Vy dZñnVrÀ`m BVa ^mJmV hmoV Zmht.

nmZm_Üò h[aVÐì` (Šbmoamo\$sb) ZmdmMm {hadm KQ>H$ AgVmo Vmo nmZm§Zm gy`m©Mr COm© emofyZ KoÊ`mg _XV H$aVmo. hr D$Om© H$m~©ZS>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> Am{U nmUr `mnmgyZ AmhmamMo g§ûcofU hmoÊ`mg dmnabr OmVo. (Amhma V`ma hmoVmo) AmhmamMo g§ûcofU ho gy`© àH$memÀ`m ApñVËdmV hmoVo. `mbm àH$me g§ûcofU (photosynthesis) åhUVmV. (\$moQ>mo = àH$me, qgWo{gg = g§ûcofU AWdm EH$Ì H$aUo) àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$ògmR>r h[aVÐì`, gy`©àH$me, H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> Am{U nmUr ho Amdí`H$ AmhoV. n¥Ïdrdarb hr EH$ A{ÛVr` à{H«$`m Amho. gm¡aD$Om© nmZmdmQ>o emofyZ AmhmamÀ`m ñdénmV dZñnVrV gmR>{dbr OmVo. øm à_mUo gd© gOrdm§À`m D$O}Mo _wb^yV ómoV gy`© Amho.

àH$me g§ûcofUm{edm`Mo n¥Ïdrdarb OrdZ `mMr H$ënZm H$é eH$mb H$m!

àH$me g§ûcofU{edm` Amhma H$moR>oM AgUma Zmhr. àË`j AWdm AàË`jnUo gd© gOrd AmhmamgmR>r dZñnVtZr V`ma Ho$boë`m Amhma nXmWm©da Adb§~yZ AmhoV. Ë`m{edm` gOrdm§Zm {Od§V ahmÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m Am°pŠgOZMr {Z{_©Vr àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$ò Xaå`mZ hmoVo Voìhm àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òÀ`m A^mdmZo n¥Ïdrdarb gOrdm§Mo OJUo AeŠ` Amho.


dZñnVrÀ`m nmZmì`{V[aº$ dZñnVrÀ`m {haì`m ^mJmV àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$`m hmoV AgVo Vo åhUOo {hado ImoS>, {haì`m \$m§Úm. dmid§Q>mVrb dZñnVtZm {d{eï> AmdaU AWdm H$mQ>oar nmZo AgVmV Á`m_wio dZñnVrVrb nmÊ`mMr dm\$ hmoÊ`mMo à_mU H$_r hmoVo. `m dZñnVtMo ImoS> {hado AgVo Á`m_Üò àH$meg§ûcofU {H«$`m MmbVo.

àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òV h[aVÐì` (Šbmoamo\$sb) Agboë`m nmZmVrb noer ({MÌ 1.2) gy`©àH$memV H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> Am{U nmÊ`mMm dmna H$éZ H$m~mo©h¡S´>oQ>g²Mo g§ûcofU H$aVmV ({MÌ 1.3) hr à{H«$`m g{_H$aUmÛmao Xe©{dVm XoB©b.

H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> + nmUr gy`©àH$me

h[aV²>Ðì` H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ> + Am°pŠgOZ

(a) nmZ

h[aVÐì`/Šbmoamo\$sb

g§ajH$ noer ñQ>mo_m

(b) nmZmMm AmVrb ^mJ

g§ajH$ noer

ñQ>mo_mQ>b N>oX

(c) ñQ>mo_mQ>m/nU©a§Y«

{MÌ 1.2


Am°pŠgOZ

nmZmVrb Šbmoamo\$sb

nmUr Am{U I{ZOo

gm¡a D$Om©

H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S>

{MÌ 1.3 àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$`m Xe©{dUmao {MÌ

`m à{H«$òV Am°pŠgOZ _wŠV hmoVmo. H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>gMo ñQ>mM© (starch) ({nï>_` nXmW©) _Üò énm§Va hmoVo. nmZm_Üò Agbobo ñQ>mM©Mo ApñVËd ho àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$`m Xe©{dVo. ñQ>mM© ho XoIrb H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ> Amho.

~wPmoZo JS>X bmb, Om§îm AWdm ~Xm_r a§JmMr nmZo Agbobr amon nm{hbr. `mbm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s øm nmZm_Üò XoIrb àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$`m hmoV Agob H$m.

H¥$Vr 1.1

bhmZ Hw§$S>m_Üò bmdbobr EH$mM àH$maMr XmoZ amon ¿`m. Ë`mVrb EH$ amon 72 Vmgmn`ªV A§Ymè`m OmJoV (AWdm H$mi`m ~m°Šg_Üò) R>odm Am{U Xþgao amon gy`©àH$memV R>odm. XmoÝhr amonm§À`m nmZmda Vwåhr B`Îmm ghmdr_Üò Ho$ë`mà_mUo Am`moS>rZMr MmMUr H$am. n[aUm_mMr Zm|X H$am. Oo amon Vwåhr A§Ymè`m OmJoV R>odbo hmoVo Vo Vwåhr 3-4 {Xdg gy`©àH$memV R>odm Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m nmZm§da Am`moS>rZMr nwÝhm MmMUr H$am. Ë`mÀ`m {ZarjUmMr Zm|X Vw_À`m dhrV H$am.

{hadm a§J gmoSy>Z BVa a§JmÀ`m nmZm_ÜògwÜXm h[aVÐì` AgVo. Ë`m nmZmVrb {haì`m a§Jmda bmb, ~Xm_r Am{U BVa a§JmMo (pigments) AmdaU Ë`mda AgVo ({MÌ 1.4). àH$meg§ûcofU {H«$`m `m nmZm_ÜògwÜXm hmoV AgVo.


{MÌ 1.4 {d{dY a§Jm§Mr nmZo

Vi`mVrb nmÊ`mV AWdm gmR>boë`m nmÊ`mÀ`m H$mR>mbm {hado nmVi Wa (patch) Vwåhr nm{hbm Agmb. ho gm_mÝ`nUo nmÊ`mV dmT>Umao O¡{dH$ KQ>H$ AgyZ Ë`mbm eodmi (algae)åhUVmV. ho eodmi {hado H$m AgVo Vwåhr AmoiIy eH$mb H$m? eodmim_Üò Šbmoamo\$sb AgVo Ë`m_wio Vo {hado {XgVo àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òÛmao eodmi Amnbo AÞ V`ma H$éZ KoVmV.

H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>{edm` BVa dZñnVr Amhmam§Mo g§ûcofU

AmVmM Vwåhr OmUyZ KoVbV H$s àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òÛmao dZñnVr H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>gMo g§ûcofU (EH$ÌrH$aU) H$aVmV. H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>g² ho H$m~©Z, hm`S´>moOZ Am{U Am°ŠgrOZnmgyZ ~ZVmV. `m§Mm dmna AÞmVrb BVa KQ>H$ Agboë`m àmoQ>rÝg Am{U \$°Q>g²À`m g§íbofUmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vy àmoQ>rZ hm Zm`Q´>moOZ`wº$ KQ>H$ Amho, Á`mV Zm`Q´>moOZ AgVmo dZñnVtZm Zm`Q´>moOZ H$moRy>Z {_iVmo?

Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$s g^modVmbÀ`m hdo_Üò Zm`Q´>moOZMo ApñVËd {dnwb à_mUmV Amho. na§Vy `m pñWVrVrb Zm`Q´>moOZ dZñnVr emofyZ KoD$ eH$V Zmhr. _mVr_Üò {d{eï> gwú_O§Vy AgVmV Vo dm`wén Zm`Q´>moOZMo Cn`wŠV ñdénmV énm§Va H$éZ _mVrV _wŠV H$aVmV. hm {dÐmì` KQ>H$ dZñnVr nmÊ`mgmo~V emofyZ KoVmV. Ë`m {edm` Vwåhr nm{hbm Agmb H$s CÎm_ àVrMo Zm`Q´>moOZ`wŠV IV eoVH$ar _mVrV {_giVmV. øm à_mUo dZñnVr Amnë`mbm bmJUmar Zm`Q´>moOZ d BVa KQ>H$m§Mr JaO nyU© H$éZ KoVmV. Ë`mZ§Va H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>g² gmoSy>Z àmoQ>rZ Am{U {dQ>°°{_Ýg `mgma»`m Amhma KQ>H$m§Mo g§ûcofU dZñnVr H$é eH$VmV.


1.3 dZñnVr nmofUmÀ`m BVa nÜXVr

h[aVÐì` Zgboë`m dZñnVtÀ`m àOmVr AmhoV. Vo Amnë`m AÞmMo g§ûcofU H$é eH$V ZmhrV. _J Ë`m dZñnVr H$em OJVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm nmofH$ KQ>H$ H$moRy>Z {_iVmV? Aem dZñnVr _mZd Am{U BVa àmÊ`mà_mUo BVa dZñnVr§Zr V`ma Ho$boë`m Amhmamda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. Vo nmofUm gmR>r nanmofr nÜXVrMm (heterotrophic nutrition) dmna H$aVmV. AmH¥$Vr 1.5 nhm. PmS>mÀ`m ImoS>mda Am{U \$m§Úmda {ndi`m a§JmMm VmaogmaIm Jmob ZmOyH$ nXmW© Jw§S>mibobm Vwåhmbm {XgVmo H$m? `m dZñnVrbm H$ñHw$Q>m AWdm A_adob (cuscuta) åhUVmV. `mV h[aVÐì` ZgVo. hr dob Á`m PmS>mda MT>Vo Ë`mM PmS>mZo V`ma Ho$bobo AÞ KoVo. hr dob Á`m dZñnVrda dmT>Vo Ë`mbm Ò_mZ dZñnVr (host) åhUVmV. hr dZñnVr Ò_mZ dZñnVrVrb nmofH$ Ðì` emofyZ KoV Agë`mZo {Vbm namonOrdr (parasite) åhUVmV. Amåhr Am{U BVa àmUr ho dZñnVr§Mo namonOrdr AmhmoV H$m? Vwåhr `m~m~V {dMma H$am Am{U Vw_À`m {ejH$m§er MMm© H$am.

nhobrbm OmUyZ ¿`md`mMo Amho H$s S>mg, T>oHy$U, Cdm Am{U Oiy Amnbo aŠV emofyZ KoVmV Vo XoIrb namonOrdr AmhoV H$m?

àmÊ`m§Zm ImD$ eH$Umè`m dZñnVr~Ôb Vwåhr H$Yr EoH$bm AWdm dmMbm AmhmV H$m`? H$mhr dZñnVr AmhoV Á`m {H$Q>H$m§Zm Amnë`m gmni`mV nH$S>VmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm nM{dVmV. ho Amü`©H$maH$ Zmhr H$m? Aem dZñnVr {haì`m AgVrb AWdm BVa a§JmÀ`m AgVrb. {MÌ 1.6 _Yrb dZñnVr nhm. gwaB©À`m AmH$mamMm ImobJQ> mJ hm nmZmMm dmT>rd mJ Amho. nmZmÀ`m Q>moH$mH$S>rb mJ hm Ë`m ImobJQ> mJmÀ`m

{MÌ 1.5 Ò_mZ d¥jmdarb Hw$ñHw$Q>m (A_adob)


Vm|S>mdarb CKS>Pmn H$aUmao PmH$U ~ZVo. Ë`m ImobJQ> ^mJmV AmVrb ~mOyZo Imbrb {XeoZo PwH$bobo Ho$g AgVmV. Ooìhm§ gwaB©gma»`m ^mJmV H$sQ>H$ òVmo Voìhm darb PmH$U ~§X hmoVo Am{U Ho$gm_Üò Vmo Jwa\$Q>Vmo. Ë`m gwaB©gma»`m ^mJmV Agboë`m nmMH$agmV Vmo {H$Q>H$ nMbm OmVmo. Aem H$sQ>H$mZm ImUmè`m dZñnVrZm§ H$sQ>H$^jH$ dZñnVr (insectivorous plants) åhUVmV. Aer eŠ`Vm Amho H$m Á`m {R>H$mUr Aem dZñnVr dmT>VmV VoWrb _mVr_Üò Ë`mZm Amdí`H$ AgUmao nmofH$ KQ>H$ {_iV ZmhrV?

~wPmo Jm|Yibm Amho. Oa KQ>nUu dZñnVr (pitcherplant) {hadr AgVo Am{U Ë`mV àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$`m hmoVo, Va Vr H$sQ>H$mZm H$m ImVo?

{MÌ 1.6 KQ>nUu dZñnVr Á`mV PmH$U d ImobJQ> ^mJ Xe©{dbm Amho.

PmH$U

nmZ Á`mMo ImobJQ> ^mJmV énm§Va Pmbo Amho

1.4 edmonOrdr

^mOr _§S>B©V Vwåhr {dH$m`bm Ambobr Ami§~rMr (_eé_) nmH$sQ>o nm{hbm Agmb. nmdgmÀ`m {XdgmV PmS>mÀ`m VwQy>Z nS>boë`m \$m§Úm Hw$Oë`mZ§Va Ë`mda N>ÌrÀ`m (umbrella)AmH$mamMm _D$ ñVa Ambobm nm{hbm Agmb. ({MÌ 1.7) Ë`m§Zm OJÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVo nmofH$ KQ>H$ bmJVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm Vo H$moRy>Z {_iVmV?

{MÌ 1.7 Ami§~rMo nmH$sQ>, Hw$OUmè`m nXmWm©da dmT>Umar

Ami§~r

~wPmobm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s Ago gOrd nmofH$ KQ>H$ H$go {_i{dVmV. àmÊ`m§Zm Ogo Vm|S> AgVo Vgo Ë`m§Zm Vm|S> Zmhr. Vo {haì`m dZñnVrgmaIo ZmhrV H$maU Ë`m§À`mV h[aV

Ðì`mMr H$_VaVm Amho Am{U àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òÛmao AÞ V`ma H$é eH$V ZmhrV.


H¥$Vr 1.2

{MÌ 1.8 ~«oS>da dmT>bobr ~waer

~«oS>Mm EH$ VwH$S>m ¿`m. Ë`mda nmUr qenSy>Z Amobga H$am Am{U 2 Vo 3 {Xdg C~Xma OmJoV R>odm Á`m_wio Ë`mda H$mngmgmaIm nXmW© V`ma Pmbobm Vwåhmbm {Xgob ({MÌ 1.8). Ë`mdarb a§J H$moUVm Amho? Vmo nXmW© nm§T>am, {hadm, Vn{H$ar AWdm BVa H$moUË`mhr a§JmMm Agy eHo$b. Ë`m nXmWm©Mo gwú_Xe©H$ `§ÌmImbr AWdm {dembH$ q^JmVyZ {ZarjU H$am. Vw_À`m dhr_Üò {ZarjU Zm|Xdm ~o«S>À`m VwH$S>`mda H$mngmÀ`m Ym½`mgmaIm nXmW© ngabobm {Xgob.

`m Ordmbm ~waer AWdm H$dH$ (fungi) åhUVmV. Ë`m§À`m nmofUmMm _mJ© AWdm nÜXV doJir AgVo. Vo _¥V AWdm Hw$OUmè`m nXmWm©da H$mhr nmMH$ agm§Mm ómd V`ma H$aVmV Am{U Vmo emofU H$éZ KoVmV. Á`m nÜXVrV gOrd Amnë`mbm bmJUmao nmofH$ KQ>H$ _¥V AWdm Hw$OmUmè`m nXmWm©nmgyZ {_idyZ KoVmV `mbm edmon{Odr nmofU (saprotrophic nutrition) åhUVmV. Á`m dZñnVr nmofUmgmR>r edmon{Odr nmofUmMr nÜXV dmnaVmV Ë`mZm edmon{Odr (saprotrophs) åhUVmV.

bmoUMr, H$mVS>r, H$nS>o Am{U BVa dñVy AZoH$ {Xdg dmna Z H$aVm Ja_ Am{U X_Q> OmJoV R>odë`m Va Ë`mda ~waer dmT>Vo.

nhobrb OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s Vr {d{eï> àg§Jr dmnaV Agbobo

gw§Xa ~yQ> nmdgmi`mÀ`m {XdgmV ~waer òD$Z Iam~ hmoVrb H$m. {Vbm

ho XoIrb OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s nmdgmi`mV AMmZH$ ~waer

H$moRy>Z òVo?

~wPmo åhUV hmoVm H$s Ë`mÀ`m AmOmo~mZr Ë`mbm gm§{JVbo H$s EH$Xm Ë`m§À`m eoVmVrb JìhmMo nrH$ ~waer_wio ~mX Pmbo. Ë`mbm

OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s ~waer AWdm H$dH$m_wio amoJ hmoVmV H$m?

nhobrZo Ë`mbm gm§{JVbo H$s `rñQ> Am{U Ami§~rgmaIo H$dH$ ho Cn`moJr AmhoV, na§Vy H$mhr àH$maÀ`m ~waer AWdm H$dH$ dZñnVr àmUr Am{U _mZdmbm hmoUmè`m

amoJmbm H$maUr^yV R>aVmV. H$mhr H$dH$m§Mm dmna Am¡fYmgmR>rnU Ho$bm OmVmo.


nmdgmi`mV Ë`m§À`m_wio AZoH$ dñVy Iam~ hmoVmV. Vw_À`m nmbH$mH$Sy>Z ~waer_wio hmoUmao YmoHo$ AWdm Anm` OmUyZ ¿`m.

~waerMr ~rO gm_mÝ`nUo hdoV AgVmV. Vr ~rO Ooìhm§ Amobga Am{U C~Xma OmJoV nmohmoMVmV Voìhm Vr A§Hw$aVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mr dmT> hmoVo. Voìhm Amnë`m dñVw Iam~ hmoD$ ZòV `mgmR>r AmnU H$m` H$amdo `mMo {Z`moOZ H$amb H$m?

H$mhr gOrd EH$ Xþgè`m gmo~V ahmVmV. Amnbo nmofH$ KQ>H$ VgoM {Zdmam dmQy>Z KoVmV. `mbm ghOrdr g§~§Y (symbiosis) åhUVmV. CXmhaUmW©, H$mhr H$dH$ d¥jmÀ`m _wimer ahmVmV. d¥j Ë`m§Zm nmofH$ KQ>H$ XoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV Ë`mbm H$dH$mnmgyZ _mVrVrb H$mhr nmofH$ KQ>H$ Am{U nmUr {_iVo. d¥jmgmR>r øm g§~§YmMo {deof _hËd Amho.

XJS>\y$b (lichens) åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m gOrdm_Üò XmoZ ^mJrXma AgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ eodmi Am{U Xþgam H$dH$ hmo`. `mVrb eodmim_Üò harVÐì` AgVo Va H$dH$m_Üò Vo ZgVo. H$dH$ eodmimbm ahÊ`mgmR>r {Zdmam XoVmo, nmUr Am{U I{ZOo CnbãY H$éZ XoVmo Va Ë`mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV eodmi àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òÛmao V`ma Pmbobo AÞ H$dH$mbm nwa{dVo.

1.5 _mVr_Üò nmofH$ KQ>H$m§Mo nwZa²âU H$go hmoVo?

Vwåhr eoVH$è`mbm eoVm_Üò AWdm _mi`mbm ~mJoVrb {hadi AWdm Hw§$S>m_Üò IV KmbVm§Zm nm{hbm AmhmV H$m? _mVr_Üò Vo H$m {_giVmV ho Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m?

Vwåhr {eH$bm AmhmV H$s dZñnVr _mVrVrb nmofH$ KQ>H$ d I{ZOo emofyZ KoVmV. Ë`m_wio _mVrVrb Ë`m§Mo à_mU H$_r hmoV OmVo. IVm_Üò dZñnVrZm nmofH$ Agbobo Zm`Q´>moOZ nmoQ>°{e`_² \$m°ñnag BË`mXr KQ>H$ AgVmV. ho nmofH$ KQ>H$ doimodoir _mVrV {_giV Joë`mZo _mVrVrb gwnrH$Vm {Q>Hy$Z ahmVo. dZñnVrÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ nmofH$ KQ>H$ CnbãY H$éZ {Xë`mg Ë`m§Mr CÎm_ Am{U {ZamoJr nÜXVrZo AmnU dmT> H$é eH$Vmo.

gm_mÝ`nUo {nH$m§Mr amono _moR>`mà_mUmV Zm`Q´>moOZ emofyZ KoVmV Am{U Ë`m_wio _mVr _Üò Zm`Q´>moOZMr H$_VaVm hmoVo. hdo_Üò CnbãY Agboë`m H$m~©ZS>m` Am°ŠgmB©S>Mm dmna dZñnVr Á`m nÜXVrZo H$é eH$VmV. Ë`mM nÜXVrZo hdoV {dnwb à_mUmV CnbãY Agboë`m Zm`Q´>moOZMm dmna H$aÊ`mg Vo Ag_W© R>aVmV. Ë`mZm {dÐmì` ñdénmVrb Zm`Q´>moOZMr JaO AgVo. `mgmR>r IVo Am{U g|Ðr` KQ>H$ _mVrV {_giVmV. amBOmo{~`_²> (Rhizobium)


ZmdmMo gwú_O§Vy hdoVrb Zm`Q´>moOZMo Cn`wº$ nXmWm©À`m ñdénmV ~Xb H$aVmV, na§Vy amÒmo{~`_²> ñdVm…Mo AÞ ñdV… ~Zdy eH$V ZmhrV. Vo haâm, dmQ>mUo, _yJ, {~Ýg, Am{U BVa {ÛXb H$S>YmÝ` dZñnVrÀ`m (legumes) _wimda ahmVmV. d Ë`m§Mr Zm`Q´>moOZMr JaO nyU© H$aVmV. OmñVrV OmñV S>mir {ÛXb dZñnVrÛmao {_iVmV. Ë`mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV dZñnVr Ë`m gwú_O§VyZm AÞ Am{U {Zdmam XoVmV. Aem [aVrZo Ë`mÀ`mV ghOrdr g§~§Y ahVmo. hm gh`moJ eoVH$è`mgm§R>r \$ma _hËdmMm Amho. Á`m {R>H$mUr {ÛXb dZñnVrMr bmJdS> Ho$br OmVo Ë`m eoVmV eoVH$è`mbm Zm`Q´>moOZ`wŠV IV _mVrV KmbÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo.

øm àH$aUmV Vwåhr {eH$bmV H$s OmñVrV OmñV dZñnVr ñd`§nmofr AmhoV. AJXr WmoS>`m à_mUmVrb dZñnVr nmofUmgmR>r namonOrdr Am{U edmonOrdr ^mJm§Mm Adb§~ H$aVmV. Vo Xþgè`m gOrdmH$Sy>Z nmofH$ KQ>H$ {_i{dVmV. gd© àmUr ho namonOrdr JQ>mV òVmV H$maU Vo AmhmamgmR>r dZñnVr Am{U BVa àmÊ`mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. H$sQ>H$^jH$ dZñnVtZm AmnU A§eV… namonOrdr åhUy eH$Vmo H$m?

à_wI eãXñd`§nmofr {H$Q>H$^jH$ àH$me g§ûcofUh[aV Ðì` nm¡{ï>H$/nmofH$ KQ>H$ edmonOrdrnanmofr nmofU edmonOrdZÒ_mZ namonOrdr ñQ>mo_°Q>m / nU©a§Y«

Vwåhr H$m` {eH$bmV

• gd© gOrd Amhma godZ H$aVmV Am{U Ë`mMm dmna D$Om© {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV, Or earamÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r Am{U à{VnmbZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo.

• {haì`m dZñnVr àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òÛmao ñdV…Mo AÞ ñdV… V`ma H$éZ KoVmV. Vo ñd`§nmofr Amho.

• H$ñHw$Q>mgmaIr dZñnVr hr namon{Odr Amho. Ë`m Amnbm Amhma Ò_mZ d¥jmH$Sy>Z KoVmV.

• AÞmÀ`m g§ûcofUmgmR>r dZñnVr H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S>, nmUr Am{U I{ZOo `m gma»`m gmÜ`m amgm`{ZH$ nXmWmªMm dmna H$aVmV.

• h[aV Ðì`, nmUr, H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmBS> Am{U gy`© àH$me ho àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$ògmR>r AË`mdí`H$ AmhoV.


• H$m~m}hmBS´>oQ>gmaIo g§H$sU© amgm`{ZH$ nXmW© ho àH$meg§ûcofU {H«$òMo CámXZ Amho.

• dZñnVr harV Ðì`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gm¡a D$Om© emofyZ AÞmÀ`m ñdénmV nmZm_Üò gmR>{dbr OmVo.

• àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òÀ`m doir Am°pŠgOZMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.

• àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òÀ`m doir _wº$ Pmbobm Am°pŠgOZ BVa gOrd Amnë`m OJÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVmV.

• _¥V AWdm Hw$OUmè`m nXmWm©nmgyZ ~waer AWdm H$dH$ Amnbo nmofU H$éZ KoVmV. Vo edmonOrdr AmhoV.

• H$mhr dZñnVr Am{U gd© àmUr Amnë`m nmofUmgmR>r Xþgè`mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV Ë`m§Zm nanmofr åhUVmV.

Aä`mg

1. gOrdm§Zm AmhmamMr Amdí`H$Vm H$m AgVo?

2. namonOrdr Am{U edmonOrdr `mVrb \$aH$ ñnï> H$am.

3. nmZm_Üò ñQ>mM© Amho `mMo n[ajU H$go H$amb?

4. {haì`m dZñnVr_Üò hmoUmè`m g§ûcofU {H«$òMo WmoS>Š`mV {ddaU H$am.

5. dZñnVr AmhmamMo _wb^yV ómoV Amho ho àdmhr {MÌmÛmao ñnï> H$am.

6. _moH$i`m OmJm âm.

(a) {haì`m dZñnVr Amnbm Amhma ñdV… ~Z{dVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm ___________ åhUVmV.

(b) dZñnVrìXmao g§ûco{fV AmhmamMm g§J«h ___________ À`m ñdénmV Ho$bm OmVmo.

(c) àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$ò_Üò Á`m a§JmÛmao gm¡a D$Om© emofbr OmVo Ë`mbm ___________ åhUVmV.

(d) àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$ò_Üò dZñnVr hdoVyZ ___________ dm`y KoVmV Am{U ___________ dm`y _wº$ H$aVmV.

7. Zmd gm§Jm

(i) {ndù`m a§JmMr VmaogmaIr Jmob ZmOyH$ nanmofr dZñnVr.

(ii) ñd`§nmofr Am{U nanmofr XmoÝhr nÜXVrMm Adb§~ H$aUmar dZñnVr.

(iii) Oo a§Y«, Á`mVyZ nmZm_Üò dm`y§Mr XodmU KodmU hmoVo.


8. `mo½` CÎmamg_moa (p) IyU H$am.

(a) H$ñHw$Q>m `mMo CXmhaU Amho

(i) ñd`§nmofr (ii) namonfr

(iii) edmonOrdr (iv) Ò_mZ

(b) {H$Q>H$mZm nH$Sy>Z Amnbm Amhma ~Z{dUmar dZñnVr

(i) H$ñHw$Q>m (ii) {MZr Jwbm~

(iii) KQ>nUu (iv) Jwbm~

9. ñV§^ I d II ñV§^ _Yrb {Xboë`m KQ>H$m§À`m OmoS>`m Owidm.

ñV§^ - I ñV§^ - IIh[aVÐì`

Zm`Q´>moOZ

H$ñHw$Q>m

àmUr

{H$Q>H$

gwú_O§Vy

nanmofr

KQ>nUu

nmZ

namonOrdr

10. Imbr {Xboë`m {dYmZmn¡H$s ~amo~a {H$§dm MyH$ {dYmZo AmoiIm.

(i) àH$mf g§ûcofU {H«$òV H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> _wº$ hmoVmo. (~amo~a / MyH$)

(ii) ñdV…Mo AÞ ñdV… V`ma H$éZ KoUmè`m dZñnVrbm edmonOrdr åhUVmV.(~amo~a / MyH$)

(iii) àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òÛmao àmoQ>rZ hm KQ>H$ V`ma hmoV Zmhr. (~amo~a / MyH$)

(iv) àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òV gm¡aD$O}Mo amgm`{ZH$ CO}V énm§Va hmoVo. (~amo~a / MyH$)

11. `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m

àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òV dZñnVrMm H$moUVm ^mJ H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> KoVmo.

(a) V§Vy _yio (b) ñQ>mo_°Q>m

(c) nmZmVrb dm{hÝ`m (d) \w$bmÀ`m nmH$ù`m


12. dZñnVr hdoVrb H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> _w»`V… Á`m ^mJmVyZ KoVmV Vmo ^mJ

(i) _yi (ii) ImoS>

(iii) \w$bo (iv) nmZo

13. h[aVJ¥hm_Üò eoVH$ar AZoH$ \$im§Mr d \w$bm§Mr {nHo$ H$m KoVmV? `mMo eoVH$è`m§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo H$moUVo?

{dñVmarV AÜ``Z - H¥$Vr Am{U `moOZmH$m`©

1. `moOZm H$m`©

é§X nmZo Agbobo Hw§$S>mV bmdbobo EH$ amon ¿`m. H$mi`m aJmÀ`m H$mJXmÀ`m XmoZ nÅ>`m ¿`m. Am{U Ë`mÀ`m _Ymo_Y EH$ Mm¡ag H$mnm. m H$mJXr nÅ>`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo amonmMr XmoZ nmZo AmÀN>mXrV H$am. H$mJX gwQy> Zò `mgmR>r Ë`mbm nonanrZ ~gdm ({MÌ 1.9).

ho amon 2-5 {Xdgmn`ªV gy`©àH$memV R>odm. Ë`mZ§Va AmÀN>mXrV Ho$bobm nmZmMm ^mJ d AmÀN>mXrV Z Ho$bobm ^mJ§mÀ`m a§JmMo {Z[ajU H$am. Ë`mda Am`moS>rZ MmMUr H$am. XmoÝhr

{MÌ 1.9 àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òMo n[ajU H$aÊ`mMm à`moJ


^mJmVrb n[ajUm_Üò \$aH$ OmUdVmo H$m? Xþgao nmZ ¿`m Ë`mdarb H$mJXr nÅ>r H$mT>m Am{U nmZmMm Vmo ^mJ 2-3 {Xdg gy`© àH$memV R>odm Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mda Am`moS>rZ MmMUr H$am. Vw_À`m {ZarjUmMo {ddaU Úm.

2. Vw_À`m ZOrH$ Agboë`m harV J¥hmbm ôQ> Úm. Ë`m {R>H$mUr dZñnVtMr dmT> H$er Ho$br OmVo `mMo {ZarjU H$am. dZñnVrÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r VoWo àH$me, nmUr Am{U H$m~©ZS>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> da H$go {Z`§ÌU R>odbo OmVo `mMo {ZarjU H$am.

3. \$º$ nmÊ`m_Üò aVmù`m§Mr bmJdS> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am. Vw_À`m narjUmMo d {ZarjUMo {ddaU Úm.

`m~m~VMr OmñV _mhrVr Imbrb gmB©Q>déZ ¿`m

www.phschool.com/science/biology_ place/biocoach/photosynth/overview.htm

Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m?

dZñnVrgmR>r gy`©àH$me BVH$m _hËdmMm AgVmo H$s Vmo {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r nmZo {d{dY AmH$mamV dmT>VmV.

{dkmZ àmÊ`m§Mo nmofU 1716

àmÊ`m§Mo nmofU2

àH$aU 1 _Üò Vwåhr {eH$bm AmhmV H$s dZñnVr àH$me g§ûcofU {H«$òÛmao ñdV:Mo AÞ ñdV… V`ma H$é eH$VmV na§Vy àmUr H$é eH$V ZmhrV. àmUr Amnbo AÞ dZñnVrnmgyZ {_i{dVmV, àË`j dZñnVtMo godZ H$éZ AWdm dZñnVr§Zm godZ H$aUmè`m àmÊ`mMo godZ H$éZ àmUr AÞ {_i{dVmV. H$mhr àmUr dZñnVr Am{U àmUr XmoÝhtMo godZ H$aVmV. _mZdmgh gd© gOrdm§Zm Ë`m§À`m dmT>rgmR>r earamMr PrO ^éZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Am{U emar[aH$ {H«$`m Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r AÞmMr JaO Amho ho AmR>dV Agob. àmÊ`m§À`m nmofUm_Üò nmofH$ KQ>H$m§Mr JaO, Amhma godZmMr nÜXV Am{U Ë`mMm earamV hmoUmam dmna `m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.

B`Îmm 6dr _Üò Vwåhr {eH$bmV H$s AmhmamV AZoH$ KQ>H$ AgVmV. Vo Vwåhr AmR>dm Am{U Ë`m§Mr `mXr H$am.

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H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>g² gmaIo AÞmMo KQ>H$ ho g§H$sU© qH$dm {_l nXmW© AgVmV. Ago g§H$sU© nXmW© Ogo AgVmV Vgo Cn`moJ H$aVm oV ZmhrV, åhUyZ Vo gmÜ`m nXmWm©V {dKQ>rV Ho$bo OmVmV. AÞmVrb g§H$sU© KQ>H$m§Mo {dKQ>Z H$éZ gmÜ`m nXmWm©V énm§Va hmoUo åhUOo nMZ{H«$`m (digestion)hmo`.

nXmW© gmYo nXmW©

2.1 AÞgodZmÀ`m {d{dY nÜXVrdoJdoJi`m gOrdm§Mr AÞJ«hU H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV doJdoJir AgVo. _Y_mer Am{U

h_tJ ~S>© ho dZñnVrVrb _Y emofyZ KoVmV. _mZdmMo bhmZ ~mi Am{U àmÊ §mMr {n„ Amnë`m


AmB©Mo XÿY {nD$Z ahmVmV. gmn, AOJa `m gmaIo àmUr Amnë`m ^ú`mbm {JiVmV. nmÊ`mV ahmUmao àmUr nmÊ`mV Va§JUmao bhmZ AÞH$U godZ H$éZ CnOr{dH$m H$aVmV.

H¥$Vr 2.1Imbr {Xbobo àmUr H$moUË`m àH$mamMm Amhma KoVmV d Vmo godZ H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV

H$moUVr? Vw_Mo {ZarjU Imbr {Xboë`m VŠË`mV {bhm. VŠË`mÀ`m Imbr {Xboë`m godZmÀ`m nÜXVtMr `mXr Vwåhmbm Cn`wŠV R>aob.

VŠVm 2.1 godZmÀ`m {d{dY nÜXVr

àmÊ`mMo Zmd AmhmamMm àH$ma godZmMr nÜXV

JmoJbJm`_w§JrJéS>h_tJ ~S>©D$dmS>mg\w$bnmIé_mer

(VwH$S>o H$éZ, MmdyZ ImUo, ZbrHo$Ûmao emofyZ KoUo, nH$S>Uo Am{U {JiUo, emofyZ KoUo, Vm|S>mdmao emofyZ KoUo BË`mXr.)

Amü`©H$maH$ KQ>Zm

Vmam_mgm (ñQ>ma\$se) H$°b²{e`_ H$m~m}ZoQ>Mo H$R>rU H$dM Agboë`m àmÊ`mda Cn{O{nH$m H$aVmo. àmÊ`mdarb H$dM H$mTy>Z Vm|S>mdmQ>o Amnbo nmoQ> ~mhoa H$mTy>Z Ë`m H$dMr àmÊ`mÀ`m earamVrb _D$ ^mJ ImVmo. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo nmoQ> naV Ë`mÀ`m earamV OmVo Am{U AmhmamMo nMZ hmoVo.

{MÌ 2.1 Vmam_mgm


2.2 _mZdmVrb nMZ{H«$`mAmnU Vm|S>mdmQ>o AÞJ«hU H$aVmo, Ë`mMo nMZ hmoVo Am{U Cn`moJ H$éZ KoVmo. AÞmÀ`m

{Zén`moJr ^mJmMo _b{dgO©Z Ho$bo OmVo. Vwåhr H$Yr AmnU godZ Ho$boë`m AÞmMo earamV H$m` hmoVo ho OmUyZ ¿`m`Mm à`ËZ Ho$bm AmhmV H$m? AmnU godZ Ho$bobm Amhma hm EH$m gmVË`nyU© Z{bHo$VyZ OmVmo ({MÌ 2.2). Á`mMr gwadmV _wI {dda (buccal cavity) nmgyZ hmoVo d eodQ>r JwXÛma AgVo. `m Z{bHo$Mr AZoH$ ^mJmV {d^mJUr Ho$br Amho. (1) _wI-{dda (2)AÞZ{bH$m (3) OR>a (4) bhmZ AmVS>o (5)_moR>o AmVS>o Á`mMm eodQ> _bme`mV hmoVmo (6) JwXÛma. hm _mJ© Iyn bm§~ Amho Zmhr H$m? ho gd© ^mJ {_iyZ Amhma ZbrH$m (digestive tract) ~ZVo. `m {d{dY ^mJmVyZ Og Ogo AÞ nwT>o OmVo Vgo Ë`mVrb KQ>H$m§Mo H«$_mH«$_mZo nMZ hmoV OmVo. OR>amMr AmVrb ~mOy, bhmZ AmVS>o, AÞZ{bH$m `m§Zm g§~§YrV bmimJ«§Wr, `H¥$V, ñdmXÿqnS> `mVyZ nmMH$ agmMo ódZ hmoVo. nmMH$ag g§H$sU© nXmWmªMo gmÜ`m nXmWm©V énm§Va H$aVmV. AÞZ{bH$m Am{U Ë`mbm g§~§{YV BVa J«§Wr {_iyZ nMZg§»`m (digestive system) {Z_m©U hmoVo ({MÌ 2.2).

AÞZbrH$m

`H¥$V

{nÎmme`

_wI{ddabmimJ«§Wr

OR>a

ñdmXþqnS>

bhmZ AmVS>o_moR>o AmVS>o

_bme`JwXÛma

{MÌ 2.2 _mZdr nMZg§»`m

{MÌ 2.2 _Yrb bhmZ AmVS>`mMr Jw§S>mir nmhÿZ ~wPmo

_mohrV Pmbm. Ë`mbm Ë`mMr bm§~r OmUyZ ¿`m`Mr Amho.

Vwåhr nQ>H$Z A§XmO bmdy eH$mb H$m? nmZ Z§ 23 da Amåhr Ë`mMr A§XmOo bm§~r {Xbr Amho. EdT>`m bm§~rMr aMZm earamÀ`m N>moQ>`m ^mJmV H$er _mdbr Agob `mMr

H$ënZm H$amb H$m!

AmVm AmnU nMZ _mJm©Vrb {d{dY ^mJmV AmnU godZ Ho$boë`m AmhmamMo H$m` hmoVo Vo nmhÿ.


_wI Am{U _wI{dda

Amnë`m earamV OmUmao AÞ _wImdmQ>o AmV KoVbo OmVo. earamV AÞ AmV KoÊ`mÀ`m {H«$òbm A§VJ«©hU (ingestion) åhUVmV.

XþYmMo XmV Am{U H$m`_Mo XmVH$mhr dfm©nydu Vw_Mo XmV nS>V Agbobo Vwåhmbm AmR>dVo H$m? Vw_À`m ~mbnUmV XmVm§Mm

n{hbm g_wh dmT>Vmo Am{U d`mÀ`m ghm Vo AmR> dfm©n`ªV Vo nS>VmV. Ë`mZm XþYmMo XmV (milk teeth) åhUVmV. XþYmMo XmV nS>ë`mZ§Va Ë`m OmJr òUmam XmVm§Mm Xþgam g_wh åhUOo H$m`_Mo XmV (permanent teeth). H$m`_Mo XmV ho OrdZâ ahVmV, Vo XmV åhmVmanUm_wio AWdm H$mhr X§VamoJm_wio nS>VmV.

Amåhr XmVmÛmao AÞmMo VwH$S>o H$aVmo Am{U `m§{ÌH$[aË`m MmdyZ MmdyZ AÞmMo ~marH$ ^mJmV énm§Va hmoVo. àËòH$ XmV hm {haS>`m_Üò doJdoJim ~g{dbobm AgVmo ({MÌ 2.3). Amnbo XmV {XgVm§Zm doJdoJio {XgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mo H$m`© XoIrb doJdoJio AgVo. Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Zm doJdoJir Zmdo {Xbr AmhoV ({MÌ 2.3).

Md©UmMo/XmT>m

Md©UmMo/CnXmT>m

gwio

nwT>Mo nQ>merMo

{MÌ 2.3 XmVm§Mr aMZm Am{U Ë`m§Mo àH$ma


H¥$Vr 2.2

Vw_Mo hmV Ywdm. Amaí`mV nhm Am{U Vw_Mo XmV _moOm. XmVm§Zm ñne© H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmVmÀ`m A§JR>`m Odirb ~moQ>mMm dmna H$am. {H$Vr àH$maMo XmV Vwåhmbm {Xgy eH$VmV? g\$aM§XmMm EH$ VwH$S>m ¿`m AWdm ~«oS>Mm EH$ nrg ¿`m Am{U Im. MmdÊ`mgmR>r Am{U VwH$S>m H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r H$moUVo XmV dmnaVm Am{U AÞ nXmWm©bm ^moH$ nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Am{U Vo \$mS>Ê`mgmR>r H$moUVo? MmdyZ nXmW© ~marH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVo XmV dmnaVm ho XoIrb nhm.

VŠVm 2.2

XmVm§Mo àH$ma XmVm§Mr g§»`m EHy$U

darb O~S>m Imbrb O~S>m

VwH$S>m H$mT>m`Mo Am{U Mmdm`Mo XmV

AÞnXmW©mV Kwgdm Mo Am{U Vo \$mS>m Mo XmV

Md©U H$am`Mo Am{U ~marH$ H$am`Mo XmV

Am_À`m Vm|S>mV bmim J«§Wr AgVo Á`mVyZ bmimag ódVmo. bmimagmMr H¥$Vr AÞmda H$m` hmoVo ho Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m? AmVm Vo AmnU emoYy.

H¥$Vr 2.3

Am`moS>rZMo ÐmdU

nmUr

{eOdbobm ^mV{eOdyZ Md©U Ho$bobm ^mV

A B{MÌ 2.4 ñQ>mM©da bmioMm hmoUmam n[aUm_

H$mMoÀ`m XmoZ narjmZi`m ¿`m. Ë`m§Zm A Am{U B Ago bo~b bmdm A narjmZirV EH$ M_Mm ^éZ {eOdbobm ^mV Kmbm Am{U B narjmZirV {eOdbobm EH$ M_Mm ^mV Á`mMo 3 Vo 5 {_{ZQ>mn`ªV Md©U Ho$bo Amho Vmo Kmbm. XmoÝhr n[ajm Zir_Ü`o 3-4mL nmUr Kmbm ({MÌ 2.4). àË`oH$ narjmZirV 2 Vo 3 W|~ Am`moS>rZMo ÐmdU KmbyZ Ë`mMo {ZarjU H$am. narjmZirVrb nXmWmªMm a§J H$m ~Xbbm? Vw_À`m dJ©{_Ìm§er Am{U Vw_À`m {ejH$m§er MMm© H$am. bmi (saliva) ^mVmVrb ñQ>mM©Mo (starch) gmIaoV énm§Va H$aVo.


_wI{ddam_Üò AmVrb eodQ>À`m Q>moH$m_Üò OmoS>boim _m§gb ñZm`w`wŠV Ad`d åhUOo Or^ hmo`. Ë`mMo nwT>rb Q>moH$ ~§XrñV ZgVo Ë`m_wio Vr gd© {Xeobm diVo. OrôMo H$m`© Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m? Amåhr OrôMm dmna ~mobÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmo. Ë`m{edm` AÞmMo Md©U H$aVmZm Ë`mV bmi {_gim`bm d Vo AÞ {Jim`bm Or^ _XV H$aVo. OrôZo AÞmMr Md nhmVmo Ë`mda éMr_wHy$b AgVmV Ë`m_wio doJdoJù`m Mdr g_OVmV. Imbrb H¥$VrÛmao éMr _wHy$bm§Mo ñWmZ AmnU OmUyZ KoD$ eH$Vmo.

{_R>mB© Am{U XmVm§Mo {H$S>Uo

D

A

{MÌ 2.5 H«$_mH«$_mZo XmVmMo {H$S>UoC

B

gm_mÝ`nUo Amnë`m Vm|S>m_Üò gyú_O§Vy AgVmV na§Vy Vo Anm`H$maH$ AgV ZmhrV. Oa AmnU H$mhr Imë`mZ§Va Vm|S> Am{U XmV ì`dpñWVnUo ñdÀN> Ho$bo ZmhrV Va Anm`H$maH$ gyú_O§Vy Vm|S>mV ahm`bm àma§^ hmoVmo Am{U Ë`m§Mr {VWo dmT> hmoD$ bmJVo. ho gyú_O§Vy Vm|S>mV am{hboë`m AÞmVrb gmIa {dKQ>rV H$éZ Ë`mnmgyZ AmåbmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. (àH$aU 5 _Üò Amåbm{df`r OmUyZ ¿`m) Amåbm_wio hiyhiy XmVm§Zm Anm` hmoD$ bmJVmo ({MÌ 2.5). `mbmM XmV {H$S>Uo åhUVmV. `mda doioV CnMma Ho$bo ZmhrV Va XmVm_Üò Vrd« doXZm hmoVmV Va H$mhrdoim XmVm§Mr hmZr hmoVo. Mm°H$boQ>g, {_R>mB©, gm¡å` no` Am{U gmIaoMo BVa nXmW© ho XmV {H$S>Ê`mg H$maU hmoUmao _w»` KQ>H$ AmhoV.

`mgmR>r àËòH$mZo Amnbo XmV ~«eZo AWdm XmVyZMm Am{U X§V YmJo (dental floss) (ho YmJo {deof àH$maMo Am{U _O~yV AgVmV. XmoZ XmVm§À`m \$Q>rV KmbyZ \$Q>rVrb AÞH$U ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mg dmnaVmV) `m§Mm dmna H$éZ {XdgmVyZ H$_rV H$_r XmoZ doim XmV ñdÀN> H$amdoV. OodUmZ§Va ñdÀN> Myi âmdr. BVHo$M Zìho Va AñdÀN> ~moQ> AWdm Z YwVbobo nXmW© Vm|S>mV Kmby ZòV.


Vwåhr JS>~S>rZo ImV AgVmZm AWdm ImV AgVmZm ~mobbm AWdm hgbm Va Vwåhmbm R>gH$m bmJVmo, CMH$s bmJVo AWdm JwX_aë`m gmaIo dmQ>Vo. Ooìhm ñdmgZ{bHo$V AÞmMm H$U OmVmo Voìhm Ago KS>Vo. ñdmgZ{bH$m ZmH$mdmQ>o òUmar hdm \w$ßnwgmH$S>o ZoÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVo. Vr AÞZ{bHo$bm bmJyZM AgVo. nU Kí`mV hdm Am{U AÞmgmR>r gm_mB©H$ _mJ© AgVmo. _J œmgZ{bHo$V AÞ OmÊ`mMo H$go amoIbo OmVo? AÞ {JiV AgVmZm EH$ PS>n ñdmgZ{bHo$Mm _mJ© ~§X H$éZ AÞmbm AÞZ{bHo$V OmÊ`mg _mJ© H$aVo. Oa MwHy$Z AÞmMm H$U œmgZ{bHo$V Jobm Va JwX_aë`mgmaIo dmQ>Vo, CMH$s bmJVo AWdm R>gH$m bmJVmo.

Imbr {Xboë`m§ H¥$VrÛmao Orôdarb doJdoJù`m MdtMo ñWmZ emoYyZ H$mTy> eH$Vmo.

H¥$Vr 2.4

{MÌ 2.6 doJdoJi`m MdtMo Orôdarb joÌ AWdm ñWmZ

1. àËòH$mMo doJdoJio Z_wZo V`ma H$am (i) gmIaoMo ÐmdU (ii) gmÜ`m {_R>mMo ÐmdU (iii) qb~y ag (iv) H$Sy>qZ~mMr nmZo {MaSy>Z H$mT>bobm ag AWdm H$maë`mMm ag.

2. Vw_À`m dJm©Vrb {_Ì/_¡{ÌUrÀ`m S>moi`mda nÅ>r ~m§Ym Am{U Ë`mbm/{Vbm Or^ ~mhoa H$mTy>Z Vr gai Am{U gnmQ> AdñWoV R>odÊ`mg gm§Jm.

3. XmV H$moaÊ`mMm H$mS>rMm dmna H$éZ V`ma Ho$bobo MdrMo Z_wZo OrôÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmda Oo {MÌ 2.6 _Üò Xem©{dbo AmhoV Ë`mda R>odm. àËòH$ Z_wZm R>odVmZm Z{dZ XmV H$moaÊ`mÀ`m H$mS>rMm (tooth pick) dmna H$am.

4. Vw_À`m dJ©{_Ìmbm/_¡{ÌUrbm {dMmam H$s OrôÀ`m H$moUË`m ^mJmV JmoS>, ImaQ>, Am§~Q> Am{U H$Sy> `mMr OmUrd Pmbr.

5. Vw_À`m {ZarjUm§Mr Zm|X H$am Am{U {MÌ 2.6 _Yrb ^mJm§Zm Zmdo Úm.

AÞZ{bH$m

{Jibobo AÞ AÞ{bHo$VyZ (food pipe/oesophagus) nwT>o OmVo {MÌ 2.2 nhm. AÞZ{bH$m Jim Am{U N>mVrVyZ nwT>o OmVo.


nhobrbm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s CbQ>r hmoV AgVmZm AÞ

{déÜX {XeoZo H$go OmVo

AÞ

AÞZ{bH$

OR>a

{MÌ 2.7 AÞ_mJm©Vrb AÞZ{bHo$V AÞmMr hmoUmar hmbMmb

AÞZbrHo$Vrb hmbMmbrZo AÞ nwT>o T>H$bbo OmVo hr hmbMmb nyU© AÞ_mJm©V hmoV AgyZ Ë`m_wio AÞ Imbr T>H$bbo OmVo ({MÌ 2.7). Oa OR>aamZo AÞ pñdH$mabo Zmhr Va Vo CbQ>r hmoD$Z e[aam~mhoa Q>mH$bo OmVo. H$mhr Imë`mZ§Va CbQ>r Pmbobm àg§J AmR>dm Am{U Ë`mMo H$maU H$m` `mÀ`m {dMma H$am. Vw_Mo nmbH$ Am{U {ejH$ `m§À`mer `mda MMm© H$am.

OR>a

OR>a (stomach) hm EH$ OmS> AmdaUmMm {nedrgmaIm ^mJ Amho. Ë`mMm AmH$ma MnQ>m Am{U J AmH¥$Vr gmaIm AgVmo. hm AÞ_mJm©Vrb gdm©V é§X ^mJ Amho. `mÀ`m EH$m ^mJmV AÞZbrHo$VyZ AÞ AmV XoVo Am{U Ë`mMm Xþgam ^mJ bhmZ AmVS>`mV CKS>bm OmVmo.

OR>amÀ`m AmVë`m ñVamVyZ íboî_, h¡S´>moŠbmoarH$ Amåb Am{U nmMH$ag ódV AgVmV. íboî_ OR>amVrb AmVrb ñVamMo ajU H$aVo. Amnë`m ^moOZmVyZ Amboë`m AZoH$ gyú_O§VyMm Amåb Zme H$aVo. Ë`mM à_mUo _mÜ`_mbm Amåbr` ~Z{ZVo Á`m_wio nmMH$agm§Zm H$m`© H$aÊ`mg _XV hmoVo `mV nmMH$ag àmoQ>rZMo gmÜ`m nXmWm©V {dKQ>Z H$aVo.

bhmZ AmVS>o

bhmZ AmVS>o (small intestine) ho 7.5 _rQ>a bm§~r Am{U `mo½`[aVrZo doQ>moio Ho$bobo EH$ Z{bH$m Amho. `mV `H¥$V (liver) Am{U ñdmXþqnS>mVyZ (pancreas) ómd `oV AgVmo. BVHo$M Zmhr Va AmVS>`m§À`m AmVrb {^{ÎmHo$VyZ (wall) XoIrb ag ódV AgVmo.

`H¥$V hr JS>X Vm§~S>`m a§JmMr EH$ J«§Wr Amho. `mMo ñWmZ CXanmoH$irV darb ~mOybm COdrH$S>o Amho. hr e[aamVrb gdm©V _moR>r J§«Wr Amho. `mVyZ {nÎmag (bile)


ñÌdV AgVmo, Omo EH$m {ne{dV g§J«{hV hmoV AgVmo. Á`mbm {nÎmme` (gall bladder) åhUVmV. {nÎmag, pñZ½K (\$°Q>g²>) nXmWmªMo nMZ H$aÊ`mV _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m {Z^mdVmo.

ñdmXþqnS> hr {\$H$Q> {ndi`m a§JmMr OR>amImbr pñWV Agbobr J«§Wr Amho ({MÌ 2.2). ñdmXþqnS>ag H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>g², \$°Q>g² Am{U àmoQ>rÝg `mda à{H«$`m H$éZ gmÜ`m énmV ~Xb H$aVmo.

{MÌ 2.8 A°bo{Šgg g|Q> _m{Q>©Zbm ~§XþH$sMr Jmoir bmJyZ Pmbobr OI_.

OR>amMo H$m`© H$go MmbVo `mMm emoY EH$m {d{MÌ AnKmVmZo gZ 1822 _Üò A°bopŠgg g|Q> _mQ>uZ (Alexis St.Martin) ZmdmÀ`m EH$m _mUgmbm ~§XþH$sMr Jmoir bmJbr. Jmoir_wio N>mVrV J§^ra OI_ Pmbr hmoVr Am{U OR>ambm ^moH$ nS>bo hmoVo. Ë`mbm A_o[aHo$Vrb g¡{ZH$s S>m°ŠQ>a {dë`_ ã`w_m±Q> `m§À`mH$S>o AmUbo. S>m°ŠQ>amZr é½UmMm Ord dmM{dbm na§Vy OI_oÀ`m {R>H$mUMo moH$ ~§X H$é eH$bo ZmhrV Am{U Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Ë`mbm _b_nÅ>r Ho$br ({MÌ 2.8). Ë`m ^moH$mVyZ OR>amMo H$m`© H$go MmbVo ho nhmÊ`mMr g§Yr _mÌ ã`w_m±Q> `m§Zm {_imbr Ë`mda Ë`mZr H$mhr Amü`©H$maH$ {ZarjUo Ho$br.

ã`w_m±Q> `m§Zm Ago {XgyZ Ambo H$s OR>amV AÞ Kwgibo (churning) OmVo. OR>amÀ`m AmVrb {^{ÎmHo$VyZ ñÌmd òVmo Á`m_wio AÞ nMUo eŠV hmoVo Ë`m§Zm Agohr {Xgbo H$s OR>amVrb AÞmMo nMZ Pmë`mZ§VaM Ë`mMo eodQ>Mo Q>moH$ Oo AmVS>`m§er OmoS>bobo AgVo Vo CKS>Vo.

H$mhr à_mUmV nMZ Pmbobo AÞ bhmZ AmVS>`mVrb Imbrb ^mJmV nmohmoMVo, òWo Am§Ìagm_wio AÞmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Mo nMZ hmoVo. H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>gMo énm§Va ½bwH$moOgma»`m gmÜ`m gmIaoV {dKQ>Z hmoVo. \$°Q>g²>Mo \$°Q>r Amåb Am{U p½bgoam°b_Üò énm§Va hmoVo Am{U àmoQ>rÝgMo A{_Zmo AmåbmV.

bhmZ AmVS>`m_Yrb A{êmofUnMZ Pmbobo AÞ AmVS>`mÀ`m {^{ÎmHo$darb aº$dm{hÝ`mV OmVo `m

à{H«$òbm A{êmofU (absorption) åhUVmV. bhmZ AmVS>`mÀ`m AmVrb {^{ÎmHo$da (Am§VñËdModa) ~moQ>mÀ`m AmH$mamMr na§Vy ~mhoa Pmbobr hOmamo {dH$ao (villi) (EH$dMZ-{dH$a-villus) AgVmV Ë`mZm emofU|{Ðò åhUVmV. AmVS>`m_Üò `m emofU|{Ð`mMo H$m`© H$m` Vwåhr AmoiIy eH$mb H$m? emofU|{Ðò nMZ Pmboë`m AÞmMm ag emofyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Amnbm AmH$ma dmT>{dVmV. àËòH$ emofU|{Ð`mbm gyú_ Am{U bhmZ aº$dm{hÝ`m OmoS>boë`m AgVmV. emofU|{Ðò AÞag emofyZ KoVmV. Vmo AÞag aº$


dm{hÝ`mÛmao earamVrb {d{dY Ad`dm§Zm nwa{dbm OmVmo. Á`mMm Cn`moJ H$éZ g§H$sU© nXmW© ~Z{dbo OmVmV. Ogo H$s earamgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobo àmoQ>rÝg `mbmM EH$Ord hmoUo AWdm nMUo (assimilation) åhUVmV noer_Üò Agboë`m ½bwH$moOMo Am°pŠgOZÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {dKQ>Z H$m~©ZS>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> d nmÊ`mV hmoVo Am{U COm© _wŠV hmoVo. AÞmÀ`m Á`m ^mJmMo nMZ hmoVo Zmhr AWdm Á`mMo A{êmofU hmoV Zmhr Vo _moR>`m AmVS>`mV àdoe H$aVo.

_moR>o AmVS>o_moR>o AmVS>o (large intestine) ho bhmZ AmVS>`mnojm OmñV é§X na§Vy bm§~rbm H$_r

AgVo. Ë`mMr bm§~r gmYmaU 1.5 _rQ>a BVH$s AgVo. `mMo _w»` H$m`© Z nMboë`m AÞmVrb nmUr Am{U jma emofyZ KoUo d Cabobm Q>mH$mdy nXmW© _bme`mV nmR>{dUo {OWo Vmo AY©dQ> KÅ> _b énmV ahmVmo. ho _b doimodoir JwXÛmamdmQ>o earam~mhoa Q>mH$bo OmVo `mbm _b{dgO©Z (egestion) åhUVmV.

2.3 JdV ImUmè`m àmÊ`mVrb nMZ

Jm`, åh¡g BË`mXr JdV ImUmao àmUr H$mhrhr Z ImVm gVV MYiV AgVm§Zm Vwåhr H$Yr nm{hbmV H$m? dmñVdmV ho àmUr JdV ObX [aVrZo {JiVmV Am{U OR>amÀ`m EH$m ^mJmV Á`mbm é_oZ (rumen) åhUVmV Ë`mV gmR>{dVmV ({MÌ 2.9). `mV Amhmam§Mo AY©dQ> nMZ hmoVo. AY©dQ> nMZ Pmboë`m Amhmambm H$S²> (cud) åhUVmV. Ë`mZ§Va bhmZ bhmZ Jmoi`mÀ`m ñdénmV Vo H$S²> Jwam§À`m Vmo§S>mV òVo Á`mMo Vo Md©U H$aVmV. `m {H«$òbm ad§W (rumination) åhUVmV Am{U `m àmÊ`m§Zm ad§W H$aUmao àmUr (ruminants) åhUVmV.

AÞZbrH$m é_oZ bhmZ AmVS>o

_moR>o AmVS>o

A§YZmi/A§Ym§Ì

OR>a{MÌ 2.9 ad§W H$aUmè`m àmÊ`m§Mr nMZg§ñWm


A{Vgma/Owbm~ (Diarrhoea)H$mhrdoim Vwåhmbm AZoH$Xm em¡Mmbm Omdo bmJVo H$maU em¡À`mdmQ>o nmVi _b earam~mhoa

OmV AgVmo `mbm A{Vgma AWdm Owbm~ (diarrhoea) åhUVmV. g§gJ©, {dfmar AmhmamMo godZ AWdm AnMZ `m H$maUmZo Ago hmoVo Amnë`m ^maV XoemV {deofV… _wbm§_Üò hr pñWVr gm_mÝ`nUo AmT>iVo. J§^ra n[apñWVrV ho KmVH$ R>é eH$Vo. mbm H$maU åhUOo A{Vgmam_wio e[aamVrb nmUr Am{U jma `m§Mr hmZr hmoVo. Ë`mH$S>o Xþb©j H$éZ MmbV Zmhr. S>m°ŠQ>am§H$S>o OmÊ`mnydu amo½`mbm VmndyZ W§S> Ho$boë`m nmÊ`mV EH$ {M_wQ>â _rR> Am{U gmIa KmbyZ Ë`mMo {_lU nmOdV am{hbo nm{hOo `mbm OrdZ ajH$ (Obg§{OdZ) ÐmdU AWdm Amo.Ama.Eg. (O.R.S.- Oral Rehydration Solution) åhUVmV.

nhobrbm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s ho àmUr Á`mdoir JdV ImVmV Ë`mMdoir Ë`mMo `mo½` Md©U Vr H$m H$aV ZmhrV?

àmUr Á`m à_mUo H$mîR>V§VyMo nMZ H$aVmV Vgo Amåhr Ë`mMo nMZ H$m H$é eH$V Zmhr? ~wPmobm ho OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho.

JdVm_Üò EH$ àH$maMo H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>g Agbobo H$mð>V§Vy (cellulose) AgVmV. ad§W H$aUmao àmUr, h[aU BË`mXtÀ`m earamVrb é_oZ_Üò OrdmUy AgVmV Vo H$mð>V§Vy nMZ H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV. _mZdmgh AZoH$ àmUr `m H$mð>V§Vy§Mo nMZ H$é eH$V ZmhrV.

KmoS>m, ggm BË`mXr àmÊ`m§À`m e[aamV bhmZ AmVS>o Am{U _moR>o AmVS>o `m§À`m_Üò {nedr gmaIm ^mJ AgVmo Á`mbm A§YZmi AWdm A§YmÌ (caecum) åhUVmV ({MÌ 2.9). AmhmamVrb H$mð>V§Vy Agbobo nXmW© H$mhr gwú_O§Vy§À`m ghmæ`mZo òWo nMZ hmoVmV. hr {H«$`m _mZdmÀ`m e[aamV hmoV Zmhr.

AmVmn`ªV nMZg§ñWm Agboë`m àmÊ`m~Ôb Vwåhr {eH$bmV. na§Vy Ago AZoH$ gwú_ Ord AmhoV H$s Á`m§Zm Vm|S> Am{U nMZg§ñWm Zmhr. Va Vo AÞ H$go godZ H$aVmV Am{U nMZ H$go hmoVo? Imbr {Xboë`m ^mJmV Vo gwú_Ord AÞgodZ H$go H$aVmV `mMr _Zmoa§OH$ _m{hVr OmUyZ ¿`mb.


2.4 A{_~mMo AÞgodZ Am{U nMZ H|$ÐN>ÙnmX

AÞH$U

AÞ Q>mH$mdy _b

{MÌ 2.10 A{_~m

A{_~m hm Vi`mVrb nmÊ`mV gmnS>Umam Am{U gwú_Xe©H$ `§ÌmImbr {XgUmam EH$ noer` gOrd Amho. Ë`mbm noerH$m AmdaU AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m e[aamV ârd H|$Ð AgVo Am{U g^modVmbr ~wS>~wS>`mgmaIr {ddao (vacuoles) AgVmV ({MÌ 2.10), Ë`m_Üò gm`Q>moßbmP_ hm KQ>H$ AgVmo. A{_~m Zoh_r Amnbm AmH$ma Am{U ñWmZ ~XbV AgVmo earamÀ`m hmbMmbrgmR>r AWdm AÞ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r EH$ AWdm XmoZ ~moQ>mgmaIm mJ nwT>o H$aVmo, Ë`mbm N>ÙnmX AWdm ImoQ>o nm` (pseudopodia) åhUVmV.

A{_~m gyú_ {OdmUy§Mo godZ H$aVmo. Á`mdoir Ë`mbm AÞmMr OmUrd hmoVo Voìhm§ N>ÙnmXmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo AÞH$UmH$S>o OmD$Z {JiVmo, AÞ {ddam_Ü o (food vacuole) Vmo AÞH$U ~§XrñV hmoVmo ({MÌ 2.10).

AÞ{ddam_Üò nmMH$ag ñÌdVmo Vmo AÞH$Umda àH«$s`m H$éZ gmÜ`m KQ>H$m_Üò Ë`mMo énm§Va H$aVmo. nMZ Pmboë`m AÞmMo A{êmofU hmoVo. A{êmofU Ho$boë`m KQ>H$m§Mm dmT>rgmR>r, à{VnmbZmgmR>r Am{U {dÔZmgmR>r dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. nMZ Z Pmbobo AÞ {ddamdmQ>o earam~mhoa Q>mH$bo OmVo.

gd© àmÊ`m_Üò AÞ nMZmMr à{H«$`m Am{U D$Om© _wº$ H$aÊ`mMr _wb^yV {H«$`m g_mZ AgVo. nwT>rb àH$aUmV AmVS>`m_Üò emofyZ KoVboë`m AÞmMo earamVrb BVa ^mJmV dhZ H$go hmoVo Vo Vwåhr {eH$mb.

à_wI eãXA{êmofU \$°Q>r Amåb AÞZbrH$mA{_Zmo Amåb AÞ {dda ñdmXþqnS>A{_~m {nÎmme` CnXmT>mEH$Ord hmoUo p½bgam°b N>ÙnmX{nÎmag nwT>Mo/nQ>merMoXmV é_oZ

_wI{dda A§VJ«©hU ad§W H$aUmao àmUrgwio `H¥$V ad§W H$aUoH$mð>V§Vy XþYmMo XmV bmimJ«§WrnMZ XmT> emofU|{Ðò_b{dgO©Z H$m`_Mo XmV bmi


Vwåhr H$m` {eH$bmV

• àmÊ`m§À`m nmofUm_Üò Amdí`H$VoZwgma nmofH$ KQ>H$ AÞgodZ H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV Am{U Ë`mMm e[aambm hmoUmam Cn`moJ `m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo.

• _mZdmÀ`m nMZg§ñWoV AÞdmhH$ ZbrH$m Am{U ómdH$ J«§WtMm g_mdoe AgVmo. Ë`mV (i) _wI{dda (ii) AÞZbrH$m (iii) OR>a (iv) bhmZ AmVS>o (v) _moR>o AmVS>o Á`mMm eodQ> _bme`mV hmoVmo Am{U (vi) JwXÛma `m Ad`dm§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo _w»` nmMH$ J«§Wr Á`mVyZ nmMH$ ag ñÌdV AgVmo Vo åhUOo (i) bmim J«§Wr (ii) `H¥$V (iii) ñdmXþqnS>. OR>a Am{U bhmZ AmVS>o `m§À`m AmVrb {^{ÎmHo$VyZXoIrb nmMH$ag ódV AgVmo.

• doJdoJi`m gOrdm§_Üò AÞgodZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVr doJdoJi`m AgVmV.

• nmofU hr EH$ g§H$sU© à{H«$`m AgyZ Ë`mV (i) A§VJ«©hU (ii) nMZ (iii) A{êmofU (iv) EH$Ord hmoUo (v) _b{dgO©Z BË`mXr {H«$`m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.

• ñQ>mM©gma»`m H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>gMr nMZ{H«$`m _wI{ddamV gwé hmoVo àmoQrZMr nMZ{H«$`m OR>amV gwé hmoVo. {nÎmag `H¥$VmVyZ ñÌdVmo ñdmXþqnS>mVyZ ñdmXþqnS>ag Am{U AmVS>`mÀ`m AmVrb {^{ÎmHo$VyZ nmMH$ag ñÌdVmo Ë`m_wio AÞmVrb KQ>H$m§Mr nMZm{H«$`m bhmZ AmVS>`mV nyU© hmoVo. nMZ Pmbobo AÞ bhmZ AmVS>`mVrb aŠVdm{hÝ`mdmQ>o emofbo OmVo.

• A{êmofU Pmbobo KQ>H$ earamÀ`m {d{dY Ad`dm§H$S>o dmhÿZ Zobo OmVmV. nMZ Z Pmboë`m AÞmVrb nmUr Am{U jma _moR>çm AmVS>`mV emofbo OmVmV.

• nMZ Z Pmbobo Am{U A{êmofU Z Pmbobo ~mH$s nXmW© _b ñdénmV JwXÛmamdmQ>o earam~mhoa Q>mH$bo OmVmV.

• Jm`, åh¡g, harU `mgmaIo MaUmao àmUr ad§W H$aUmao àmUr åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. Vo nmZmgmaIm Amhma ObX [aVrZo MmdyZ {JiVmV d é_oZ_Üò gmR>{dVmV Ë`mZ§Va Vmo Amhma naV Vm|S>mV AmUyZ em§VnUo MKiV Md©U H$aVmV.

• A{_~m N>ÙnmXmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo AÞ {JiVmo Am{U AÞ{ddam_Üò Ë`m AÞmMo nMZ hmoVo


Aä`mg

1. [aH$må`m OmJm âm

(a) _mZdmVrb nmofUmMo _w»` Q>ßno _______, _______, _______, _______, Am{U _______.

(b) _mZdmÀ`m earamVrb gdm©V _moR>r J«§Wr ___________ Amho.

(c) OR>a h¡S´>moŠbmoarH$ Amåb Am{U ___________ ag _wº$ H$aVo Oo AÞmda {H«$`m H$aVmV.

(d) bhmZ AmVS>`mVrb AmVrb {^{ÎmHo$da ~moQ>mÀ`m AmH$mamMr ~mhoa Ambobr {dH$ao AgVmV Ë`m§Zm ___________ åhUVmV

(e) A{_~m Amnbo AÞ ___________ _Üò nM{dVmo.

2. Imbr {Xbobr {dYmZo dmMyZ Ë`mVrb ~amo~a {dYmZmg_moa () d MwH$sÀ`m {dYmZmg_moa () {bhm.

(a) ñQ>mM©Mo nMZ OR>amV hmoVo.

(b) AÞm_Üò bmi {_giÊ`mgmR>r Or^ _XV H$aVo.

(c) {nÎmme` {nÎmmagmMm VmËnwaVm g§J«h H$aVo.

(d) ad§W H$aUmao àmUr {Jibobo JdV naV Vm|S>mV AmUyZ Ë`mMo Md©U H$aVmV.

3. Imbr {Xboë`m {dYmZmbm g§~§YrV `mo½` n`m©`mg_moa (p) IyU H$am.

(a) \$°Q>gMo g§nyU© nMZ `mV hmoVo.

(i) OR>a (ii) Vm|S>

(iii) bhmZ AmVS>o (iv) _moR>o AmVS>o

(b) nMZ Z Pmboë`m AÞmVrb nmUr òWo emofbo OmVo

(i) OR>a> (ii) AÞZbrH$m

(iii) bhmZ AmVS>o (iv) _moR>o AmVS>o


4. ñV§^ I _Üò {Xboë`m KQ>H$m§Mo ñV§^ II _Yrb KQ>H$mer OmoS>`m Owidm.

ñV§^ - I ñV§^ - IIAÞ KQ>H$

H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>g²>

àmoQ>rÝg

\$°Q>g²>

nMZmZ§Va V`ma Pmbobo CámXZ

\$°Q>r Amåb Am{U p½bgam°b

gmIa

A{_Zmo Amåb5. emofU|{Ðò åhUOo H$m`? Vr H$moR>o AgVmV d Ë`m§Mo H$m`© H$m`?6. {nÎmag H$moR>o V`ma hmoVmo? AÞmMm H$moUVm KQ>H$ nMÊ`mgmR>r Vmo _XV H$aVmo?7. ad§W H$aUmè`m àmÊ`mH$Sy>Z nMZ hmoVo na§Vy _mZdmH$Sy>Z hmoV Zmhr Aem H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ>À`m

àH$mamMo Zmd gm§Jm. `mMo H$maU XoIrb Úm.8. ½bwH$moOnmgyZ Amnë`mbm VmËH$mi D$Om© H$er {_iVo?9. AÞ_mJm©Vrb H$moUVm Ad`d `m {H«$òV gh^mJr AgVmo.

(i) AÞmMo A{êmofU ___________(ii) AÞmMo Md©U ___________(iii) gyú_O§VyMm Zme H$aUo ___________(iv) AÞmMo nyU© nMZ ___________(v) _bmMr {Z{_©V ___________

10. _mZd Am{U A{_~m `m§À`m nmofU {H«$òVrb EH$ gmå` Am{U EH$ \$aH$ {bhm.11. ñV§^ I _Üò {Xboë`m Ad`dm§Mo ñV§^ II _Üò {Xboë`m H$m`m©er OmoS>`m Owidm.

ñV§^ - I ñV§^ - II(a)(b)(c)(d)

bmim J«§Wr

OR>a

`H¥$V

_bme`

(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)

{nÎmag ñÌdUo

Z nMbobo AÞ gmR>{dUo

bmioMo ñÌdU

Amåb _wŠV H$aUo(e) bhmZ AmVS>o (v) nMZ nyU© hmoVo(f) _moR>o AmVS>o (vi) nmÊ`mMo emofU

(vii) _b _wŠV hmoVo.


12. {MÌ 2.11 _Yrb nMZg§ñWoVrb Ad`dmZm Zmdo Úm.

13. Amåhr H$ƒr nmbo^mOr/JdV ImD$Z OJy eH$Vmo H$m? MMm© H$am.

{dñVm[aV AÜ``Z - H¥$Vr Am{U `moOZmH$m`©

1. S>m°ŠQ>am§Mr ^oQ> KoD$Z OmUyZ ¿`m …(i) H$moUË`m n[apñWVrV AmOmar ì`º$sbm ½bwH$moOMo W|~ XoÊ`mMr JaO nS>Vo?

(ii) AmOmar ì`º$sbm Ho$ìhm§n`©V ½bwH$moO XoÊ`mMr JaO AgVo?

(iii) AmOmar ì`º$sbm bdH$a ~ao hmoÊ`mg ½bwH$moO H$emà_mao _XV H$aVmo?

2. OrdZgËd (vitamins) åhUOo H$m` Vo OmUyZ KoD$Z Imbrb _m{hVr {_idm.(i) Amhmam_Ü`o OrdZgËdm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm H$m AgVo?

{MÌ 2.11 _mZdr nMZg§ñWoVrb Ad`d

{dkmZ àmÊ`m§Mo nmofU PB32

(ii) H$moUVo \$i AWdm ^mOr {Z`_rV godZ Ho$ë`mZo OrdZgËdo {_iVmV?

{_i{dbobr _m{hVr EH$m H$mJXmda {bhr. Ë`mgmR>r S>m°ŠQ>a, AmhmamVk VwPo {ejH$ AWdm Xþgar EImXr ì`º$s AWdm BVa ñÌmoVm§Mr _XV KoD$ eH$Vm.

3. VwPo {_Ì, eoOmar, dJ©{_Ì / dJ©_¡{ÌU `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ‘XþYmÀ`m XmVm§~Ôb’ OmñV OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVr g§J«hrV H$am.

g§J«hrV _m{hVrMm Vº$m V`ma H$am. EH$ Z_wZm Imbr {Xbm Amho.

H«$ g§ n{hbm XmV nS>bm Ë`mdoir Agbobo d`

eodQ>Mm XmV nS>bm Ë`mdoir Agbobo d`

nS>boë`m XmVm§Mr g§»`m

Ë`mOmJoda nwÝhm Amboë`m XmVm§Mr g§»`m

1

2

3

4

5


JmB©À`m XþYmVrb \$°Q²>gnojm eoirÀ`m XþYmVrb \$°Q²>g gmYo AgVmV. Ë`m_wio JmB©À`m XþYmnojm eoirÀ`m XþYmMo nMZ ghO hmoVo.

{dkmZ V§Vy Vo dó 33PB

V§Vy Vo dñÌ3

B`Îmm 6dr _Ü`o Vwåhr {eH$bm AmhmV H$s H$mhr V§Vy dZñnVrnmgyZ {_iVmV. bmoH$a Am{U aoer_Mo V§Vy àmÊ`mnmgyZ {_iVmV ho nU {eH$bmV. bmoH$a _o|T>r AWdm `mH$À`m Ho$gmnmgyZ {_iVo. aoer_ {H$S>`mÀ`m H$mofmnmgyZ aoer_V§Vy {_iVmV. Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m _|T>rÀ`m earamÀ`m H$moUË`m ^mJmnmgyZ V§Vy {_iVmV? ~mOmamVyZ ñdoQ>a {dUÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmao bmoH$arMo YmJo Oo AmnU {dH$V KoVmo Vo V§VynmgyZ H$go ~Z{dbo OmVmV Vo Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m? aoe_r gmS>r {dUÊ`mg aoe_r V§VynmgyZ aoer_ H$go V`ma H$aVmV `mMr H$ënZm Vwåhmbm Amho H$m?

`m àH$aUmV `m àým§Mr CÎmao {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$é.

àmUrO V§Vy - bmoH$a Am{U aoer_

3.1 bmoH$a

bmoH$a hr _|T>r, eoir, `mH$ Am{U BVa àmÊ`mnmgyZ {_iVo. bmoH$a XoÊmmè`m àmÊ`m§À`m A§Jmda Ho$g AgVmV. Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m `m àmÊ`m§À`m A§Jmda Ho$gm§Mm OmS> ñVa H$m AgVmo? Ho$g dmè`mbm Wmon{dVmV. hdm CîUVoMr _§XdmhH$ Amho. (`m~m~V àH$aU 4 _Ü`o OmUyZ ¿`mb) åhUyZ Ho$gm_wio àmÊ`mZm C~ {_iVo. bmoH$a hr Ho$gmi V§VynmgyZ {_iVo.

H¥$Vr 3.1

{MÌ 3.1 XmQ> Ho$g dmT>bobr _|T>r

Vwåhr Vw_À`m earamdarb, hmVmdarb Am{U S>moŠ`mdarb Ho$gm§Zm ñne© H$am. Vwåhmbm H$mhr \$aH$ OmUdVmo H$m? H$moUVo Ho$g IS>~S>rV AWdm amR> Am{U H$moUVo _C dmQ>VmV?

Am_À`m gmaIoM _|T>rÀ`m Ho$gmi ËdModa XmoZ àH$maMo V§Vy AmT>iVmV Á`mVyZ bmoH$a ~ZVo. (i) amR> Ho$g Am{U (ii) ËdMoZ{OH$Mo gwaoI _D$ Ho$g. gwaoI _D$ Ho$gm§_wioM bmoH$a H$aÊ`mgmR>r V§Vy {_iVmV.

{dkmZ V§Vy Vo dó 3534

_|T>`mÀ`m H$mhr àOmVrda CÎm_ àH$maMo Ho$g AgVmV. _|T>`mnmgyZ CÎm_ _D$ Ho$g {_imdoV `mgmR>r Mm§Jë`m {nbm§Mm OÝ_ ìhmdm åhUyZ CÎm_ àOmVrÀ`m nmbH$m§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. {nbm§_Ü`o {d{eï> JwUY_© AgmdoV `mgmR>r nmbH$m§Zm {ZdS>Ê`mÀ`m à{H«$`obm {ZdS>H$ {ZnO (selective breeding) åhUVmV.

bmoH$arMr n¡Xmg H$aUmao àmUr

Amnë`m XoemÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmV _|T>`m§À`m AZoH$ àOmVr AmT>iVmV (Vº$m3.1). na§Vy _|T>`m§Mo Ho$g ho bmoH$arMo EH$_od ñÌmoV Zìho. ~mOmamV {dH$br OmUmar bmoH$a hr _|T>rMr bmoH$a AgyZ ({MÌ 3.1) `mH$Mr bmoH$a ({MÌ 3.2) Or {V~oQ> Am{U bS>mI ^mJmVyZ gm_mÝ`nUo {_iVo. A§Jmoam bmoH$a hr Oå_y Am{U H$mí_raÀ`m nd©V_` àXoemV AmT>iUmè`m A§Jmoam ~H$è`mnmgyZ {_iVo ({MÌ 3.3).

~H$arÀ`m Ho$gmnmgyZ bmoH$a {_i{dbr OmVo. H$mí_rar ~H$arÀ`m earamdarb Ho$g _D$ AgVmV ({MÌ 3.4). Ë`mÀ`m nmgyZ ní_rZm emb åhUyZ CÎm_ àH$maMr emb {dUbr OmVo.

C§Q>mÀ`m earamdarb _D$ Ho$gmnmgyZ XoIrb bmoH$a V`ma Ho$br OmVo ({MÌ 3.5). X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb bm_m Am{U AënmH$m `m§À`m nmgyZ XoIrb bmoH$a {_i{dbr OmVo ({MÌ 3.6 Am{U 3.7).

H¥$Vr 3.2

Á`m àmÊ`m§Mo Ho$g bmoH$a åhUyZ dmnabo OmVmV Ë`m§Mr {MÌo g§J«hrV H$am. Vw_À`m dhrV Vr {MH$Q>dm Oa Vwåhmbm {MÌ {_imbo Zmhr Va øm nwñVH$mV nmhÿZ Ë`m§Mo {MÌ H$mT>m.

_|T>r, ~H$ar, C§Q> Am{U `mH$ `m§Zm Vw_À`m àmXoerH$ ^mfoV åhQ>bo OmUmao eãX emoYm VgoM XoemVrb BVa ^mfoMo eãX emoYm.

{MÌ 3.2 `mH$ {MÌ 3.3 A§Jmoam ~H$ar {MÌ 3.4 ~H$ar


{MÌ 3.5 C§Q> {MÌ 3.6 bm_m {MÌ 3.7 AënmH$m

H¥$Vr 3.3

^maVmÀ`m Am{U OJmÀ`m {g_m Xe©{dUmam ZH$mem {_idm. Á`m àmÊ`mnmgyZ bmoH$a {_iVo Ë`m§Mr ñWmZo Ë`mV Xe©dm. bmoH$a {_iUmao àmUr Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJio a§J dmnam.

V§VynmgyZ bmoH$arn`ªV

bmoH$argmR>r _|T>`m nmië`m OmVmV. Ë`m§Mo Ho$g H$mnbo OmVmV Am{U à{H«$`mH$éZ Ë`mMr bmoH$a ~Z{dbr OmVo.

_|T>`m§Mo nmbZ Am{U {ZnO : Vwåhr Oa H$Yr Oå_y Am{U H$mí_ra, {h_mMb àXoe, CÎmam§Mb, AéUmMb Am{U {g¸$s_À`m nd©V_` àXoemV AWdm har`mZm, n§Om~, amOñWmZ, JwOamVÀ`m _¡XmZr àXoemV àdmg Ho$bmV Va Vwåhmbm _|T>nmi _|T>`mMo H$in Mam`bm KoD$Z OmVmZm {XgVrb. _|T>`m emH$mhmar AgyZ Ë`m JdV Am{U nmZo ImVmV. _|T>`m§Zm Mmam`À`m gmo~V Ë`m§Zm OmonmgUmao _|T>`mZm {_l S>mir. YmÝ`, Om|Yio, VobmMr n|S> (Vob{~`mVrb Vob H$mT>ë`mZ§Va ahmUmam ^mJ) Am{U I{ZO KQ>H$ Im`bm XoVmV. W§S>rÀ`m {XdgmV _|T>`m§Zm AmV R>odbo OmVo VgoM Ë`m§Zm nmZo, YmÝ` Am{U dmibobo JdV Im`bm {Xbo OmVo.

bmoH$argmR>r Amnë`m XoemVrb AZoH$ ^mJmV _|T>`m§Mr OmonmgZm Ho$br OmVo. VŠVm 3.1 _Ü`o Amnë`m XoemVrb bmoH$arÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r Omonmgë`m OmUmè`m àOmVtMr Zmdo {Xbr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ {_iUmè`m V§VyMm XOm© Am{U nmoV ho XoIrb Ë`m VŠVmV Xe©{dbo Amho.

H$mhr àOmVrÀ`m _|T>`m§À`m A§Jmda Ho$gm§Mo OmS> AmdaU AgVo. Ë`mnmgyZ Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mr bmoH$a _moR>`m à_mUmV {_iVo. `mnydu C„oI Ho$ë`mà_mUo `m _|T>`m ‘{ZdS>H$ àOmVr’ À`m CÎm_ nmbH$mÀ`m {ZnOrVyZ V`ma Pmboë`m AgVmV. `m àOmVrÀ`m _|T>`m nmgyZ Ho$gm§Mr dmT> Mm§Jbr Pmë`mZ§Va bmoH$a {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Vo Vmgbo OmVmV.


bmoH$a ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r V§Vydarb à{H«$`m

ñdoQ>a {dUÊ`mgmR>r AWdm emb V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmar bmoH$a hr bmoH$a V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m XrK© à{H«$òVrb eodQ>Mm Q>ßnm hmo`. bmoH$a V`ma H$aÊ`mMo Q>ßno nm`è`m Imbrb à_mUo AmhoV.

nmàr 1 - _|T>`mÀ`m earamdarb Ho$g Ë`mÀ`m ËdMoÀ`m nmVi AmdaUmnmgyZ H$mT>bo OmVmV [{MÌ 3.8(a)]. m à{H«$òbm VmgUo/^mXaUo (shearing) åhUVmV. Ýhmdr Am_Mo Ho$g H$mnVmZm Á`m àH$maMo _erZ dmnaVmV Ë`mM àH$maMo _erZ òWo dmnabo OmVo. CîU hdm_mZ AgVm§Zm _|T>`mMo Ho$g H$mnbo OmVmV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Ho$gm§Mo g§ajU ZgVm§Zm OJUo eŠ` hmoVo. ho Ho$g bmoH$arMo V§Vy CnbãY H$éZ XoVmV. `m V§Vy§da àH«$s`m H$éZ bmoH$ar YmJo V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV. Vwåhr Vw_Mo Ho$g H$mnyZ KoVm§Zm AWdm dS>rb XmT>r H$éZ KoVmV Ë`mdoir Anm` hmoV Zmhr, Ë`mM à_mUo _|T>`mMo Ho$g VmgVmZm Ë`m§Zm Anm` hmoV Zmhr H$maU H$m` _mhrV Amho H$m? ËdMoMm gdm©V daMm Wa _¥V AgVmo. Ogo Amnbo Ho$g dmT>VmV VgoM _|T>`mMo Ho$g XoIrb dmT>VmV.

Vº$m 3.1 ^maVmVrb _|T>`m§À`m H$mhr àOmVr

A. H«$.

àOmVrMo Zmd bmoH$arMm XOm© amÁ`m§Mr Zmdo

1 bmohr Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mr bmoH$a amOñWmZ, n§Om~

2 am_nya ~weoa VnH$sar bmoH$a CÎma àXoe, {h_mMb àXoe

3 Zbr JmbrMmMr bmoH$a amOñWmZ, har`mZm, n§Om~

4 ~Iadmb bmoH$arÀ`m embrgmR>r Oå_y Am{U H$mí_ra

5 _madmS>r Ia~arV bmoH$a JwOamV

6 nmQ>UdmS>r hmoOràrgmR>r JwOamV

nmàr 2 - Vmgboë`m H$mVS>rgh Agbobo Ho$g Q>mH$s_Üò nyU©nUo ñdÀN> YwdyZ Ë`mVrb VobH$Q>nUm, H$Mam Am{U Yyi H$mT>br OmVo. `mbm g_yi ñdÀN> H$aUo (scouring) åhUVmV. h„r hr ñdÀN>Vm `§ÌmÛmao Ho$br OmVo [{MÌ 3.8(b) Am{U (c)].

nmàr 3 - ñdÀN>Vm Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aU (sorting) Ho$bo OmVo. ñdÀN> Ho$bobo Ho$g H$maImÝ`mV nmR>{dbo OmVmV {OWo Ë`m§À`m nmoVrZwgma (texture) doJio Ho$bo OmVo.


nmàr 4 - Ho$gm§da Ambobo _D$ V§Vy Á`m§Zm AmnU Jw§O (burrs) åhUVmo Vo H$mT>bo OmVmV. H$mhrdoim Vwåhr Vw_À`m ñdoQ>ada Ago Jw§O nhmVm. V§Vydarb ho Jw§O H$mTy>Z V§Vy gwH${dbo OmVmV. AmVm ho V§Vy bmoH$a V`ma H$aÊ`mg `mo½` AgVmV.

nmàr 5 - AmVm ho V§Vy doJdoJi`m a§JmV a§J{dbo OmVmV. H$maU _|T>`m Am{U eoi`mnmgyZ {_iUmar bmoH$a H$mir, VnH$sar AWdm nm§T>ar AgVo.

nmàr 6 - V§Vy gai H$éZ, qdMéZ Jw§S>mir H$éZ Ë`mMo YmJo V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV [{MÌ 3.8(d)]. bm§~ V§VyMr bmoH$a ñdoQ>a ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U bhmZ V§VyMr bmoH$a bmoH$arMo H$nS>o ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVmV.

{MÌ 3.8 (a) _|T>rMo Ho$g VmgUo {MÌ 3.8 (b) Q>mH$sV Ho$g ñdÀN> H$aUo

{MÌ 3.8 (c) `§ÌmÛmao Ho$g ñdÀN> H$aUo {MÌ 3.8 (d) YmJm V`ma H$aUo

V§VynmgyZ bmoH$a ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òMo Q>ßno Imbr Xe©{dbo AmhoV.

H$mnUo → ñdÀN> H$aUo → dJuH$aU H$aUo → Jw§O H$mT>Uo → a§J{dUo → Jw§S>mir H$éZ YmJo V`ma H$aUo.


ì`mdgm{`H$ YmoH$m

bmoH$a CÚmoJ hm Am_À`m XoemVrb AZoH$ bmoH$m§À`m CXa {Zdm©hmMo _hËdmMo _mÜ`_ Amho. na§Vy `mVrb d{J©H$aU H$aUmè`mMo H$m_ YmoH$mXm`H$ Amho. H$maU Ë`mZm gwú_O§Vy Am{U Anm`H$maH$ Agbobm aŠVmV hmoUmam amoJ, A§W«°Šg Á`mbm gm°Q>©g© S>r{gO Agohr åhUVmV Vmo hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m AgVmo. H$maImÝ`mVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm Aem AZoH$ amoJm§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo `mbm ì`mdgm{`H$ YmoH$m åhUVmV.

~wPmobm Amü`© dmQ>Vo H$s Ooìhm H$moUrVar Ho$g AmoT>bo Va doXZm

hmoVmV nU Ho$g H$mnyZ KoVmZm hmoV ZmhrV.

~wPmobm Amü`© dmQ>Vo H$s W§S>rÀ`m {XdgmV bmoH$arÀ`m H$nS>`mVyZ Oar D$~ {_iVo Ver D$~ gwVr H$nS>`mVyZ

H$m {_iV Zmhr.

H¥$Vr 3.4

Vw_À`m dJ©{_Ì _¡{ÌUrgh MMm© H$am Á`mV _mZ{d`VoÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ _|T>`m§Mr OmonmgZm H$aUo Am{U bmoH$a {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mo Ho$g H$mnUo ho `mo½` Amho H$m.

3.2 aoer_aoer_ V§Vy ho XoIrb àmUrO V§Vy AmhoV. ‘aoer_ {H$S>o’ aoer_ V§Vy V`ma H$aVmV. aoer_

{H$S>`m§Mr OmonmgZm H$éZ Ë`mnmgyZ aoer_ {_i{dVmV Ë`mbm ‘aoer_ {H$S>`m§Mo g§JmonZ’ (sericulture) åhUVmV. Vw_Mr AmB©/_mder/AmOr `m§À`mH$Sy>Z OmUyZ ¿`m H$s Ë`m§À`mnmer H$moUË`m àH$maMr aoe_r gmS>r Amho. aoe_m§À`m àH$mam§Mr `mXr H$am.

aoer_ {_idm`Mr à{H«$`m OmUyZ ¿`m`Mr MMm© H$aÊ`mnydu aoer_ {H$S>`mMm _Zmoa§OH$ B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

aoer_ {H$S>çm§Mm OrdZ B{Vhmgaoer_ nV§JmMr _mXr A§S>r KmbVo Ë`mMr dmT> Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mVyZ ñdV…^modVr H$moe Z

{XUboë`m AdñWoVrb {H$S>m ~mhoa nS>Vmo Á`mbm AmnU gwad§Q>> AWdm aoer_ {H$S>m åhUVmo. Ë`m§Mm AmH$ma dmT>V OmVmo Voìhm§ gwad§Q> Amnë`m OrdZmÀ`m nwT>rb Q>ßß`mV àdoe H$aVmo Vmo åhUOo H$moemdñWm (pupa), Á`mgmR>r ñdV…bm Ë`mV Jwa\$Qy>Z KoÊ`mgmR>r Omio {dUVmo. Ë`mZ§Va EH$m ~mOynmgyZ Xþgè`m ~mOy n`ªV B§½bre AmR> (8) A§H$mÀ`m ñdénmV Amnb S>moH$ hb{dVmo. S>moŠ`mMr hmbMmb hmoV AgVmZm gwad§Q>mÀ`m earamVyZ V§Vy ñÌdV AgVmo. hm V§Vy àmoQ>rZ nmgyZ ~Zbobm AgVmo Vmo hdoÀ`m g§nH$m©V `oVmM {MdQ> ~ZVmo Am{U aoer_Mm V§Vy ~ZVmo.


(a) Za (b) _mXr

àm¡T> aoer_ nV§J

(c) _b~oar/VwVrÀ`m nmZmda KmVbobr A§S>r

(d) aoer_{H$S>m

(e) Ha$moe (f) dmT> hmoUmam H$moemVrb nV§J

{MÌ 3.9 aoer_ nV§JmMm OrdZ B{Vhmg

Ë`mZ§Va Vmo gwad§Q> ñdV…bm aoe_r V§VyÀ`m AmdaUmV PmHy$Z KoD$Z nyU© H$moedmgr ~ZVmo. m AmdaUmbm aoe_r {H$S>`mMm H$moe (cocoon) åhUVmV. `m H$moem_Ü`o naV nV§J ~ZÊ`mMr {H«$`m Mmby ahmVo ({MÌ 3.9). aoer_ V§VyMm dmna aoe_r H$mnS> ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. Vwåhr H$ënZm H$é eH$mb H$m H$s aoe_mMm _D$ YmJm hm VwbZoV bmoI§S>mÀ`m Vmao BVH$mM _O~yV AgVmo!

aoer_ nV§JmÀ`m H$moemnmgyZ aoer_ YmJo {_i{dbo OmVmV. aoer_ nV§Jm§Mo AZoH$ àH$ma AmhoV Oo {Xgm`bm XoIrb EH$_oH$mnojm doJio AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ {_iUmè`m aoer_ Ym½`m§Mr nmoV (texture) doJdoJir AgVo. (Ia~arV, _D$, M_H$Xma BË`mXr) doJdoJi`m àH$maÀ`m nV§JmnmgyZ ~Zboë`m H$moemnmgyZ Vgma aoer_, _yJm aoer_, H$mogm aoer_ BË`mXr àH$maMo aoer_ {_iVo. gd©gm_mÝ` aoer_ nV§J _b~oar aoer_ nV§J Amho. `m nV§JmÀ`m H$moemnmgyZ {_iUmao aoer_ _D$, M_H$Xma Am{U bdMrH$ AgVo Ë`m{edm` Ë`mbm AmH$f©H$ a§JmV a§J{dVm `ooVo.


aoere {H$S>`m§Mo g§JmonZ hm ^maVmVrb A{Ve` OwZm ì`dgm` Amho. ^maVm_Üò ì`mnmamÀ`m Ñï>rZo aoer_ CámXZ _moR>`m à_mUmV Ho$bo OmVo.

H¥$Vr 3.5

{d{dY àH$maÀ`m aoe_r H$mnS>m§Mo VwH$S>o g§J«hrV H$éZ Vw_À`m dhrV {MH$Q>dm. Vwåhmbm H$mnS>mMo VwH$S>o qeß`mÀ`m XþH$mZmV {_iVrb. Vo Vwåhmbm H$mnS> H$mnë`mZ§Va Imbr nS>boë`m {Zén`moJr H$mnS>mÀ`m {T>JmV AmT>iVrb _b~oar aoer_, Vgma aoer_, nar aoer_, _wJm aoer_ BË`mXr n¡H$s aoe_m§Mo àH$ma AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r AmB©, _mder, AWdm {ejH$m§Mr _XV ¿`m. aoer_ H$mnS> Am{U H¥${Ì_ aoer_ H$mnS> `m§Mo VwH$S>o KoD$Z Ë`m§À`m nmoVrMr VwbZm H$am. H¥${Ì_ aoer__Üò amgm`{ZH$ YmJo AgVmV. doJdoJi`m àH$maÀ`m nV§Jm§Mr {MÌo g§J«hrV H$am Á`mMo gwad§Q> AWdm aoer_{H$S>o doJdoJù`m àH$maMo aoer_ CnbãY H$éZ XoVmV.

H¥$Vr 3.6

H¥${Ì_ (artificial) aoer_ YmJm Am{U ewÜX (pure) aoer_ YmJm ¿`m. ho YmJo H$miOrnyd©H$ [aVrZo Omim. Vo OiVmZm Vwåhmbm Ë`m§À`m dmgm_Üò H$mhr \$aH$ OmUdbm H$m? AmVm bmoH$arMo V§Vy H$miOrnyd©H$ Omim. Ë`mMm dmg H¥${Ì_ aoer_ AWdm ewÜX aoer_ OmiVmZm Ogm dmg Ambm Vgm Ambm H$m? Ë`mMo H$maU gm§Jy eH$mb H$m?

aoer_ nV§JmnmgyZ aoer_ H$moemn`ªVÀ`m Q>ßß`m§Zm bjmV R>odÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb H¥$Vr H$am.

H¥$Vr 3.7

{MÌ 3.9 Mr Poam°ŠgàV H$mTy>>Z ¿`m. Ë`mVrb aoer_ nV§JmMm B{Vhmg gm§JUmar {MÌo H$mnm Am{U Vr H$mS>©~moS>© AWdm MmQ>©nonada {MH$Q>dm. AmVm Vr {MÌo {_gim. Vr {MÌo `mo½` H«$_mZo MH«$mH$ma ñdénmV OmoS>Ê`mg gm§Jm. Omo ObX OmoS>Vmo Vmo {dOoVm.

Vwåhr aoer_ nV§JmMm B{Vhmg Vw_À`m eãXmV {ddaU H$éZ gm§Jy eH$Vm, Vw_À`m dhrV Vmo Zm|X H$am.

^maVm_Üò aoer_ CËnmXZ ì`dgm`mbm g§~§YrV CÚmoJm_Üò {ñÌ`m§Mm gh^mJ _hËdnyU© Amho. aoer_ {H$S>`m§Mo g§JmonZ H$moemnmgyZ aoer_ H$mT>Uo. Am{U H$ÀMo aoer_ àH«$s`m H$éZ dñÌmV énm§VarV H$aUo hr H$m_o Ë`m H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m CÚ_{ebVo_wio Amnë`m XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWobm _moR>m hmV^ma bmJVmo. aoer_ CËnmXZmV gdm©V nwT>mabobm Xoe MrZ AgyZ Amnbm ^maV hm gwÜXm aoer_ CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m XoemV AJ«ñWmZmda Amho.


H$moemnmgyZ aoer_n`ªV

aoer_ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r nV§Jm§Mo g§JmonZ Ho$bo OmVo Am{U aoer_ YmJo {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r H$moem§Mm g§J«h Ho$bm OmVmo.

aoer_ {H$S>`m§Mr {ZnO : aoer_ nV§JmMr _mXr EH$mMdoir eoH$S>mo A§S>r KmbVo [{MÌ 3.10(a)]. Vr A§S>r H$mnS>mÀ`m nÅ>rda AWdm H$mJXmda g§J«hrV H$éZ aoer_{H$S>`m§À`m eoVH$è`m§Zm {dH$br OmVmV. eoVH$ar Vr A§S>r mo½` Vmn_mZ Am{U AmÐ©Vm {Z`§ÌrV H$éZ gw`mo½` pñWVrV R>odVmo.

A§S>`mVyZ {H$S>m ~mhoa nS>mdm `mgmR>r `mo½` Vmn_mZmV A§S>r C~dbr OmVmV. _b~oar AWdm VwVrÀ`m PmS>mbm ZdrZ nmbdr `oVo Ë`m AdYrV ho Ho$bo OmVo [{MÌ 3.10(b)]. Ë`m A§S>`mVyZ ~mhoa Ambobm {H$S>m Á`mbm AmnU gwad§Q> AWdm aoer_{H$S>m åhUVmo Vmo _b~oarMr nmZo ImD$Z AmH$mamZo EH$X_ _moR>m hmoVmo [{MÌ 3.10(c)].

(a) aoer_ nV§JmMr _mXr d A§S>r

(b) _b~oarMo PmS>

_b~oar/VwVrMo nmZ

(c) _b~oarMr nmZo ImVmZm aoer_{H$S>m

{MÌ 3.10 aoer_ {H$S>`m§Mr {ZnO

(d) H$moe


aoer_Mm emoY

aoer_À`m emoYmMm {Z{üV H$mbmdYr _mhrV Zmhr. MrZÀ`m àmMrZ X§VH$WoZwgma g_«mkr gr-Jw§J-Mr {hbm g_«mQ> hþAm§J-Vr `m§Zr Amnë`m ~mJoVrb _b~oarÀ`m PmS>mMr nmZo ~mX hmoÊ`mMo H$maU emoYÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. g_«mkrbm {XgyZ Ambo H$s nm§T>ao {H$S>o _b~oarMr nmZo ImVmV. {Vbm Agohr AmT>ibo H$s Vo Amnë`m^modVr M_H$Xma H$moe ~Z{dVmV. AnKmVmZo EH$ H$moe {VÀ`m Ja_ MhmÀ`m H$nmV nS>bm. {VZo Ë`m H$moemnmgyZ ZmOyH$ YmJm {ZKVmZm nm{hbm. aoer_ CÚmoJ MrZ_Üò gwê$ Pmbm. eoH$S>mo df© hr KQ>Zm Jwá d gwa{jV R>odbr Jobr H$mhr dfm©Z§Va ì`mnmar Am{U àdmem§Zr mMr AmoiI BVa XoemZm H$éZ {Xbr. Ë`mZr Á`m _mJ©mZr àdmg Ho$bm Vmo _mJ© AmO XoIrb

aoer_ _mJ© (silk route) åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.

~m§~ynmgyZ ~Z{dboë`m ñdÀN> Q>o´_Üò _b~oarMr VmOr nmZ {MéZ KmVbr OmVmV. Ë`m_Üò gwad§Q> gmoS>bo OmVmV. 25 Vo 30 {XdgmZ§Va gwad§Q> ImÊ`mMr {H«$`m ~§X H$éZ ~m§~yÀ`m Q´>o_Yrb N>moQ>`m N>moQ>`m ^mJmV OmD$Z H$moe {dUy bmJVmV [{MÌ 3.10(d)]. Q´>o_Üò N>moQ>çm Iw§Q>mi`m AWdm S>hmi`m R>odë`m OmVmV Á`mbm ho H$mof {MH$Qy>Z ahmVmV. gwad§Q> AWdm aoer_ {H$S>`mZo {dUboë`m H$moemÀ`m AmV aoer_ nV§JmMr dmT> hmoV AgVo.

à{H«$òVyZ aoer_ : aoer_ V§Vy {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r H$moem§Mm T>rJ dmnabm OmVmo. H$moem§Zm CÝhmV R>odVmV AWdm Vo CH$iVmV AWdm Ë`m§Zm dm\$ {Xbr OmVo. aoer_ V§Vy doJio Ho$bo OmVmV. H$moemnmgyZ {ZKUmao V§Vy EH$Ì H$éZ aoer_ YmJm ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òbm aoer_Mm ari (reeling the silk) ~Z{dUo åhUVmV. hr à{H«$`m Img `§ÌmXÛmao Ho$br OmVo. Á`mV H$moemnmgmZ aoer_ V§Vy doJio H$mT>bo OmVmV. aoer_ V§VynmgyZ aoer_ YmJo ~Z{dbo OmVmV Á`mÀ`m Ûmao {dUH$a aoe_r H$mnS> ~Z{dVmV.

nhobrbm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s gwVr YmJm Am{U aoe_r YmJm ho XmoÝhr EH$mM nÜXVrZo H$mVbo Am{U

{dUbo OmVmV H$m ?

à_wI eãX

H$moe g_yi ñdÀN>Vm aoer_ nV§JHo$g aoer_ {H$S>`m§Mo g§JmonZ aoer_ {H$S>mari ~Z{dUo VmgUo dJuH$aU


Vwåhr H$m` {eH$bmV

• aoer_ aoer_ {H$S>`mnmgyZ {_iVo Am{U bmoH$a _|T>r, ~H$ar Am{U `mH$ `m§À`mnmgyZ {_iVo Voìhm aoer_ Am{U bmoH$a ho àmUrO V§Vy AmhoV.

• C§Q>, bm_m Am{U AënmH$m `m§À`mhr Ho$gm§da à{H«$`m H$éZ boH$a CámXZ H$aVmV.

• ^maVm_Ü`o bmoH$a {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _w»`V… _|T>`m§Mr OmonmgZm Ho$br OmVo.

• bmoH$a CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _|T>`mMo Ho$g VmgyZ, YwdyZ, dJuH$aU H$éZ, gwH$dyZ a§JdyZ, H$VmB© H$éZ YmJo V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV.

• aoer_ {H$S>o ho aoer_ nV§Jm§Mo gwad§Q> AgVmV.

• OrdZMH«$mÀ`m AdYrV {H$S>o aoer_ V§VyMo H$moe {dUVmV.

• aoer_ YmJo àmoQ>rZnmgyZ ~ZVmV.

• H$moemnmgyZ aoer_ V§Vy doJio H$éZ Ë`mZm EH$Ì H$éZ aoer_ YmJm ~ZVmo.

• {dUH$a aoer_ Ym½`mnmgyZ aoer_ H$mnS> V`ma H$aVmV.

Aä`mg

1. Imbrb B§½bre ~mbJrVmer Vwåhr n[aMrV AgmbM.

(i) Baa Baa black sheep, have you any wool

(ii)Maryhadalittlelamb,whosefleecewaswhiteassnow

Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao Úm.

(a) H$mi`m _|T>rÀ`m H$moUË`m ^mJmV bmoH$a Amho?

(b) ~H$arÀ`m A§Jmdarb nm§T>ao Ho$g `mMm AW© H$m`?

2. `mn¡H$s H$moUVm aoer_{H$S>m Amho (a) gwad§Q> (b) A§S>`mVyZ ~mhoa nS>bobm nU H$moe Z {dUbobm {H$S>m (Omìh©) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.

(i) a (ii) b (iii) a Am{U b XmoÝhr (iv) a Am{U b XmoÝhr Zmhr

3. Imbrb n¡H$s H$moUmnmgyZ bmoH$a {_iV Zmhr?

(i) `mH$ (ii) C§Q> (iii) ~H$ar (iv) Ho$gmi Hw$Ìm

4. Imbrb eãXm§Mo AW© gm§Jm(i) {ZnO H$aUo (ii) VmgUo (iii) aoer_ {H$S>`m§Mo g§JmonZ


5. bmoH$a V`ma H$aVmZmÀ`m nm`è`m H«$_mZo {Xë`m AmhoV. `mVrb H$moUË`m nm`è`m {b{hë`m ZmhrV, Ë`m {bhm.

VmgUo, _________ dJuH$aU _________, _________, _________.6. aoer_ nV§JmÀ`m OrdZ B{VhmgmVrb XmoZ nm`è`m§Mr {MÌo H$mT>m Á`mVyZ aoer_ CËnmXZmMo

g§~§Y ñnï> hmoVrb.7. Imbrb n¡H$s H$moUVo XmoZ eãX aoer_ CËnmXZmer g§~§YrV AmhoV. aoer_{H$S>`m§Mo g§JmonZ, \w$bPm§S>mMo g§JmonZ, _b~oar g§JmonZ, _Y_mer g§JmonZ Am{U

dÝ`dZñnVr g§JmonZ.gyMZm (i) aoer_ CËnmXZm_Üò _b~oar nmZm§Mo g§JmonZ, aoer_ {H$S>`m§Mo g§JmonZ `m§Mmhr g_mdoe

hmoVmo.

(ii) _b~oar åhUOoM VwVrMo d¡km{ZH$ Zmd _moag Aë~m (morus alba) Ago Amho.

(iii) Oo a§Y«, Á`mVyZ nmZm_Üò dm`y§Mr XodmU KodmU hmoVo.

8. ñV§^ I _Yrb eãXmZm g§~§YrV ñV§^ II _Yrb eãX g_whmer OmoS>`m Owidm.

ñV§^ - I ñV§^ - II1234

g_yi ñdÀN>Vm

_b~oarMr nmZo

`mH$

H$moe

(a)(b)(c)(d)

aoer_ YmJo {_iVmV

bmoH$a XoUmam àmUr

aoer_ {H$S>`§mMo AÞ

Jw§S>mir H$aUo

(e) Vmgbobr H$mVS>r ñdÀN> H$aUo

9. Imbrb VŠË`mZ§Va {Xboë`m gyMZoZwgma VŠË`mVrb Cô, AmS>do eãX emoYyZ nmR>mbm g§~§YrV eãXm^modVr Jmob H$am.


gyMZm: `m§Mr _XV ¿`m123

bmoH$arMr nyU© ñdÀN>Vm

àmUrO V§Vw

Ym½`mgmaIr XrK© aMZm

456

C~Xma R>odVo

aoer_H$sS>o `mMr nmZo ImVmV

gwad§Q>mÀ`m A§S>çmbm C~dÊ`mZo ~ZVmo

{dñVm[aV AÜ``Z - H¥$Vr Am{U `moOZmH$m`©

1.

nhobrbm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s EH$m aoer_ H$moemnmgyZ

OmñVrV OmñV {H$Vr bm§~rMm aoer_ YmJm {_iVmo.

{VÀ`mgmR>r Vwåhr _mhrV H$éZ ¿`m

2.~wPmobm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s

gwad§Q> _moR>m Pmë`mZ§Va Amnbr ËdMm H$m Jiy XoVmo na§Vy Amåhr _mZd Ago H$m

H$aV Zmhr

Vwåhmbm H$mhr H$ënZm Amho H$m?

3.

~wPmobm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s CKS>`m/AmdaU {dahrV hmVm§Zr

gwad§Q> H$m nH$Sy> Z`oV?

Ë`mbm Vwåhr _XV H$amb H$m?

4. nhobrbm aoer_ \«$m°H$ {dH$V ¿`m`Mm Amho åhUyZ Vr AmB©gmo~V ~mOmamV Jobr. VoWo Ë`mZm H¥${Ì_ aoer_ AmT>ibo Oo Iyn ñdñV hmoVo, Ago H$m ho Ë`m§Zm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo hmoVo. Vwåhmbm H$maU _mhrV Amho H$m? emoYm.

{dkmZ V§Vy Vo dó PB46

5. H$moUrVar nhobrbm gm§{JVbo H$s ‘{dHw$Zm’ (vicuna) ZmdmÀ`m àmÊ`mnmgyZ bmoH$a {_iVo. hm àmUr H$moR>o AmT>iVmo ho Vwåhr gm§Jy eH$mb H$m? eãXH$moe (dictionary) AWdm kmZH$moemV (encyclopaedia) nhm.

6. Ooìhm hmV_mJmÀ`m H$nS>`m§Mo àXþe©Z âVo Voìhm H$mhr Jmi`m_Üò {d{dY àH$maÀ`m aoer_Mo nV§J Am{U Ë`m§Mm OrdZH«$_ àX{e©V H$aVmV. KamVrb _moR>r _mUg AWdm {ejH$m§À`m gmo~V OmD$Z øm Jmi`m§Zm ôQ> Úm Am{U nV§J d Ë`mMo OrdZMH«$ OmUyZ ¿`m.

7. Vw_À`m ~mJoV, AWdm CÚmZmV AWdm dZñnVrZr âboë`m OmJoV OmD$Z nV§J AWdm \w$bnmIamZr nmZmda KmVbobr A§S>r nhm. nmZmÀ`m EH$m ~mOybm Vr g_wh ñdê$nmV {R>nŠ`mgmaIr {XgVmV. Vr nmZo VmoS>m Am{U H$mS>©~moS>©À`m ~m°Šg_Üò R>odm. Ë`mM PmS>mMr AWdm Xþgè`m PmS>mMr nmZo ~marH$ VwH$S>o H$éZ AWdm {MéZ Ë`m ~m°Šg_Üò Kmbm. A§S>`m§Mr dmT> hmoD$Z Ë`mVyZ gwad§Q> ~mhoa òVmV. Vo {XdgamÌ ImÊ`mV X§J AgVmV. amoO Ë`m§Zm ImÊ`mgmR>r nmZo KmbV ahm. H$mhr doim Vwåhr gwad§Q> XoIrb g§J«hrV H$é eH$Vm na§Vy H$miOr ¿`m. Ë`m§Zm YaÊ`mgmR>r H$mJXr é_mb AWdm H$mJX dmnam.

amoO {ZarjU H$éZ Imbrb Jmoï>tMr Zm|X H$am.

(i) A§S>r C~m`bm bmJbobo {Xdg,

(ii) H$moe ~ZÊ`mÀ`m nmàrb bmJbobo {Xdg

(iii) OrdZ MH«$ nyU© H$aÊ`mg bmJbobo {Xdg.

`m gd© KQ>Zm§À`m {ZarjUm§Mr Zm|X Vw_À`m dhrV H$am.


_|T>`m§À`m g§»òZwgma MrZ Am{U Am°ñQ´>o{b`mZ§Va ^maVmMm OJmV {Vgam H«$_m§H$ bmJVmo. na§Vy CÎm_ àVrMr bmoH$a Ý`wPrb±S>À`m _|T>`mnmgyZ {_iVo.

{dkmZ CîUVm 47PB

CîUVm4

àH$aU 3 _Üò Vwåhr {eH$bmV H$s bmoH$arMo H$nS>o ho àmUrO V§VynmgyZ ~Z{dbo OmVmV. Vwåhmbm ho XoIrb _mhrV Amho H$s gwVr H$nS>o dZñnVr V§Vy nmgyZ ~Z{dbo OmVmV. {hdmi`mV ~mhoa Ooìhm dmVmdaU W§S> AgVo Voìhm bmoH$arMo H$nS>o dmnaVmo. bmoH$arMo H$nS>o Amåhmbm C~Xma R>oodVmV. Ooìhm§ CîUVm AgVo Voìhm {\$H$Q> a§JmÀ`m gwVr H$nS>`m§Zm Amåhr AmÚVm XoVmo. Voìhm Amåhmbm W§S>mì`mMr OmUrd hmoVo. {d{eï> F$Vy_Üò {d{eï> àH$maMo H$nS>o `mo½` H$m AgVmV `mMo Vwåhmbm Amü`© dmQ>V Agob Zm?

{hdmi`mV Kam_Üò Vwåhmbm W§S>r OmUdVo. Vwåhr Oa ~mhoa gy`© àH$memV Ambm Va Vwåhmbm C~Xma dmQ>Vo. CÝhmi`mV KamV XoIrb Vwåhmbm Ja_ hmoVo. Vwåhmbm H$go g_OVo H$s dñVy Ja_ Amho H$s W§S>? Amåhr H$go OmUy eH$Vmo H$s dñVy {H$Vr Ja_ AWdm W§S> Amho? `m àH$aUmV H$mhr àým§Mr CÎmao OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$é.

4.1 CîU Am{U W§S>

X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV Amåhr AZoH$ dñV§wÀ`m g§nH$m©V òVmo. Ë`mVrb H$mhr Ja_ AgVmV Va H$mhr W§S> AgVmV. Mhm Ja_ AgVmo Va ~\©$ W§S> AgVo. VŠVm 4.1 _Üò Vwåhr gm_mÝ`nUo dmnaV Agboë`m dñV§wMr `mXr H$am. Ë`m Ja_ AWdm W§S> `m à_mUo IyU H$am.

Vº$m 4.1 Ja_ AWdm W§S> dñVw

dñVy W§S>/Jma Ja_/CîU

AmB©g²H«$s_

MhmÀ`m H$nmVrb M_Mm\$imMm ag

Vim`À`m H$T>B©Mr _yR>

AVr Ja_ Agboë`m dñV§wZm ñne© H$é ZH$m. _oU~ÎmrMr Á`moV AWdm ñQ>moìh hmVmiVm§Zm H$miOr ¿`m.

Amåhmbm Ago {XgyZ XoVo H$s H$mhr dñVy Ja_ AmhoV Va H$mhr W§S>. H$mhr dñVy Xþgè`m

{dkmZ CîUVm 4948

dñVy§nojm OmñV Ja_ AmhoV Va H$mhr dñVw Xþgè`m dñVwnojm W§S> AmhoV. Amåhr H$go {ZU©` XoD$ eH$Vmo EImXr dñVwXþgè`m dñVw nojm Ja_ Amho? Amåhr Zoh_r Ë`m dñVwbm ñne© H$éZ gm§JVmo. na§Vy Am_Mo ñne©kmZ {dœmg R>odÊ`mgmaIo Amho H$m? Mbm AmnU nmhÿ.

H¥$Vr 4.1

VrZ ngaQ> ^m§S>r ¿`m. Ë`m§Zm A, B Am{U C Aer Zmdo Úm. A ^m§S>`mV W§S> nmUr Kmbm Am{U B ^m§S>`mV Ja_ nmUr Kmbm. C ^m§S>`mV Ja_ Am{U W§S> nmUr {_giyZ Kmbm. AmVm Vw_Mm S>mdm hmV A ^m§S>`mV Am{U COdm hmV B ^m§S>`mV ~wS>dm.

Vw_Mo hmV ^mOVrb BVHo$ nmUr Ja_ Zmhr Zm `mMr ImÌr H$éZ ¿`m.

{MÌ 4.1 VrZ ^m§S>çmVrb nmÊ`mbm ñne© H$éZ AZw^d KoUo

(A) (B) (C)

XmoÝhr ^m§S>`m_Ü`o XmoÝhr hmV 2-3 {_{ZQ>o R>odë`mZ§Va EH$mM doir Vo hmV Ë`mVyZ H$mTy>Z

C ^m§S>`mV ~wS>dm ({MÌ 4.1). XmoÝhr hmVm§Zm g_mZ ñne©kmZ hmoVo H$m?

~wPmo åhUVmo _mÂ`m S>mì`m hmVmbm ‘C’ ^m§S>`mVrb nmUr Ja_ bmJVo Am{U COì`m hmVmbm VoM nmUr W§S>

_r {ZîH$f© H$m` H$mTy>

~wPmoMm Jm|Yi Amåhmbm Xe©dyZ XoVmo H$s dñVy Ja_ AWdm W§S> ho ñne©kmZmZo,

{dídmgmZo gm§Jy eH$V Zmhr. H$mhr doim {ZîH$f© \$gy eH$Vmo.

{dkmZ CîUVm 4948

{MÌ 4.2 d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$

dñVw IamoIa {H$Vr Ja_ Amho ho H$go emoYm`Mo? EImÚm dñVwMm Ja_nUm _moOÊ`mMo

à_mU åhUOo Vmn_mZ (temperature). Vmn_mZ _moOÊ`mÀ`m CnH$aUmbm Vmn_mnH$ (thermometer) åhUVmV.

4.2 Vmn_mZmMo _mnZ

Vwåhr Vmn_mnH$ nm{hbm AmhmV H$m? Vwbm AWdm VwÂ`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb BVa H$moUmbm Vmn Ambm Am{U Vmo Vmn Vmn_mH$mZo _moObm Agob Vo AmR>dm. Am_À`m e[aaMo Vmn_mZ _moOÊ`mgR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m Vmn_mnH$mbm d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ (clinical thermometer) åhUVmV.

Vmn_mnH$ Vw_À`m hmVmV YéZ H$miOrnyd©H$ {Z[ajU H$am. Vw_À`mnmer Vmn_mnH$ Zgob Va {_Ì/_¡{ÌUrbm {dZ§Vr H$éZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z ¿`m d nhm. d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ {MÌ 4.2 _Üò Xe©{dë`m à_mUo {XgVmo.

d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ b§m~, Aé§X Am{U EH$m gmÀ`mV ~Zbobr H$mMoMr ZbrH$m AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m EH$m ~mOybm JmobmH$ma ZbrH$m AgVo Á`m_Üò nmam AgVmo. JmobmH$ma ZbrHo$À`m ~mhoarb ~mOyZo nmè`mMm M_H$Xma YmJm nmhÿ eH$Vm.

nmè`mMm M_H$Xma YmJm {Xgbm Zmhr Va Vmo {Xgon`ªV Vmn_mnH$ qH$MrV {\$adm. Vwåhmbm Vmn_mnH$mda à_mU {Xgob. Amåhr dmnaV Agbobo à_mU gopëg`g Mo Amho Vo oC Xe©{dbo OmVo.

{MÌ 4.2 _Üò Xe©{dboë`m à_mUmn¡H$s H$moUVo à_mU KoD$Z dmMmdo `m ~m~V ~wPmo

Jm|Yibm Amho. nhobrZo Ë`mbm gm§{JVbo ^maVm_Üò gopëg`g à_mU pñdH$mabo Amho Am{U AmnU VoM à_mUo YéZ dmMmdo. Xþgao à_mU 94 Vo 108 A§emÀ`m à_mUmV Amho Vo \°$aZhrQ> à_mU (oF)

hmo`. Ë`mMm dmna nydu hmoV Ago

d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ 35oC Vo 42oC n`ªVMm Vmn _moOVmo.

{dkmZ CîUVm 5150

H¥$Vr 4.2

Vmn_mnH$mMo dmMZAmVm AmnU Vmn_mnH$mMo dmMZ H$go H$amdo ho {eHy$. XmoZ _moR>`m IwUm§À`m _Üò

Xe©{dbobm Vmn_mZmVrb \$aH$ àW_ Zm|Xdmdm. Ë`m XmoZ IwUm§À`m _Üò Agboë`m bhmZ IwUm§À`m g§»`mXoIrb Zm|Xdm. Oa _moR>`m IwUm EH$ Xe©{dV Agob Am{U Ë`m_Üò nmM bhmZ IwUm AgVrb _J EH$ bhmZ IyU

15 = 0.2oC Aer dmMbr OmVo.

d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ dmMVmZm ¿`md`mMr I~aXmar

• Vmn_mnH$ dmnaÊ`mnydu Am{U dmnaë`mZ§Va O§VyamoYH$ ÐmdUmZo Ywdmdm.

• dmnaÊ`mnydu Vmn_mnH$mVrb nmè`mMr nmVir 35oC À`m Imbr Amho `mMr ImÌr H$am.

• Vmn_mnH$ dmMVmZm nmè`mMr nmVir ZOaoÀ`m Q>ßß`mV amhÿ Úm (Am.4.3. nhm).

• Vmn_mnH$ H$miOrnyd©H$ dmnam. Vmo EImÚm H$R>rU dñVyda AmXibm Va Vmo \w$Qy> eH$Vmo.

• Vmn_mnH$ dmMVmZm nmè`mÀ`m Zirbm Yé Zò.

Vmn_mnH$ O§VyamoYH$ ÐmdUmZo Ywdmdm. Vmo KÅ> nH$Sy>Z Ë`mbm Oam PQ>H$mdo. Ë`m PQ>H$Ê`mZo nmè`mMr nmVir Imbr òB©b. Vr nmVir 35oC À`m Imbr Agob `mMr ImÌr H$éZ ¿`m. AmVm Vmn_mnH$mMm nmam Agbobr ZbrH$m OrôImbr Yam. EH$ {_{ZQ>mZ§Vaa Vmn_mnH$ ~mhoa H$mTy>Z Vmn Zm|Xdm. ho Vw_À`m earamMo Vmn_mZ Agob. Vmn_mZ Zoh_r oC EH$H$m_Üò ì`ŠV H$amdm.

Vw_À`m e[aamMo Vmn_mZ åhUyZ Vwåhr H$m` Zm|X{dVm?

_mZd e[aamMo gm_mÝ` Vmn_mZ 37oC AgVo. bjmV R>odm H$s Vmn_mZ Ë`mÀ`m EH$H$mgh Zm|Xdmdo.

{MÌ 4.3 d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ dmMÊ`mMr `mo½` nÜXV.

{dkmZ CîUVm 5150

nhobrZo Amnë`m e[aamMo Vmn_mZ _moObo {Vbm H$miOr dmQy> bJbr

H$maU Vo 370C BVHo$ AMyH$ ZìhVo.

nhobrbm ImÌr H$éZ Úm`Mm à`ËZ H$é H$s {VMr H$mhr MyH$ Zmhr.

H¥$Vr 4.3

d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ KoD$Z Vw_À`m {_Ì/_¡{ÌUrÀ`m (H$_rV H$_r 10) e[aamMo Vmn_mZ _moOm. VŠVm 4.2 _Ü`o {Z[ajU Zm|Xdm.

VŠVm 4.2 H$mhr ì`ŠVtMo em[aarH$ Vmn_mZ.

Zmd Vmn_mZ (oC )

gdmªÀ`m e[aamMo Vmn_mZ 37oC Amho H$m?

àË`oH$ _mUgmÀ`m e[aamMo Vmn_mZ 37oC Agy eH$V Zmhr. Vo qH$MrV OmñV AWdm H$_r Agy eH$Vo. Á`mbm AmnU gm_mÝ` Vmn_mZ åhUVmo, Vo AZoH$ {ZamoJr bmoH$m§À`m em[aarH$ Vmn_mZmMo gamgar Vmn_mZ AgVo.

d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$mMr aMZm \$ŠV _mZd e[aamMo Vmn_mZ _moOÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobr AgVo. _mZdr e[aamMo Vmn_mZ gm_mÝ`nUo 35oC nojm H$_r hmoV Zmhr AWdm 42oC nojm OmñV hmoV Zmhr. `mM H$maUm_wio Vmn_mnH$mda 35oC Vo 42oC n`ªVMm n„m AgVmo.

~wPmoÀ`m _ZmV EH$ ImoS>H$a H$ënZm Ambr. Vmo d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$mMm dmna H$éZ Ja_ XþYmMo Vmn_mZ _moOy BpÀN>Vmo. nhobrbm ho g_OVmM {VZo Ë`mbm Vgo

H$aÊ`mnmgyZ amoIbo.

{dkmZ CîUVm 5352

I~aXmar

_mZdr eara gmoSy>Z BVa H$moUË`mhr nXmWm©Mo Vmn_mZ nhmÊ`mgmR>r d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$mMm dmna H$é ZH$m. BVHo$M Zmhr Va Vmn_mnH$ CÝhm_Ü o AWdm A¾r ÁdmboZ{OH$ R>ody ZH$m. Vmo \w$Qy> eH$Vmo.

4.3 à`moJemioVrb Vmn_mnH$

{MÌ 4.4 à`moJemioVrb Vmn_mnH$

BVa nXmWmªMo Vmn_mZ Amåhr H$go _moOVmo?

`mgmR>r doJim Vmn_mnH$ AgVmo. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ åhUOo à`moJ emioVrb Vmn_mnH$ (laboratory thermomter). Vw_Mo {ejH$ Vwåhmbm Vmo Vmn_mnH$ XmIdVrb. Ë`mMo Vwåhr H$miOrnyd©H$ {Z[ajU H$am Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo _moOVm `oB©b Ago gdm©V OmñV Am{U gdm©V H$_r Vmn_mZmÀ`m à_mUmMr Zm|X H$am. `mMm n„m-10oC Vo 110oC BVH$m AgVmo ({MÌ 4.4).Á`mà_mUo Vwåhr d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ dmMVmZm bhmZ bhmZ ^mJm§Mo {Z[ajU Ho$bmV Ë`mMà_mUo `m Vmn_mnH$mdarb bhmZ ^mJm§Mo {Z[ajU H$am. Vmn_mnH$ AMyH$nUo dmMÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhmbm `mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

`m Vmn_mnH$mMm dmna H$gm Ho$bm OmVmo ho AmnU AmVm {eHy$.

doJdoJi`m H$maUmgmR>r doJdoJio Vmn_mnH$ dmnabo OmVmV. _mJrb {XdgmMo H$_mb Am{U {H$_mZ Vmn_mZ Oo gm§{JVbo OmVo Vo _moOÊ`mgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m Vmn_mnH$mbm H$_mb-{H$_mZ Vmn_mnH$ åhUVmV.

H¥$Vr 4.4

EH$m ngaQ> ^m§S>`mV AWdm M§MynmÌmV ZimMo nmUr ¿`m. Vmn_mnH$ nmÊ`mV ~wS>dm. Ë`mdoir Vmn_mnH$mMm \w$Jm nmÊ`mV Agmdm na§Vy Ë`mMm ñne© ^m§S>`mÀ`m Vimbm AWdm ~mOybm hmoD$ Z`o. Vmn_mnH$ C^m Yamdm ({MÌ 4.5) Vmn_mnH$mVrb nmè`mMo {Z[ajU H$am. nmam pñWa hmoB© n`ªV Wm§~m.

Vmn_mnH$mdarb nmam pñWa Pmboë`m g§» oMr Zm|X H$am. hrM g§»`m nmÊ`mMo Ë`mdoir Agbobo Vmn_mZ Xe©{dVo.

{MÌ 4.5 à`moJemioVrb Vmn_mnH$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nmÊ`mMo Vmn_mZ _moOUo.

{dkmZ CîUVm 5352

d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ dmnaVm§Zm Á`m I~aXmè`m KoVmo Ë`mM I~aXmè`m à`moJemioVrb Vmn_mnH$m~m~V ¿`mì`mV Ë`mÀ`m ì`{V[aŠV à`moJemioVrb Vmn_mnH$

• gai C^m R>odmdm, {VaH$m R>ody Zò ({MÌ 4.5)

• Á`m nXmWm©Mo Vmn_mZ nhm`Mo AgVo Vmo nXmW© Vmn_mnH$mVrb nmè`mÀ`m \w$½`m ^modVr Agmdm-\w$½`mMm ñne© ^m§S>`mbm hmoD$ Zò.

~wPmobm AmVm g_Obo H$s Cƒ Vmn_mZ _moOÊ`mgmR>r d¡ÚH$s`

Vmn_mnH$ H$m dmnaV ZmhrV. na§Vy Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV AmUIr EH$ àý Amho H$s à`moJemioVrb

Vmn_mnH$mMm dmna e[aamMo Vmn_mZ _moOÊ`mgmR>r H$é eH$Vmo H$m?

àËòH$ {dÚmÏ`m©Zo Zm|X Ho$bobo nmÊ`mMo Vmn_mZ nhm. Ë`mV H$mhr \$aH$ Amho H$m? eŠ`Vm Agboë`m H$maUm§Mr MMm© H$am. `m àýmMo CÎma XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$é.

H¥$Vr 4.5

EH$m M§MynmÌmV AWdm ngaQ> ^m§S>`mV Ja_ nmUr ¿`m. Ë`mV Vmn_mnH$ ~wS>dm. Vmn _mnH$mVrb nmam ñWra hmoB©n`ªV dmQ> nhm Am{U Vmn_mZmMr Zm|X H$am. Vmn_mnH$ nmÊ`mVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>m. AmVm H$m` KS>Vo Vo nhm. Vw_À`m bjmV Amb H$m Ooìhm Vwåhr Vmn_mnH$ nmÊ`mVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>bm Ë`mVrb nmè`mMr nmVir Imbr òD$ bmJbr. Voìhm Vmn_mnH$ Omon`ªV nmÊ`mV AgVmo Ë`mMdoir nmÊ`mÀ`m Vmn_mZmMr Zm|X H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

Vwåhr Vw_Mo Vmn_mZ nhmÊ`mMm àg§J AmR>dm, Ë`mdoir Vw_À`m Vmn_mZmMr Zm|X H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr Vmn_mnH$ Vw_À`m Vm|S>mVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Vm. Vw_À`m e[aamMo Vmn_mZ _moOÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr à`moJemioVrb Vmn_mnH$ dmnamb H$m? ñnï>nUo Zmhr, à`moJemioVrb Vmn_mnH$ `m H$m`m©gmR>r dmnaUo `mo½` Zmhr.

~wPmobm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s Vmn _mnH$mMm g§nH©$ EH$m nXmWm©VyZ Xþgè`m

nXmWm©er Ambm Va Vmn_mnH$mVrb nmè`mMr nmVir H$m ~XbVo?

{dkmZ CîUVm 5554

d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ Vm|S>mVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>ë`mZ§Va Ë`mVrb nmam Imbr H$m CVaV Zmhr AWdm MT>V Zmhr?

{MÌ 4.6 d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$mV Agbobr ImM

d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$mMo nwÝhm EH$Xm {Z[ajU H$am. \w$½`mZ{OH$ EH$ ImM Vwåhmbm {XgVo H$m? ({MÌ 4.6)

`m ImMrMm H$m` Cn`moJ Amho? Vr ImM nmè`mbm ghOnUo \w$½`mV naV OmÊ`mnmgyZ amoIVo.

d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$mVrb nmè`mMm dmna hm qMVoMm {df` Amho H$maU nmam hm {dfmar KQ>H$ Oa Vmn_mnH$ \w$Q>bm Va Ë`mVrb nmè`mMr {dëhodmQ> bmdUo H$R>rU OmVo. AbrH$S>o A§H$s` Vmn_mnH$ (digital thermometer) dmnabm OmVmo H$maU Ë`mV nmam AgV Zmhr.

4.4 CîUVoMo g§H«$_U

noQ>Ë`m J°gda AWdm Mwbrda H$T>B© R>odbr AgVm Vr Ja_ hmoVo `mMo H$maU ÁdmioVrb CîUVm Ë`m ^m§S>`mV OmVo. Ooìhm Vr H$Q>B© ÁdmionmgyZ Xÿa Ho$br OmVo. Vr hiyhiy W§S> hmoVo. Vr W§S> H$m hmoVo? H$T>B©Mr CîUVm g^modVmbÀ`m ^mJmV ngaVo. `m XmoÝhr KQ>ZmnmgyZ Vwåhmbm g_OVo H$s CîUVm hr Ja_ dñVynmgyZ W§S> dñVyH$S>o OmVo.

nhobr {dMmaVo … Oa XmoZ dñVy§Mo Vmn_mZ g_mZ Agob Va

CîUVm EH$m dñVyVyZ Xþgè`m dñVyV OmV Zmhr H$m?

BVa gd©M KQ>Zm§_Ü`o Zoh_r CîUVm hr Zoh_r Ja_ dñVynmgyZ W§S> dñVyH$S>o dhmVo.

CîUVm H$er dhmVo? Mbm AmnU emoYy.

{dkmZ CîUVm 5554

H¥$Vr 4.6

Aë`w{_{Z`_ AWdm bmoI§S> AWdm BVa YmVyMr ~marH$ giB© qH$dm nÅ>r ¿`m. Ë`mda _oUmMo VwH$S>o KÅ> ~gdm. Vo VwH$S>o g_mZ A§Vamda Agy Úm ({MÌ 4.7). Vr giB© EH$m ñQ>±S>da ~gdm. Oa Vwåhmbm ñQ>±S> {_imbm Zmhr Va Ë`mMo EH$ Q>moH$ XmoZ {dQ>m§À`m_Üò ~gdm AmVm Ë`m giB©Mo EH$ Q>moH$ noQ>Ë`m _oU~ÎmrZo giB©darb Ja_ H$am Am{U Ë`mMo {Z[ajU H$am.

{MÌ 4.7 YmVyÀ`m girVyZ CîUVoMm àdmh

_oUm§À`m VwH$S>`m§Mo H$m` hmoVo? Vo nSy> bmJVmV H$m? H$moUVm VwH$S>m AmYr nS>Vmo? Vwåhmbm Ago dmQ>Vo H$m CîUVm Á`moVr nmgyZÀ`m OdiÀ`m VwH$S>`mnmer AmYr nmohmoMbr?

EImÚm dñVyÀ`m CîU ^mJmnmgyZ W§S> ^mJmH$S>o CîUVoÀ`m ñWbm§VamÀ`m qH$dm g§H«$_U à{H$òbm dhZ (conduction) åhUVmV. KZnXmWm©_Üò gm_mÝ`V… CîUVoMo g§H«$_U dhZ {H«$òÛmao hmoVo.

gd© dñVw_YyZ CîUVoMo dhZ ghOnUo hmoVo H$m? Vwåhr nm{hbm Agmb H$s ñd`§nmH$mgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m YmVyÀ`m Vì`mbm bmH$S>r AWdm ßbmñQ>rH$Mr _yR> AgVo. Vmnbobm Vdm Vwåhr _wR>rH$Sy>Z YéZ H$moUVmhr Anm` Z hmoVm CMby eH$mb H$m?

H¥$Vr 4.7

EH$ ngaQ> ^m§S>çmV nmUr Ja_ H$am. ñQ>rb M_Mm, ßbmñQ>rH$Mr _moOnÅ>r, {egnopÝgb, Xþ^mOH$ `mgma»`m dñVy O_m H$am. Ë`m§Mr EH$ ~mOy Ja_ nmÊ`mV ~wS>dm ({MÌ 4.8). H$mhr {_ZrQ>o Wm§~m. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m Xþgè`m ~mOwbm ñne© H$am. Vw_Mo {Z[ajU VŠVm 4.3 _Üò Zm|Xdm.

{MÌ 4.8 {d{dY dñVyÛmao CîUVoMo dhZ

{dkmZ CîUVm 5756

VŠVm 4.3

dñVy dñVy H$emnmgyZ ~Zbr Amho?

Ë`mMr Xþgar ~mOy Ja_ Pmbr H$m? hmo`/Zmhr

ñQ>rb M_Mm YmVy hmo`

Oo nXmW© Amnë`mVyZ CîUVobm ghOnUo dmhÿ XoVmV Ë`mZm CîUVoMo dmhH$ (conductors) åhUVmV. CXmhaUmW©, Aë`w{_Zr`_, bmoI§S>, Vm§~, Oo nXmW© Amnë`mVyZ CîUVobm ghOnUo OmD$ XoV ZmhrV Vo CîUVoMo _§XdmhH$ (poor conductors) hmoV, Vo åhUOo ßbmñQ>rH$ Am{U bmHy$S>. _§X dmhH$m§Zm amoYH$ (insulators) åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.

nmUr Am{U hdm ho CîUVoMo _§XdmhH$ AmhoV. Va `m nXmWm©VyZ CîUVoMo g§H«$_U H$go hmoVo? Mbm emoYy`m.

H¥$Vr 4.8

Jmob~wS>mMm EH$ M§~y ¿`m (Oa M§~y Zgob Va M§MynmÌ ¿`m) Ë`mV XmoZ V¥{V`m§e ^mJ nmUr âm. Ë`mbm {VnmB©da R>odm AWdm Aer ì`dñWm H$am H$s Ë`mÀ`m Imbr _oU~Îmr R>odyZ Ë`mbm CîUVm XoVm òB©b. nmÊ`mMr nmVir ñWra hmoB© n`ªV Wm§~m. EH$ ZbrH$m hiydmanUo M§~yÀ`m Vimer Ý`m. Ë`m ZbrHo$VyZ nmoQ>°{e`_ na_±JZoQ>Mo H$U nmÊ`mV hiydmanUo gmoS>m. pñnarQ>Mm {Xdm AWdm _oU~Îmr noQdyZ M§~yVrb H$Um§À`m Imbr R>odyZ nmUr VmndÊ`mg gwé H$am.

VwÂ`m {Z[ajUmMr Zm|X VwÂ`m dhrV H$a Am{U VwÂ`m {Z[ajUmMo {MÌ H$mT> ({MÌ 4.9).

nmUr Vmnm`bm gwé Pmë`mZ§Va àW_ Á`moVrZOrH$Mo nmUr Ja_ hmoVo. Ja_ nmUr da OmVo Am{U ~mOyMo W§S> nmUr CîUVoÀ`m ñÌmoVmZ{OH$ òVo. ho nmUr XoIrb Ja_ hmoD$Z da OmVo Am{U ~mOyMo nmUr Imbr òVo.

hr à{H«$`m nyU© nmUr Ja_ hmoB©n`ªV Mmby ahmVo. CîUVoÀ`m g§H«$_UmÀ`m m nÕVrbm A{^gaU (convection) åhUVmV. {MÌ 4.9 nmÊ`m_Üò CîUVoMo A{^gaU

{dkmZ CîUVm 5756

hdo_Üò CîUVoMo _mJ©H«$_U H$go hmoVo? Yya H$moUË`m {XeoZo OmVmo?

CîUVoÀ`m ñÌmoVmZ{OH$Mr hdm Ja_ hmoVo Am{U Vr da OmVo. Ë`m hdoÀ`m OmJoda ~mOyMr hdm òVo. Aem nÜXVrZo hdm Ja_ hmoV OmVo. Imbrb H¥$Vr `m H$ënZobm ÑT>Vm XoVo.

H¥$Vr 4.9

EH$ _oU~Îmr noQ>dm. Ë`mda EH$m hmVmMm Vidm Yam Am{U Xþgè`m hmVmMm Vidm _oU~ÎmrÀ`m Á`moVrÀ`m ~mOybm Yam ({MÌ 4.10). XmoÝhr Viì`m§Zm g_mZ CîUVm OmUdVo H$m? Oa Zmhr Va, H$moUË`m hmVmÀ`m Viì`mbm OmñV CîUVm OmUdVo? Am{U H$m?

H$miOr ¿`m, hr H¥$Vr H$aVmZm Vw_À`m hmVmMo Vido _oU~ÎmrÀ`m Á`moVrnmgyZ `mo½` A§Vamda R>odm Á`m_wio Vw_Mo hmV ^mOUma ZmhrV.

{MÌ 4.8 hdoÀ`m A{^gaUm_wio CîUVoMo g§H«$_U

darb ^mJmH$S>o bj Úm. A{^gaUmZo hdm VmnVo Ë`m_wio Á`moVrdarb hmVmbm CîUVm OmUdVo. ~mOybm A{^gaU Zgë`m_wio Ë`mb CîUVm OmUdV Zmhr.

{H$ZmanÅ>rÀ`m àXoemV ahmUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm EH$ _OoXma AZw^d XoVmo. {Xdgm O_rZ nmÊ`mnojm bdH$a VmnVo. O_rZrdarb hdm Ja_ hmoVo Am{U Vr dada OmVo. g_wÐmdéZ òUmam W§S> dmam Vr OmJm ì`mnVmo. O_rZrdarb Ja_ hdm g_wÐmH$S>o gaH$Vo Am{U MH«$ nyU© hmoVo ({MÌ 4.11). g_wÐmdéZ òUmè§`m dmè`mZm g_wÐr dmao (sea breeze) AWdm Imao dmao åhUVmV. g_wÐr W§S> dmao AZw^dÊ`mgmR>r Kam§À`m {IS>Š`m g_wÐmÀ`m {Xeobm Agmì`m bmJVmV. amÌrÀ`mdoir hr {H«$`m nyU©nUo CbQ> AgVo ({MÌ 4.11). nmUr O_rZrnojmhr hiy W§S> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio O_rZrdarb W§S> dmao g_wÐmÀ`m {XeoZo dhmVmV. `mbm O{_Zrdarb dmao (land breeze) AWdm _VbB© dmao åhUVmV.

{dkmZ CîUVm 5958

{XdgmMr doi amÌrMr doi

W§S>

Ja_W§S>

Ja_

{MÌ 4.11 O_rZrdarb dmao Am{U g_wÐr dmao

Amåhr Ooìhm§ gy`m©À`m gm{ZÜ`mV òVmo Amåhmbm CZ OmUdVo. gy`m©nmgyZMr CîUVm Am_À`mn`ªV H$er òD$Z nmohmoMVo? hr CîUVm Am_À`m n`ªV dhZ AWdm A{^gaU {H«$òÛmao nmohmoMUo eŠ` Zmhr H$maU n¥Ïdr Am{U gy`© `m§À`m_Yrb AdH$mer` ^mJmV hdogmaIo _mÜ`_ Zmhr. gy`m©nmgyZ {ZKmbobr CîUVm Am_À`mn`ªV nmohmoMÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òbm CËgO©Z (radiation) åhUVmV. CîUVoMo g§H«$_U hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`mhr _mÜ`_mMr JaO bmJV Zmhr. _mÜ`_ Agmo AWdm Zgmo hr {H«$`m hmoV AgVo. Imobr_Üò hrQ>a (room heater) Mmby H$éZ Ë`mg_moa ~gë`mZ§Va `mM à{H«$òÛmao AmnUmbm CîUVm {_iVo. Ja_ ^m§S>o ÁdmbodéZ H$mTy>Z ~mOybm R>odë`mZ§Va ^m§S>`mMr CîUVm g^modVmbr CËgOuV hmoVo Ë`m_wio Vo ^m§S>o W§S> hmoVo. Am_Mo eara XoIrb CËgO©Z {H«$òÛmao g^modVmbr CîUVm XoVo AWdm CîUVm KoVo.

gd© Ja_ dñVy CîUVoMo CËgO©Z H$aVmV. Ooìhm hr CîUVm EImÚm dñVyn`ªV nmohmoMVo Voìhm H$mhr à_mUmV Vr namd{V©V hmoVo, H$mhr à_mUmV Vr emofbr OmVo Va H$mhr à_mUmV {VMo dhZ hmoVo. EImÚm dñVyMo Vmn_mZ dmT>Vo H$maU Ë`mZo H$mhr à_mUmV emofyZ KoVbobr CîUVm hmo`. Vwåhr Á`mdoir CÝhmV ~mhoa OmVm Ë`mdoir Vwåhmbm N>Ìr KoD$Z OmÊ`mg H$m gm§JVmV?

{dkmZ CîUVm 5958

4.5 CÝhmi`mV Am{U {hdmù`mV Amåhr dmnaV Agboë`m H$nS>`m§Mo àH$ma.

Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$s CÝhmù`mV Amåhr {\$H$Q> a§JmMo H$nS>o dmnaÊ`mg AmÚVm XoVmo Am{U {hdmi`mV JS>X a§JmMo H$nS>o KmbVmo. Ago H$m? Vo AmnU nmhÿ.

H¥$Vr 4.10

g_mZ AmH$ma_mZmMo XmoZ OñVmMo S>~o ¿`m. Ë`mVrb EH$m S>ã`mMr ~mhoarb ~mOy H$mi`m a§JmZo d Xþgè`mMr ~mhoarb ~mOy nm§T>è`m a§JmZo a§Jmdm ({MÌ 4.12). XmoÝhr_Üò g_à_mUmV nmUr ^éZ XþnmaÀ`m CÝhmV EH$ Vmg R>odm. XmoÝhr S>ã`mVrb nmÊ`mMo Vmn_mZ _moOm. Vwåhmbm Vmn_mZm_Üò H$mhr \$aH$ OmUdbm H$m?

Amåhr Amnbo Ka W§S> AWdm C~Xma R>odÊ`mgmR>r drO, H$moigm AWdm bmHy$S> `mgma»`m B§YZm§Mm dmna H$aVmo. Á`mÀ`mda ~mhoarb CîUVm AWdm W§S>rMm n[aUm_ hmoUma Zmhr AemàH$maÀ`m B_maVr ~m§YUo eŠ` AmhoV H$m? ho H$aUo eŠ` Amho, Oa AmnU B_maVrÀ`m ~mhoarb ~mOyÀ`m q^Vr_Üò hdoMm ñVa ~§XrñV Ho$bm Va. `mgmR>r EH$ n`m©`r _mJ© åhUOo ~m§YH$m_ H$aVmZm h„r CnbãY hmoV Agboë`m nmoH$i {dQ>m§Mm (hollow bricks) dmna H$aUo.

{MÌ 4.12 H$mio Am{U nm§T>ao ~mø AmdaU Agbobr ^m§S>r

H$moUË`m S>ã`mVrb nmUr OmñV Ja_ Amho. XmoÝhr S>ã`mVrb nmÊ`mbm ñne© H$éZ XoIrb Vwåhmb OmUdob.

H¥$Vr 4.11

H¥${V 4.10 _Üò dmnabobo XmoZhr S>~o KoD$Z Ë`m_Üò g_mZ CîUVm Agbobo Ja_ nmUr âm (gmYmaUnUo 60oC). XmoÝhr S>~o EH$m Imobr_Üò AWdm gmdbr_Üò R>odm. 10-15 {_{ZQ>o Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mVrb Vmn_mZmMr Zm|X H$am. XmoÝhr S>ã`mVrb nmÊ`mMo Vmn_mZ g_mZ à_mUmV H$_r Pmbo Amho H$m?

`m H¥$Vr_YyZ Vwåhmbm H$maU gwM{dbo OmVo H$s CÝhmi`mV {\$H$Q> a§JmMo H$nS>o H$m dmnamdoV Am{U {hdmi`mV JS>X a§JmMo H$m dmnamdoV? JS>X a§JmMo H$nS>o OmñV CîUVm emofyZ

{dkmZ CîUVm 6160

KoVmV åhUyZ {hdmi`mV JS>X a§JmMo H$nS>o Amam_Xm`H$ dmQ>VmV. {\$H$Q> a§Jm§Mo H$nS>o Ë`mda nS>Umè`m OmñVrV OmñV CîUVoMo namdV©Z H$aVmV åhUyZ CÝhmi`mV Vo H$nS>o OmñV Amam_Xm`H$ dmQ>VmV.

{hdmù`mV bmoH$arMo H$nS>o Amåhmbm C~ {_idyZ XoVmV

{hdmù`mV AmnU bmoH$arMo H$nS>o dmnaVmo. bmoH$a CîUVoMr _§X dmhH$ BVHo$M Zìho Va bmoH$arÀ`m V§Vy_Ü`o hdm ~§XrñV AgVo hr hdm Amnë`m e[aamVrb D$~ g^modVmbÀ`m W§S> hdoV OmÊ`mnmgyZ amoIbr OmVo åhUyZ Amåhmbm C~Xma dmQ>Vo.

Vwåhmbm W§S>rÀ`m {XdgmV dmnaÊ`mgmR>r EH$ OmS> aJ {Xbm AWdm EH$_oH$mbm OmoS>bobo XmoZ nmVi aJ {Xbo Va Ë`mn¡H$s Vwåhr H$moUVr {ZdS> H$amb? Am{U H$m? bjmV R>odm XmoZ aJmÀ`m_Ü`o hdoMm ñVa AgVmo.

à_wI eãX

gopëg`g à_mU amoYH$ g_wÐrdmaodhZ O{_Zrdarb dmao Vmn_mZdmhH$ CËgO©Z Vmn_mnH$A{^gaU

Vwåhr H$m` {eH$bmV

• EImÚm dñVyMo CîUVoMo à_mU _moOÊ`mgmR>r Amnbo ñne©kmZ ho {dídmg R>odÊ`m`mo½` gyMH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ Zmhr.

• EImÚm dñVwMo CîUVoMo à_mU _moOUo åhUOo Vmn_mZ.

• Vmn_mnH$ ho Vmn_mZ _moOÊ`mMo EH$ CnH$aU Amho.

• Amnë`m e[aamMo Vmn_mZ _moOÊ`mgmR>r d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$mMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m Vmn_mnH$mMr ì`már 35oC Vo 42oC BVH$s AgVo. BVa Vmn_mZ _moOÊ`mgmR>r à`moJemioVrb Vmn_mnH$mMm AmnU dmna H$aVmo. Ë`mMr ì`már Zoh_r - 10oC Vo 110oC BVH$s AgVo.

• _mZdmÀ`m e[aamMo gm_mÝ` Vmn_mZ 37oC BVHo$ AgVo.

• CîUVm Zoh_r OmñV Vmn_mZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mnmgyZ/nXmWm©nmgyZ Vo H$_r Vmn_mZmÀ`m

{dkmZ CîUVm 6160

_mÜ`_mH$S>o/nXmWm©H$S>o dhmVo. EImÚm dñVwnmgyZ Xþgè`m dñVwH$S>o CîUVm g§H«$_U hmoÊ`mÀ`m VrZ nÕVr AmhoV Ë`m åhUOo dhZ, A{^gaU Am{U CËgO©Z.

• KZ dñVw_Üò CîUVoMo g§H«$_U gm_mÝ`nUo dhZ {H«$òZo hmoVo Ðdê$n Am{U dm`yén nXmWm©V CîUVoMo g§H«$_U A{^gaU {H«$òVyZ hmoVo CËgO©Z {H«$òVyZ CîUVoÀ`m g§H«$_UmgmR>r _mÜ`_mMr JaO ZgVo.

• Oo nXmW© Amnë`mVyZ CîUVobm ghOnUo OmD$ XoVmV (g§H«$_U hmoD$ XoVmV) Vo nXmW© CîUVoMo dmhH$ hmo`

• Oo nXmW© Amnë`mVyZ CîUVobm ghOnUo OmD$ XoV ZmhrV Ë`m§Zm amoYH$ åhUVmV.

• {\$H$Q> a§JmÀ`m dñVynojm JS>X a§JmÀ`m dñVy CËgO©Z emofyZ KoVmV `mM H$maUm_wio CÝhmi`mV {\$H$Q> a§JmMo H$nS>o OmñV Amam_Xm`H$ dmQ>VmV.

• bmoH$arMo H$nS>o Amåhmbm {hdmi`mV D$~ {_idyZ XoVmV. `mbm H$maU bmoH$a hr CîUVoMr amoYH$ Amho Am{U Ë`mÀ`m V§Vy_Üò hdm ~§XrñV AgVo.

Aä`mg

1. à`moJemioVrb Vmn_mnH$ Am{U d¡ÚH$s` Vmn_mnH$ mVrb gmå` Am{U \$aH$ ñnï> H$am.

2. CîUVoMo dmhH$ Am{U amoYH$ `m§Mr àËòH$s XmoZ CXmhaUo Úm

3. [aH$må`m OmJm âm.

(a) EImÚm dñVwMr CîUVm hr Ë`mÀ`m ___________ déZ {Z{üV Ho$br OmVo.

(b) CH$iË`m nmÊ`mMo Vmn_mZ ___________ Vmn_mnH$mZo _moOUo eŠ` Zmhr.

(c) Vmn_mZ ho S>rJ«r ___________ _Üò _moObo OmVo.

(d) CîUVm g§H«$_UmÀ`m ___________ `m à{H«$òV _mÜ`_mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr.

(e) W§S> M_Mm Ja_ XþYmÀ`m H$n_Üò ~wS>{dbm. Ë`m§V CîUVm EH$m ~mOyH$Sy>Z Xþgè`m ~mOyH$S>o g§H«$_rV ___________ `m {H«$òÛmao hmoVo.

(f) ___________ a§JmMo H$nS>o {\$H$Q> a§JmÀ`m H$nS>`mnojm OmñV à_mUmV CîUVm emofyZ KoVmV.

{dkmZ CîUVm 6362

4. OmoS>`m Owidm.

(i) O{_Zrdarb dmao dmhÊ`mMm H$mi (a) CÝhmim

(ii) g_wÐmdarb dmao dmhÊ`mMm H$mi (b) {hdmim

(iii) JS>X a§JmÀ`m H$nS>`m§Zm `m H$mbmdYrV ng§Xr {Xbr OmVo

(c) {Xdg

(iv) {\$H$Q> a§JmÀ`m H$nS>`m§Zm `m H$mbmdYrV ng§Vr {Xbr OmVo.

(d) amÌ

5. {hdmi`mV EH$M na§Vy OmS> Agbobo H$nS>o KmbÊ`m EodOr EH$mda EH$ Ago OmñV H$nS>o KmVë`mg D$~ {_iVo `mMo H$maU H$m` `mMr MMm© H$am.

6. {MÌ 4.13 nhm. mV CîUVoMo g§H«$_U ho dhZ, A{^gaU, CËgO©Z m {H«$`oÛmao H$moR>o hmoVo Vo Xe©dm.

{MÌ 4.13

7. CîU hdm_mZmÀ`m àXoemV Kam§À`m q^Vr ~mhoarb ~mOyZo nm§T>è`m a§JmZo a§J{dÊ`mMm g„m XoVmV. H$maU ñnï> H$am.

8. 30oC Vmn_mZ Agbobo EH$ brQ>a nmUr 50oC Vmn_mZ Agboë`m EH$ brQ>a nmÊ`mV {_gibo Va Ë`m {_lUmMo Vmn_mZ

(i) 80oC (ii) 50oC nojm OmñV Am{U 80oC nojm H$_r

(iii) 20oC (iv) 30oC Vo 50oC À`m _Ü`o

{dkmZ CîUVm 6362

9. EH$m ^m§S>`m§V 40oC Vmn_mZ Agbobo nmUr Amho. Ë`mV 40oC Vmn_mZ Agbobm EH$ bmoI§S>r Jmoim KmVbm Va CîUVm.

(a) bmoI§S>r Jmoi`mVyZ nmÊ`mV OmB©b.

(b) bmoI§S>r Jmoi`mVyZ nmÊ`mV OmUma Zmhr H$s nmÊ`mVyZ bmoI§S>r Jmoù`mH$S>o.

(c) nmÊ`mVyZ bmoI§S>r Jmoi`mH$S>o OmB©i.

(d) XmoÝhrMo Vmn_mZ dmT>ob.

10. EH$ bmH$S>r M_Mm AmB©g²{H«$__Üò KmVbm Va Ë`mMr Xþgar ~mOy.

(a) dhZ {H«$òZo W§S> hmoB©b

(b) A{^gaU {H«$òZo W§S> hmoB©b

(c) CËgO©Z {H«$òZo W§S> hmoB©b

(d) W§S> hmoUma Zmhr

11. ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rbÀ`m (stainless steel) H$T>B©bm Zoh_r Vm§~o `m YmVyMm Vi ~g{dVmV `mbm H$maU.

(a) Vm§ã`mÀ`m Vim_wio H$T>B©Mm {Q>H$mdynUm dmT>Vmo.

(b) Aem H$T>`m AmH$f©H$ {XgVmV.

(c) Vm§~o ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rbnojm CîUVoMo Mm§Jbo gwdmhH$ Amho.

(d) Vm§~o ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rbnojm ñdÀN> H$aÊ`mg gmono Amho.

{dñVmarV AÜ``Z - H¥$Vr Am{U `moOZm H$m`©

1. Vw_À`m Z{OH$À`m S>m°ŠQ>am§H$S>o Om AWdm Amamo½` H|$ÐmV Om. VoWo AmOmar _mUgmMo Vmn_mZ S>m°ŠQ>a H$go nhmVmV `mMo {Z[ajU H$am Am{U Mm¡H$er H$am.

(a) Ë`mZr Vmn_mnH$ dmnaÊ`mnydu ÐdmV H$m ~wS>{dbm

(b) Vmn_mnH$ {OôImbr H$m R>odbm

(c) Vm|S>m{edm` BVa ^mJmV Vmn_mnH$ R>odyZ e[aamMo Vmn_mZ _moOVm òVo H$m?

(d) earamÀ`m {d{dY ^mJm§Mo Vmn_mZ g_mZ AgVo H$s doJ doJio AgVo.

{dkmZ CîUVm PB64

2. Jwam§À`m S>m°ŠQ>am§H$S>o Omdm. Ë`m§À`mer MMm© H$éZ nmird àmUr Am{U njr `m§Mo gm_mÝ` Vmn_mZ {H$Vr AgVo Vo OmUyZ ¿`m.

3. bmoI§S>mÀ`m EH$m giB©bm H$mJXmMr nÅ>r AmdiyZ Jw§S>mim. Vr giB© EH$m noQ>Ë`m _oU~Vrda Yam. giB© gVV {\$adV ahm. H$mJX OiVmo H$m? Vw_À`m {Z[ajUmMo {ddaU H$am.

4. EH$ H$mJX ¿`m. {MÌ 4.14 _Üò Xe©{dë`mà_mUo ZmJ_moS>r AmH$mamMo MH«$ H$mT>m Am{U aofoda H$mnm. {MÌ 4.14 _Üò XmI{dë`mà_mUo Vmo H$mJX noQ>Ë`m _oU~Îmrda Q>m§Jm. H$m` KS>Vo `mMo {Z[ajU H$am. Ë`mÀ`m {ddaUmMm {dMma H$am.

{MÌ 4.14

5. é§X Vm|S>mÀ`m g_mZ AmH$mamÀ`m nmaXe©H$ (transparent)H$mMoÀ`m XmoZ ~mQ>ë`m ¿`m. Ë`mVrb EH$m ~mQ>brV nmoQ>°{e`_ na_±JZoQ>Mo H$mhr H$U Kmbm AWdm emB©Mo WmoS>o W|~ Kmbm. hr ~mQ>br Ja_ nmÊ`mZo âm. Xþgar ~mQ>br W§S> nmÊ`mZo âm. W§S> nmUr âboë`m ~mQ>brbm nmoï>H$mS>© gma»`m OmS> H$mJXmZo AmdaU Kmbm. AmdaU KmbVmZm nmoï>H$mS>© EH$m hmVmZo Xm~m. Am{U Xþgè`m hmVmZo ~mQ>br Yam. AmVm hr ~mQ>br CbQ>r H$éZ Ja_ nmÊ`mÀ`m ~mQ>brda R>odm XmoZhr ~mQ>ë`m KÅ> Yam. Xþgè`m EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm Ë`mdarb nmoï>H$mS>© IoMÊ`mg gm§Jm. H$m` KS>Vo `mMo {Z[ajU H$am. dU©Z H$am.


gopëg`g² ho à_mU pñdS>ZMm IJmob emñÌk A±S>g© gopëg`g `mZo 1742 _Ü`| {Z{üV Ho$bo. Ë`mZo S>H$iË`m nmÊ`mMo Vmn_mZ 0oC Am{U JmoR>>V Agboë`m nmÊ`mMo Vmn_mZ 10oC Ago {Z{üV Ho$bo na§Vy bdH$aM hm H«$_ CbQ>m H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

{dkmZ Amåbo, AëH$s Am{U jma 65PB

Amåbo, AëH$br Am{U jma5

qb~y, qMM, _rR>, gmIa, pìhZoJa `mgmaIo ~aoM nXmW© AmnU Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV dmnaVmo. Ë`m gd© nXmWmªMr Md gmaIrM AgVo H$m? Imbrb 5.1 `m H$moï>H$m_Üò {Xboë`m ImÚ nXmWmªMr Md AmnU AmR>dy. Oa Vwåhr Ë`mn¡H$s EImÚm nXmWm©Mr Md nm{hbr Zgob Va AmVm Md ¿`m Am{U Imbrb Vº$m (5.1) _Üò {bhm.

I~aXmar !

1. {ejH$m§Zr gm§{JVë`m{edm` H$moUË`mhr nXmWm©Mr Md nmhÿ ZH$m.2. gm§JrVë`m{edm` H$moUË`mhr nXmWm©bm hmV bmdy ZH$m.

Vº$m 5.1

nXmW© Md (Am§~Q>/H$Sy>/BVa)

qb~mMm agg§Í`mMm ag

pìhZoJaXhrqMMgmIa

ñd`§nmH$mVrb _rR>Amdim

~oH$s¨J gmoS>mÐmjo

H¡$ar (H$ÀMm Am§~m)H$mH$S>r

`mn¡H$s H$mhr nXmW© Am§~Q>, Va H$mhr H$Sy>, H$mhr nXmW© JmoS> Va H$mhr ImaQ> Agë`mMo Vwåhmbm AmT>iyZ òB©b.

{dkmZ Amåbo, AëH$s Am{U jma 6766

5.1 Amåbo Am{U AëH$br

Xhr, qb~yag, g§Í`mMm ag, Am{U pìhZoJa `m§Mr Md Am§~Q> AgVo. `m nXmWm©_Üò Amåbo (acids)AgVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr Md Am§~Q> bmJVo. Ago nXmWª amgm`{ZH$ Ñï>`m AmåbY_u (acidic) AgVmV. A°{gS> hm eãX A°{ga (acere) `m b°{Q>Z eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho. A°{ga `mMm AW© Am§~Q>. ImÚnXmWm©V AmT>iyZ òUmar Amåbo hr Z¡g{J©H$ Amåbo AgVmV.

~oH$s¨J gmoS>çmM§ H$m`? Vmo gwÜXm MdrZo Am§~Q> AgVmo H$m? Oa Zgob Va Ë`m§Mr Md H$er AgVo? Ë`mMr Md Am§~Q> Zgë`m_wio Ë`m_Üò H$moUVohr Amåb ZgVo. gmoS>m H$Sy> AgVmo {M_Q>rV gmoS>m KoD$Z nmÊ`mV ~wS>~yZ AmnU Oa ~moQ>o EH$_oH$mda MmoiyZ ~{KVbr Va Ë`mMm ñne© ~wi~wirV Agë`mMm Amnë`mbm OmUdob. AemàH$maMo H$Sy> Am{U ~wi~wirV AgUmao nXmW© åhUOoM AëH$br (bases) hmoV. Aem nXmWm©Zm amgm`{ZH$ ÑîQ>çm AëH$Y_u (basic) AgVmV.

AmnU àËòH$ nXmWm©Mr Md nmhÿ eH$V Zmhr. _J Vo nXmW© AmåbY_u AmhoV H$m AëH$Y_u AmhoV Vo AmnU H$go R>ady eH$Vmo?

nXmW© AëH$Y_u Amho AWdm AmåbY_u Vo VnmgÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m nXmWmªMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Aem nXmWmªZm gwMHo$ (indicators) Ago åhUVmV. gwMHo$ Ooìhm AëH$Y_u AWdm AmåbY_u nXmWm©_Üò KmVbr OmVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Mm a§J ~XbVmo. hiX, {bQ>_g nona, {MZr Jwbm~ nmH$ù`m hr H$mhr Z¡g{J©H$ gwMHo$ AmhoV.


AmåbmMo Zm§d AmT>iUmao nXmW©

A°{g{Q>H$ Amåb pìhZoJa

\$°m{_©H$ Amåb _w§JrMm X§e

{g{Q´>H$ Amåb qb~y, g§Ìo B. `mgmaIr \$io

b°pŠQ>H$ Amåb Xhr

Am°ŠP°{bH$ Amåb nmbH$

A°ñH$m°{~©H$ Amåb (C-pìhQ>°{_Z)

Amdim, Am§~Q> \$io

Q>mQ>m©[aH$ Amåb qMM, Ðmj, H¡$ar B.

da Z_wX Ho$bobr gd© Amåbo {ZgJm©V Z¡g{J©H$ ñdénmV AmT>iVmV.


AëH$brMo Zm§d AmT>iUmao nXmW©

H°$ëer`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S> MwÝ`mMr {ZdirA_mo{Z`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S> ñdÀN>Ho$ (qdS>mo pŠbZa)

gmo{S>`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S>>/ nmoQ>°{e`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S>

gm~U

_°½Zo{e`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S> {_ëH$ Am°\$ _°½Zo{e`m

_r gd©M nXmWmªMr Md Kody eH$Vmo H$m? Zmhr. Vy {Xboë`m gwMZm dmMbm Zmhrg H$m? _mhrV Zgboë`m nXmWmªMr Md AmnU Kody Z`o. Vo

Amnë`mgmR>r KmVH$ R>é eH$Vo.

5.2 Amnë`m g^modVmbMr Z¡g{J©H$ gyMHo$

{bQ>_g²> : EH$ Z¡H${J©H$ a§JÐì`

{bQ>_g² (litmus)ho EH$ gdm©{YH$ à_mUmV dmnabo OmUmao Z¡g{J©H$ gyMH$ Amho. Vo XJS> \y$bmnmgyZ {_i{dbo OmVo [{MÌ 5.1(a)]. CÜd©nmVrV (distilled) nmÊ`mV Ë`mMm a§J Om§^im AgVmo. O|ìhm Vo AmåbY_u ÐmdUmV ~wS>{dbo OmVo V|ìhm Ë`mMm a§J {Zim hmoVmo. Vo ÐmdU ñdénmV Am{U H$mJXr nÅ>`m§À`m ñdénmVhr CnbãY AgVo. Ë`mbm {bQ>_g²> nona Ago åhUVmV. gd©gm_mÝ`nUo {bQ>_g²> Vm§~S>`m Am{U {Zi`m a§JmV CnbãY AgVmo [{MÌ 5.1 (b)].

{MÌ 5.1(a) XJS> \y$b (b) {Zim Am{U Vm§~S>m {bQ>_g²> nona

(a) (b)


H¥$Vr 5.1

• narjm Zir_Ü`o WmoS>çmem nmÊ`m_Yo qb~y ag {_gim. • darb ÐmdUmMo XmoZ W|~ S´>m°na (dropper) À`m ghmæ`mZo Vm§~S>çm {bQ>_g²> nonada

Q>mH$m. a§JmV H$mhr ~Xb Pmbm H$m? • {Zim {bQ>_g²> nona KoD$Z darb {H«$`m nwÝhm H$am. a§JmV H$mhr ~Xb Pmbm Agob Va

Ë`mMr Zm|X H$am.Imbrb nXmW© dmnéZ darb H¥$Vr

H$éZ nhm.ZimMo nmUr, gm~UmMo nmUr,

H$~©`wŠV no`, ñdÀN>H$m§Mo ÐmdU, e±ny, _rR>mMo ÐmdU, gmIaoMo ÐmdU, pìhZoJa, ~oH$s¨J gmoS>çmMo ÐmdU, _°½Zo{e`mMo aoMH$, YwÊ`mÀ`m gmoS>çmMo ÐmdU, MwÝ`mMr {Zdir. eŠ` Agë`mg darb ÐmdUo CÜd©nmVrV nmUr dmnéZ H$amdrV.

5.2 VŠË`mV Vw_Mr {ZarjUo Zm|Xdm.Vº$m 5.2

A. H«$.

ÐmdUVm§~S>çm {bQ>_g² nonadarb n[aUm_>

{Zù`m {bQ>_g nonadarb n[aUm_>

AZw_mZ

Vw_À`m H$moï>H$mV Ago nXmW© AmhoV H$m Á`m§Mm {bQ>_g²> nonada H$m§hr n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr? Ë`m§Mr Zm§do {bhm.

Á`m ÐmdUm§_wio {bQ>_g²À`m a§Jm_Ü`o {Zim qH$dm Vm§~S>m Agm H$moUVmhr ~Xb hmoV Zmhr Aem ÐmdUm§bm CXmgrZ ÐmdU (neutral solution) Ago åhUVmV. Ago nXmW© AëH$Y_u ZgVmV d AmåbY_uhr ZgVmV.

MwÝ`mMr {Zdir V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~mQ>brV nmUr KoD$Z Ë`mV WmoS>m MwZm {_gim. ho ÐmdU T>dim Am{U WmoS>mdoi VgoM R>odm. {Zdië`mda daMo nmUr gmdH$me AmoVm. hoM MwÝ`mMo nmUr hmo .

{MÌ 5.2 {bQ>_g²> MmMUr H$aUmar _wbo


hiX : AmUIr EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ gyMH$.H¥$Vr 5.2

• EH$ M_Mmâ hiX ¿`m. Ë`mV WmoS>o nmUr {_giyZ Ë`mMo OmS>ga {_lU AWdm bJXm (paste) V`ma H$am.

• ho {_lU Q>rn H$mJXmda bmdyZ H$mJX dmidyZ ¿`m. hm H$mJX {ndim {Xgob. Ë`mÀ`m nmVi nÅ>`m H$mnm.

• `m nÅ>rda gm~UmÀ`m ÐmdUmMo XmoZ W|~ Q>mH$m. Vwåhmbm H$m` nhm`bm {_iob?

`mMà_mUo 5.3 m VŠË`mV {Xboë`m ÐmdUm§Mr MmMUr H$am. Am{U Vw_Mr {ZarjUo Zm|Xdm. Vwåhr BVa nXmWmªMr ÐmdUogwÜXm dmnéZ nmhÿ eH$Vm.

ËH$Vm 5.3

A.H«$. ÐmdU hiXrÀ`m ÐmdUmda n[aUm_

eoam

1. {b§~mMm ag2. g§Í`mMm ag3. ìhrZoJa4. _°½Zo{e`_Mo aoMH$5. ~oqH$J (ImÊ`mMm) gmoS>m6. MwÝ`mMo nmUr7. gmIa8. _rR>

hiXrMo OmS> {_lU gm~UmMo ÐmdU

Vwåhr Vw_À`m AmB©À`m dmT>{Xdgmbm EH$

ôQ>H$mS>© V`ma H$é eH$Vm. hiXrMo {_lU

EH$m OmS> H$mJXmda bmdm. Am{U H$mJX gwHy$

Úm. H$mnyg bmdbobr H$mS>r (cotton bud)

dmnéZ gm~UmÀ`m nmÊ`mZo Ë`mda gw§Xa \w$bo

H$mT>m. EH$ gw§Xa ôQ>H$mS>© V`ma hmoB©b.


Omñd§Xr AWdm {MZr Jwbm~ : EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ gwMH$

H¥$Vr 5.3

H$mhr {MZr Jwbm~mÀ`m åhUOoM Omñd§XrMm nmH$ù`m Jmoim H$am d Ë`m M§MynmÌmV R>odm. Ë`m_Üò WmoS>o H$mo_Q> nmUr Kmbm. AmVm ho {_lU Ë`mMm a§J ~Xbo n`ªV VgoM R>odm. Ë`mZ§Va ho a§JrV nmUr gwMH$ åhUyZ dmnam. Vº$m 5.4 _Üò {Xboë`m gd© ÐmdUm_Üò ho gwMH$ nmM-nmM W|~ Kmbm.

Vº$m 5.4

A.H«$. ÐmdU gwadmVrMm a§J Z§VaMm a§J

1. em§ny (gm¡å` ÐmdU)2. qb~y ag3. H$m~©Z`wŠV nmUr4. gmo{S>`_ h¡S´>moOZ H$m~m}ZoQ> ÐmdU5. ìhrZoJa6. gmIaoMo ÐmdU7. _rR>mMo ÐmdU

AmåbY_u, AëH$Y_u Am{U CXmgrZ ÐmdUmda Ë`mMm H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo? {MZr Jwbm~nmH$ù`m_wio ({MÌ 5.3) AmåbY_u ÐmdUmMm a§J JS>X Jwbm~r hmoVmo Am{U AëH$Y_u ÐmdUmMm a§J {\$H$Q> {hadm hmoVmo.

Amoh! AmVm _bm g_Ob§, _mÂ`m eQ>m©daMm hiXrMm S>mJ YwVmZm gm~UmÀ`m nmÊ`mV Vmo bmb H$m

Pmbm? Ë`mMo H$maU gm~UmMo nmUr AëH$Y_u AgVo.

{MÌ 5.3 {MZr Jwbm~ \w$b Am{U Ë`mnmgyZ V`ma Ho$bobo gwMH$.

gwMH$

AëH

$

Amåb


H¥$Vr 5.4

{ejH$m§Zm {dZ§Vr Amho H$s Imbrb gm¡å` agm`Zo (dilute) Vw_À`m à`moJemioVyZ qH$dm OdinmgÀ`m emioVyZ AmUm. h¡S´>moŠbmoarH$ Amåb, gëâ`yarH$ Amåb, Z¡Q´>rH$ Amåb, E°{gQ>rH$ Amåb, gmoS>r`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S>, A_mo{Z`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S> Am{U H¡$ëer`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S> (MwÝ`mMr {Zdir)

`m {VÝhr gyMH$m§Mm darb ÐmdUmdarb n[aUm_ VnmgyZ Imbrb Vº$m 5.5 _Ü o Zm|Xdm.

Vº$m 5.5

A.H«$. AmåbmMo Zmd{bQ>_g

nonadarb n[aUm_

hiX bmdboë`m H$mJXmdarb

n[aUm_

{MZr Jwbm~mÀ`m nmH$ù`mdarb

n[aUm_

1 gm¡å` h¡S´>moŠbmo[aH$ Amåb

23

Amåbr` nmD$g (acid rain) `m~Ôb Vwåhmbm _m{hVr Amho H$m? Amåbr` nmdgmÀ`m {dÜd§gH$ n[aUm_m~Ôb EoH$b`§ H$m? Zmdmà_mUoM nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mV AmåbmMo à_mU OmñV Agë`mg Ë`mbm Amåbr` nmD$g Ago åhUVmV. Amåb Hw$Ry>Z `oV AgmdrV. H$m~©ZS>m` Am°ŠgmB©S>, gë\$aS>m`-Am°ŠgmB©S> Am{U Z¡Q´>moOZ S>m`Am°ŠgmB©S> `mgmaIr hdoV gmoS>br Jobobr àXÿfHo$ nmdgmÀ`m W|~m_YyZ {daKiVmV Ë`m_yio H$m~©{ZH$ Amåb, gëâ`y[aH$ Amåb, Am{U Z¡Q´>rH$ Amåb V`ma hmoVmV. `mbmM Amåbr` nmD$g Ago åhUVmV. Amåbr` nmdgm_yio B_maVr, Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ_maHo$, dZñnVr Am{U àmUr `m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.

nU ~oH$s¨J gmoS>m nmdS>a H$moaS>`m {bQ>_g H$mJXmda Q>mH$ë`mda _bm AgmM n[aUm_ nhm`bm {_imbm Zmhr. H$m? _J ~oH$s¨J gmoS>`mMo ÐmdU

V`ma H$a Am{U nyÝhm à`ËZ H$a.

nhobr Zo Vw_À`m gmR>r EH$ H$moS>o gyM{dbo Amho. Vo Ago.

H$m°\$s Amho Mm°H$boQ>rAm{U MdrZo H$Sy>

Amåb Amho H$s AëH$br?Vo Vwåhr gm§Jm nmhþ

XoD$ ZH$m CVaVnmgm`À`m AmYrH$m°\$s H$er AgVo

{nD$Z ~{KVb`§ H$m H$Yr?


I~aXmar

à`moJemioVrb Amåbo Am{U AëH$br agm`Zo hmVmiVmZm Iyn H$miOr KoVbr nm{hOo. H$maU Vr A{Ve` {dZmeH$mar (corrosive) JwUY_m©Mr AgVmV. Amnë`m ËdMobm Anm`H$maH$ R>é eH$VmV.

5.3 CXm{gZrH$aU

Amåbm_Ü`o {Zim {bQ>_g ~wS>{dëgmg Vm§~S>m hmoVmo. Am{U AëH$br_Ü`o Vm§~S>m {bQ>_g ~wS>{dë`mg {Zim hmoVmo. ho AmnU {eH$bmo AmhmoV. AmVm AmnU Amåb AëH$brgmo~V {_gië`mg H$m` hmoVo Vo nmhÿ`m.

AmnU `m {R>H$mUr AmÎmmn`©V Z dmnabobm nXmW© gwMH$ åhUyZ dmnaUma AmhmoV. Vmo åhUOo {\$Zm°âbW°{bZ (phenolphthalein).

H¥$Vr 5.5

{ejH$m§Zr `m à`moJmMo {X½Xe©Z dJm©V H$amdo.

EH$m narjm ZirV 1/4 ^mJ BVHo$ gm¡å` h¡S´>moŠbmoarH$ A°grS> ¿`m. Ë`mÀ`m a§JmMr Zm|X R>odm {\$Zm°âbW°{bZÀ`m a§JmMr gwÕm Zm|X H$éZ ¿`m. Ë`mZ§Va {\$Zm°âbW°{bZMo 2-3 W|~ narjm ZirÀ`m AmåbmV Q>mH$m. AmVm n[ajmZir hiwdmanUo hbdm. AmåbmÀ`m a§JmV H$mhr ~Xb Pmbobm Vwåhmbm {Xgbm H$m? S´>°mnaÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gmoS>r`_ h¡S´>°mŠgmB©S>Mo ÐmdU WmoS>o narjmZirVrb AmåbmÀ`m ÐmdUmV {_gim.

narjmZirVrb ÐmdU gmdH$me T>dim. ÐmdUmÀ`m aJmV H$mhr ~Xb OmUdVmo H$m? S´>°mnaZo gmo{S>`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S>Mo ÐmdU W|~m-W|~mZo KmbV ahm Am{U gmdH$me T>diV ahm. WmoS>`mM doimV ÐmdUmMm a§J JS>X Jwbm~r Pmbobm Vwåhmbm {Xgob.

{MÌ 5.4 CXm{g{ZH$aUmMr à{H«$`m

Amåb+gyMH$

AëH$br


AmVm gm¡å` h¡S´>moŠbmoarH$ AmåbmMo AmUIr H$mhr W|~ n[jm ZirV Q>mH$m. Vwåhmbm H$m` {XgyZ òB©b? ÐmdU nwÝhm nyduà_mUoM a§JhrZ Pmbobo {XgyZ òB©b. nwÝhm gmoS>r`_ h¡S´>°mŠgmB©S>Mm EH$ W|~ ÐmdUmV Q>mH$m a§JmV H$mhr ~Xb Pmbm H$m? ÐmdU nwÝhm JS>X Jwbm~r a§JmMo hmoB©b.

`mMm AW© Agm H$s ÐmdU Oa AëH$Y_u Pmbo Va {\$Z°më\$Wo{bZ JS>X Jwbm~r hmoVo. Am{U ÐmdU Oa AmåbY_u Pmbo Va Vo nwÝhm a§JhrZ hmoVo.

Ooìhm EH$m Amåbr` ÐmdUm_Üò AëH$brMo ÐmdU {_gibo OmVo. Voìhm XmoÝhr {_lUo EH$_oH$m§À`m à^mdmbm CXm{gZ H$aVmV. Ooìhm Amåb A{U AëH$brMo ÐmdU `mo½` à_mUmm_Üò {_gibo OmVo, Voìhm V`ma hmoUmè`m ÐmdUmMo Jw_Y_© Z AmåbmMo AgVmV Zm hr AëH$brMo AgVmV. Xÿgè`m eãXmV gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg Amåb Am{U AëH$br XmoÝhtMo JwUY_© bwá hmoVmV. `m àH$mao ~Zbob| ÐmdU Z Amåb AgVo Zm hr AëH$br AgVo. CXm{gZrH$aU {H«$`m Pmë`mda H$mhr jUmV n[ajmZirbm ñne© H$éZ nhm. Vwåhmbm H$m` OmUdVo? CXm{gZrH$aU (neutralisation) {H«$òVyZ Zoh_r CîUVm ~mhoa nS>Vo. ~mhoa nS>Umè`m CîUVo_wio narjmZirVrb {_lUmMo Vmn_mZ dmT>Vo.

CXm{gZrH$aU A{^{H«$òVyZ Z{dZ nXmWm©Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo Á`mbm jma Ago åhUVmV. jma ho Amåbr`, AëH$br qH$dm CXmgrZ JwUY_©`yŠV Agy eH$VmV. AemàH$mao Imbrbà_mUo CXm{gZrH$aUmMr ì`m»`m H$é eH$Vmo.

AmåbmMr AëH$bter amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m hmoD$Z jma Am{U nmUr V`ma hmoVo. `m

{H«$òbmM CXm{gZrH$aU Ago åhUVmV. `m {H«$òV CîUVm {Z_m©U hmoVo.

Amåb + AëH$br → jma + nmUr (CîUVm _wŠV hmoVo)

Imbrb A{^{H«$`m Ë`mMo EH$ CXmhaU Amho

h¡S´>moŠbmoarH$ Amåb + gmoS>r`_ h¡S´>mŠgmB©S> → gmo{S>`_ ŠbmoamB©S> + nmUr (HCl) (NaOH) (NaCl) (H2O)

~wPmo Zo MwÝ`mÀ`m {Zdir_Üò gm¡å` gëâ`y[aH$ Amåb {_idbo. `m A{^{H«$òVrb {_lU Ja_ hmoB©b H$s W§S>?


5.4 X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb CXm{gZrH$aUmMr CXmhaUo

AnMZ

Amnë`m OR>am_Üò h¡S´>moŠbmo[aH$ Amåb AgVo. AmnU àH$aU 2 _Üò {eH$bmo AmhmoV H$s ho Amåb OodU nM{dÊ`mgmR>r Amåhmbm _XV H$aVo. na§Vy OR>am_Üò `m AmåbmMo à_mU Amdí`H$Vonojm OmñV Pmbo AgVm AnMZmMm Ìmg hmoVmo. H$Yr-H$Yr AnMZ \$maM ÌmgXm`H$ hmoVo. AnMZmnmgyZ Amam_ {_idÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr (milk of magnesia) gmaIo H$mhr àË`måb (antacid) KoVmo Á`m_Üò _°½Zo{e`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S> AgVo. Vo Amdí`H$Vonojm OmñV Agboë`m Amåbmbm CXmgrZ H$aVo.

_w§Jr MmdUo

Ooìhm _w§Jr MmdVo Voìhm Vr ËdMo_Üò EH$ Amåbr` Ðd gmoS>Vo. _w§JrÀ`m X§em_Üò \$m°{_©H$ Amåb (formic acid) AgVo. X§em_wio hmoUmè`m n[aUm_mbm Amobm ~oH$s¨J gmoS>m (gmoS>r`_ h¡S´>moOZ H$m~m}ZoQ>) qH$dm H°$b°_mB©Z ÐmdU (calamine solution) MmoiyZ CXmgrZ Ho$bo OmD$ eH$Vo. H°$b°_mB©Z ÐmdUm_Üò PtH$ H$m~m}ZoQ> AgVo.

_mVrdarb CnMma

amgm`{ZH$ IVm§À`m AË`m{YH$ dmnam_wio _mVr Amåbr` ~ZVo. Oa _mVr OmñV Amåb`wŠV qH$dm OmñV AëH$br `wŠV Agob Va dZñnVrMr dmT> ì`dñWrV hmoV Zmhr. Ooìhm _mVr OmñV Amåb`wŠV AgVo Voìhm Ë`mV H°$ëer`_ Am°ŠgmB©S> qH$dm H°$ëer`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S> `mgmaIo AëH$br {_giyZ _mVrda CnMma H$aVmV. Oa _mVr AëH$br`yŠV Agob Va Ë`mV Amåb`wŠV nXmW© {_giVmV. g|Ðr` nXmW© _mVrV Amåb gmoS>VmV Oo _mVrV Agboë`m AëH$br`wŠV JwUY_m©bm CXmgrZ H$aVmV.

H$maImÝ`mVrb H$Mam / Q>mH$mD$ nXmW©

AZoH$ H$maImÝ`mVrb Q>mH$mD$ nXmWm© (H$Mam) _Üò Amåbr` nXmW© {_gibobo AgVmV. Oa Aem Q>mH$mD$ nXmWm©Zm Obme`m_Üò dmhV OmdyZ {_giy {Xë`mg {H$§dm {dg{O©V Ho$ë`mg nmÊ`mVrb _mgo d BVa ObMam§Zm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmody eH$Vmo. H$maImÝ`mVyZ Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© Obme`m§_Üò {dg{O©V H$aÊ`mnydu Ë`m_Üò AëH$br`yŠV nXmW© {_giyZ CXm{gZ Ho$bo OmVo.

à_wI eãX

Amåb AëH$br`wŠV CXm{gZrH$aUAmåbr` gwMH$ jmaAëH$br CXm{gZ


Vwåhr H$m` {eH$bmV

• Amåbo Mdrbm Am§~Q> AgVmV. AëH$br Mdrbm H$Sy> d ~wi~wirV AgVmV.

• Amåbo {Zim {bQ>_g Vm§~S>m ~Z{dVmV. AëH$br Vm§~S>m {bQ>_g {Zim ~Z{dVmV.

• Oo nXmW© AmåbY_u ZgVmV Am{U AëH$Y_u nU ZgVmV Aem nXmWm©Zm CXm{gZ åhUVmV.

• Aem nXmWmªMo ÐmdU, Oo AmåbY_u, AëH$Y_u Am{U CXm{gZ ÐmdUm_Üò doJdoJio a§J Xe©{dVmV Ë`m§Zm gyMHo$ Ago åhUVmV.

• Amåb Am{U AëH$br EH$_oH$m§Zm CXm{gZ H$éZ jma {Z_m©U H$aVmV. jma, AmåbY_u, AëH$Y_u qH$dm CXm{gZ Agy eH$VmV.

Aä`mg

1. Amåb Am{U AëH$brVrb \$aH$ {bhm.

2. AZoH$ KaJwVr CËnmXZo, Ogo H$s {IS>H$s ñdÀN>Ho$ BË`mXr _Üò A_mo{Z`m {XgyZ òVo. ho Vm§~S>m {bQ>_g {Zim ~Z{dVo. Va `mMo JwUY_© H$m` AmhoVo?

3. Á`mnmgyZ {bQ>_g ÐmdU {_iVo Ë`m òmoVm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm? Ë`mÀ`m ÐmdUmMo Cn`moJ H$m`?

4. CÜd©nmVrV nmUr AmåbY_u / AëH$Y_u / CXmgrZ AgVo H$m? Vwåhr `mMr ImÌr H$er H$amb?

5. CXm{gZrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m EH$ CXmhaU XoD$Z ñnï> H$am.

6. Imbrb {dYmZo ~amo~a Agë`mg () {bhm d MyH$ Agë`mg () {bhm

(i) Z¡Q´>rH$ Amåbm_Üò bmb {bQ>_g {Zim hmoVmo.

(ii) gmoS>r`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S> ÐmdUm_Üò {Zim {bQ>_g bmb hmoVmo.

(iii) gmoS>r`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S> Am{U h¡S´>moŠbmoarH$ Amåb EH$_oH$m§Zm CXmgrZ H$éZ jma d nmUr ~Z{dVmV.

(iv) Omo AmåbY_u Am{U AëH$Y_u ÐmdUm_Üò {^Þ a§J Xe©{dVmo Vmo gyMH$ nXmW© Amho.

(v) ‘XmV {H$S>Uo’ `mg H$maUr^yV jma AgVmV.


7. XmoaOrÀ`m aoñQ>°ma§Q>_Üò {eVno`m§À`m H$mhr ~mQ>ë`m AmhoV. nU Ë`mÀ`mda H$moUVohr bo~b Zmhr. J«mhH$m§À`m _mJUrZygma no` Úmd`mMo Amho. EH$m J«mhH$mbm AmåbY_u no` nm{hOo Xÿgè`mbm AëH$Y_u Am{U {Vgè`mbm CXmgrZ no` nm{hOo Va XmoaOr H$go {ZU©` KoB©b {H$ Hw$R>br ~m°Q>b Hw$R>ë`m J«mhH$m§Zm Úmd`mMr Amho.

8. H$maUo gm§Jm

(a) Oa Vwåhr {nÎmmZo {nS>rV Agmb Va Vwåhr àË`måbmMr Jmoir KoVm.

(b) Ooìhm _w§Jr MmdVo Voìhm ËdModa H°$b°_mBZMo ÐmdU bmdVmV.

(c) H$maImÝ`mVrb Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© Obme`m§Zm {_giÊ`mnydu Ë`mbm CXm{gZ Ho$bo OmVo.

9. Vwåhmbm VrZ Ðd {Xbobo AmhoV Á`m_Üò EH$ h¡S´>moŠbmo[aH$ Amåb Amho, Xþgao gmoS>r`_ h¡S´>°mŠgmBS> Am{U {Vgao gmIaoMo ÐmdU Amho. Vwåhr hiX gyMH$ åhUyZ dmnéZ Ë`m§Mr narjm H$er H$amb?

10. {Zi`m {bQ>_g nonabm EH$m ÐmdUmV ~wS>{dbo AgVm nona {ZimM amhVmo Va Ë`m ÐmdUmMo JwUY_© H$m`? ñnï> H$am.

11. Imbrb {dYmZo bjnyd©H$ dmMm.

(a) Amåb Am{U AëH$br XmoÝhr gd© gyMH$m§À`m a§Jm_Üò ~Xb H$aVmV.

(b) Oa EH$ gyMH$ Amåbmgmo~V a§J ~Xb H$aV Agob Va Vmo AëH$brgmo~V a§J ~Xb H$aV Zmhr.

(c) Oa gyMH$ AëH$brgmo~V a§J ~Xb H$aV Agob Va Vmo Amåbmgmo~V a§J ~Xb H$aV Zmhr

(d) Amåb Am{U AëH$br_Üò a§J~Xb ho gyMH$m§À`m àH$mada Adb§~yZ AgVo.

d[ab {dYmZm§_Üò H$moUVr {dYmZo ~amo~a AmhoV.

(i) gd© Mma (ii) a Am{U d (iii) b Am{U c (iv) \$ŠV d


{dñVm[aV AÜ``Z - H¥$Vr Am{U `moOZm H$m`©

1. Amåb Am{U AëH$br `mdarb kmZmMm dmna H$éZ, ~oqH$J gmoS>m Am{U ~rQ>éQ> `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo Jwág§Xoe {bhm. Vo H$go H$m`© H$aVo Vo ñnï> H$am.

(gyMZm : ~oqH$J gmoS>`mMo nmÊ`m_Üò ÐmdU V`ma H$éZ EH$m nm§T>è`m nonada H$mnyg bmdboë`m H$mS>rZo g§Xoe {bhm. Ë`mZ§Va VmÁ`m ~rQ>éQ>Mm H$mn KodyZ Vmo g§Xoemda Kmgm.)

2. bmb H$mo~r nmÊ`m_Üò CH$iyZ H$mo~r ag V`ma H$am. Ë`mMm dmna gyMH$mà_mUo H$éZ AmåbY_u Am{U AëH$Y_u ÐmdUm§Mo narjU H$am. Vwåhr Ho$bobr {ZarjUo H$moï>H$mÛmao dJm©V gmXa H$am.

3. Vw_À`m ^mJmVrb _mVrMo Z_yZo AmUm Am{U Vo AmåbY_u, AëH$Y_u H$s CXm{gZ AmhoV Vo nS>VmiyZ nhm. Ë`mÀ`mda H$moUË`m nÕVrZo Cnm` H$aVm òVrb Vo eoVH$è`m§er MMm© H$am.

4. S>m°ŠQ>am§Zm oQy>Z, {nÎmmMm Ìmg H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr Am¡fYo KoVm oVmV d {nÎmmMm Ìmg hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ H$moUVr H$miOr ¿`mdr `mMr _m{hVr {_idm.


Amnë`m earamVrb àËòH$ noer_Üò Amåb AgVo. S>r-Am°ŠPr[a~moOÝ`yŠbrH$ A°{gS> qH$dm DNA. earamÀ`m gd© àH$maÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çmda `mMo {Z`§ÌU AgVo. Ogo H$s Am_M§ {XgU, S>moi`m§Mm a§J, Am_Mr C§Mr B©. earamMo {d{dY Ad`d V`ma H$aUmar à{WZo gwÜXm A_rZmo AmåbmnmgyZ (amino acid) ~Zbobr AgVmV. e[aamVrb Ma~r_Üò gwÕm pñZ½Ym§åb (fatty acid) AgVo.

{dkmZ ^m¡{VH$ Am{U amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb 7978

^m¡¡{VH$ Am{U amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb6

Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m n[agamV AmnU XaamoO AZoH$ àH$maMo ~Xb Pmbobo nmhVmo. `m ~Xbm_Üò EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ nXmW© g_m{dï> AgVmV. CXmhaUmW© : ga~V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vw_Mr AmB© Vwåhmbm nmÊ`mV gmIa KmbyZ {daKimd`mg bmdVo. gmIaoMo ÐmdU V`ma H$aUo hm EH$ ~Xb Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo XþYmMo Xhr ~Z{dUo hm gwÜXm EH$ ~Xb Amho. XþY ZmgUo hm gwÜXm EH$ ~Xb Amho. VmUbobm a~a gwÕm ~Xb Xe©{dVmo.

Vw_À`m AmOy~mOybm Pmboë`m Xhm ~Xbm§Mr `mXr H$am.

`m nmR>m_Üò AmnU H$mhr H¥$VrÛmao {d{dY ~Xbm§~Ôb g{dñVa Aä`mg H$é. gm_mÝ`nUo `m ~Xbm§Mo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. ^m¡{VH$ (physical) ~Xb Am{U amgm`{ZH$ (chemical) ~Xb.

{MÌ 6.1 H$mJXmMo VwH$S>o

6.1 ^m¡{VH$ ~Xb

H¥$Vr 6.1

EH$ H$mJX KodyZ Ë`mMo Mma Mm¡ag H$mnm. àËòH$ Mm¡agmMo nwÝhm àËòH$s Mma-Mma Mm¡ag H$mnm. H$mnbobo gd© Mm¡ag O{_Zrda qH$dm Q>o~bda Aem [aVrZo _m§S>m H$s Vo _yi H$mJXmÀ`m AmH$mamV òVrb (AmH¥$Vr 6.1).


Vwåhr ho H$mnbobo VwH$S>o OmoSy>Z naV _yi ñdénmVrb H$mJX {_idy eH$Uma Zmhr. nU H$mJXmÀ`m JwUY_m©V H$mht ~Xb Pmbm H$m?

H¥$Vr 6.2

Vw_À`m dJm©Vrb \$i`mH$S>o nS>bobr ISy>Mr nmdS>a O_m H$am qH$dm ISy>Mm EH$ N>moQ>m VwH$S>m KmgyZ nmdS>a V`ma H$éZ ¿`m. Ë`m_Üò WmoS>ogo nmUr KmbyZ OmS>ga bJXm V`ma H$am. `m bJÚmnmgyZ ISy>À`m AmH$mamMr H$m§S>r V`ma H$am. Am{U gwH$Ê`mgmR>r R>odm.

Vwåhmbm ISy>À`m nmdS>a nmgyZ nwÝhm ISy> V`ma H$aVm Ambm H$m?

H¥$Vr 6.3

EH$m ½bmg_Üò qH$dm ßbmñQ>rH$ noë`m_Üò WmoS>m ~\©$ ¿`m. nobm WmoS>çmdoimgmR>r CÝhmV R>odyZ WmoS>mgm ~\©$ {dViy Úm. AmVm Vw_À`mH$S>o ~\©$ Am{U nmUr m§Mo {_lU Agob. AmVm nobm erV{_lUmV (~\©$ Am{U _rR> `m§Mo {_lU) R>odm.

nwÝhm nmÊ`mMo KZr^dZ hmoD$Z ~\$m©V énm§Va Pmbo H$m?

H¥$Vr 6.4

EH$m nmÌmV nmUr KoD$Z CH$idm. nmÊ`mÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmda Vwåhmbm dm\$ òVmZm {XgVo H$m? _wR> Agbobm Vdm CH$iË`m nmÊ`mÀ`m dm\o$da CbQ>m Yam. WmoS>`m doiZ§Va Vdm naVdyZ Ë`mÀ`m AmVrb ^mJmMo {ZarjU H$am.

Vwåhmbm Ë`mda nmÊ`mMo W|~ O_m Pmbobo {XgVmV H$m?

H¥$Vr 6.5

I~aXmar

AmJrÀ`m Ádmbm H$miOrnyd©H$ hmVmimì`mV.

EH$ YmVy H$mnÊ`mMr H$adV {M_Q>`mZo Yam. H$adVrMo Xþgao Q>moH$ J°g eoJS>rÀ`m Ádmboda Yam. H$mhr {_{ZQ>o VgoM Yam.

Ádmboda H$adVrÀ`m Yaboë`m Q>moH$mMm a§J ~Xbob H$m?

AmVm H$adV ~mOybm H$mTy>>Z ¿`m Am{U WmoS>çmdoimZ§Va nwÝhm H$adVrÀ`m Q>moH$mMo {ZarjU H$am.

H$adVrMo Q>moH$ nwÝhm Amnë`m _wi a§JmV òB©b H$m?

H¥$Vr 6.1 Am{U 6.2 _Üò Vwåhr nm{hbo Amho H$s, H$mJX Am{U ISy>Mm VwH$S>m


`m§À`m AmH$mam_Üò ~Xb Pmbm. H¥$Vr 6.3 d 6.4 _Üò nmÊ`mÀ`m AdñWoV ~Xb Pmbm. (KZmVyZ - ÐdmV, qH$dm dm\o$VyZ-ÐdmV) H¥$Vr 6.5 _Üò Vmn{dë`m_wio H$adVrÀ`m Q>moH$mÀ`m a§JmV ~Xb Pmbm.

nXmWm©Mm AmH$ma, AmH$ma_mZ, a§J, AdñWm `mgma»`m JwUY_mªZm nXmWm©Mo ^m¡{VH$ JwUY_© (physical properties) åhUVmV. nXmWmªÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ JwUY_m©V Pmboë`m ~Xbmg ^m¡{VH$ ~Xb (physical change) Ago åhUVmV. ^m¡{VH$ ~Xb ho VmËnwaË`m (reversible) ñdénmMo AgVmV. Ë`mnmgyZ AmnU Ë`m nXmWm©bm nwÝhm _wi ñdénmV ~Xby eH$Vmo. Aem ~XbmVyZ H$moUVohr ZdrZ nXmW© {Z_m©U hmoV ZmhrV.

AmVm AmnU Xþgè`m àH$maÀ`m ~XbmMm {dMma H$é.

6.2 amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb

bmoI§S>mMo J§OUo hm ~Xb Amnë`mbm gwn[a{MV Amho. Oa Amåhr bmoI§S>mMm EH$ VwH$S>m H$mhr {XdgmgmR>r CKS>çmda R>odbm Va Ë`mda bmbga {ndù`m a§JmMr amI Amnë`mbm O_m Pmbobr {Xgob. m amIobm J§O (rust) Ago åhUVmV. Am{U m à{H«$òbm J§OUo (rusting) Ago åhUVmV. ({MÌ 6.2). ~mJ qH$dm eoVO{_ZtMo bmoI§S>r JoQ>, ~mJoV R>odbobo bmoI§S>r ~mH$, AemàH$maÀ`m CKS>`mda R>odboë`m gd© bmoI§S>r dñVy J§OVmV. Amnë`m KamVrb \$mdS>m, Hw$Xi `mgma»`m bmoI§S>r dñVy H$mhr {Xdg CKS>çmda R>odë`mg Ë`mda J§O MT>Vmo.

ñd`§nmH$ KamVrb Amobga bmoI§S>r Vdm H$mhr H$mimgmR>r CKS>çmda R>odbm AgVm Ë`mda J§O MT>Vmo. J§Obobr amI åhUOo bmoI§S> Zìho. hm EH$ doJim nXmW© Omo bmoI§S>mda O_m hmoVmo.

{MÌ 6.2 bmoI§S>mMo J§OUo

AmVm AmnU AemM AmUIr H$mhr ~Xbm§Mm Aä`mg H$é Á`m_wio Z{dZ nXmW© {Z_m©U hmoVmV.


H¥$Vr 6.6

(Imbrb H¥$Vr {ejH$m§Zr àX{e©V H$amdr.)

I~aXmar

_±½Zoer`_Mr Vma OiVmZm Iyn doi EH$Q>H$ nhmUo KmVH$ R>é eH$Vo. {ejH$m§Zr _wbm§Zm EH$Q>H$ Z nhmÊ`m~m~V gwMZm Úmì`mV.

{MÌ 6.3 OiUmar _°½Zo{e`_Mr Vma

_±½Zo{e`_À`m VmaoMm EH$ VwH$S>m ¿`m. nm°{be nonaZo Ë`mMo daMo Q>moH$ ñdÀN> H$am. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo Vo Q>moH$ _oU~ÎmrÀ`m Á`moVrda Yam. ew^« nm§T>è`m àH$memZo àH$me_mZ hmoD$Z Vr Vma Oim`bm bmJob. nyU© OiyZ Pmë`mZ§Va VmaoMr nm§T>ar amI {e„H$ ahmVo (AmH¥$Vr 6.3).

Vr amI _±½Zo{e`_À`m VmaogmaIr {XgVo H$m?

hm ~Xb Imbrb g_rH$aUmZo XmI{dVm oVmo.

_°½Zo{e`_ (Mg) + Am°ŠgrOZ (O2) → _°¾o{e`_ Am°ŠgmB©S> (MgO)

BWo {Xbobr g_rH$aUo hr J{UVmVrb g_rH$aUmnojm doJir AgVmV. `m àH$maÀ`m g_rH$aUm_Ü`o → Mm AW© V`ma hmoUo Agm hmoVmo. `m ñVamda amgm`{ZH$ g_rH$aU g_Vmob H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr åhUyZ g_rH$aU g_Vmob H$é Z`o.

V`ma Pmbobr _°½Zo{e`_Mr amI WmoS>çmem nmÊ`mV {_gim. {_lU (nmVi ÐmdU) Mm§Jbo T>dim Ë`mZ§Va {Zi`m Am{U Vm§~S>çm {bQ>_g nonaÀ`m ghmæ`mZo narjU H$am.

`m ÐmdUmV Vm§~S>m {bQ>_g {Zim Pmbm H$m? AWdm

{Zù`m {bQ>_gMm a§J ~XbyZ Vm§~S>m Pmbm?

{bQ>_g MmMUrÀ`m AmYmao darb ÐmdU AmåbY_u Amho H$s AëH$Y_u Amho? `mMoo dJuH$aU H$am.


_°½Zo{e`_Mr amI nmÊ`mV {daKië`m§ZVa EH$ Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma hmoVmo. hm ~Xb Imbrb g_rH$aUmZo Xe©{dVm òB©©b.

_°½Zo{e`_ Am°ŠgmB©S> (MgO) + nmUr (H2O) → _°½Zo{e`_ h¡S>mŠgmB©S> [Mg(OH)2]

`mnyduM Vwåhr 5 ì`m nmR>mV {eH$ë`mà_mUo _°½Zo{e`_ h¡S´>°mŠgmB©S> hm AëH$br nXmW© Amhoo. åhUOoM _°½Zo{e`_Mr Vma Omië`mZ§Va _°½Zo{e`_ Am°ŠgmB©S> hm EH$ Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma Pmbm Am{U Vmo nmÊ`mV {_gië`mZ§Va _°½Zo{e`_ h¡S´>m°ŠgmB©S> hm AmUIrZ EH$ Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma hmoVmo.

H¥$Vr 6.7

({ejH$m§Zr à`moJ H$éZ XmIdmdm.)

EH$m M§MynmÌmV AYm© H$n nmUr ¿`m. Ë`m_Üò EH$ M_Mm H$m°nagë\o$Q> ({Zim ñ\${Q>H$én) KmbyZ H$m°na gë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU V`ma H$éZ ¿`m. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m_Üò gm¡å` gëâ`y[aH$ AmåbmMo H$mhr W|~ Q>mH$m. V`ma Pmbobo {Ziga a§JmMo ÐmdU Pmbobo {XgyZ òB©b. Ë`m_Yrb WmoS>o ÐmdU narjmZirV AWdm H$mMoÀ`m N>moQ>çm ~mQ>br_Üò R>odm. Caboë`m ÐmdUmV EH$ bmoI§S>r {Iim qH$dm dmnabobo ãboS> Q>mH$m. Ë`mZ§Va AYm©Vmg Wm§~yZ ÐmdUmMo {ZarjU H$am. AmVm m ÐmdUmMr VwbZm narjmZirV R>odboë`m ÐmdUmer H$am ({MÌ 6.4).

{MÌ 6.4 H$m°nagë\o$Q> ÐmdUmMr bmoI§S>mer {H«$`m hmoD$Z ÐmdUmÀ`m a§JmV ~Xb hmoVmo.

Am`Z© gë\o$Q> ({hadQ>)H$m°nagë\o$Q>

({Zim)

ÐmdUmÀ`m a§JmV H$m` ~Xb Pmbobm Vwåhmbm {Xgob?

Oo ãboS> Vwåhr ÐmdUmV Q>mH$bm` Vo ~mhoa H$mT>m.

Ë`mÀ`m a§JmV H$mhr ~Xb Pmbobm Amho H$m?


Omo ~Xb Pmbobm Vwåhmbm {XgyZ Ambm Vmo H$m°na gë\o$Q>Mr bmoI§S>mer Pmboë`m amgm`{ZH$ {H«$ò_wio KSy>Z Ambm. `m {H«$ò_Üò Am`Z©gë\o$Q> Mo ÐmdU V`ma Pmë`m_wio ÐmdUmMm {Zim a§J {hadm Pmbm. Ë`mMà_mUo ãboS>bm MT>bobm Vm§~wg a§J hm H$m°na gë\o$Q> _Yrb H$m°na åhUOoM Vm§~o `m YmVw_wio. hm AmUIr EH$ Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma hmoVmo. AmnU `m amgm`{ZH$ à{H«$òMo g_rH$aU Imbrbà_mUo _m§Sy> eH$Vmo.

H$m°nagë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU + Am`Z© → Am`Z© gë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU + H$m°na

({Zim) (bmoI§S>) ({hadm) (Vm§~yg Jmi)

H¥$Vr 6.8

EH$m narjmZirV EH$ M_Mm pìhZoJa ¿`m. Ë`m_Üò EH$ {M_wQ>â ~oH$s¨J gmoS>m Kmbm. Vwåhmbm gw§B© gw§B© Agm AmdmO H$aV ~marH$ ~marH$ ~wS>~wS>o òVmZm {XgVrb. ~wS>~wS>çm§À`m énmZo EH$ dm`y ~mhoa òVmo. hm dm`y VmÁ`m MwÝ`mÀ`m {ZdirVyZ OmD$ Úm. (nhm {MÌ 6.5)

MwÝ`mÀ`m {ZdirM H$m` hmoB©b?

narjmZirV KSy>Z Ambobm ~Xb Imbrbà_mUo Agob.

ìhrZoJa + ~oH$s¨J gmoS>m → H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> + BVa nXmW©. (A°{gQ>rH$ Amåb) (gmoS>r`_ h¡S´>moOZ H$m~m}ZoQ>)

H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> Am{U MwÝ`mMr {Zdir `m_Yrb amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m Imbrbà_mUo.

H$m~©ZS>m` Am°ŠgmB©S> dm`w

ìhrZoJa+~oqH$JgmoS>m

MwÝ`mMr {Zdir

{MÌ 6.5 dm`y MwÝ`mÀ`m {ZdirVyZ OmD$ XoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobr CnH$aUm§Mr _m§S>Ur.

H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> + MwÝ`mMr {Zdir → H°$ëer`_ H$m~m}ZoQ> + nmUr (CO2) [Ca(OH)

2] (CaCO3) (H2O)


Ooìhm MwÝ`mÀ`m {ZdirVyZ H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> dm`y OmD$ {Xbm OmVmo Voìhm H°$ëer`_ H$m~m}ZoQ> V`ma hmoVo, Á`m_wio MwÝ`mÀ`m {Zdirbm XþYmgmaIm nm§T>amew^« a§J àmá hmoVmo. {Zdir XþYmgmaIr nm§T>arew^« hmoVo hrM H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S>Mr EH$ _mÝ`Vmàmá MmMUr Amho. 10 ì`m nmR>mV Vwåhr `m MmMUrMm Cn`moJ Amåhr CÀN>dmgmdmQ>o H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> ~mhooa gmoS>Vmo ho VnmgÊ`mgmR>r H$amb.

H¥$Vr 6.6 Vo 6.8 n`ªVÀ`m gd© H¥$Vr_Üò AmnU n{hbo H$s, Pmboë`m ~Xbm_Üò EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma Pmbo. H¥$Vr 6.6 _Üò _°½Zo{e`_Mr Vma Omië`m_wio Ë`mMr amI hm Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma Pmbm. H¥$Vr 6.7 _Üò H$m°na gë\o$Q>Mr Am`Z©er amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m hmoD$Z Am`Z© gë\o$Q> Am{U H$m°na ho Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma Pmbo. H$m°na åhUOoM Vm§~o ãboS>da O_m Pmbobo AmnU nm{hbo. Va H¥$Vr 6.8 _Üò ìhrZoJa Am{U ~oH$s¨J gmoS>m `m§Mr amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m hmoD$Z H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> dm`y V`ma Pmbm Á`m_wio MwÝ`mÀ`m {Zdirbm nm§T>amew^« a§J àmá Pmbm. `m {H«$òV V`ma Pmboë`m `m Z{dZ nXmWm©Mo Zmd Vwåhr gm§Jw eH$mb H$m?

Á`m ~Xbm_wio EH$ AWdm AZoH$ Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma hmoVmV Aem àH$maÀ`m ~Xbmbm amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Ago åhUVmV. amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbmbm amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m (chemical reaction)Agohr åhUVmV.

Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbm§Zm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hËd Amho. gd© àH$maMo Z{dZ nXmW© Oo V`ma hmoVmV Vo `m amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbm_wioM V`ma hVmV. CXmhaUmW©. AÞmMo nMZ, \$im§Mo {nH$Uo, ÐmjmÀ`m agmMo Am§~dUo. Am¡fYo hr gwÕm {d{dY amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m§À`m EH$m _m{bHo$Z§Va V`ma hmoVmV. ~hþn`moJr ßbmñQ>rH$ Am{U ñdÀN>Ho$ hr gwX²Ym AZoH$ amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbm§MmM EH$ A§{V_ n[aUm_ Amho. BVHo$M Zìho Va àËòH$ Z{dZ dñVy§Mm emoY amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbm§À`m Aä`mgm_wioM bmJbobm Amho.

AmnU Aä`mgbo Amho H$s, EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ Z{dZ nXmW© ho amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbm_wioM {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Z{dZ nXmW© {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmZm amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbm_Üò Imbrb Jmoï>tMm A§V^m©d Agy eH$Vmo.

• CîUVm, àH$me qH$dm AÝ` (A{VZrb {H$aU) Jmoï>tMo CËgO©Z AWdm emofU hmoD$ eH$Vo.

• {d{dY àH$maMm AmdmO (ÜdZr) {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

• nXmWmªÀ`m dmgmV ~Xb hmoD$ eH$Vmo qH$dm Z{dZ àH$maMm dmg {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo.


• nXmWmªÀ`m a§JmV ~Xb hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

• dm`y {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

AmVm AmnU H$mhr CXmhaUo nmhÿ`m.

_°¾o{e`_Mr Vma OiVmZm hmoUmam amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Vwåhr nm{hbm AmhmV. H$moigm, bmHy$S> qH$dm nmZo OiUo hm gwÜXm EH$ amgm`{ZH$ ~XbM Amho. BVHo$M H$m` Va H$moUË`mhr dñVyMo OiUo hm amgm`{ZH$ ~XbM Amho. OoWo OiÊ`mMr {H«$`m hmoVo VoWo CîUVm {Z_m©U hmoUo {Z{üVM Amho.

\$Qm Ho$ noQ>Uo CS>dUo hm gwÜXm amgm`{ZoH$ ~Xb Amho. Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$s \$Q>mHo$ noQ>{dë`m_wio CîUVm, àH$me ÜdZr Am{U Anm`H$maH$ dm`y {Z_m©U hmoVmo Omo dmVmdaU àXþ{fV H$aVmo. Ë`mgmR>r Vwåhmbm \$Q>mŠ`m~amo~a Z IoiÊ`mMm gëbm {Xbm OmVmo.

Ooìhm AÞ ZmgVo Ë`mdoir Ë`mnmgyZ KmU dmg òVmo. AmnU `mbm amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb åhUy eH$Vmo H$m?

Vwåhr nm{hbo Agob H$s, g\$aM§XmMr \$moS> H$mhrdoi Z ImVm VerM R>odbr Va Ë`mbm Vm§~wg a§J `m`bm bmJVmo. Oa Vwåhr hm a§JmVrb hmoUmam ~Xb nm{hbm Zgë`mg EH$ g\$aM§X H$mnyZ EH$ \$moS> H$mhrdoi VerM R>oD$Z Úm. hrM H¥$Vr ~Q>mQ>m qH$dm dm§Jo KoD$Z H$éZ nhm. `m {R>H$mUr hmoUmam a§JmVrb ~Xb hm Ë`m {R>H$Ur Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma hmoD$ bmJë`m_wio hmoVmo. ho amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb ZìhoV H$m?

5 ì`m nmR>m_Üò Amåb AëH$brer {H«$`m Ho$ë`mZo CXmgrZrH$aU hmoVo Vo nm{hbo Amho. CXmgrZrH$aU hm amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Amho H$m?

gwajm H$dM

Amnë`m dmVmdaUmVrb AmoPmoZÀ`m Wam~Ôb Vwåhr EoH$boM Agob. gw`m©À`m A{VZrb {H$aUm§nmgyZ AmoPmoZMm hm Wa Amnë`mbm gwajm XoVmo. AmoPmoZ A{VZrb {H$aUm§Mo emofU H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mMo Am°pŠgOZ _Üò énm§Va hmoVo. Am°pŠgOZ hm AmoPmoZnojm doJim Amho. `m AmoPmoZÀ`m Am°pŠgOZ_Üò hmoUmè`m énm§Vambm AmnU amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb åhUy eH$Vmo H$m? Oa AmoPmoZZo A{VZrb {H$aUm§Mo emofU Ho$bo ZgVo Va Vo A{VZrb {H$aU n¥Ïdrda nmohmoMbo AgVo Am{U n¥Ïdrdarb Am_À`mgh gd©M g{Od g¥ï>rMm {dZme Pmbm AgVm. AmoPmoZ Amnë`mgmR>r EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ gwajm H$dM Amho.


AmnU n{hë`m nmR>mV dZñnVr àH$me g§íbofU {H«$òÛmao AÞ {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV ho {eH$bobmo AmhmoV. àH$me g§íbofU {H«$òbm

Amåhr amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb åhUy eH$Vmo H$m? nhobr åhUVo AÞ nMZ {H«$`m hm gwÜXm

amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Amho.

6.3 bmoI§S>mMo J§OUo

Mbm, nyÝhm EH$Xm J§OUo `m {H«$òH$S>o diw`m. hm EH$ Agm ~Xb Á`m_wio bmoI§S>r dñVwda amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m hmoD$Z hiyhiy Ë`m§Mm Zme hmoVmo. bmoI§S> qH$dm bmoI§S>r dñVw, _moR>>_moR>o nyb, OhmOo, H$maJmS>`m, Q´>H$ Aem AZoH$ _moR>_moR>çm dñVw {Z{_©VrV _moR>`m à_mUmV dmna H$aV Agë`m_wio J§OÊ`m_wio hmoUmao Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZhr Iyn _moR>o Amho. J§OÊ`mMr {H«$`m hr Imbrb amgm`{ZH$ g_rH$aUmZo Xe©{dVmV.

bmoh + Am°pŠgOZ + nmUr → J§O (Am`Z© Am°ŠgmB©S>) (Fe) (O2, hdo_Yrb) (H2O) (Fe2O3)

J§OÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ò_Üò Am°pŠgOZ Am{U nmUr (qH$dm dm\$) AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

hdo_Üò Oa nmÊ`mMr dm\$ OmñV à_mUmV Agob qH$dm X_Q> hdm_mZmV J§OÊ`mMr {H«$`m ObX JVrZo hmoVo.

_J, AmnU J§OÊ`mÀ`m {H«$òda H$gm Amim Kmby eH$Vmo? bmoI§S>r dñVy hdm qH$dm Am°ŠgrOZÀ`m Am{U nmÊ`mÀ`m g§nH$m©V òÊ`mnmgyZ AmnU amoIy eH$Vmo. EH$ gmonm Cnm` åhUOo dñVy§Zm a§J bmdUo qH$dm J«rg bmdUo. J§OUo amoIÊ`mgmR>r hm Cnm` AmnU daModa Ho$bm nm{hOo.

Amoh! åhUyZ _mPr _¡ÌrU arQ>m bmoI§S>r dñVy§À`m bdH$a

J§OÊ`m~m~V Zoh_rM VH«$ma H$aV AgVo. Vr g_wÐ {H$Zmè`mOdi ahmVo.


J§OÊ`mÀ`m {H«$òdarb AmUIr EH$ Cnm` åhUOo H«$mo_r`_ qH$dm PtH$ `mgma»`m YmVw§Mm bmoI§S>r dñVyda _wbm_m XoUo.

BVa YmVw§Mm bmoI§S>mda _wbm_m XoÊ`mÀ`m `m {H«$òbmM {dbonZ (galvanisation) Ago åhUVmV. Amnë`m KamV nmÊ`mgmR>r dmnabobo bmoI§S>r nmB©n ho J§Oy Zò åhUyZ `m nÜXVrZo _wbm_m {Xbobo AgVmV.

Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$s, _moR>>_moR>r OhmOo hr bmoI§S>r YmVyZo ~Zbobr AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mm ~amMgm ^mJ H$m`_ nmÊ`mImbr AgVmo. nmÊ`mdarb n¥ð>^mJ hr nmUr CS>ë`m_wio {Ôbobm AgVmo. g_wÐmÀ`m nmÊ`mV AZoH$ jmahr {daKibobo AgVmV. ho jma`wŠV nmUr J§OÊ`mÀ`m {H«$òMm doJ dmT>{dVo. åhUyZ a§J{dë`mZ§Vahr OhmOm§Mo J§OÊ`m_wio _moR>`mà_mUmV ZwH$gmZ hmoV AgVo åhUyZ OhmOm§Mm H$mhr ^mJ Xadfu ~Xbmdm bmJVmo.

`m_wio hmoUmè`m A{W©H$ ZwH$gmZmMr Vwåhr H$ënZm H$é eH$mb H$m?

ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rb ho bmoI§S> Am{U H$m~©Z, H«$mo_r`_, {ZHo$b d _±JZrO `mgma»`m YmVw§À`m {_lUmZo V`ma Ho$bo OmVo. ho J§OV Zmhr.

6.4 ñ\$Q>r>H$s^dZ

6 drÀ`m dJm©V Vwåhr {eH$bm AmhmV H$s, g_wÐmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo ~mînr^dZ H$éZ _rR> V`ma H$aVmV. `m nÕVrZo {_i{dbobo _rR> ho ewÕ ZgVo. Am{U Vo ~marH$ ñ\$Q>rH$énmV AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m ñ\${Q>H$m§Mm AmH$ma ñnï>nUo {XgV Zmhr ewÕ nXmWmªMo _moR>çm AmH$mamVrb ñ\${Q>H$ Ë`m§À`m ÐmdUmnmgyZ {_i{dbo OmVmV. m {H«$òbmM ñ\${Q>H$s^dZ (crystallisation) åhUVmV. ho EH$ ^m¡{VH$ ~XbmMo CXmhaU Amho.

H¥$Vr 6.9

({ejH$m§À`m gm{ZÜ`mVM hr H¥$Vr H$amdr)

I~aXmar

Ho$di gm¡å` gëâ`y[aH$ AmåbM dmnam. nmUr CH$iVmZm gmdYmZr ~miJm/H$miOrnyd©H$ H¥$Vr H$am.

EH$m M§MynmÌmV EH$ H$n nmUr ¿`m Am{U Ë`m_Üò gm¡å` gëâ`y[aH$ Amåbm-Mo H$mhr W|~ Q>mH$m. nmÊ`mbm CîUVm Úm. Á`mdoir nmUr CH$im`bm bmJob Voìhm Ë`m_Üò H$m°nagë\o$Q> nmdS>a hiyhiy KmbV T>diV ahm. ({MÌ 6.6) nmdS>a Vmo n`ªV KmbV ahm Omo n`ªV nmdS>a nmÊ`mV {daKiUo Wm§~ob. Ë`mZ§Va ho ÐmdU JmiyZ ¿`m Am{U W§S> hmoÊ`mgmR>r R>odm. W§S> hmoVmZm ÐmdU hbdy ZH$m. WmoS>`m doimZo ÐmdUmMo {ZarjU H$am. Vwåhmbm H$m°na gë\o$Q>Mo ñ\${Q>H$ {XgVmV H$m? Oa {XgV ZgVrb Va AmUIr H$mhr doi Wm§~m.


H$m°na gë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU

ñ\${Q>H$

{MÌ 6.6 H$m°nagë\o$Q>Mo ñ\${Q>H$s^dZ

Vwåhr ^m¡{VH$ ~Xb Am{U amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbm§~m~V {eH$bm AmhmV. AmVm Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m n[agamVrb ~Xbm§Mo {ZarjU H$am Am{U Ë`m§Mo ^m¡{VH$ ~Xb Am{U amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb `m_Üò dJuH$aU H$am.

à_wI eãX :amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb ñ\${Q>H$s^dZ ^m¡{VH$ ~Xbamgm`{ZH$ à{H«$`m {dbonZ J§OUo

Vwåhr H$m` {eH$bmV.

• ~Xb ho XmoZ àH$maMo AgVmV, ^m¡{VH$ Am{U amgm`{ZH$.

• nXmWm©À`m ^m¡{VH$ JwUY_m©V Pmboë`m ~Xbm§Zm ^m¡{VH$ ~Xb åhUVmV. `m_wio H$moUVmhr Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma hmoV Zmhr. ho ~Xb H$m`_ñdénr ZgyZ Vo nyÝhm _wipñWVrV òdy eH$VmV.

• amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbm_wio Z{dZ nXmWmªMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.

• H$mhr nXmW© Ë`m§À`m ÐmdUmnmgyZ ñ\${Q>H$s^dZ {H«$òÛmao ewÕ ñdénmV {_i{dVm òVmV.

Aä`mg

1. Imbrb à_mUo {Xboë`m ~Xbm§Mo ^m¡{VH$ Am{U amgm`{ZH$ ~XbmV dJuH$aU H$am.

(a) àH$me g§íbofU

(b) nmÊ`mV gmIa {daKidUo

(c) H$moigm OmiUo


(d) _oU {dViUo

(e) A°ë`y{_Zr`_ ~S>dyZ nmVi nÌm ~Z{dUo.

(f) AÞmMo nMZ

2. Imbrb {dYmZo ~amo~a H$s MyH$ AmoiIm Am{U MwH$sMr {dYmZo XþéñV H$éZ Vw_À`m dhrV {bhm.

(a) bmH$S>mMm Am|S>H$m H$mnyZ Ë`mMo VwH$S>o H$aUo hm amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Amho. (~amo~a / MyH$)

(b) nmZm§nmgyZ g|Ðr` IV ~Z{dUo hm ^m¡{VH$ ~Xb Amho. (~amo~a / MyH$)

(c) PtH$Mm _wbm_m {Xbobo bmoI§S>r nmB©n ghO J§OV ZmhrV. (~amo~a / MyH$)

(d) bmoI§S> Am{U J§Obobr amI ho XmoÝhr nXmW© EH$M AmhoV (~amo~a / MyH$)

(e) dm\o$Mo Ðdr^dZ hm amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Zmhr. (~amo~a / MyH$)

3. Imbrb dmŠ`m_Yrb [aH$må`m OmJm âm.

(a) MwÝ`mÀ`m {ZdirVyZ H$m~©ZS>m` Am°ŠgmB©S> dm`y OmD$ {Xë`mg {Zdir nm§T>arew^« XþYmgmaIr ___________ _wio hmoVo.

(b) ~oH$s¨J gmoS>çmMo amgm`{ZH$ Zmd ___________ Amho.

(c) bmoI§S>mMo J§OUo Q>miÊ`mMo XmoZ Cnm` ___________ Am{U ___________ ho AmhoV.

(d) nXmWmªÀ`m ___________ JwUY_m©V ~Xb Pmë`mg Ë`m ~Xbmbm ^m¡{VH$ ~Xb åhUVmV.

(e) Á`m ~Xbm_wio Z{dZ nXmWm©Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo Ë`mbm ___________ ~Xb åhUVmV.

4. ~oH$s¨J gmoS>m qb~yagmV {_gië`mg ~wS>~wS>çm§À`m ñdénmV dm`y {Z_m©U hmoVmo. hm H$moUË`m àH$maMm ~Xb Amho? ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

5. _oU~Îmr OiVmZm XmoÝhr àH$maMo ~Xb-^m¡{VH$ Am{U amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb KSy>Z òVmV. Vo ~Xb AmoiIm. AemàH$maMo Amnë`m n[aM`mMo AmUIr EH$ CXmhaU Úm Á`m_Üò ^m¡{VH$ Am{U amgm`{ZH$ Ago XmoÝhr ~Xb EH$mMdoir KSy>Z òVmV.

6. XþYmMo Xhr hmoUo hm amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Amho ho H$go ñnï> H$amb?


7. bmH$S>mMo OiUo Am{U H$mnyZ VwH$S>o H$aUo ho XmoZ doJdoJù`m àH$maMo ~Xb AmhoV ho H$go ñnï> H$amb?

8. H$m°na gë\o$Q>Mo ñ\${Q>H$ H$go V`ma H$aVmV Ë`mMo dU©Z H$am.

9. bmoI§S>mbm J§OÊ`mnmgyZ amoIÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mbm a§J{dUo ho H$go Cn`moJr nS>Vo Vo gm§Jm.

10. bmoI§S>r dñVy J§OÊ`mMr {H«$`m dmid§Q>r àXoemnojm {H$ZmanÅ>r darb àXoemV ObX JVrZo H$m hmoVo `mMo dU©Z H$am.

11. ñd`§nmH$mgmR>r dmnaV Agboë`m J°gbm (Liquified Petrolemum Gas-LPG) Ðdén noQ´>mobr`_ dm`y åhUVmV. {gbtS>a_Ü`o hm dm`y ÐdénmV AgVmo. Ooìhm {gqbS>a_YyZ hm dm`y ~mhoa `oVmo Ë`mdoir Ë`mMo énm§Va dm`yV hmoVo (A-~Xb) Ë`mZ§Va Vmo OiVmo (~Xb-B) `m g§~§Yr Imbr. H$mhr {dYmZo {Xbr AmhoV Ë`mn¡H$s AMyH$ dmŠ` AmoiIm.

(i) A hr {H«$`m amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Amho.

(ii) B hr {H«$`m amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Amho.

(iii)A d B XmoÝhr {H«$`m amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb AmhoV.

(iv)`mn¡H$s H$moUVrhr {H«$`m amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Zmhr.

12. A°Zmamo~rH$ ~°ŠQ>oar`m àmÊ`m§Zr CËg{O©V Ho$boë`m nXmWmªMo nMZ H$éZ O¡{dH$ dm`y (~m`moJ°g) {Z_m©U H$aVmV. (~Xb-A) Ë`mZ§Va hm dm`y OiUmgmR>r B§YZ åhUyZ dmnaVmV. (~Xb-B) Imbrbà_mUo `m ~Xbmg§~§{YV {dYmZo {Xbobr AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s AMyH$ {dYmZ {ZdS>m.

(i) A hm amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Amho.

(ii) B hr {H«$`m amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Xe©{dVo.

(iii)A d B h`m XmoÝhr {H«$`m amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m Amho.

(iv)`mn¡H$s H$moUVrhr {H«$`m amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m Zmhr.


1. XmoZ Anm`H$maH$ ~Xbm§Mo dU©Z H$am. Vwåhr Ë`m§Zm Anm`H$maH$ g_OÊ`mMo H$maU ñnï> H$am. Vo Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr H$m` H$amb?


2. é§X Vm|S>mÀ`m VrZ H$mMoÀ`m ~mQ>ë`m ¿`m. Ë`m§Zm A, B d C Aer Zmdo Úm. A ~mQ>br AÜ`m©n`ªV ZimÀ`m nmÊ`mZo âm. B ~mQ>br H$mhrdoi CH$iboë`m nmÊ`mZo A ~mQ>brEdT>rM âm. Am{U C ~mQ>brgwÜXm VodT>rM CH$iboë`m nmÊ`mZo âm. àËòH$ ~mQ>brV EH$ gmaIoM H$mhr bmoI§S>r {Iio Q>mH$m. {Iio nyU©nUo nmÊ`mV ~wS>bobo Agbo nm{hOoV. C ~mQ>br_Üò EH$ M_Mmâ ImÚVob Kmbm OoUoH$éZ ~mQ>brVrb nmÊ`mÀ`m n¥ï>^mJmda EH$ nmVi Wa V`ma hmoB©b. Ë`mZ§Va ~mQ>ë`m H$mhr {Xdg VemM R>odyZ Úm. H$mhr {XdgmZ§Va {VÝhr ~mQ>ë`mVyZ {Iio ~mhoa H$mT>m Am{U {ZarjU H$am. Vwåhr Ho$bobo {ZarjU ñnï> H$éZ gm§Jm.

3. A°b_Mo (alum) ñ\${Q>H$s^dZ H$éZ Ë`mMo ñ\${Q>H$ V`ma H$am.

4. Vw_À`m n[agamV ñd`§nmH$mgmR>r dmnaV Agboë`m B§YZmÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mr _m{hVr {_idm. Ë`m~Ôb Vw_À`m nmbH$m§er/{ejH$m§er Am{U BVam§er H$moUVo B§YZ H$_r à_mUmV àXÿfU H$aVo Am{U H$m? `m~Ôb MMm© H$am.

Vwåhmbm ho _mhrV Amho H$m?

{MÌ 6.7 bmoI§S>r ñV§^

{X„r_Üò Hw$Vw~ {_Zma Odi EH$ bmoI§S>r ñV§^ ({MÌ 6.7) Amho Á`mMr C§Mr 7 _rQ>a nojmhr OmñV Amho. Ë`mMo dOZ 6000 kg nojm OmñV Amho. Vmo 1600 dfm©nyduM {Z_m©U Ho$bobm Amho. BVŠ`m {XK©H$mimZ§Vahr Vmo ñV§^ J§Obobm Zmhr. OJmVrb {d{dY emñÌkm§Zr Ë`mÀ`m J§OamoYH$ j_Vo~m~V n[ajU, Aä`mg Am{U g§emoYZ Ho$bo Amho. ^maV YmVyV§ÌkmZm~m~V 1600 dfm©nyduM {H$Vr àJV hmoVm Vo `m ñV§^mdéZ g_OyZ òVo.

{dkmZ {ZË` hdm_mZ, àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ Am{U Ë`m hdm_mZmZwgma àmÊ`m§Mo g_m`moOZ 9392

{ZË` hdm_mZ, àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ Am{U Ë`m hdm_mZmZwgma àmÊ`m§Mo g_m`moOZ

EImÚm W§S> hdoÀ`m {R>H$mUr Oa Vwåhr H$mhr {XdgmgmR>r OmV Agmb Va ~°J âVmZm Vwåhmbm H$m` H$m` ¿`m`bm bmdVmV Vo Vwåhmbm AmR>dVo H$m? Ooìhm AmH$memV T>J O_m hmoVmV Voìhm Vwåhr ~mhoa nS>VmZm Vw_Mo AmB©-dS>rb Vwåhmbm N>Ìr KoD$Z OmÊ`m~m~V O~aXñVr H$aVmV. Kam_Üò EImXm _moR>m H$m`©H«$_ Agob Va KaMo bmoH$ hdm_mZm~m~V MMm© H$aVmZm Vwåhr EoH$b` H$m? EImXm Ioi gwé hmoÊ`mnydu hdm_mZm~m~V Vk MMm© H$aVmZm Vwåhr EoH$bmM Agmb. Vo EoHy$Z Vwåhmbm H$Yr AmíM`© dmQ>bo Zmhr H$m? hdm_mZmMm Ioimda J§^ra n[aUm_ hmoV Agmdm. Amnë`m OrdZmdahr hdm_mZmMm AË`m{YH$ n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Amnë`m ~è`mMem H$m_m§Mo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm Amåhr Ë`m {XdgmÀ`m hdm_mZmMm {dMma H$aVmo. amooOÀ`m hdm_mZmMm Ahdmb Amnë`mbm amoO {Q>ìhr, aoS>rAmo Am{U dV©_mZnÌmVhr nhm`bm {_iVmo. nU Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m ho hdm_mZ IamoIaM H$m` AgVo?

`m nmR>m_Üò AmnU {ZË` hdm_mZ (weather) Am{U àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ (climate) m {df`r Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. Ë`mMà_mUo {d{dY àH$maÀ`m àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmer g_m`moOZ gmYV {d{dY àH$maMo gOrd Amnmnë`m {ZdmgñWmZmV H$go OrdZ OJVmV Vohr AmnU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

7.1 {ZË` hdm_mZ

{MÌ 7.1 _Üò dV©_mZnÌmVrb hdm_mZmÀ`m AhdmbmMm EH$ Z_wZm {Xbobm Amho. Ë`m_Üò Amnë`mbm Joë`m 24 Vmgm_Yrb Vmn_mZ, AmÐ©Vm Am{U nO©Ý`_mZ `m {df`rMr _m{hVr {_iVo. Ë`m_Üò nyT>rb EH$m {XdgmÀ`m hdm_mZmMm A§XmO gwÜXm dV©{dbobm AgVmo. AmÐ©Vm åhUOoM hdoVrb nmÊ`mMm Ðdm§e (humidity) {H$Vr AgVmo `mMo _moO_mn.

H$moU ho Ahdmb ~ZdV AgVrb _bm J§_V dmQ>Vo!

{MÌ 7.1 {ZË`hdm_mZ AhdmbmMm dV©_mZ nÌmVrb Z_wZm.

7


emgH$s` hdm_mZ ImË`mH$Sy>Z (meteorological department) {ZË` hdm_mZmMo A§XmO V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV. ho ImVo Vmn_mZ, dmam BË`mXtMr _m{hVr Jmoim H$aVmV Am{U {ZË` hdm_mZmMo A§XmO dV©dVmV.

H¥$Vr 7.1

H$moUË`mhr dV©_mZ nÌmVrb _mJrb AmR>dS>`mÀ`m hdm_mZ Ahdmbm§Mr H$mÌU H$mTy>Z O_dm. Oa Vw_À`m KamV dV©_mZnÌo ZgVrb Va eoOmè`m§H$Sy>Z qH$dm {_Ìm§H$Sy>Z Vr {_idm Am{U Vw_À`m dhrV Ë`m Ahdmbm§À`m Zm|Xr H$am. OdiÀ`m dmMZmb`mVyZ gwÜXm Vwåhr hdm_mZ Ahdmb {_idy eH$Vm. gd© H$mÌU H$mTy>Z Vr EH$m nm§T>è`m H$mJXmda qH$dm H$mS>©{eQ> nonada {MH$Q>dm.

AmVm Ë`m_Yrb g§J«hrV _m{hVr Imbrb Vº$m 7.1 _Üò Zm|X H$am. n{hë`m AmoirV {Xbobr _m{hVr EH$ Z_wZm åhUyZ {Xbobr Amho. Vwåhr V`ma Ho$boë`m VŠË`mVrb _m{hVrZwgma H$moï>H$mV gd© _m{hVr âm.

Vº$m$ 7.1 EH$m AmR>dS>çmMr {ZË` hdm_mZ _m{hVr

{XZm§H$ H$_mb Vmn_mZ (oC)

{H$_mZ Vmn_mZ (oC)

{H$_mZ AmÐ©Vm %

H$_mb AmÐ©Vm %

nO©Ý`_mZ (mm)*

23-08-06 36.2 27.8 54 82

*(nO©Ý`_mZ XaamoO Zm|X{dbo OmV Zmhr H$maU XaamoO nmD$g nS>V Zmhr. åhUyZ gXa _m{hVr Zgob Va Vmo aH$mZm [aH$m_rM R>odmdm.)

nO©Ý`_mZ _moOÊ`mgmR>r Á`m gmYZmMm dmna H$aVmV Ë`mbm nO©Ý`_mnH$ (rain gauge) Ago åhUVmV. ho _wbV: EH$ X§S>JmobmH$ma _moOnmÌ Amho Á`mÀ`m darb ^mJmda nmdgmMo nmUr O_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ Zagmio ~g{dbobo AgVo.

AmR>dS>`m_Üò àËòH$ {Xder Vmn_mZ, AmÐ©Vm Am{U nO©Ý`_mZmÀ`m H$_mb Am{U


{H$_mZ Zm|Xr gma»`mM AmhoV H$m? H$mhr {XdgmgmR>r `m H$_mb Am{U {H$_mZ Vmn_mZmÀ`m Zm|Xr gma»`mM Agy eH$VmV. Varhr _m{hVrÀ`m gd©M g§»`m H$moUË`mhr XmoZ {XdgmgmR>r g_mZ Agy eH$V ZmhrV. EH$m AmR>dS>`mZ§Va Ë`m_Ü`o ~arMer V\$mdV Agy eH$Vo. EH$m {d{eï> {R>H$mUmÀ`m Vmn_mZ, AmÐ©Vm, nO©Ý`_mZ Am{U dmè`mMr {Xem Am{U JVr B. `m§À`m dmVmdaUmVrb pñWVrbm Ë`m {R>H$mUMo {ZË` hdm_mZ Ago åhUVmV. Vmn_mZ, AmÐ©Vm Am{U BVa KQ>H$m§Zm {ZË` hdm_mZmMo KQ>H$ Ago åhUVmV. EImÚm {R>H$mUMo {ZË` hdm_mZ {Xdg| {Xdg AWdm AmR>dS>`mZ§Va ~XbV AgVo. Ë`m_wioM AmnU Ago Zoh_r åhUVmo H$s, “AmOMo hdm_mZ Iyn X_Q> Amho.” qH$dm “_mJÀ`m AmR>dS>`mV hdm_mZ Ja_ hmoVo.”

{ZË` hdm_mZ hr EH$ Aer Šbrï> g§H$ënZm Amho Or AJXr WmoS>çm WmoS>çm doimZo ~XbV ahmVo. H$mhrdoim Vo gH$mir ñdÀN> gw`©àH$memZo COiVo Va bJoM Xþnmar T>JmZr ^éZ {ZKVo Am{U _wgiYma nmD$g nS>Vmo. Ë`mMà_mUo H$YrH$Yr H$mhr {_{ZQ>mVM nmD$g Wm§~Vmo Am{U ñdÀN> gy`©àH$memZo nwÝhm Amg_§V COiyZ {ZKVmo. Aem àH$maMm AZw^d Amnë`mbm Iyn doim Ambm Agob. Vwåhmbm Ambobm AZw^d AmR>dm Am{U Vw_À`m {_Ìm§gmo~V Ë`mda MMm© H$am. AemàH$mao {ZË` hdm_mZ hr EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr g§H$ënZm Agë`m_wio Ë`m~m~V A§XmO dV©dUo A{Ve` AdKS> H$m`© Amho.

Imbr {Xbobm AmboI (graph) nhm Á`m_Ü o _oKmb`_Yrb {ebm±J oWo 03 Am°JñQ> 2006 Vo 09 Am°JñQ> 2006 `m H$mbmdYrV Zm|X{dbobo H$_mb Vmn_mZ Xe©{dbobo Amho ({MÌ 7.2).

{XZm§H$ H$_mb Vmn_mZ(0oc)

03-08-2006 26.0oc04-08-2006 23.5oc05-08-2006 25.0oc06-08-2006 22.0oc07-08-2006 25.5oc08-08-2006 23.3oc07-08-2006 24.4oc

H$moUË`mhr {ZË` hdm_mZ AhdmbmdéZ ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s H$_mb Am{U {H$_mZ Vmn_mZmMr Zm|X hr XaamoO Ho$br OmVo. `m Vmn_mZmÀ`m Zm|Xr H$em H$aVmV Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m? 4 Ï`m

{MÌ 7.2 03 Vo 9 Am°JñQ> 2006 Xaå`mZÀ`m H$_mb Vmn_mZmVrb {d{dYVm AmboImV Xe©{dbobr Amho.


nmR>mV Vwåhr {eH$bm AmhmV H$s `mgmR>r {d{eï> Vmn_mnH$m§Mr gmo` Ho$bobr AgVo Ë`m§Zm H$_mb Vmn_mnH$ Am{U {H$_mZ Vmn_mnH$ åhUVmV. {Xdg^amV H$moUË`m doir H$_mb Vmn_mZ Am{U H$moUË`m doir {H$_mZ Vmn_mZ AgVo Vo Vwåhr AmoiIy eH$mb H$m?

gd©gm_mÝ`nUo {Xdg^amV XþnmaÀ`m doir H$_mb Vmn_mZmMr Zm|X hmoVo Va gH$mir nhmQ>oMo Vmn_mZ {H$_mZ Vmn_mZ AgVo. AmVm Vwåhmbm g_Obo H$m? H$s CÝhmù`mV XþnmaÀ`m doir H$m Agø dmQ>Vo? Am{U VwbZoZo gH$miÀ`m doir Oam gwgø H$m dmQ>Vo?

hdm_mZ BVŠ`mdoim H$go ~XbVo? _bm `mMo Amü`© dmQ>Vo n{hë`m

doir hdm_mZmMo _yi òmoV H$moUVo AgmdoV?

{ZË` hdm_mZmVrb gd© àH$maÀ`m ~Xbm§Zm gy`© H$maUr^yV AgVmo. gy`© hm CÀM Vmn_mZmdarb A{VCîU dm`y§Mm EH$ {demb Jmob Amho. gy`© Amnë`mnmgyZ A{VXÿada Amho. VargwÜXm gy`m©nmgyZ {_iUmar D$Om© BVŠ`m _moR>`m à_mUmda AgVo H$s n¥Ïdrdarb CîUVm Am{U àH$memMo _yi CJ_ñWmZ gy`©M Amho. åhUyZM Va {ZË` hdm_mZ ~XbmVrb CO}Mm à_wI ómoV gy`© Amho. H$moUË`mhr {R>H$mUÀ`m {ZË` hdm_mZmMr pñWVr R>a{dVmZm n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmÛmao emofbobr Am{U namd{V©V Ho$br Jobobr D$Om©, _hmgmJa Am{U dmVmdaU `m Jmoï>r à_wI ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmV. Oa Vwåhr g_wÐ{H$ZmanÅ>rdarb àXoemV ahmV Agmb Va Amnë`mbm OmUdob H$s Vw_À`m {R>H$mUMo hdm_mZ ho S>m|Jami ^mJmVrb hdm_mZmnojm qH$dm dmid§Q>r ^mJmVrb hdm_mZmnojm doJio Amho.

gy`m}X`mÀ`m doir Am{U gy`m©ñVmÀ`m doio~m~V H$m`? Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$s {hdmù`mV g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m doir bdH$a A§Yma nS>V Agë`m_wio Vwåhmbm OmñVdoi Ioim`bm {_iV Zmhr. CÝhmù`mÀ`m {Xdgmnojm {hdmù`mVrb {Xdgm§Mm H$mbmdYr H$_r H$m AgVmo? `m nmR>mÀ`m eodQ>r {Xbobm CnH«$_ nyU© H$éZ `m àíZmMo CÎma VwåhrM emoYyZ H$mT>m.

7.2 àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZhdm_mZVk (meteorologists) {ZË` hdm_mZmÀ`m Zm|Xr XaamoO H$aVmV. `m {ZË`

hdm_mZmÀ`m Zm|Xr H$mhr XeHo$ OnyZ R>odë`m OmVmV. `m Zm|Xr EImÚm {R>H$mUÀ`m àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmMm Z_wZm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>VmV. EImÚm {R>H$mUr XrK©H$mimn`ªV


åhUOoM Odinmg 25 df} KoVboë`m gamgar {ZË` hdm_mZmÀ`m `m Z_wÝ`mbmM Ë`m {R>H$mUMo àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ (climate) Ago åhUVmV. Oa Amnë`mbm Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo H$s, EImÚm {R>H$mUMo Vmn_mZ ~è`mMdoim Cƒ AgVo, Va AmnU Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s VoWrb àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ ho CîU Am{U X_Q> (hot and wet) Amho.

Imbrb Vº$m 7.2 Am{U 7.3 _Üò ^maVmVrb XmoZ doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUÀ`m àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmMr pñWVr {Xbobr Amho. _{hÝ`mMo gamgar Vmn_mZ Amnë`mbm XmoZ nm`è`m_Üò {_iVo. n{hë`m nmàrV _{hÝ`m§_Üò Zm|X Ho$boë`m Vmn_mZmMr gamgar H$mT>Uo. Ë`mZ§Va Xþgar nmàr åhUOo Aem AZoH$ gamgatMr AZoH$ dfm©Mr gamgar H$mT>Uo. `mdéZ Amnë`mbm gamgar Vmn_mZ {_iob. ^maVmVrb hr XmoZ {R>H$mUo åhUOo Oå_y Am{U H$mí_ra _Yrb Am{U Ho$ai _Yrb {VédZ§Vnwa_²>.

Vº$m 7.2 : lrZJa (Oå_y Am{U H$mí_ra) àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmMr _m{hVr

_{hZmgamgar Vmn_mZ oc EHy$U gamgar

nO©Ý`_mZ mmX¡Z§{XZ {H$_mZ X¡Z§{XZ H$_mb

OmZodar -2.3 4.7 57\o$~«wdmar -0.6 7.8 65

_mM© 3.8 13.6 99Eàrb 7.7 19.4 88

_o 10.7 23.8 72OyZ 14.7 29.2 37Owb¡ 8.2 30.0 49

Am°JñQ> 17.5 29.7 70

gßQ>|~a 12.9 27.8 33Am°ŠQ>mo~a 6.1 21.9 36Zmoìh|~a 0.9 14.7 27{S>g|~a -1.6 8.2 43

(gyMZm : EHy$U gamgar nO©Ý`_mZ ho nyUmªH$ g§»òV XmI{dbobo Amho)


Vº$m 7.3 : {VédZ§Vnya_² (Ho$ai) àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmMr _m{hVr

_{hZmgamgar Vmn_mZ oc EHy$U gamgar

nO©Ý`_mZ mmX¡Z§{XZ {H$_mZ X¡Z§{XZ H$_mb

OmZodar 22.2 31.5 23\o$~«wdmar 22.8 31.9 24

_mM© 24.1 32.6 40Eàrb 24.9 32.6 117

_o 24.7 31.6 230OyZ 23.5 29.7 321Owb¡ 23.1 29.2 227

Am°JñQ> 23.2 29.4 138

gßQ>|~a 23.3 30.0 175Am°ŠQ>mo~a 23.3 29.9 282Zmoìh|~a 23.1 30.3 185{S>g|~a 22.6 31.0 66

(gyMZm : EHy$U gamgar nO©Ý`_mZ ho nyUmªH$ g§»òV XmI{dbobo Amho.)

Vº$m 7.2 Am{U 7.3 `m§Mo {ZarjU H$éZ AmnU Oå_y-H$mí_ra Am{U Ho$ai `m XmoZ amÁ`m§À`m àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmVrb \$aH$ ghOnUo gm§Jy eH$Vmo. AmnU nmhþ eH$Vmo H$s Oå_y-H$mí_raÀ`m VwbZoV Ho$aiMo àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ ho A{Ve` CîU Am{U X_Q> Amho OoWo dfm©Mm ~amM H$mi àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ nwaogo CîU Am{U X_Q> AgVo.

^maV XoemÀ`m n{ü_ ^mJmV, CXmhaUmW© amOñWmZ _Üòhr Amnë`mbm gmaIrM _m{hVr {_iob. VoWo dfm©À`m A{YH$m{YH$ H$mimV Vmn_mZ CÀM AgVo, nU {hdmù`mVrb Ho$di H$mhr _{hZo Vmn_mZ EH$X_ H$_r hmoVo `m àXoemV nO©Ý`d¥ï>r A{Ve` H$_r AgVo. ho EH$ {d{eï> dmid§Q>r hdm_mZ Amho. Vo CîU Am{U H$moaS>o (hot and dry) Amho. ^maVmÀ`m B©emÝòH$S>rb àXoemV _mÌ dfm©_Üò OmñVrV OmñV H$mi nmD$g nS>V AgVmo, åhUyZ VoWrb àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ ho X_Q> Amho Ago AmnU åhUy eH$Vmo.


7.3 àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ Am{U g_m`moOZàmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmMm gd© gOrdm§À`m OrdZmda Iyn _moR>m n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. àmUr OJÊ`mgmR>r Á`m n[agamV ahmVmV VoWrb n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoV AgVmV, åhUOoM

g_m`moOZ H$aV AgVmV. A{V CîU Am{U A{V W§S> hdm_mZmnmgyZ Amnbo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {d{eîQ> d¡{eîQ>ço Agbr nm{hOoV. 6 dr À`m dJm©Vrb {dkmZÀ`m 9 ì`m nmR>mV {Xbobr g_m`moOZmMr ì`m»`m AmR>dm. {d{eï> n[apñWVrV ñdV…À`m n[agamer OwidyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àmÊ`m§Zm ghmæ`^yV R>aUmar Ë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U Ë`m§À`m gd`r `m CËH«$m§VrdmXmMmM EH$ n[aUm_ Amho.

9 ì`m nmR>m_Üò Vwåhr {ZË` hdm_mZ Am{U àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmMm VoWrb ^y^mJmda hmoUmam n[aUm_ `m ~m~V _m{hVr {_idmb. òWo AmnU àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmMm àmÊ`m§À`mda hmoUmam n[aUm_ `m~m~V _m{hVr {_i{dUma AmhmoV. 6 drÀ`m dJm©V {d{eï> {ZdmgñWmZm_Üò àmÊ`m§Mo g_m`moOZ `m~m~V Vwåhr dmMbm AmhmV. àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmV àmÊ`m§À`m gm_m`moOZmÀ`m CXmhaUmXIb Amåhr Ho$di Y¥dr` àXoemV Am{U {dfwdd¥Îmr` KZXmQ> AaÊ`mV ahmUmè`m àmÊ`m§~m~V MMm© H$é`m.

da gwM{dboë`m Zmdm§à_mUo Y¥dr` àXoe ho Y¥dmOdi AmT>iVmV. åhUOoM X{jU Y¥d Am{U CÎma Y¥dm Odirb àXoe.

`m Y¥dr` àXoemV òUmao H$mhr gwn[a{MV Xoe åhUOo H°$ZS>m, J«rZb±S>, AmB©gb±S>, Zm°d}, ñdrS>Z, {\$Zb±S>, CÎma A_o[aHo$_Yrb AmbmñH$m a{e`m_Yrb g¡~o[a`Z àXoe ho hmoV.

Ë`mMà_mUo {dfwdd¥Îmr` ^mJmVrb ~ma_mhr nmdgmir KZXmQ> AaÊò Á`m Xoem§_Üò ngabobr AmhoV Vo åhUOo ^maV, _boer`m, B§S>moZoer`m, ~«mPrb, H$m±Jmo, Ho${Z`m, `wJm§S>m Am{U ZmÒoar`m ho hmoV.

H¥$Vr 7.2

OJmMm EH$ ZH$mem ¿`m. Ë`m_Üò {Zù`m a§JmZo Y¥dr` àXoe XmIdm Am{U bmb a§JmZo {dfwdd¥Îmr` AaÊ`m§Mm àXoe XmIdm.(i) Y¥dr` àXoe …

Y¥dr` àXoemVrb (polar region) hdm_mZ ho A{Ve` W§S> AgVo. ho àXoe Zoh_r ~\$m©Zo AmÀN>mXbobo AgVmV Ë`m_wio dfm©Vrb ~amMgm H$mi òWo A{Ve` W§S>r AgVo. Y¥d àXoemV ghm _{hZo gy`© _mdiV Zmhr Am{U nwT>rb ghm _{hZo gy`© CJdVhr Zmhr. hm H$mi {hdmù`Mm AgVmo. `m H$mimV VoWrb Vmn_mZ - 37oc n`ªV Imbr OmVo. Aem à{VHw$b n[apñWVrV VoWo ahmUmao àmUr g_m`moOZ H$aVmV. Y¥dr` Añdbo Am{U n|½drZ `m§Mr CXmhaUo KoD$Z Vo `m àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmV H$go g_m`moOZ H$aVmV Vo AmnU AmVm nmhþ`m.

Y¥dr` Añdbm§Mo g§nyU© eara nm§T>è`mew^« _D$ Ho$gm§Zr PmH$bobo AgVo. Ë`m_wio nm§T>è`m ~\$m©i àXoemV Vo ghO {XgV ZmhrV. `mMm Cn`moJ Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m eÌw§nmgyZ ñdV…Mm ~Mmd H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§Zm Amnbo gmdO nH$S>Ê`mgmR>r gwÕm `mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.


VoWrb H$S>mŠ`mÀ`m W§S>rnmgyZ earamMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m A§Jmda _D$ Ho$gm§Mo XmoZ OmS> Wa AgVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§À`m ËdMoImbr Ma~rMm EH$ OmS> Wa gwÕm AgVmo. Ia Va Ë`m§Mo Vo AmÀN>mXZ BVHo$ D$~Xma AgVo H$s Ë`mZm CîUVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhrdoim BH$Sy>Z {VH$S>o gmdH$me {\$amdo bmJVo.

CÝhmù`mÀ`m {XdgmV Va `m em[aarH$ hmbMmbr_wio Ë`m§Zm {eVbrH$aUmMr Iyn JaO nS>Vo. åhUyZ Y¥dr` Añdbo nmohm`bm OmVmV. Ë`m§Zm CÎm_[aË`m nmohVm `oVo. Ë`m§À`m nm`mMo Vido (paws) ho é§X Am{U _moR>o AgVmV. Vo nmohÊ`m~amo~aM ~\$m©ÀN>mXrV àXoemV ghOnUo MmbÊ`mg qH$dm niÊ`mghr _XV H$aVmV. nmÊ`m_Ü`o Imobda nmohVmZm hr Añdbo Amnë`m ZmH$nwS>çm PmH$VmV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Iyn doi nmÊ`mImbr ahmÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Ë`mMo K«mUo§Ðr` (sense of smell) A{Ve` Vrd«« AgVo Ë`m_wio dmgmdéZ Amnbr {eH$ma nH$S>Ê`mg Ë`mbm _XV hmVo. Y¥dr` AñdbmMo g_m`moOZ Imbrb àdmhr VŠË`mÛmao Amnë`mbm Mm§Jbo g_Oob ({MÌ 7.3).

{MÌ 7.3

Y¥dr` àXoemV ahmUmam AmUIr EH$ gwn[aMrV àmUr åhUOo n|½drZ ({MÌ 7.4) n|½drZ gwÜXm nm§T>è`m a§JmMm AgyZ nm§T>è`mew^« ~\$m©i àXoemÀ`m nmíd©^y{_da ghOnUo {XgyZ oV Zmhr. no§½drZMr ËdMm OmS> AgVo Am{U Ë`mImbr Ma~rMm OmS> Wa W§S>rnmgyZ earamMo g§ajU H$aVmo. AZoH$ njr EH$Ì Jmoim Pmbobr {MÌo Vwåhr nm{hbm Agmb. EH$_oH$m§Zm {MH$Qy>Z ~gë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr eara Ja_ ahmVmV. AZoH$ bmoH$ EH$Ì EH$m _moR>`m ImobrV O_m Pmbo H$s {H$Vr Ja_ dmQ>Vo Vo Vwåhr AmR>dm. {MÌ 7.4 EH$Ì Jmoim hmoD$Z

~gbobo n|½drZ.

dmgmMo


Y¥dr` Añdbm§à_mUoM n|½drZ gwÜXm nmohÊ`mV nma§JV AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m earamMm AmH$ma _mem§à_mUo Zm¡H$mH$ma (streamlined) AgVmo. VgoM Ë`m§À`m nm`mVrb ~moQ>m§_Üò nmVi H$mVS>rMo Omio AgVo Oo Ë`m§Zm nmÊ`mV ghOJË`m nmohÊ`mg _XV H$aVo ({MÌ 7.5).

Y¥¥dr` àXoemV ahmUmao AmUIr H$mhr àmUr åhUOo {d{dY àH$maMo _mgo. H$ñVyar d¥f^ (musk oxen), aoZS>rà, H$moëho, grb, ìhob Am{U {d{dY àH$maMo njr ho hmoV. `m {R>H$mUr {deof bjmV KoÊ`mOmoJr hr Jmoï> Amho H$s Ooìhm _mgo A{Ve` W§S> nmÊ`mV XoIrb amhÿ eH$VmV VoWo njm§Zm _mÌ OJÊ`mgmR>r Ja_ ahmdo bmJVo. åhUyZ {hdmim gwé hmoVmM njr Ja_ hdoÀ`m {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. {hdmim g§nVmM Vo nwÝhm naV Amnë`m _yi {R>H$mUr oVmV. H$Xm{MV Vwåhmbm _mhrV Agob H$s, ^maV ho EH$ Aem njm§Mo à_wI AmdS>Vo {R>H$mU Amho. g¡~oar`Z ~Jù`m~Ôb Vwåhr EoH$bo Agob qH$dm nm{hbo Agob H$s Vo g¡~oar`mhÿZ amOñWmZ_Yrb âVnya, har`mUmVrb gwbVmZnya oWo Ë`mMà_mUo B©emÝ` ^maVmVrb XbXbrÀ`m àXoemV (wet lands) Am{U AemMàH$maÀ`m maVmVrb AÝ` {R>H$mUr H$mhr {XdgmgmR>r dmñVì`mg oVmV ({MÌ 7.6).

{MÌ 7.6 ñWbm§Va H$aUmao H$mhr njr

_mgo Am{U \w$bnm§Iao gwÕm njm§à_mUoM ñWbm§Va

H$aVmV H$m?

{MÌ 7.5 n|½drZMo n§Oo



ñWbm§Va H$aUmao. H$mhr njr Amnë`m dmgñWmZmVrb à{VHw$b hdm_mZmnmgyZ gwa{jV ahmÊ`mgmR>r Odi nmg 15000 km n`ªVMm àdmg H$é eH$VmV. Vo njr gm_mÝ`nUo OmñV C§MmdéZ CS>VmV, Á`m_wio dmhË`m dmè`mMm àdmh Ë`m§Zm CS>Ê`mg _XV H$aVmo Ë`mM~amo~a n§Im§À`m hmbMmbr_wio e[aamV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m CîUVoMo {Z`_Z C§Mmdarb W§S> hdo_wio Ho$bo OmVo. ho njr dfm©Zwdf} ñWbm§Va H$éZ nwÝhm H$go H$m` Amnë`m _wiñWmZr nmohmoMVmV ho ahñ` _mÌ AOVmJm`V CbJS>bo Zmhr. Ago dmQ>Vo H$s Ë`m§Mo {Xem AmoiIÊ`mMo kmZ {dH${gV Pmbobo Amho Á`m_wio H$moUË`m {XeoZo CS>mdo ho Ë`m§Zm g_OVo. H$mhr njr {Xem emoYÊ`mgmR>r H$Xm{MV _mJm©darb H$mhr IwUm dmnaV AgmdoV. AZoH$ njr {XdgmÀ`m doir gy`m©_wio Am{U amÌrÀ`m doir Vmè`m§Mm AmYma {Xem AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r KoV AgmdoV. njr n¥ÏdrÀ`m Mw§~H$s` joÌmMm dmna {Xem AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r H$aV AgmdoV Ago H$mhr nwamdo {_imbo AmhoV. VgoM Ho$di njrM ñWbm§Va H$aVmV Ago Zmhr Va H$mhr gñVZ àmUr, {d{dY àH$maMo _mgo, Am{U ~aoMgo {H$Q>H$ ho gwÕm F$Vy_mZmZwgma AZwHw$b hdm_mZmÀ`m {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va H$aVmV.

(ii) CîUH$Q>r~§Yr` KZXmQ> AaÊò

{dfwdd¥Îmr` àXoemV åhUOoM CîUH$Q>r~§YmV hr AaÊò Agë`m_wio VoWrb hdm_mZ ho gm_mÝ`nUo CîU AgVo. {hdmù`mVrb A{VW§S>rÀ`m _{hÝ`mVhr VoWrb Vmn_mZ 15oc nojm OmñVM AgVo. CÝhmù`mÀ`m H$mimV Vmn_mZ 40oc À`m da OmVo. nyU© df©â `m ^mJmV {Xdg Am{U amÌ ho Odinmg g_mZ H$mbmdYrMoM AgVmV. `m àXoem_Üò ânya nmD$g nS>V AgVmo. CîUH$Q>r~§Yr` ~ma_mhr nmdgmir AaÊò ho `m àXoem§Mo à_wI d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. hr KZXmQ> O§Jbo ^maVmV npíM_ KmQ> Am{U Amgm_ `m ^mJmV AmT>iVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a Am¾o` Am{e`m, _Ü` A_o[aH$m, Am{U _Ü` Am{\«$H$m `m ^mJmVhr hr KZXmQ> AaÊò AmT>iVmV. gVVMm nmD$g Am{U CîU hdm_mZ `m_wio `m ^mJmV _moR>`m à_mUmV O¡d {d{dYVm AmT>iyZ òVo `m AaÊ`m_Üò _moR>`m à_mUmV AmT>iUmè`m àmÊ`m§À`m àOmVr åhUOo dmZa, En²>g, Jmoarbm, dmK, hÎmr, {MÎmm, ganQ>Umao àmUr, gmn, njr Am{U {H$Q>H$.

AmVm AmnU CîUH$Q>r~§YmVrb A{VCîU Am{U X_Q> hdm_mZmV àmUr H$go g_m`moOZ H$aVmV `m~m~V _m{hVr KoD$.

`m àXoemVrb hdm_mZ pñWVr Ag§»` àH$maÀ`m àmÊ`m§À`m OrdZmg _moR>`m à_mUmV nmofH$ AgVo. Vo àmÊ`m§Mr g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mg nmofH$ AgVoM nU àmÊ`m§Mr {d{dYVmhr `m àXoemV _moR>`m à_mUmV AmT>iVo.

àmÊ`m§Mr g§»`m OmñV Agë`m_wio AÞ Am{U {Zdmam {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _moR>`m à_mUmV ñnYm©hr hmoVo. AZoH$ àmUr PmS>mdaM ahmUo ng§V H$aVmV. bmb S>moi`m§À`m ~oS>H$m§Mo ({MÌ 7.7) PmS>mda MT>Uo Am{U hmbMmb H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmoB©ñH$a ìhmdo åhUyZ nm`m§Mo n§Oo {MH$Q> ÐdmZo {dH${gV Pmbobo AgVmV. _mH$S>m§Mr bm§~ eonyQ> Ë`m§Zm PmS>mda amhÿZ BH$S>o {VH$S>o CS>`m _maVmZm \$m§Úmdarb nH$S> em~yV R>odÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aVo ({MÌ 7.8) Ë`m§À`m


hmVm nm`m§Mo Ad`d PmS>m§Zm/\$m§ÚmZm ghOnUo nH$Sy>Z R>odVm òB©b AemàH$mao {dH${gV Pmbobo AgVmV.

{MÌ 7.7 bmb-S>moù`m§Mm ~oSy>H$

{MÌ 7.8 _mH$S>mMr Z{dZ àOmVr

{MÌ 7.9 Q>m¡H$mZ

AÞ {_i{dÊ`mMr BVH$s Vrd« ñnYm© AgVo H$s H$mhr àmUr Ago AÞ {_i{dVmV Oo Ë`m§Zm ghOmghOr {_iV Zmhr. Q>m¡H$mZ njr ho `mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU Amho. ({MÌ 7.9) `m njmMr MmoM bm§~ d _moR>r AgVo. `mMo AÞ Agbobr \$io PmS>m§À`m ZmOyH$ Am{U H$_Omoa \$m§Úmda AgVmV. nU njmMo dOZ \$m§Úm noby Z eH$ë`m_wio njr AÞmn`ªV nmohMy eH$V Zmhr Aem n[apñWVrV Q>H$Z njmMr bm§~ Am{U _moR>r MmoM Ë`mbm \$im§n`ªV nmohMÊ`mg _XV H$aVo. CîUH${Q>~§YmVrb ~è`mMem àmÊ`m§Mr ldU|{Ðò Iyn g§doXZerb AgVmV, Ñï>r VrúU AgVo. H$mVS>r OmS> AgVo Am{U Ë`m§Mm a§J Omo Ë`m§À`m g^modVmbÀ`m n[agamer EH$én hmoB©b Agm ~XbVm òVmo `mMr Amnë`m eÌy§nmgyZ gwa{jV amhÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm _XV hmoVo. CXm. dmK Am{U qgh `m§Mr H$mVS>r OmS> AgVo Am{U ldU|{Ðò Iyn g§doXZerb AgVmV.

npíM_ KmQ>mVrb KZXmQ> AaÊ`m_Üò _Ho$H$ ZmdmMo

{MÌ 7.10 _Ho$H$ (Am{e`mB©)

Am{e`mB© dmZa AmT>iVmV. {MÌ 7.10 (`m§Zm XmT>rdmbo dmZa Agohr åhUVmV.) m§Mo _hËdmMo d¡{eï>` åhUOo Ë`mÀ`m _mZo^modVr XmoÝhr Jmbm§À`m ~mOyZo Am{U Jù`mV Agbobr énoar-nm§T>è`m a§JmMr Am`mi. hm àmUr PmS>mda MT>Ê`mV nQ>mB©V AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmMm A{YH$m§e H$mi Vmo PmS>mda KmbVmo. PmS>mdari \$io ho `mMo _w»` ImÚ Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo {~`m, H$modir nmZo, H$modio ImoS>, \w$bo, Am{U H$i`m ho gwÕm Vmo ImVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a PmS>mÀ`m gmbrImbr Agbobo {H$Q>H$ gwÕm ImÊ`mgmR>r emoYVmo. PmS>mda Ë`mbm nwaogo AÞ {_iV Agë`m_wio Vmo PmS>mdéZ O{_Zrda Šd{MVM CVaVmo.


^maVmVrb CîUH${Q>~§Yr` KZXmQ> AaÊ`mV AmT>iUmam AmUIrZ EH$ gwn[a{MV àmUr åhUOo hÎmr. ({MÌ 7.11) AaÊ`mVrb n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMo AZoH$ CÎm_ _mJ© hÎmrZo Adb§{~bobo AmhoV. Ë`mMr gm|S> nhm. Vmo Amnbr gm|S> ZmH$mà_mUo dmnaVmo. Á`m_wio Ë`mMr dmgmMr g§doXZeŠVr A{Ve` Vrd« Amho. VgoM AÞnXmW© d BVa dñVy CMbÊ`mgmR>rhr Vmo Amnë`m gm|S>oMm dmna H$aVmo. `m{edm` Ë`mMo gwio åhUOo {dH$grV XmV AmhoV. ho gwio Vmo PmS>mMr gmb H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r dmnaVmo Or Ë`mbm Iyn AmdS>Vo. åhUyZ hÎmr AÞ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m ñnYo©Vrb EH$ gj_ àmUr Amho. hÎmrMo _moR>o Am{U é§X H$mZ Ë`mbm A{Ve` gyú_ AmdmO EoH$Ê`mg ghmæ` H$aVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a CîUH${Q>~§YmVrb KZXmQ> AaÊ`mÀ`m CîU Am{U X_Q> hdm_mZmV eara W§S> R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMo H$mZ Cn`moJr nS>VmV.

à_wI eãX

g_m`moOZ H$_mb Vmn_mZ CîUH$Q>r~§Yr` KZXmQ> AaÊ`oàmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ ñWbm§Va CîUH$Q>r~§Yr` àXoe{ZË` hdm_mZmMo KQ>H$ {H$_mZ Vmn_mZ {ZË` hdm_mZAmÐ©Vm (X_Q>nUm) Y¥dr` àXoe

{MÌ 7.11 EH$ ^maVr` hÎmr



• Vmn_mZ, AmÐ©Vm, nO©Ý`_mZ, hdoMr JVr BË`mXtÀ`m AZwf§JmZo EH$mÚm {R>H$mUÀ`m dmVmdaUmMr X¡Z§{XZ pñWVr åhUOoM {ZË` hdm_mZ (weather) hmo`.

• gm_mÝ`nUo H$moUË`mhr XmoZ {XdgmMo Am{U XmoZ AmR>dS>`mMo {ZË` hdm_mZ gmaIoM ZgVo.

• gd©gm_mÝ`nUo XþnmaÀ`m doir {XdgmMo H$_mb Vmn_mZ Zm|X{dbo OmVo Va {H$_mZ Vmn_mZ gH$mir nhmQ>obm Zm|X{dbo OmVo.

• dfm©_Üò gy`m}X` Am{U gw`m©ñVmÀ`m doim ~XbV AgVmV. • {ZË` hdm_mZmVrb ~Xbm§Mo à_wI H$maU gy`©M AgVmo. • EImÚm {R>H$mUMo A§XmOo 25 df} KoVbobo gamgar {ZË` hdm_mZmMo Z_wZo åhUOoM Ë`m

{R>H$mUMo àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ (climate) hmo`. • CîUH$Q>r~§Yr` àXoe Am{U Y¥dr` àXoe ho n¥Ïdrdarb Ago àXoe AmhoV Á`m

{R>H$mUr àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmMr pñWVr AË`§V J§^ra d AmìhmZmË_H$ AgVo. • àmUr Á`m àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmV amhVmV VoWo Vo n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoD$Z

gm_m`moOZ H$aVmV. • Y¥dr` àXoe ho df©â W§S>rZo JmaR>bobo AgVmV `m àXoemV gy`© ghm _{hZo _mdiV

Zmhr d EH$Xm _mdibm H$s ghm _{hZo gy`© CJdV Zmhr. • Y¥dr` àXoemVrb àmUr nm§T>aoew^« _D$ Ho$gm§Mo Wa, dmgmMr Vrd« g§doXZ eŠVr,

ËdMoImbrb Ma~rMo OmS> Wa, ~\$m©i àXoemV ghOnUo MmbÊ`mgmR>r VrúU ZIo Agbobo é§X d _moR>o nm`mMo n§Oo B. JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§À`m ghmæ`mZo Y¥dr` àXoemVrb A{V W§S> n[apñWVrV g_m`moOZ H$aVmV.

• ñWbm§Va hm KmVH$ A{VW§S> n[apñWVrVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMm AmUIr EH$ _mJ© Amho. • CîUH$Q>r~§YmVrb gwH$a hdm_mZ pñWVr_wio àmUr Am{U dZñnVr `m§Mr àM§S> g§»`m

Am{U Ag§»` àOmVr `m ^mJmV AmT>iyZ òVmV. • CîUH$Q>r~§Yr` KZXmQ> AaÊ`m_Yrb àmUr AÞmgmR>r hmoUmè`m OrdKoÊ`m ñnYo©_Üò

ñdV…bm gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$maMo AÞ Am{U {Zdmam {ZdS>VmV. • CîUH$Q>r~§Yr` X_Q> KZXmQ> AaÊ`m_Üò amhUmao àmUr {d{dY àH$mao VoWrb n[apñWVrg

g_m`moOZ H$aVmV. Ogo H$s, PmS>mda ahmUo geŠV eonQ>`m§Mm {dH$mg, bm§~ Am{U _moR>`m AmH$mamÀ`m MmoMr, ^S>H$ a§J, VrúU ZIo AmdmO, \$im§Mm Amhma, gwú_ g§doXZerb ldU|Ðrò, {VúU Ñï>r, OmS> ËdMm, a§J ~XbÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` Oo {eH$mè`m§nmgyZ g§ajU {_i{dÊ`mg Cn`moJr nS>Vo BË`mXr.


Aä`mg

1. EImÚm {R>H$mUMo {ZË` hdm_mZ R>a{dÊ`mMo KQ>H$ H$moUVo?

2. {XdgâmV H$_mb Am{U {H$_mZ Vmn_mZ Zm|X{dÊ`mÀ`m doim H$moUË`m?

3. [aH$må`m OmJm âm.

(i) {XK©H$mim_Üò KoVbobo gamgar {ZË` hdm_mZ åhUOoM ___________

(ii) EImÚm {R>H$mUr A{Ve` H$_r nmD$g nS>V Agob Am{U VoWrb Vmn_mZ df©â CÀM Agob Va VoWrb àXo{eH$ hdm_mZ ___________ Am{U ___________ AgVo.

(iii)n¥Ïdrdarb AVre` {df_ àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ Agbobo XmoZ àXoe åhUOo ___________ Am{U ___________ ho hmoV.

4. Imbrb {R>H$mUMo àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ H$go Agob Vo Xe©dm

(a) Oå_y Am{U H$mí_ra : ___________

(b) Ho$ai : ___________

(c) amOñWmZ : ___________

(d) B©emÝ` ^maV : ___________

5. {ZË` hdm_mZ Am{U àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ `mn¡H$s dma§dma ~XbUmao hdm_mZ H$moUVo?

6. Imbr H$mhr àmÊ`m§Mr JwUd¡{eîQ>ço {Xbobr AmhoV.darb àËòH$ JwUd¡{eîQ>ç ho CîUH$Q>r~§Yr` KZXmQ> AaÊ`mVrb Amho qH$dm Y¥dr` àXoemVrb g_m`moOZmgmR>r Amho Vo AmoiIm. darbn¡H$s H$mhr JwUd¡{eîQ>ço XmoÝhr àXoemVrb g_m`moOZmgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>VmV Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m?

(i)(iii)(v)

(vii)

\$io OmñV ImVmV

ñWbm§Va H$aUo Amdí`H$

nm`mÀ`m Viì`mdarb {MH$Q>nUm

_moR>o Am{U é§X nm`m§Mo n§Oo

(ii)(iv)(vi)

(viii)

earadarb nm§T>ao _D$ Ho$g

_moR>m AmdmO

ËdMoImbr Ma~rMm OmS> Wa

^S>H$ a§J

(ix) _O~yV eonQ>çm (x) bm§~ Am{U _moR>r MmoM


7. CîUH$Q>r~§YmVrb nmdgmir KZXmQ> AaÊ`mV àmÊ`m§Mr g§»`m àM§S> Amho. `mMo H$maU ñnï> H$am.

8. H$mhr àmUr {d{eï> àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZmVM amhVmV ho CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$éZ gm§Jm.9. hÎmr CîUH$Q>r~§YmVrb KZXmQ> nmdgmir AaÊ`m_Üò H$go g_m`moOZ H$aVmV Vo {bhm.10. A§Jmda nÅ>o Agbobm EH$m _m§gmhmar àmUr Omo gmdO nH$S>Ê`mgmR>r doJmZo YmdVmo, Vmo `m

àXoemV AmT>iVmo. (i) Y¥dr` àXoe (ii) dmid§Q> (iii) _hmgmJa (iv) CîUH$Q>r~§YmVrb KZXmQ> AaÊò11. A{VW§S> àXoemV amhÊ`mgmR>r Y¥¥dr` AñdbmH$S>o Agbobo JwUd¡{eð>`.

(a) _D$ nm§T>aoew^« Ho$g, ËdMoImbr Ma~rMm Wa, g§doXZerb K«mU|{Ðò.(b) nmVi H$mVS>r, _moR>o S>moio, Am{U C~Xma _D$ nm§T>ar bmoH$a.(c) bm§~ eonyQ>, _O~yV ZIo Agbobm n§Om, é§Xr nm`mMo Vido.(d) nmT>ao ew^« eara, nmohÊ`mgmR>r n§Oo, ídgZmgmR>r H$„o.

12. CîUH$Q>r~§YmVrb àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ gm§JUmam n`m©` …-(a) CîU Am{U X_Q>(b) _m\$H$ Vmn_mZ Am{U OmoaXma nmD$g.

(c) W§S> Am{U X_Q>

(d) CîU Am{U H$moaS>o


1. {hdmù`mVrb EH$m _{hÝ`mVrb ({S>g|~a) H«$_dma 7 {XdgmMo {ZË` hdm_mZ Ahdmb O_dm. Ë`mMà_mUo CÝhmù`mVrb EH$m _{hÝ`mVrb (OyZ) {ZË` hdm_mZ Ahdmb O_dm. AmVm Imbr {Xboë`m H$moï>H$_Üò gw`m}X` Am{U gw`m©ñVmÀ`m doim§Mr Zm|X H$am.

Vº$m

OyZ {S>g|~a

{XZm§H$ gw`m}X` gy`m©ñV {XZm§H$ gw`m}X` gy`m©ñV


Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am.

(i) CÝhmim Am{U {hdmù`mVrb gy`m}X`mÀ`m doioV H$m` \$aH$ Amho H$m?

(ii) gy`m}X` bdH$a Ho$ìhm hmoVmo Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo.

(iii) OyZ Am{U {S>g|~a _{hÝ`mV gw`m©ñVmÀ`m doio_Ü`ohr H$mhr \$aH$ Vwåhmbm OmUdbm H$m?

(iv) {XdgmMm H$mbmdYr A{YH$ Ho$ìhm AgVmo?

(v) amÌrMm H$mbmdYr A{YH$ Ho$ìhm AgVmo?

(vi) {Xdg H$mhrdoim _moR>o Am{U H$mhrdoim bhmZ AgÊ`mMo H$maU H$m` Agmdo?

(vii) OyZ Am{U {S>g|~a_Yrb {ZdS>boë`m {Xdgm§À`m bm§~tMm AmboI H$mT>m (AmboI H$mJXmda Xe©{dÊ`m~m~VÀ`m gwMZm 13 ì`m nmR>mV {Xë`m AmhoV.)

2. ^maVr` hdm_mZ {d^mJm~Ôb _m{hVr {_idm. eŠ` Agob Va Ë`m§À`m do~gmB©Q>da Om … http/www.imd.gov.in `m {d^mJm_m\©$V Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m H$m`m©~m~V WmoS>Š`mV Ahdmb {bhm.


CîUH$Q>r~§YmVrb nmdgmir KZXmQ> AaÊ`m§Zr n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥ï>^mJmMm 6% ^mJ ì`mnbobm Amhoo, nU VoWo gd© gOrdg¥ï>rÀ`m AÜ`m©nojm OmñV àmUrg¥ï>r AmT>iVo. Am{U n¥Ïdrdarb EHy$U dZñnVtÀ`m BVH$s \w$bPmS>o `m àXoemV AmT>iVmV. Var gwÕm `mn¡H$s AÜ`m©nojm OmñV àmUr d dZñnVr Amnë`mbm AmOn`ªV n[aM`mMo ZmhrV.

{dkmZ dmao, dmXio Am{U MH«$sdmXio 109108

dmao, dmXio Am{U MH«$sdmXio8

18 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1999 amoOr Amoargm_Üò 200 km/h doJmZo MH«$sdmXimMo W¡_mZ, gXa MH«$sdmXimZo Odinmg 7,00,000 bmoH$m§Zm ~oKa H$aV 45,000 B_maVtZm CÜdñV Ho$bo. Ë`mM dfu 29 Am°ŠQ>mo~abm nyÝhm EH$Xm 260 km/h BVŠ`m àM§S> doJmZo Xþgè`m MH«$sdmXimZo Amoargm_Üò W¡_mZ KmVbo àM§S> 9 _rQ>a BVŠ`m ^`§H$a C§MrÀ`m g_wÐr bm§Q>mZr Amoargmbm PmoS>nyZ H$mT>bo. hOmamo bmoH$ _¥Ë`y_wIr nS>bo, H$amoS>mo én`m§À`m _mb_ÎmoMm {dZme Pmbm. H¥$fr, dmhVyH$, XiUdiU g§nH©$ì`dñWm Am{U {dÚyV ì`dñWm `mda gwÕm MH«$sdmXimMo ^`§H$a n[aUm_ Pmbo.

{MÌ 8.1 AmoargmÀ`m {H$Zmè`mda YS>H$ XoVmZm MH«$sdmXimMo CnJ«hmdéZ KoVbobo N>m`m{MÌ

gm¡OÝ` : ^maVr` hdm_mZ {d^mJ, Zdr {Xëbr.nU, H$m` AmhoV hr MH«$sdmXio? Vr H$er {Z_m©U hmoVmV? Vr BVH$s {dÜd§gH$ H$er

~ZVmV? AemàH$maÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ AmnU `m nmR>mV H$aUma AmhmoV.hdoMm Am§V^m©d Agboë`m H$mhr H¥$VrZr AmnU gwadmV H$é`m `m H¥$VrdéZ

MH«$sdmXimMr H$mhr _wb^yV d¡{eîQ>ço ñnï> hmoVrb. gwadmV H$aÊ`m AmYr EH$ Jmoï> bjmV Agy Úm H$s, dmhË`m hdobm dmam (wind) åhUVmV.8.1 hdobm Xm~ AgVmoH¥$Vr 8.1

Á`mdoir H¥$Vr_Üò CîUVm Úmdr bmJVo Ë`mdoir Iyn H$miOrnyd©H$ H¥$Vr H$amdr. Vw_À`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb dS>rbYmè`m bmoH$m§À`m gm{ZÜ`mVM Aem H¥$Vr H$amì`mV. qH$dm {ejH$m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr `m H¥$Vr H$amì`mV.


Imbrb H¥$Vr_Üò Vwåhmbm nmUr CH$imdo bmJUma Amho.

EH$ PmH$U Agbobo nmVi nÍ`mMo H°$Z ¿`m. Vo nmÊ`mZo AY} âm. Ë`mbm ñnrarQ>À`m {Xì`mZo nmUr CH$ion`ªV CîUVm Úm. Ë`mZ§Va {Xdm {dPdyZ R>odm. bJoMM H°$ZMo PmH$U KÅ> bmdm. Ja_ Pmbobo H°$Z hmVmiVmZm hmV ^mOUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ¿`m. ~§X Ho$bobo H°$Z H$miOrnyd©H$ _moR>çm ^m§S>çmV R>odm Am{U Ë`mda W§S> nmUr AmoVm. AmVm H°$ZÀ`m AmH$maMo {ZarjU H$am, Ë`mV H$m` ~Xb Pmbobm {Xgbm?

H°$Z Ago gd© ~mOy§Zr Monë`mMo H$maU H$m` Agmdo? Vwåhr AmoiIy eH$mb H$m?

Oa Vwåhmbm nÍ`mMo H°$Z {_imbo Zmhr Va nmÊ`mMr ßbmpñQ>H$Mr ~mQ>br Vwåhr dmné eH$Vm. nU ßbmñQ>rH$ ~mQ>brbm CîUVm XoD$ ZH$m, Va Ë`m_Üò Ja_ nmUr ^éZ PmH$U KÅ> bmdyZ bJoMM W§S> nmÊ`mÀ`m ZimImbr Yam. Vwåhmbm darb à`moJmMmM AZw^d òB©b.

AmVm Vw_Mo H$mhr AZw^d AmR>dm. Ooìhm Vwåhr nV§J CS>dVm Ë`mdoir dmam Vw_À`m nmR>r_mJwZ òVmo H$m?

Oa Vwåhr ~moQ>rVyZ dëhdV àdmg Ho$bm Agmb Va dmam Vw_À`m nmR>r_mJyZ òV Agë`mg ~moQ> dëhdUo gmono hmoB©b H$m?

Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho H$s, gm`H$bÀ`m Q>çy~ _Üò Amåhmbm hdm âmdr bmJVo. VgoM Amåhr Amdí`H$Vonojm OmñV hdm âbr H$s gm`H$bMr Q>çy~ \$mQy eH$Vo. gm`H$bÀ`m Q>`y~_Üò hdoM H$m`© H$m` AgVo?

gm`H$bÀ`m Q>çy~_Yrb hdm {Vbm `mo½` AmH$ma H$gm XoVo `m~m~V Vw_À`m {_Ìm§er MMm© H$am.

`m gd© AZw^dmdéZ EH$ Jmoï> Amnë`m bjmV òVo H$s hdobm Xm~ AgVmo. `m Xm~m_wioM dmam dmhVmZm Pm§S>mMr nmZo, ~°Za, qH$dm P|S>o \$S>\$S>VmV. hdobm Xm~ AgVmo ho XmI{dUmao AmUIr H$mhr AZw^d AmR>dyZ Ë`m§Mr `mXr Vwåhr H$é eH$Vm.

AmVm AmnU darb à`moJmVrb H°$Z qH$dm ~mQ>br H$m MonVo `mMo {díbofU H$é`m. Ja_ H°$Zda Ooìhm W§S> nmUr AmoVbo OmVo Ë`mdoir H°$Z_Yrb dm\$ W§S> hmoD$Z {VMo nmÊ`mV én§mVa hmoVo. Aem pñWVrV H°$Z_Yrb hdm H$_r hmoVo Am{U {VMm Xm~hr ~mhoarb hdoÀ`m Xm~mÀ`m VwbZoV H$_r hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio H°$Z qH$dm ~mQ>br ~mhoaÀ`m ~mOyZo MonVo.

`m H¥$Vr_wio nwÝhm EH$Xm Amnë`mbm hdobm Xm~ AgVmo `mMr ImÌr hmoVo.

{MÌ 8.2 Ja_ nmUr Agboë`m H°$Zda W§S> nmUr AmoVë`mg


8.2 OmoamZo dmhUmè`m dmè`m_Üò hdoMm Xm~ H$_r Pmbobm AgVmo.

H¥$Vr 8.2

{MÌ 8.3 ~mQ>br_Üò \w§$H$Uo

EH$ H$mJXmMm VwH$S>m ¿`m Am{U Vmo MwaJiyZ Jmob ~moim ~Zdm. H$mJXmÀ`m ~mooù`mMm AmH$ma ~mQ>brÀ`m Vm|S>mnojm bhmZ Agy Úm. AmVm {MÌmV XmI{dë`mà_mUo ~mQ>br AmS>dr Yam Am{U H$mJXmMm ~moim ~mQ>brÀ`m AmVrb ~mOwbm Vm|S>mdaM R>odm. AmVm H$mJXmÀ`m ~moù`mda \w§$H$a _méZ H$mJXmÀ`m ~moim AmV KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am. hrM H¥$Vr doJdoJù`m AmH$mamÀ`m [aH$må`m ~mQ>ë`m KoD$Z H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am. Vw_À`m {_Ìm§er \w§$H$a _méZ ~moim AmV KmbÊ`mMr n¡O bmdm.

nhobr Am{U ~wPmo ho XmoKhr Imbrb àíZmda {dMma H$arV AmhoV.

H$mJXmMm ~moim \w§$H$a _méZ AmV KmbUo AdKS> H$m hmoV Amho?

H¥$Vr 8.3

\w$½`m_YyZ \w§$H$a Kmbm

{MÌ 8.4 \w$½`m§À`m _YyZ \w§$H$Uo

XmoZ gma»`mM AmH$mamMo \w$Jo ¿`m. Ë`m_Üò WmoS>o WmoS>o nmUr Kmbm Am{U XmoÝhr \w$Jo \w$Jdm Am{U Xmoè`mZo ~m§Ym. AmVm A§XmOo EH$ \w$Q> bm§~rMr H$mR>r qH$dm bmoI§S>r giB© ¿`m Am{U Ë`mda XmoÝhr \w$Jo EH$_oH$mnmgyZ 8-10cm A§Vamda amhVrb Aem [aVrZo Q>m§Jm. AmVm XmoÝhr \w$½`mÀ`m _YyZ \w§$H$a Kmbm.


Vwåhmbm H$m` Ano{jV hmoVo? Am{U àË`jmV H$m` KS>bo? \w$½`m§Zm doJdoJù`m àH$mao \w$§H$m`Mm à`ËZ H$am Am{U H$m` KS>Vo Vo nhm.

H¥$Vr 8.4

Vwåhr \w§$H$a KmbyZ CMby eH$Vm H$m?EH$ 20 cm bm§~ Am{U 3 cm é§XrMr H$mJXmMr nÅ>r ¿`m Am{U Vr {MÌmV XmI{dë`m

à_mUo ({MÌ 8.5) {M_Q>rV YéZ Vm|S>mg_moa Yam Am{U nÅ>rdéZ EH$ \w§$H$a Kmbm.

nhobrbm dmQ>Vo H$s H$mJXr nÅ>r da CMbbr OmB©b. nU ~wPmobm dmQ>Vo H$s H$mJXr nÅ>r dmH$boë`m pñWVrV VerM amhrb.

{MÌ 8.5 H$mJXrnÅ>rda \w§$H$a KmbUo

Vwåhmbm H$m` dmQ>Vo? nÅ>rM H$m` hmoB©b? AmVm AmnU darb H¥$Vr 8.2, 8.3 Am{U 8.4 `m H¥$VtÀ`m {ZarjUm§Mm AW© g_OmdyZ KoD$`m.

darb H¥$VrdéZ dmè`mMr JVr dmT>{dë`mg Ë`mMm Xm~ H$_r hmoVmo Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>bo H$m?

Ooìhm AmnU ~mQ>brÀ`m Vm|S>mVyZ AmV \w§$H$a KmbVmo Ë`mdoir Vm|S>mOdiÀ`m hdoMm doJ dmT>Vmo Ë`m_wio Vm|S>mOdirb hdoMm Xm~ H$_r hmoVmo. Am{U ~mQ>br_Yrb hdoMm Xm~ VwbZoZo OmñV hmoVmo. hdm OmñV Xm~mH$Sy>Z H$_r Xm~mH$S>o dmhV Agë`mgwio H$mJXmMm ~moim ~mhoa T>H$bbm OmVmo.

H¥$Vr 8.3 _Ü`o Ooìhm Vwåhr XmoÝhr \w$½`m§À`m _YyZ \w§$H$a KmVbr Voìhm Vo \w$Jo EH$_oH$m§H$S>o AmH${f©V Pmbo. ho Ago H$go hmoD$ eH$Vo? XmoZ \w$½`m_Yrb hdoMm Xm~ H$_r Pmbm VaM Ago KSy> eH$Vo XmoÝhr \w$½`m§À`m _Yrb hdoÀ`m Xm~mÀ`m VwbZoV \w$½`m§À`m Xþgè`m ~mOydarb hdoMm Xm~ OmñV Pmbm Va hdm \w$½`m§Zm EH$_oH$m§H$S>o T>H$bVo. Am{U åhUyZM \w$Jo EH$_oH$m§H$S>o AmH${f©V Pmë`mgmaIo Amnë`mbm {XgyZ Ambo.

H¥$Vr 8.4 Amnë`mbm {XgyZ Ambo H$s AmnU Ooìhm H$mJXmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyZo \w§$H$a KmVbr Ë`mdoir H$mJXmMr nÅ>r da CMbbr Jobr. Á`mdoir nÅ>rÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOwH$S>rb hdm


\w§$H$a KmVë`m_wio JVr_mZ Pmbr Ë`mdoir VoWrb hdoMm Xm~ H$_r Pmbm. Ë`m VwbZoV nÅ>rÀ`m Imbrb ^mJmVrb hdoMm Xm~ OmñV Pmë`mZo nÅ>r daÀ`m {XeoZo T>H$bbr Jobr.

darb {VÝhr H¥$VrdéZ Amnë`mbm Ago {XgyZ Ambo H$s dmè`mMr JVr dmT>{dbr AgVm hdoMm Xm~ AmnmoAmn H$_r hmoVmo qH$dm hdoMr dmT>bobr JVr Xm~ H$_r H$aVo.

KamÀ`m H$m¡bmé N>VmdéZ Oa dmam OmoamZo dmhV Agob Va H$m` hmoB©b `mMr Vwåhr H$ënZm H$é eH$Vm H$m`? Oa H$m¡bo hbŠ`m à{VMr AgVrb Va Vr CSy>Z OmD$ eH$VmV. AemàH$maMm EImXm àg§J Vwåhr AZw^dbm Agmb Va Ë`m~m~V Vw_À`m {_Ìm§er MMm© H$am.

AmVm AmnU dmao H$go {Z_m©U hmoVmV, Vo H$emàH$mao nmD$g KoD$Z `oVmV Am{U H$mhrdoim Vo {dZmeH$mar H$go ~ZVmV Vo g_OyZ ¿`m`Mm à`ËZ H$é`m.

`mnyduM Vwåhmbm _m{hV Amho H$s dmhË`m hdobm dmam åhUVmV. hdm OmñV Xm~mÀ`m àXoemH$Sy>Z H$_r Xm~mÀ`m àXoemH$S>o dmhVo. XmoÝhr àXoemVrb hdoÀ`m Xm~m_Yrb \$aH$ {OVH$m OmñV {VVŠ`m A{YH$ doJmZo dmam dmhVmo nU hdoÀ`m Xm~m_Yrb hm \$aH$ {ZgJm©V H$em_wio {Z_m©U hmoVmo? Vmn_mZmVrb \$aH$mMm `mda H$mhr n[aUm_ hmoVmo H$m? ho g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb H¥$Vr Amnë`mbm ghmæ` H$aVrb.

Ja_ Z{bHo$À`m _wImda KÅ> ~g{dbobm \w$Jm

\w$Jm ~g{dbobr Z{bH$m Ja_ nmÊ`mV ~wS>dyZ R>odbobr Amho

\w$Jm ~g{dbobr Z{bH$m Jma nmÊ`mV ~wS>dyZ R>odbobr Amho.

{MÌ 8.6 Ja_ Am{U W§S> nmÊ`mVrb \w$½`m§Mm ~Xbbobm AmH$ma

8.3 CîUVm {Xë`mZo hdm àgaU nmdVo.

H¥$Vr 8.5

EH$ H$mMoMr CîUVmJ«mhH$ Z{bH$m ¿`m. EH$ \w$Jm Z{bHo$À`m Vm|S>mda KÅ> ~gdm. \w$Jm KÅ> ~g{dÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr {MH$Q>nÅ>rMm dmna H$é eH$Vm. Ë`mZ§Va EH$m


M§MynmÌmV WmoS>o CH$ibobo Ja_ nmUr ¿`m. Ë`mZ§Va \w$Jm ~g{dbobr Z{bH$m Ë`m M§MwnmÌmV R>odm. \w$½`mÀ`m AmH$mamVrb ~Xb 2-3 {_{ZQ>o bjnyd©H$ {ZarjU H$am. AmVm Z{bH$m ~mhoa H$mT>m Am{U W§S> hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr doi R>odyZ Úm. Xþgè`m EH$m M§MwnmÌmV {\«$O_Yrb Jma nmUr ¿`m. Am{U \w$Jm OmoS>bobr ZbrH$m AmVm `m M§MwnmÌmV 2-3 {_{ZQ>o R>odm. nwÝhm _Yrb \w$½`mÀ`m AmH$maVrb ~Xb H$miOrnyd©H$ {ZarjU H$am.

{dMma H$éZ Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úmd`mMm à`ËZ H$am.Z{bH$m Ja_ nmÊ`mV R>odë`mZ§Va \w$½`mMm AmH$ma WmoS>mgm \w$J{dë`mà_mUo H$m Pmbm?Z{bH$m {\«$O_Yrb W§S> nmÊ`mV R>odë`mZ§Va VmoM \w$Jm Am§Hw${MV H$m Pmbm? Amnë`m

n{hë`m {ZarjUmdéZ CîUVm {Xë`mZo hdm.àgaU nmdVo Ago AZw_mZ AmnU H$mTy> eH$Vmo H$m?Z{bH$m Ooìhm W§S> Ho$br Jobr Voìhm Ë`mVrb hdoM H$m` Pmb Vo Vwåhr gm§Jy eH$mb H$m?Amnbr nwT>rb H¥$Vr \$ma J§_VrXma Amho. Ja_ hdo~Ôb A{YH$ _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mg

Amnë`mbm `m H¥$VrMm OmñV Cn`moJ hmoB©b.

H¥$Vr 8.6

XmoZ [aH$m_r H$mJXr {neì`m qH$dm H$mJXr H$n ¿`m. EH$ bmH$S>r H$mR>r qH$dm bmoI§S>r giB© KoD$Z Ë`m {neì`m AmH¥$VrV XmI{dë`mà_mUo H$mR>rÀ`m XmoÝhr Q>moH$mda Q>m§Jm.

I~aXmar

noQ>Vr _oU~Îmr H$miOrnyd©H$ hmVmim.

{MÌ 8.7 Ja_ hdm da MT>Vo

H$mR>rÀ`m _Ymo_Y Xmoam ~m§Ym Am{U Ë`m Xmoè`mZo H$mR>r VamOwà_mUo AYm§Var amhrb Aer Q>m§Jm qH$dm YéZ R>odm`bm gm§Jm ({MÌ 8.7) AmVm AmH¥$VrV XmI{dë`mà_mUo EH$m {nedrÀ`m Imbr noQ>Vr _oU~Îmr R>odm. AmVm H$m` hmoVo Ë`mMo bjnyd©H$ {ZarjU H$am.

{neì`m gwadmVrbm g_Vmob hmoË`m. AmVm Ë`m§Mm Vmob H$m {~KS>bm? Ja_ Pmbobr hdm daÀ`m {XeoZo OmV Agë`mMo øm H¥$VrdéZ {XgyZ `oVo H$m? OgOer Ja_ Pmbobr hdm da da OmVo Ver Vr {nedrbm da T>H$bVo. Ë`m_wio {neì`m§Mm Vmob {~KS>Vmo. Ë`m_wio Ja_ hdm W§S> hdonojm hbH$s AgVo Ago Amnë`mbm dmQ>V Zmhr H$m?

AmVm Vwåhr gm§Jw eH$mb H$m H$s Yya Zoh_r daÀ`m {XeoZo H$m OmVmo?


`m {R>H$mUr bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIr AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMr Jmoï> Aer H$s CîUVm {Xë`mZo hdm àgaU nmdVo Am{U Vr OmñV OmJm ì`mnVo. EH$ dñVy Oa AmYrnojm OmñV OmJm ì`mnV Agob Va Vr dOZmZo hbH$s hmoVo. Am{U åhUyZM Ja_ hdm hr W§S> hdonojm dOZmZo hbH$s AgVo. Yya Zoh_r daÀ`m {XeoZo OmÊ`mMo hoM H$maU Amho.

{ZgJm©V ~è`mM doim Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo H$s EImÚm {R>H$mUMr hdm Ja_ hmoD$Z daÀ`m {XeoZo {ZKyZ OmVo. Voìhm Ë`m {R>H$mUr hdoMm Xm~ H$_r hmoVmo. Aem doir g^modmaMr W§S> hdm Ë`m {R>H$mUr OmoamZo dmhÿZ òVo. Am{U hdo_Üò EH$ A{^gaUmMr {H«$`m KSy>Z òVo. `m {H«$ò~m~V Vwåhr nmR> H«$_m§H$ 4 _Üò {eH$bm AmhmV.

8.4 n¥Ïdrdarb CîUVoÀ`m {df_Vo_wio dmè`m§Mo àdmh {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

`m~m~VÀ`m pñWVr Aem AmhoV :

a) {dfwdd¥Îm Am{U Y¥d `m§À`m_Üò {Z_m©U hmoUmar Am¡pîUH$ {df_Vm.

{MÌ 8.8 n¥Ïdrdarb CîUVoÀ`m {df_Vo_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobo dmè`m§Mo

àdmh.

^yJmob_Üò Vwåhr {eH$bm Agmb H$s {dfwdd¥Îmr` àXoemV gy`©{H$aUo b§~énmZo nS>V Agë`m_wio Ë`m àXoemV OmñV Ja_r AgVo. `m àXoemVrb hdm Ja_ hmoVo, Ë`m_wio Vr hbH$s hmoD$Z da da OmD$ bmJVo. OgOer Ja_ hdm da OmD$ bmJVo VgVer {VWo {Z_m©U Pmbobo nmoH$ir ^éZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOwH$S>rb 0-30 A§e Ajm§e nÅ>>çmVyZ W§S> hdm OmoamZo dmhÿZ òVo. ho dmao CÎma Am{U X[jU Y¥dmH$Sy>Z {dfwdd¥ÎmmH$S>o dmhVmV. Y¥dr` àXoemVrb hdm hr 60o Ajm§emn`ªVÀ`m nÅ>`mVrb hdonojm W§S> AgVo. Ë`m_wio `m nÅ>`mVrb hdm Ooìhm Ja_ hmoVo Voìhm Vr da OmD$ bmJVo Am{U {VMr OmJm ^éZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Y¥dr` àXoemVrb W§S> hdm {VH$S>o dmhÿ bmJVo. Aem [aVrZo dmè`mMo ho Y¥dr` àXoemH$Sy>Z CîU H$Q>r~§YmH$S>o dmhÊ`mMo MH«$ {MÌ 8.8 _Üò XmI{dë`mà_mUo gwé amhVo.

AmH¥$VrV XmI{dbobo dmao CÎma-X{jU `m {XeoZo H$m dmhV ZmhrV

`mMoM AmíM`© dmQ>Vo _bm !


dmao Oa H$m CÎma-X{jU {XeoZo CÎmao H$Sy>Z X{jUoH$S>o AWdm X{jUoH$Sy>Z CÎmaoH$S>o dm{hbo AgVo Va Ë`m§À`m {XeoV hmoUmam ~Xb hm n¥ÏdrÀ`m n[a^«_Um_wio Pmbm AgVm.b) O_rZ Am{U nmÊ`mÀ`m CîUVoMr {df_Vm

g_wÐr dmao qH$dm Imao dmao Am{U O{_Zrdarb dmao qH$dm _VbB© dmao `m~m~V Vwåhr `m nwñVH$mVrb Mm¡Ï`m nmR>mV dmMbmM Agmb.

CÝhmù`m_Üò {dfwdd¥ÎmmOdirb àXoemVrb O_rZ Iyn bdH$a VmnVo Am{U ~è`mM doim òWrb O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ g_wÐmVrb nmÊ`mÀ`m Vmn_mZmnojm OmñV dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio O{_Zrdarb hdm VmnVo Am{U hbH$s Pmë`m_wio da OmD$ bmJVo. `m H$maUm_wio dmao g_wÐmH$Sy>Z O{_ZrH$S>o dmhÿ bmJVmV. `m§ZmM _mÝgyZ dmao åhUVmV ({MÌ 8.9).

_mÝgyZ hm eãX _m¡g_ `m Aao{~H$ eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho Á`mMm AW© F$Vy Agm hmoVmo.

{hdmù`mV dmè`mMm hm àdmh {déÜX {XeoZo dmhÿ bmJVmo. Vmo O{_ZrdéZ g_wÐmH$S>o dmhÿ bmJVmo ({MÌ 8.10).

g_wÐrdmao Amnë`mgmR>r nmÊ`mMo T>J dmhÿZ AmUVmV Ë`m_wio nmD$g nS>Vmo. hm EH$ ObMH«$mMm ^mJ Amho.

_mÝgyZ dmao àdmhm~amo~a nmÊ`mMo T>J dmhÿZ AmUVmV Ë`m_wio nmD$g nS>Vmo.T>J nmD$g KoD$Z òVmV Am{U Amnë`mgmR>r AmZ§X Am_À`m XoemVrb eoVH$ar Amnë`m

{nH$m§gmR>r àm_w»`mZo nmdgmdaM Adb§~yZ ahmVmV. T>J Am{U nmD$g `mda AmYm[aV Iyner bmoH$JrVo aMbobr AmhoV. Aer JmUr Vwåhmbm _mhrV AgVrb Va Vw_À`m {_Ìm§gmo~V ZmMyZ JmD$Z AmZ§X bwQ>m. EH$ JmUo Imbr Vw_À`mgmR>r {Xbobo Amho.

Ambm Ambm dmam, g§Jo nmdgmÀ`m Ymam nmR>dUr H$am g`m {ZKmë`m gmgwam Zì`m ZdVrM§ ~mB© bH$mH$V§ én _mIb§ J§ D$Z OZy hiXrMm bon AmoR>r hgy, nmnUrV Amgdm§Mm Pam.

AmOdar `mZm {H$Vr Onb§ Onb§ H$miOmM§ nmUr {H$Vr {enb§ {enb§ MoVdyZ àmU `m§Zm {Xbm J§ C~mam òJir _mVr AmVm J§ òJir Xþ{Z`m Am^mimMr _m`m ~mB© H$arb {H$_`m \w$bb§ ~mB© nmdgmZ§ _wbwI J§ gmam Ambm Ambm dmam, g§Jo nmdgmÀ`m Ymam.

ho dmao Amnë`mgmR>r H$m` H$aVmV Vo _bm g_OyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho.


gm¡OÝ` : ^maVr` hdm_mZ {d^mJ, Zdr {X„r

nmdgm_wio Amnë`mbm Zoh_r \$m`XoM hmoVmV Ago Zmhr Va ~è`mMdoim nmdgm_wio J§^ra g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr g_ñ`m§Mr Vwåhr `mXr H$é eH$mb H$m?

Vwåhr Vw_À`m nmbH$m§er Am{U {ejH$m§er Ë`m g_ñ`m§Mr H$maUo Am{U Ë`mdarb Cnm` `mda MMm© H$am.

{ZgJm©_Ü`o gwÕm H$mhrdoim Aer {dÜdg§H$ n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo Or àmUr, dZñnVr Am{U _mZdr OrdZmgmR>rhr KmVH$ R>é eH$Vo.

{MÌ 8.10 O{_Z Am{U nmÊ`mÀ`m CîUVoMr {df_Vm {hdmù`m_Ü`o B©emÝ`-erV dmao {Z_m©U H$aVo. ho erV dmao Amnë`m~amo~a WmoS>o nmÊ`mMo T>J dmhÿZ

AmUVmV Ë`m_wio {hdmù`mV WmoS>m nmD$g nS>Vmo Ë`mbm AmnU naVrMm nmD$g åhUVmo.

{MÌ 8.9 O{_{Zdarb CîUVoMr {df_Vm, {deofV… amOñWmZMr dmid§Q>o CÝhmù`mV Z¡F$Ë` _mÝgyZ dmao {Z_m©U H$aVmV. ho dmao qhXr

_hmgmJamVyZ nwîH$igo nmÊ`mMo T>J dmhÿZ AmUVmV.


AmVm AmnU AemM XmoZ {dÜd§gH$ g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$é. _oKJO©Zm Am{U {dOm§À`m H$S>H$S>mQ>mgh hmoUmar dmXio Am{U MH«$sdmXio.8.5 dmXio Am{U MH«$sdmXio

CîUH$Q>r~§YmVrb A{V CîU Am{U X_Q> àXoem_Üò dmXio dma§dma {Z_m©U hmoVmV. dmT>Ë`m Vmn_mZm_wio Ja_ hdm _moR>`m à_mUmV da OmD$ bmJVo. `m da OmUmè`m hdoV ~è`mM à_mUmV dm\o$À`m ñdénmV nmÊ`mMm A§e AgVmo. da Joë`mZ§Va `m dm\o$Mo KZr^dZ hmoD$Z W§S> Pmë`mZ§Va Vo nmdgmÀ`m W|~m§À`m ñdénmV nyÝhm O{_Zrda nS>Vo. _moR>_moR>`mZo hmoUmè`m _oKJO©Zogh OmoamMm dmam Am{U nmD$g `m§ZmM dmXi (thunderstorms) Ago åhUVmV. `m {dOoÀ`m H$S>mS>Ê`m~m~V Vwåhr nwT>rb B`ÎmoV {eH$mb.

dmXimV Oa {dOoMm H$S>H$S>mQ> hmoV Agob Va AmnU Imbrbà_mUo I~aXmar KoVbr nm{hOo. • {demb _¡XmZr àXoemV EImXoM PmS> Agob Va Ë`mImbr Amgè`mg Wm§~y Zò.

Oa O§JbmV Agmb Va EImÚm N>moQ>çm PmS>mImbr Agam ¿`m`bm haH$V Zmhr. O_rZrda Imbr nSy>Z amhÿ Zò.

• N>ÌrMo darb Q>moH$ YmVyMo Agë`mg Vohr KmVH$ R>é eH$Vo. åhUyZ YmVyÀ`m Q>moH$mÀ`m N>Í`m dmné ZòV.

• {IS>H$sOdi ~gy Zò. CKS>o J°aoO, AS>JirÀ`m Imoë`m, nÍ`m§Mo eoS> Aer {R>H$mUohr Amgam KoÊ`mg gwa{jV ZgVmV.

• H$ma qH$dm ~g Amgam KoÊ`mg gwa{jV {R>H$mU AgVo. • Oa Vwåhr nmÊ`mV Agmb (nmohUo) Va ~mhoa oD$Z bJoM KamV qH$dm B_maVrV Amgam ¿`m.

dmXimMo MH«$sdmXimV H$go énm§Va hmoVo?Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$s nmÊ`mMo dm\o$V énm§Va hmoÊ`mgmR>r CîUVm Úmdr bmJVo. _J

dm\o$Mo KZr^dZ hmodyZ nmÊ`mV nwÝhm énm§Va hmoVmZm CîUVm {Z_m©U hmoVo H$m? Agm EImXm AZw^d Vwåhmbm AmR>dVmo H$m Á`m_Üò dm\o$Mo nmÊ`mV énm§Va hmoVmZm CîUVm _wŠV hmoVo?

MH«$sdmXimMr g§aMZm

MH«$sdmXimMo H|$Ð (_Ü` ^mJ) ho EH$ em§V àXoe AgVmo Ë`mbm dmXimMm S>moim Ago åhUVmV. EH$ _moR>o MH«$sdmXi åhUOo 10-15 km C§Mr n`ªVÀ`m dmVmdaUmV Jmob {\$aV CËnmV _mO{dUmao dmè`mMo àM§S> bmoi hmoV. `mÀ`m H|$ÐmMm ì`mg 10 km nmgyZ 30 km n`ªV doJdoJù`m AmH$mamMm Agy eH$Vmo. ({MÌ 8.11) øm ^mJmV \$mago T>J ZgVmV Am{U dmam hiydma dhmV AgVmo. Aem em§V Am{U ñdÀN> _Ü`^mJm g^modVr Odinmg 150 km n`ªV T>J ngabobo AgVmV. VgoM `m ^mJmV Odinmg 150 Vo 250 km/h doJmZo dmao H|$ÐmÀ`m g^modma {\$aV AgVmV. {demb T>J, OmoamMm _wgiYma nmD$g Am{U dmao `m§Zr `m àXoemV CËnmV _mO{dbobm AgVmo. `m ^mJmnmgyZ OgOgo Xÿa OmD$ VgVgo dmè`mMm doJ H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVmo. MH«$sdmXio {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr hr à{H«$`m A{Ve` Šbrï> AgVo. `mMm EH$ Z_wZm {MÌ 8.11 _Üò XmI{dbobm Amho.


T>J V`ma ìhm`À`m AmYr dmVmdaUmVrb CîUVo_wio nmÊ`mMo dm\o$V énm§Va hmoVo. Á`mdoir dm\o$Vo T>J nwÝhm Ðdr^dZ hmoD$Z nmÊ`mÀ`m W|~m§À`m ñdénmV (nmD$g) nS>VmV Ë`mdoir nmÊ`mH$Sy>Z dm\$ hmoVmZm emofbobr CîUVm _wŠV hmoVo Am{U dmVmdaUmV {_giVo Ë`m_wio hdm Ja_ hmoVo. hr hdm da OmVmZm nmÊ`mÀ`m W|~mda EH$ àH$maMm Xm~ {Z_m©U H$aVo. Ja_ hdm da OmV Agë`m_wio nwÝhm dmXimÀ`m H|$ÐmH$S>o A{YH$m{YH$ dmam dmhþ bmJVmo. ho MH«$ gmVË`mZo gwé amhVo. nmD$g nS>Uo, dmVmdaUmV Vmn_mZ dmT>Uo, hdm Ja_ hmoD$Z da OmUo Am{U dmam OmoamZo nyÝhm H|$ÐmH$S>o dmhUo øm gmIirV Xm~ A{Ve` H$_r hmoVmo Am{U Ë`m_wio dmam CƒV_ doJmZo H|$Ðm^modVr dmhVmo. hdm_mZmÀ`m `m pñWVrbmM AmnU MH«$sdmXi (cyclone) Ago åhUVmo. OmoamZo dmhUmam dmam, Ë`mMr {Xem, Vmn_mZ, AmÐ©Vm `mgmaIo KQ>H$ gwÜXm MH«$sdmXi {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Vr dmT>Ê`mg _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmV.

~mhoa OmUmam àdmh

daOmUmar hdm Imbr

OmUmar hdm

MH«$sdmXim-Mr {Xem dmè`mMm

PÀtÄÚ

gmVË`mZo dmT>Umam àdmh

harHo$Z dmao gmVË`mZo H$_r hmoUmam àdmh

{MÌ 8.11 MH«$sdmXi V`ma hmoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m

{MÌ 8.12 dmXimÀ`m S>moù`mMo N>m`m{MÌ

{MÌ 8.13 MH«$sdmXim_wio da CR>Umè`m nmÊ`mÀ`m bmQ>m

gm¡OÝ` : ^maVr` hdm_mZ ImVo, Zdr {X„r.

8.6 MH«$sdmXim_wio hmoUmam {dÜd§g

MH«$sdmXio A{Ve` {dÜd§gH$ Agy eH$VmV. dmXio eoH$S>mo {H$bmo_rQ>a Xÿa AgVmZm gwÕm OmoamMm dmam nmÊ`mbm doJmZo {H$Zmè`mH$S>o T>H$bVmo. hoM MH«$sdmXi `oÊ`mM§ n{hb§


bjU Amho. `m dmè`mZo {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m nmÊ`mÀ`m bmQ>m gwÕm BVŠ`m àM§S> eŠVrembr AgVmV H$s _mUyghr Ë`m§Zm {Z`§{ÌV H$é eH$V Zmhr

H|$Ðm_Üò {Z_m©U Pmboë`m H$_r Xm~m_wio VoWrb nmÊ`mMm n¥ð>^mJ da CMbbm OmVmo. da CMbboë`m øm nmÊ`mMm ñVa 3 Vo 12 _rQ>a n`ªV C§M Agy eH$Vmo ({MÌ 8.13).nmÊ`mÀ`m {dembH$m` q^Vr {H$Zmè`mda OmD$Z AmXiVmhoV Ago ho Ñí` {XgVo. Ë`m_wio gmhOrH$M nmUr {H$Zmè`mda. dgboë`m dñË`m_Üò _moR>`m à_mUmV OmVo. `m nmÊ`mV BVH$s àM§S> eŠVr AgVo H$s Ë`m_wio _moR>`m à_mUmV {O{dV Am{U {dÎm hmZr hmoVo. O{_ZrMr gw{nH$Vmhr `m Imè`mnmÊ`m_wio A{Ve` H$_r hmoVo. Ë`m_Üò gmVË`mZo _wgiYma nmD$g `m_wio n[apñWVr AmUIrZM KmVH$ ~ZVo Am{U nya gÑí` pñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo.

MH«$sdmXimVrb OmoamMo dmao Kao PmS>o, XÿaÜdZr ì`dñWm Am{U BVa g§nH©$, dmhVwH$, XiUdiU ì`dñWm CÜdñV H$éZ Q>mH$VmV. m_wio AË`m{YH$ à_mUmV Am{W©H$ hmZr Va hmoVoM {edm` {OdrV hmZrht _moR>`m à_mUmV hmoVo.

OJmVrb {d{dY ^mJmV MH«$sdmXio doJdoJù`m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVmV. A_oarHo$Vrb CnI§S>mV m§Zm harHo$Z åhUVmV Va {\$brnmB©Ýg Am{U OnmZ _Ü o MH«$sdmXim§Zm Q>m`\y$Z `m Zm§dmZo AmoiIVmV ({MÌ 8.14).

{MÌ 8.14 {dfwdd¥ÎmmOdirb àXoe OoWo MH«$sdmXio {Z_m©U hmoVmV. MH«$sdmXio h`m OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarb KQ>Zm AmhoV.

CÎma n°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJa

Q>m`\$ZM{H«$dmT>i harHo$Z

X{jU n°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJa

qhXr _hmgmJa

M{H«$dmXiharHo$Z

CÎma AQ>bm§Q>H$ _hmgmJa

dmdQ>ir

Amnë`m XoemV `m dmdQ>ir (tornadoes)dma§dma hmoV ZmhrV. dmdQ>i EH$ JS>X H$mù`m a§JmMo Zagmù`mÀ`m AmH$mamMo T>J Oo C§M AmH$memVyZ O{_Zrn`ªV nmohmoMbobo AgVmV. ({MÌ 8.16) ~è`mMXm dmdQ>ir `m BVŠ`m _moR>`m ZgVmV, {H$aH$moi AgVmV. {dÜd§gH$ dmdQ>ir `m 300 km/h BVŠ`m àM§S> JVrZo àdmg H$aVmV. MH«$sdmXim_Üòhr Aem dmdQ>ir {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV. {MÌ 8.16 dmdQ>irMo

CÎma AQ>bm§Q>H$ _hmgmJa


^maVmMr g§nyU© {H$ZmanÅ>r MH«$sdmXim_wio Agwa{jV Amho, {deofV… nyd© {H$ZmanÅ>r. npíM_ {H$ZmanÅ>rda `m dmXim§Mr {Vd«Vm H$_r Amho Am{U g§»`m (dma§dm[aVm) hr H$_r Amho. Ë`m_mZmZo ^maVmMr n{ü_ {H$ZmanÅ>r WmoS>r gwa{jV Amho Ago åhUm`bm haH$V Zmhr.

dmdQ>itMm ì`mg EH$ _rQ>a n`ªV bhmZ Agy eH$Vmo Am{U EH$ {H$bmo_rQ>a BVH$m _moR>m nU Agy eH$Vmo, qH$dm Ë`mnojmhr _moR>m Agy eH$Vmo. dmdQ>irMo nm`mH$S>rb Zagmù`mgmaIo _wI H$Mam, Yyi, {ZH$m_r Pmboë`m dñVy§Mo {T>Jmao Ago gd©H$mhr H$_r Xm~m_wio AmV emofbo OmVmV Am{U daÀ`m {XeoZo Q>moH$mH$S>o \o$H$bo OmVmV. Imbr H$mhr bmoH$m§Mo AZw^dmMo ~mob {Xbobo AmhoV Á`m§Zr àM§S> dmdQ>itMm àË`j gm_Zm Ho$bobm Amho. ({S>ñH$dar M°Zobdarb Young Discovery H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m l¥§IboVyZ KoVbobo AmhoV.)

“_r {dembH$m` T>J àM§S> doJmZo {\$aV òVmZm nm{hbo. dmQ>oV H$m` gmnS>ob Vo emofyZ KoVmZm nm{hbo. nU _r XadmOmH$S>o nmohMVmo Z nmohmoMVmo BVŠ`mV _mPo Ka hdoV C§M AmH$memV CSy>Z Jobo hmoVo. nU _bm Oamhr BOm Pmbr Zmhr.”

“$dmdQ>i òD$Z Joë`mZ§Va Amåhmbm JìhmÀ`m eoVmVyZ {ZH$m_r Pmboë`m dñVy§Mo Adeof O_m H$amdo bmJbo. YmVw§Mo nÌo, PmS>m§À`m \$m§Úm, _oboë`m H$m|~S>`m Á`m§Mr nrgo gwÜXm CSy>Z Jobr hmoVr, Am{U ggo Á`m§Mr H$mVS>r gmobbobr hmoVr Ago gd© H$mhr Amåhr O_m Ho$bo.”

dmdQ>itnmgyZ ~Mmd åhUOo O{_ZrImbr Agboë`m {IS>Š`m {dahrV _moH$ù`m ImobrV Aml` KoUo. qH$dm {IS>Š`m XadmOo KÅ> bmdyZ Q>o~b, ~mH$, qH$dm Aem {R>H$mUr Amgam ¿`mdm OoWo {d{dY VrúU dñVy nmohMy eH$Uma ZmhrV. H$mhrM {_imbo Zmhr Va {MÌ 8.15 _Üò XmI{dë`mà_mUo JwS>Ko Q>oHy$Z Imbr ~gmdo d dmHy$Z XmoÝhr hmVm§Zr S>moŠ`mbm Am{U _mZobm gwa{jV H$amdo.

{MÌ 8.15 dmdQ>irnmgyZ ~Mmd


8.7 n[aUm_H$maH$ Cnm` `moOZm …

• g§~§{YV ImË`mH$Sy>Z MH«$sdmXim§Mr nyd©gwMZm Am{U gwajm ì`dñWm H$aUo.

• gaH$mar EOÝgr, dmhZ Vi, _mpÀN>_ma, OhmOo Am{U BVa gd©gm_mÝ` OZVm `m§À`mn`ªV MH«$sdmXimMr _m{hVr bdH$amV bdH$a nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r à^mdr g§nH©$ ì`dñWoMm dmna H$aU

• dmXiJ«ñV àXoem_Üò dmXir H$mimV Aml` KoÊ`mgmR>r Aml`ñWmZo ~m§YUo VgoM bmoH$m§Zm gwa{jV ñWir hb{dÊ`mgmR>r VwV© àemgH$s` ì`dñWm H$aUo.

gm¡OÝ` : ^maVr` hdm_mZ {d^mJ, Zdr {X„r

AmnU {eH$bmo AmhmoV H$s gd© àH$maMr dXio hr hdoÀ`m H$_r Xm~mM àUmbr Amho. `m dmXim§À`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò dmè`mMr JVr _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVo. åhUyZM dmè`mÀ`m JVrMo _mnZ ho gdm©V _hËdmMo H$m`© Amho. dmè`mÀ`m JVrMo _mnZ H$aUmè`m gmYZmbm A°Zo_mo_rQ>a (anemometer) Ago åhUVmV.

{MÌ 8.17 dmè`mMr JVr _moOÊ`mgmR>r dmnabobo A°Zo_mo_rQ>a

gm¡OÝ` … ^maVr` hdm_mZ {d^mJ, Zdr {X„r

bmoH$m§Zr H$m` H$am`bm hdo …

• {Q>ìhr, aoS>rAmo, dV©_mZnÌo `m _mÜ`_mÛmao hdm_mZ ImË`mH$Sy>Z {Xë`m OmUmè`m gwMZm§H$S>o AmnU Xþb©j H$é Zò. Ë`mM~amo~a AmnU -

KamVrb AË`mdí`H$ dñVy, nmird àmUr, dmhZo B. gh gwa{jV ñWir OmÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Cnm``moOZm H$amdr nwaJ«ñV ^mJmVrb añË`mdéZ dmhZo Mmb{dUo Q>mimdo. AË`mdí`H$ godm, Oem nmobrg, A½Zre_Z Xb, XdmImZm d Amamo½` godm BË`mXtMo XþaÜdZr H«$_m§H$ Amnë`mgmo~V R>odmdoV.

Oa Vwåhr dmXi gÑí` àXoemV amhV Agmb Va Vw_À`mgmR>r AmUIr H$mhr gmdYJrarÀ`m gwMZm.

• nmUr XþfrV Pmbobo Agy eH$Vo. Ago nmUr {nD$ Zò. {nÊ`mMo nmUr Zoho_r Aemdoir doJio gmR>dyZ R>odmdo.


• {dOoÀ`m ~Q>Um§Zm Amobo hmV bmdy ZH$m. Ë`mM~amo~a VwQ>boë`m Vmam§Zmhr hmV bmdy Zò.

• dmXir dmVmdaUmV Ioim`bm qH$dm {\$am`bm ~mhoa nSy> ZH$m.

• AmnVH$mbrZ gwajm OdmZm§Zm AZw{MV Jmoï>tgmR>r O~aXñVr H$é Zò. qH$dm Ë`m§À`mda X~md Q>mHy$ Zò.

• Vw_À`m {_Ìm§er, eooOmè`m§er ghH$m`m©Zo dmJm, Ë`m§Mr eŠ` {VVH$s _XV H$am.

8.8 AË`mYy{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMr _XV.

gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV AmnU ~è`mn¡H$s gwa{jV AmhmoV. Joë`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV. {H$ZmanÅ>rda amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm Aem dmXir pñWVrMm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm V`margmR>r Ho$di EImXm {XdgM {_iV Ago. nU AmOMo OJ ho doJio Amho. aS>ma Am{U CnJ«h mgma»`m AË`mYy{ZH$ gmYZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo òUmè`m dmXim§Mr qH$dm MH«$sdmXim§Mr nyd©gyMZm (cyclone alert) 48 Vmg AmYrM {_iVo. Ë`mM~amo~a 24 Vmg AmYrM MH«$sdmXimMr nyd©gwMZm Omar Ho$br OmVo. OgOgo dmXi {H$Zmè`mH$S>o òB©b VgVem gwMZm EH$m Vmgm§Zr qH$dm VmgmZr nwÝhm nwÝhm {Xë`m OmVmV. AZoH$ amï´>r` Am{U A§mVaamï´>r` g§ñWm m dmXiJ«ñV n[apñWVrV _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>o òVmV.

à_wI eãX

A°Zo_mo{_Q>a H$_r Xm~ dmdQ>iMH«$sdmXi _mÝgyZ dmao Q>m`\y$ZharHo$Z Xm~ dmam dmhÊ`mMo Z_wZodrO H$S>mS>Uo dmXio


• Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m hdobm Xm~ AgVmo.

• hdm CîUVm {Xë`mg àgaU nmdVo Am{U W§S> Ho$ë`mg AmHw§$MZ nmdVo.

• Ja_ hdm hbH$s hmoD$Z da OmVo Va VwbZoZo O{_ZrbJVMr hdm OS> d W§S> AgVo. • OgOer CîU hdm da OmD$ bmJVo, VgVgo Ë`m {R>H$mUMm hdoMm Xm~ H$_r hmoVmo Am{U

Vr nmoH$ir ^éZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r W§S> hdm VoWo dmhÿ>Z òVo. • dmhË`m hdobm dmam Ago åhUVmV. • n¥Ïdrdarb CîUVoMr {df_Vm hoM dmam dmhÊ`mMo _w»` H$maU Amho.

12


• nmÊ`mMo T>J dmam dmhÿZ ZoVmo. Ë`m_wio nmD$g nS>Vmo. • doJmZo dmhUmao dmao Am{U hdoÀ`m Xm~mVrb {d{dYVm hrM M{H«$dmXim§Mr _w»`H$maUo

AmhoV. • CnJ«h Am{U aS>ma `§ÌUm `mgma»`m AË`mYy{ZH$ gmYZm_wio dmXiJ«ñV n[apñWVrer

gm_Zm H$aUo gmono Pmbo Amho. • ñdghmæ` hoM CÎm_ ghmæ`. òUmè`m dmX>im§Mm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mMo {Z`moOZ AmYrMo Ho$bo

nm{hOo.

• T>J V`ma hmoD$Z nmD$g nS>Uo Am{U dmXio Am{U MH«$sdmXim§Mr {Z{_©V g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb àdm{hV-VŠVm Vwåhmbm Cn`moJr nS>ob.

XmoZ àXoemVrb Vmn_mZmV Agbobm \$aH$

hdo_Üò CîUVoMo A{^gaU

Ja_ hdm da OmVo Ë`m_wio H$_r Xm~mMo àXoe {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

W§S> hdm øm H$_r Xm~mÀ`m àXoemH$S>o dhmVo.

Ja_ hdm da OmVo. Ë`m_Yrb dm\o$Mo

KZr^dZ hmoD$Z T>J V`ma hmoVmV.

`m_Yrb _moR>o OS> Pmbobo nmÊ`mMo W|~ Jmam, nmUr

qH$dm {h_dfm©d ñdénmV O_rZrda nS>VmV.

nmS>Umao nmdgmMo W|~ Am{U da da Omo_mZo OmUmar Ja_ hdm

`m§À`m_wio _oKJO©Zm, {dOogh dmXio {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

H$mhr {d{eï> hdm_mZmÀ`m pñWVr_Üò

dmXim§Mo MH«$sdmXimV énm§Va hmoVo.


Aä`mg

1. Imbrb dmŠ`mVrb Jmibobo eãX âm.

(a) dmam åhUOoM ___________ hdm.(b) CîUVoÀ`m ___________ _wio n¥Ïdrda dmè`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.(c) n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥ï> ^mJmda ___________ hdm da OmVo Am{U Ë`m {R>H$mUMr OmJm ^éZ

H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ___________ hdm òVo.(d) hdm ___________ Xm~mÀ`m àXoemH$Sy>Z ___________ Xm~mÀ`m àXoemH$S>o dmhVo.

2. EImÚm {R>H$mUÀ`m dmè`mMr {Xem AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r / emoYÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ nÜXVr gwMdm.

3. hdobm Xm~ AgVmo Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Ê`mMo Vwåhr AZw^dbobo XmoZ àg§J gm§Jm. (nwñVH$mV {Xbobo àg§J dJiyZ)

4. Vwåhmbm Ka IaoXr H$am`Mo Amho. Va Vwåhr {IS>Š`m Agbobo nU g§dmVH$ (ventilators) Zgbobo Ka IaoXr H$amb H$m? H$maU ñnï> H$am.

5. _moR>o Om{hamV \$bH$ Am{U ßbmpñQ>H$ ~°Za `m§Zm {N>Ðo H$m R>odbobr AgVmV Vo ñnï> H$am.

6. Oa MH«$sdmXi Vw_À`m ehamÀ`m/JmdmÀ`m {XeoZo òVo Agë`mg Vwåhr Vw_À`m eoOmè`m§Zm H$er _XV H$amb?

7. MH«$sdmXimV n[apñWVrMm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$emàH$mao {Z`moOZ H$amb.

8. Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo {R>H$mU MH«$sdmXimZo à^m{dV hmoUma Zmhr Ago dmQ>Vo.

(i) MoÞB© (ii) _§Jiya (iii) A_¥Vga (iv) nwar

9. Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo {dYmZ AMyH$ Amho ?(i) {hdmù`mV dmao O{_ZrH$Sy>Z g_wÐmH$S>o dmhVmV.(ii) CÝhmù`mV dmao ^y^mJmH$Sy>Z g_wÐmH$S>o dmhVmV.(iii)A{V Cƒ Xm~mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_wio MH«$sdmXio CËnÞ hmoVmV. Am{U Ë`m^modVr dmao A{Ve`

doJmZo {\$é bmJVmV.(iv) maVr` g_wÐH$sZmanÅ>r MH«$sdmXimnmgyZ gwajrV Amho.


1. Vw_À`m Kar Vwåhr H¥$Vr 8.5 hr Oamer doJù`mnÜXVrZo H$é eH$Vm. XmoZ g_mZ AmH$mamÀ`m ßbmpñQ>H$ ~mQ>ë`m ¿`m. XmoÝhr ~mQ>ë`m§À`m _wImda XmoZ \w$Jo VmUyZ ~gdm. EH$ ~mQ>br CÝhmV R>odm d Xþgar gmdirV. Am{U Vw_Mr {ZarjUo Zm|Xdm. Vw_Mr {ZarjUo Am{U \$brV H¥$Vr 8.5 _Yrb \${bVm§er VwbZm H$am.


2. Vwåhr ñdV… Vw_Mo A°Zo_mo_rQ>a ~Zdy eH$Vm. àW_ Imbrb gm{hË` O_dm.

4 bhmZ AmB©ñH«$s_Mo [aH$m_o H$n. (dmnéZ Q>mH$bobo) XmoZ H$mS>©erQ> nonaÀ`m nÅ>`m (20 cm b§~ Am{U 2 cm é§X) J_, ñQ>°nba, ñHo$MnoZ Am{U EH$m Q>moH$mda a~a bmdbobr noÝgrb.

nÅ>r KoD$Z AmH¥$VrV XmI{dë`mà_mUo H$mS>©erQ>À`m nÅ>rda H$U© OmoS>m. ({MÌ 8.18) `m_wio Amnë`mbm nÅ>rMm _Ü`q~Xÿ {_iob.

XmoÝhr nÅ>`m EH$_oH$sda (+) `m {MÝhmà_mUo _Ü`mda OmoS>m. AmVm [aH$m_o H$n nÅ>`m§À`m Q>moH$mda ~gdm H$nm§Mm ~møn¥ï>^mJ ñHo$MnoZ qH$dm a§Jm§À`m ghmæ`mZo a§Jdm. gd© H$n EH$mM {XeoZo Vmo§S> R>odyZ ~gdmdo.

{MÌ 8.19 A°Zo_mo_rQ>aMr à{VH¥$Vr

{MÌ 8.18 H$mS>©erQ> nÅ>`m§Mo _Ü`q~Xÿ emoYUo.


XmoÝhr nÅ>`m§À`m _Ü`mda EH$ nona nrZ Q>moMyZ Ë`m nÅ>`m noÝgrbÀ`m a~abm OmoS>m. H$nm§À`m _wImda \w§$H$a KmbyZ nÅ>`m _wº$nUo {\$aVrb `mMr ImÌr H$éZ ¿`m. AemàH$mao Vw_Mo A°Zo_

mo_rQ>a V`ma hmoB©b. EH$m {_ZrQ>mV nÅ>`m§À`m hmoUmè`m \o$è`m _moOyZ dmè`mÀ`m JVrMm A§XmO H$aVm òB©b. dmè`mÀ`m JVr_Yrb ~Xb Zm|X H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho A°Zo_mo_rQ>a Vwåhr {d{dY {R>H$mUr Am{U {XdgmÀ`m doJdoJù`m doioV dmnam.

Oa Vwåhmbm a~a Agbobr noÝgrb {_imbr Zmhr Va ~m°bnoZ gwÜXm Vwåhr dmné eH$Vm. H$mJXr nÅ>`m _wŠVnUo {\$aë`m nm{hOoV EdT>r EH$M AQ> nmim.

bjmV R>odm ho A°Zo_mo_rQ>a Ho$di dmè`mÀ`m JVr_Yrb ~Xb Xe©dy eH$Vo. dmè`mMr AMyH$ JVr `m_wio g_OV Zmhr.

3. dmXio Am{U MH«$sdmXio `mdarb dV©_mZ nÌmVrb _m{hVrMr d {MÌm§Mr H$mÌU O_dm. hr _mhrVr, {MÌm§Mr H$mÌU Am{U Vwåhr `m nmR>mV {eH$boë`m _m{h>VrÀ`m AmYmao EH$ {Z~§Y/ bKy{Z~§Y V`ma H$am.

4. g_Om, Vwåhr {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ`m àXoemÀ`m {dH$mg moOZm g{_VrMo gXñ` AmhmV. MH«$sdmXimÀ`m ^`mZH$ n[aUm_m§nmgyZ ~Mmd H$aÊ`mgmR>r ¿`mì`m bmJUmè`m XjVo g§~§YrV EH$ N>moQ>o ^mfU V`ma H$am.

5. MH«$sdmXimV gmnSy>Z Ë`mMo n[aUm_ AZw^dboë`m EH$m ì`ŠVrMr _wbmIV KoD$Z _m{hVr {_idm.

6. EH$ 15 cm bm§~ Am{U 1 Vo 1.5 cm ì`mgmMr A°ë`y{_{Z`_Mr ZbrH$m ¿`m. EH$ _Ü`_ AmH$mamMm ~Q>mQ>m KoD$Z Ë`mMo 2 cm OmS>rÀ`m MH$Ë`m H$mnm Z{bH$m ~Q>mQ>çmÀ`m MH$Vrda R>odyZ WmoS>m Xm~ Úm Am{U XmoZ-VrZ doim {\$adm AmVm Z{bH$m H$mT>m Am{U nhm. ~Q>mQ>çmMr MH$Vr Z{bHo$_Üò nrñQ>Z à_mUo KÅ> ~gbobr Vwåhmbm {Xgob. Z{bHo$À`m Xþgè`m Q>moH$mdahr `mM nÜXVrZo ~mQ>mQ>çmMr MH$Vr KÅ> ~gdm AmVm Vw_À`mH$S>o XmoÝhr Q>moH$ ~Q>mQ>çmÀ`m MH$VrZo KÅ> ~g{dbobr d hdoZo âbobr Z{bH$m Amho. AmVm noÝgrb ¿`m d Q>moH$ Z H$mT>boë`m ~mOyZo EH$m ~mOydarb ~Q>mQ>çmÀ`m MH$Vrda OmoamMm Xm~ XodyZ EH$X_ MH$Vr AmV T>H$bm H$m` KS>ob `mMo {ZarjU H$am. `m H¥$VrdéZ Amnë`mbm Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s hdodarb Xm~ dmT>{dë`mg hdm dñVy nyT>o T>H$by eH$VmV qH$dm ~mOybm gmé eH$VmV (AmH¥$Vr 8.20).


I~aXmar

hr H¥$Vr H$aV AgVmZm Z{bHo$À`m g_moa H$moUrhr Zgë`mMr ImÌr H$éZ _J H¥$Vr H$am.

`m g§~§Yr A{YH$ _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr Imbrb do~gmB©Q>bm Om. http://www.imd.gov.in

Vwåhmbm _m{hV Amho H$m?

{dOoMm Jmoim 400,000 km/h doJmZo OmD$ eH$Vo. {dO Amnë`m g_modVmbÀ`m hdobm BVH$s Vmndy eH$Vo H$s Ë`m hdoMo Vmn_mZ gy`m©À`m n¥ð>_mJmdarb Vmn_mZmÀ`m 4 nQ> hmoVo Ë`m_wioM {dO nS>Uo BVHo$ KmVH$ R>é eH$Vo.

AmH¥$Vr 8.20

{dkmZ128

_mVr9

_mVr ho EH$ AVr _hËdmMo Z¡g{J©H$ ñÌmoV Amho. dZñnVrMr dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§À`m _wim§Zm KÅ> YéZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Ë`m§Zm nmUr d nm¡ï>rH$ KQ>H$ nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m`© _mVr H$aVo. AZoH$ gwú_Ordm§Mo Vo Ya Amho. eoVrgmR>r _mVr hr AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho. gdmªZm eoVrnmgyZ AÞ, dó, {Zdmam {_iVmo. Amnë`m OrdZmVrb doJim Z H$aVm òUmam KQ>H$ åhUOoM _mVr hmo`. n¥Ïdrda nS>Umè`m n{hë`m nmdgm_wio òUmam _mVrMm gwJ§Y hm Cëh{gV H$aUmam AgVmo.

{MÌ 9.1 _mVrer IoiUmar _wbo

9.1 _mVr OrdZmer OwidyZ KoVmZm

EHo$ {Xder nmdgmù`m_Üò Jm§Sy>i _mVrÀ`m ~mhoa Ambo AgVmZm nhobr Am{U ~wPmoZo {ZarjU Ho$bo. _mVr_Üò Ago BVa gwú_Ord Agy eH$VmV ho H$m Ago nhobrbm Hw$Vyhb dmQ>bo. Mbm emoYy`m.

H¥$Vr 9.1

H$mhr _mVrMo Z_wZo KoD$Z Ë`m§Mo {ZarjU H$am. Vwåhr hmVmVrb dY©H$ q^JmMm (hand lens) dmna `mgmR>r H$é eH$Vm. àËòH$ Z_wÝ`mMo {ZarjU H$éZ VŠVm 9.1 _Üò âm.

_mVr 129

_mVrÀ`m Cn`moJm§Mr `mXr H$am VŠVm 9.1

A.H«$ _mVrMo ómoV dZñnVr àmUrBVa H$mhr {ZarjUo

1 ~mJoVrb _mVr JdV ........... _w§½`m ..........

2 añË`mÀ`m ~mOyMr JmVr ............ ............

3 OoWo ~m§YH$m_ gwé Amho VoWrb _mVr

4

5

• Vw_À`m {ZarjUmMr Vw_À`m {_Ìmer MMm© H$am.

• Vwåhr g§J«h Ho$boë`m _mVrMm Z_wZm Vw_À`m {_Ìm§Zr g§J«h Ho$boë`m _mVrÀ`m Z_wÝ`mer OwiVm Amho H$m?

~wPmo Am{U nhobrZo doJdoJù`m nÜXVrZo _mVr dmnabr Ë`mÀ`mer IoiVm§Zm Ë`m§Zm AmZ§X dmQ>bm. IamoIaM Vr EH$ _Om hmoVr.

~mJoVrb Am{U añË`meoOmarb _mVrMm Z_wwZm H$aVm§Zm Ë`m_Üò ßbmñQ>rH$ dñVy

Am{U n°mbrWrZ {neì`m§Mo VwH$S>o AmT>ibo ho nmhÿZ _r AmíM`©MH$sV Pmbo.

ßbmñQ>rH$ Am{U nm°brWrZ {neì`m _mVrbm àXþfrV H$aVmV. VgoM Vo _mVr_Üò amhUmè`m gOrdm§Zm gwÜXm _maVmV. Ë`m_ioM ßbmñQ>rH$ Am{U n°mbrWrZ {neì`mÀ`m _mJUrda ~§Xr Aer _mJUr Ho$br Amho. {H$Q>H$ZmeH$ AmofYo, agm`Zo Am{U H$mhr Q>mH$mD$ nXmWm©_ioM _mVrMo àXþfU hmoVo. Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© Am{U agm`Zo {dgOuV H$aÊ`m AJmoXa Ë`mda à{H«$`m H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mm Cn`moJ H$_r Ho$bm nm{hOo.

_bm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho H$s eoVmVrb _mVr IoiUr V`ma

H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVm òB©b H$m?

{dkmZ130

9.2 _mVrMm AmamIS>m

_mVr hr {d{dY ñVamV AgVo. hr ñVam§Mr aMZm H$er hmoVo ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb H¥$Vr H$é.

H¥$Vr 9.2

WmoS>r _mVr ¿`m._mVr _Yrb JmR>r hmVmZo {MaSy>Z ~marH$ H$am. AmVm {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm EH$ H$mMoMm ½bmg KoD$Z Ë`mZ VrZ MVwWmªe ^mJ nmUr AmoVm Am{U Ë`mV EH$ _yR>â _mVr Kmbm. _mVr {daKiob Ago EH$m H$mS>rZo Ë`m {_lUmbm T>dim. H$mhr doion`ªV Ë`mbm Z hdVm EH$m {R>H$mUr R>odm ({MÌ 9.2) . Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo {ZarjU H$éZ Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

• ½bmg_Ü o doJdoJù`m AmH$mamVrb nXmWmªMo Wa Vwåhr nmhÿ eH$Vm H$m?

• ho Wa Xe©{dUmar AmH¥$Vr H$mT>m

• H$mhr Hw$Obobr nmZo qH$dm _¥V nmdbobo O§VyMo KQ>H$ nmÊ`mda Va§JV AmhoV H$m?

_mVr_Yrb Hw$O>boë`m KQ>H$mg ~waer (humus) Ago åhUVmV.

AmnUmg ho _mhrVM Amho H$s dmam, nmUr Am{U hdm_mZ `m§À`m n[aUm_m_wio IS>H$mMo VwH$S>o hmoD$Z _mVrMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. `m {H«$òbmM e¡b Anj` (weathering) Ago åhUVmV. _mVrMo ñdén ho VoWo AmT>iUmè`m IS>H$mÀ`m ñdénmda Am{U Ë`m ^mJmVrb dZñnVrda Adb§~yZ AgVo. _mVrÀ`m Cä`m {d^mJmVrb doJdoJù`m Wam§Zm _mVrMm AmamIS>m (soil profile) Ago åhUVmV. àËòH$ ñVa _mVrMm ñne© Ë`mMm a§J, Ë`mVrb agm`Zm§Mo à_mU, Imobr `mda

~waer

nmUr

{MH$U_mVr

dmiy

~marH$ IS>r

{MÌ 9.2 _mVrMo ñVa

A - {jVrO ñVa

B - {jVrO ñVa

C - {jVrO ñVa

IS>H$mMm ñVa

{MÌ 9.3 _mVrMm AmamIS>m

_mVr 131

Adb§~yZ AgyZ Vmo àËòH$ _mVrV doJim AgVmo. `m ñVam§Zm {jVrO g_m§Va ñVa (horizons) Ago åhUVmV ({MÌ 9.3).

gm_mÝ`V… AmnU _mVrMm darb ñVa nmhVmo na§Vy Ë`mImbrb ñVa {XgV Zmhr. Oa$ gm_mÝ`nUo EH$m ~mOybm ZwH$VmM IUbobm IÈ>m Agë`mg AmnU _mVrMm AmVrb ñVa nmhÿ eH$Vmo. {dhra IUÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr gwú_ Ñï>rZo {ZarjU Ho$bo AgVm Ë`mM {R>H$mUr _mVrMo ñVa {XgyZ òVmV. B_maVrMm nm`m IUÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AmnU _mVrMo ñVa nmhÿ eH$Vmo. VgoM Q>oH$S>r, añË`mÀ`m ~mOybm qH$dm ZXr darb IÈ>`m§À`m ñVa H$mR>m Odirb CVmambm gwÜXm {XgyZ òVmV.

Hw$Obobo nXmW© I{ZO Am{U jma A{YH$ à_mUmV JS>X a§JmV gm_mÝ`nUo O{_ZrÀ`m darb ñVamV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio _mVr gw{nH$ ~ZVo Am{U dZñnVtÀ`m dmT>rbm Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ nwa{dVmo hm ñVa gm_mÝ`… _¥Xÿ, gpÀN>Ð Am{U OmñV nmUr {Q>H$dyZ R>odUmam AgVmo. `mbm darb _mVr (top soil) qH$dm A-{jVrO ñVa åhUVmV.

hm ñVa AZoH$ gOrd Ogo {H$Q>H$, D$§Xra, Kwer, ggo, {H$S>o `m§Zm {Zdmam CnbãY H$éZ XoVmo. bhmZ dZñnVtMr _wio hr nyU©nUo `m ñVamV ngabobr AgVmV. Ë`mÀ`m ImbrV ñVamV ~waerMo à_mU H$_r AgVo na§Vy I{ZOm§Mo à_mU OmñV AgVo. hm ñVa Oam H$R>rU Am{U OmñV KÅ> AgVmo `mbm B-{jVrO ñVa qH$dm _Ü` _mVr (middle soil) åhUVmV.

{Vgam ñVa hm C-{jVrO ñVa Omo bhmZ IS>H$, {Mao Am{U XJS>m§À`m VwH$S>`mnmgyZ ~Zbobm AgVmo Ë`mÀ`m Imbrb ñVa H$R>rU (bed rock) Aem XJS>mnmgyZ ~Zbobm AgVmo. Vmo \$mdS>`mZo IUUo eŠ` Zmhr.

9.3 _mVrMo àH$ma

AmnUmg _mhrVM Amho H$s, hdm_mZmVrb ~Xbm_wio XJS>mVrb doJdoJù`m nXmWm©nmgyZ bhmZ H$U {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`m_Üò dmiy Am{U {MH$U _mVr g_m{dð> AgVo. XJS>mÀ`m _yiñWmZmVrb {Z_m©U hmoUmar _mVr ho Ë`m XJS>mVrb dmiy Am{U {MH$U à_mUmda _mVr `m§À`m Adb§~yZ AgVmV. `m IS>H$mb nmbH$ IS>H$ (parent rock) åhUVmV. XJS>mMo H$U Am{U `m§À`m {_lUmbm _mVr Ago åhUVmV. ~°ŠQo>[a`m, (OrdO§Vy) PmS>m§Mr _wio Am{U Jm§Sy>i `m gmaIo gOrd ho _mVrMo _hËdmMo ^mJ AmhoV.

_mVr_Yrb doJdoJù`m AmH$mamÀ`m à_mUmVrb H$U KoD$Z _mVrMo dJuH$aU H$aVm oVo. Oa _mVr_Yrb dmiyMo H$U _mVrÀ`m à_mUmnojm _moR>o AgVrb Va Ë`m _mVrbm dmiy_` (sandy soil) _mVr Ago åhUVmV. Oa _mVr Am{U dmiy `m§Mo à_mU gm_mÝ`nUo g_mZ Agob Va Ë`mbm {MH$U_mVr `wŠV (clayey soil) AWdm ^wg^warV _mVr åhUVmV. Oa g§~§YrV _mVrV _mVrMo ewÜX H$U à_mUmnojm A{YH$ AgVrb Va Ë`m§Zm {MH$U_mVr (loamy soil) Ago åhUVmV.

{dkmZ132

_mVr_Yrb AgUmè`m H$Um§Mm AmH$ma hm _mVrÀ`m JwUY_m©Mm _hËdmMm AmYma Amho. dmiyMo H$U WmoS>o _moR>o AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m_Yrb OmJm A{YH$ AgyZ Vo EH$Ì pñWa ZgVmV. åhUyZ dmiy_Üò OmñV nmoH$ir AgVo d Vr _mVr H$UrXma Amho Ago åhUVmo. dmiyÀ`m H$Um_YyZ nmUr ghOnUo dmhÿ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio dmiy {_lrV _mVr hbH$s, hdoera Am{U H$moaS>r AgVo. H$U EH$Ì ~§{XñV AgyZ AVre` bhmZ AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m_YyZ H$_r hdm OmVo. {MH$U_mVrMo H$U AVre` gyú_ AgVmV H$maU Vo nañnam§Zm {MH$Q>bobo AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m§_Yrb _moH$io ñWmZ H$_r AgVo. VoWo nmUr YmaU H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm dmiy_` _mVr nojm OmñV AgVo.

{MH$U _mVrÀ`m H$Um§À`m_Üò WmoS>rer OmJm AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m gyú_ H$Um§VyZ nmUr Z OmVm nmUr VoWoM AS>dyZ amhVo åhUyZ {MH$U _mVr_Üò hdm H$_r AgVo nU _mVr OS> (silt) AgVo. H$maU {MH$U_mVr_Üò nmÊ`mMm A§e A{YH$ AgVmo. dZñnVrMr dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{Ve` `mo½` _mVr åhUOoM {MH$U_mVr hmo`. dmiy_` _mVr, ^wg^werV Am{U {MH$U _mVr `mÀ`m H$Um§Mo {_lU åhUOo JmimMr _mVr hmo`. ZXr, Vbmd `m§À`m H$mR>mbm JmimMr _mVr {_iVo. JmimÀ`m H$Um§Mm AmH$ma dmiy Am{U {MH$U _mVrÀ`m AmH$mamÀ`m_Üò AgVmo. {MH$U_mVr_Üò AmobganUm AgVmo. dZñnVrÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao nmÊ`mMo à_mU `mV `mo½` AgVo.

_bm OmUyZ ¿`md`mMo Amho H$s, _S>H$s Am{U gwaB© `m gmaIr _mVrMr

^m§S>r ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m _mVrMm Cn`moJ H$amdm?

H¥$Vr 9.3

dmiy_`_mVr, JmimMr _mVr, {MH$U>_mVr `m§Mo Z_wZo Jmoim H$am. H$moUË`mhr EH$m Z_wÝ`m_YyZ EH$ _wR>â _mVr ¿`m. `m_YyZ XJS>, JdV Am{U H$Mam doJim H$am. AmVm `m_Üò nmUr KmbyZ _iyZ (knead) ¿`m. [{MÌ 9.4(a)] Ho$di _moOHo$M nmUr Kmbm H$s, Ë`m_wio Ë`m _mVrMm Jmoim hmoD$ eHo$b. [{MÌ 9.4(b)] nU bjmV R>odm H$s Vo {_lU A{YH$ {MH$Q> hmoD$ Zò. Ë`m _mVrMo Jmoio V`ma H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am [{MÌ 9.4(c)]. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m Jmoù`mbm X§S>JmobmÀ`m H¥$VrMm AmH$ma Úm [{MÌ 9.4(d)] Am{U eodQ>r Ë`mbm dVw©imgmaIm AmH$ma Úm [{MÌ 9.4(e)]. BVa _mVrMo Z_wZo KoD$Z hr H¥$Vr naV H$am. {Xbobm AmH$mamdéZ _mVrMm àH$ma g_OVmo H$m?

_mVr 133

(a)

(b)

(c)(d)

(e){MÌ 9.4

`mdéZ H$moUË`m àH$mamMr _mVr IoiUr, ^m§S>r Am{U _yË`m© B. V`ma H$aÊ`mg AË§`V Cn`wŠV Amho. ho gm§Jy eH$mb H$m?

_mVrMo JwUY_©

_mVrÀ`m H$mhr Cn`moJm§Mr `mXr Vwåhr Ho$bm AmhmV, Va AmVm _mVrMo JwUY_© OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb H$mhr H¥$Vr H$é.

_mVrZo emofboë`m nmÊ`mMo à_mU :

~wPmo Am{U nhobrZo 50cm x 50cm. Mo XmoZ doJdoJio Mm¡ag H$mT>bo. Ë`mVrb EH$ KamVrb \$aerda Am{U Xþgam H$ÀÀ`m añË`mda V`ma Ho$bm. Ë`mZr g_mZ AmH$mamÀ`m XmoZ ~mQ>br_Ü`o nmUr ^éZ KoVbo. Ë`mZ§Va EH$mM doir XmoÝhr Mm¡agmda EHo$H$ ~mQ>br nmUr AmoVbo. `mZ§Va XmoKmZr {_iyZ {ZarjU Ho$bo H$s, \$aerdarb Mm¡agmVrb nmUr ~mhoa nmSy> bmJbo nU Vo emofyZ KoVbo Zmhr. nU H$ÀÀ`m añË`mdarb Mm¡agmVrb nmUr _mÌ emofyZ KoVbo Jobo.

~wPmobm AmíM`© Pmbo H$s, Ë`m XmoÝhr Mm¡agmVrb nmUr emofyZ KoÊ`mVrb

\$aH$ H$m {XgyZ Ambm.

{dkmZ134

Va ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r AmnU EH$ H¥$Vr H$é.

H¥$Vr 9.4

{MÌ 9.5 emofU à_mU _moOUo.

`m H¥$VrgmR>r dJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ`m©Zm KoD$Z VrZ JQ> V`ma H$am. Ë`m JQm§Zm A, B, C Aer Zm§do Úm. Vwåhmbm Ago emoYyZ H$mT>md`mMo Amho H$s. {Xboë`m H$moUË`m ñWmZr {H$Vr doJmZo _mVr ho nmUr emofy KoB©b. `m gmR>r AmnUmg EH$m nmB©nMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. òWo Ë`m {VÝhr JQ>m§Zm g_mZ AmH$maÀ`m d ì`mgmÀ`m nmB©nMm Cn`moJ H$amdm. Ago nmB©n dmnaÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb gyMZm§Mm {dMma H$amdm.

1. Oa eŠ` Agob Va, EH$mM AmH$mamMo VrZ bhmZ b§~dVw©imH$ma S>~o KoD$Z Ë`m§Mm Vi H$mnm.

2. Oa nrìhrgr nmB©n (5 cm ì`mgmMr) CnbãY Agob Va Ë`mMo 20 cm bm§~ VwH$S>o H$mnyZ Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$am.

Á`m {R>H$mUmMr _mVr AmnU EH${ÌV H$aVm. Ë`m {R>H$mUr 2 cm Imob BVH$s nmB©n Kwgdm ({MÌ 9.5) nmB©n_Üò gmdH$menUo 200mL .nmUr Kmbm. `m 200mL Mo _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVrhr 200mL Mr _moH$ir ~mQ>br AmnU Cn`moJ H$é eH$Vm. Ooìhm AmnU nmUr AmoVÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br VoìhmMr doi Zm|X H$am. VgoM Ooìhm _mVr gd© nmUr emofyZ KoVo Am{U nmB©n H$moaS>m nS>Vmo VoìhmVr doi gwÜXm Zm|X H$am. nmB©_Üò nmUr AmoVVmZm nmUr gm§Sy> ZH$m qH$dm Ë`m nmB©nÀ`m ~mhoa OmD$ Xody ZH$m. 200mL nmUr Ë`m _mVr_Üò nwU©nUo emofVmZm bmJboë`m doioÀ`m AmYmamda nmÊ`mMm emofU Xa (rate of percolation) H$mT>Vm XoVmo. emofU Xa H$mT>Ê`mg Imbrb gyÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

nmUr emofU Xa (mL/min) = nmÊ`mMo à_mU (mL)

emofUmgmR>r bmJbobm doi (min)CXmhaUmW©, Ago _mZy H$s, H$moUË`m _mVrÀ`m Z_yÝ`mV Vr _mVr 200mL nmUr 20min

`m H$mbmdYrV emofU H$é eH$Vo.

nmUr emofU Xa = 200 mL20 min

= 10 mL/min

AmnU KoVboë`m _mVrÀ`m Z_yÝ`m_Üò nmUr emofbobm Xa H$mT>m. AmVm AmnU Aem {ZîH$fm©Mr VwbZm BVa _mVrÀ`m Z_wÝ`mer H$am. _mVrÀ`m `m Z_yÝ`mÀ`m emofU Xa MT>Ë`m H«$_mV {bhm.

_mVr 135

9.5 _mVrVrb AmÐ©VmAmnU H$Yr H$S>H$ CÝhmù`mV â Xþnmar eoVmVyZ qH$dm _¡XmZmVyZ Jobm AmhmV H$m?

VoWo {ZarjU H$aVmM AmnUmg O_rZrda Va§J qH$dm bmQ>m Amë`mgmIo {XgVmV. AmJrÀ`m Ádmioda Á`m à_mUo Va§J {XgVmV Ë`m à_mUo ho Va§J {XgV AgVmV Ago H$m {XgVo? AmnU EH$m H¥$VrdéZ `mMo CÎma emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$é`m.

H¥$Vr 9.5

EH$ CîUVm J«mhH$ H$mMoMr Zir ¿`m Ë`m_Üò

{MÌ 9.6 _mVr_Yrb AmobganUm H$mT>Uo

nmÊ`mMo W|~

n[ajmZir

_mVr

~Z©a

XmoZ M_Mm _mVr Kmbm. `mbm H$mhr jUâ CîUVm XoD$Z Ja_ H$am d n[ajmZirMo {ZarjU H$am ({MÌ 9.6). AmVm `m _mVrbm Ja_ Ho$ë`mg H$m` hmoB©b ho AmnU nmhþ

AmnUmg nmÊ`mMo W|~ H$moR>o {XgyZ òVmV H$m? Oa hmo` Va H$moR>o AmT>iVmV?

_mVrbm Ja_ Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`mVrb nmÊ`mMo ~mîn (moisture)hmoD$Z da OmVo ñQ>±S> Am{U ZbrHo$Mr darb W§S> ^mJmÀ`m AmVrb ~mOybm KZr^yV hmoD$Z g§KQ>rV hmoVo.

CÝhmi`mÀ`m {XdgmV _mVr_Yrb nmÊ`mMr dm\$ hmoD$Z OmV AgVmZm gw`m©À`m àH$memÀ`m namdV©Zm_wio _mVrÀ`m darb ^mJmdarb dm`y AmnUmg Va§J CR>ë`mgmaIo {XgVmV.

_mVrbm Ja_ Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m ZbrHo$VyZ _mVr H$mTy>Z ¿`m. `m _mVrMr VwbZm Ja_ Z Ho$boë`m _mVrer H$am Am{U XmoÝhr_Yrb \$aH$m§Mr `mXr H$am.9.6 _mVrìXmao nmÊ`mMo emofU

gd© àH$maMr _mVr nmÊ`mMo emofU H$é eH$Vo H$m? `m~Ôb _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AmnU EH$ H¥$Vr H$é.

H¥$Vr 9.6

ßbmñQ>rH$Mo EH$ Zagmio ¿`m. {MÌm _Üò XmI{dë`mà_mUo EH$ {\$ëQ>a nona (qH$dm dV©_mZnÌmMm VwH$S>m) KoD$Z Zagmi`mV {MÌ 9.7 _Üò XmI{dë`m à_mUo ~gdm. H$moUË`mhr EH$m àH$mamMr 50g H$moaS>r nmdS>a Ho$bobr _mVr Ë`m {\$ëQ>a nonada Kmbm. _moO

{dkmZ136

nmÌmVmbo WmoS>o nmUr KoD$Z W|~-Wo§~ Ë`m {\$ëQ>a nonadarb _mVrda Kmbm. `mgmR>r Vwåhr S´>m°naMm Cn`moJ H$é eH$Vm _mVrÀ`m EH$mM {R>H$mUr nmÊ`mMo W|~ Z KmbVm g§nyU© _mVrda Kmbm. Omon`ªV Ë`m _mVr_Yrb nmUr Zagmi`m nS>V Zmhr Vmon`ªV nmUr KmbV ahm. AmVm _mnZ Ho$boë`m M§MynmÌmVrb {eëbH$ amhrboë`m nmÊ`mMo _mnZ H$am Am{U gwadmVrÀ`m nmÊ`mMr d {e„H$ nmÊ`mVrb \$aH$ H$mT>m. `mdéZ AmnUmg Ë`m _mVrZo emofboë`m nmÊ`mMo à_mU g_OyZ òVo. `m n[a_mUmMr Zm|X Amnë`m dhr_Üò Imbrb à_mUo H$am.

qÁæ¥Àgï

{\$ëQ>a nona

Zagmio

M§MynmÌ

{MÌ 9.7 _mVr_Üò nmÊ`mMo emofU

S´>°mna

`m àH$mamMr H¥$Vr nwÝhm EH$Xm _mVrÀ`m BVa Z_wÝ`mgmo~V H$am. `m gd© àH$maÀ`m Z_wÝ`m§Mo n[aUm_ g_mZ Agy eH$VmV H$m? Amnë`m {_Ìmgmo~V `m n[aUm_m MMm© H$am Am{U Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

_mVrMo dOZ = 50g_mnZ M§MynmÌmVrb àma§^rH$ nmÊ`mMo n[a_mU = U mL_mnZ M§MynmÌmVrb {e„H$ nmÊ`mMo n[a_mU = V mL_mVrZo emofboë`m nmÊ`mMo n[a_mU = (U - V) mLnmUr emofyZ KoVboë`m _mVrMo dOZ = (U - V) g(1 mL À`m nmÊ`mMo n[a_mU 1g À`m ~amo~arV AgVo)_mVrZo emofboë`m nmÊ`mMo eoH$S>m à_mU = U - V

50× 100

_mVr 137

`m àH$mamMr H¥$Vr nwÝhm EH$Ûm _mVrÀ`m BVa Z_wÝ`mgmo~V H$am. `m gd© àH$maÀ`m Z_wÝ`m§Mo emofU (obsorption) n[aUm_ g_mZ Agy eH$VmV H$m? Amnë`m {_Ìmgmo~V `m n[aUm_m§Mr MMm© H$am Am{U Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

• H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m _mVrÀ`m emofU Xa eoH$S>m gdm©V A{YH$ Amho?

• H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m _mVrMm emofU Xa eoH$S>m gdm©V H$_r Amho?

• ~wPmoZo Amnë`m eoOmè`mMo ~mobUo EoH$bo H$s, nmD$g nSy>Z Joë`mZ§Va 8-10 {XdgmZr Vbmd qH$dm {dhrarVrb nmÊ`mMr nmVir dmT>Vo. H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m _mVr_Yrb nmUr gdm©V H$_r doioV Am{U gdm©V A{YH$ à_mUmV {dhrarbm OmD$Z nmohMVo?

• H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m _mVrMr Ob YmaUmeº$s A{YH$ à_mUmV Amho qH$dm H$_r à_mUmV Amho?

• Aer H$moUVr nÜXV AmnU gm§Jy eH$Vm H$m, Á`m_yio nmdgmMo nmUr A{YH$ à_mUmV O{_ZrV {PanyZ Vo ^yOb nmVir`ªV nmohmoMobo.

9.7 _mVr Am{U {nHo$

^maVmÀ`m doJdoJù`m joÌmV doJdoJù`m àH$mamMr _mVr nmhm`bm {_iVo. H$mhr joÌmV {MH$U _mVr, {MH$Q> _mVr, bmb _mVr Am{U JmimMr _mVr AmT>iVo.

dmam, nmD$g, CîUVm, àH$me Am{U AmÐ©Vm `m§Mm à^md _mVrda hmoVmo. ho hdm_mZmMo à_wI KQ>H$ AmhoV, Oo _mVrÀ`m à_mU dmT>rgmR>r Cn`yŠV AmhoV Am{U _mVrÀ`m aMZo_Üò n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUVmV. dmVmdaUmVrb hdm_mZmMo KQ>H$ Am{U _mVr_Yrb KQ>H$ `m_wio Ë`m joÌmV dmT>Umè`m dZñnVr qH$dm {nHo$ {Z{üV hmoVmV.

J«°_(g)Am{U {H$bmoJ«°_ (kg) à_wInUo dñVy_mZmMo EH$H$ AmhoV. EH$ J°«_ Agboë`m dñVy_mZ nXmWm©Mo dOZ EH$ J°«_M Agy eH$Vo. VgoM EH$ {H$bmoJ«m_ dñVy_mZ Agboë`m nXmWm©Mo dOZ {H$bmoJ«_M Agy eH$Vo. Ë`mMà_mUo {H$bmoJ°«_ Am{U J°«_ dñVy_mZ `m_Yrb A§Va gm_mÝ`nUo AmnU Amnë`m X¡Z§XrZ OrdZmV, ì`mnma Am{U Am¡ÚmoJrH$ joÌmV Ho$bo OmV Zmhr. dñVy_mZ Am{U dOZ `mV H$moUVo \$aH$ AmhoV. Vo Vwåhr nwT>rb dJm©V {eH$mb.

{MH$U _mVrMr O{_Z Jhÿ Am{U H$S>YmÝò {nH$m§gmR>r Cn`wŠV AgVo. _mVrMr ObYmaUm j_Vm A{YH$ Agbobr O_rZ ^mVmgmR>r Cn`wŠV AgVo. O¡{dH$ nXmW© qH$dm jma `màH$mamMr Mm§Jbr qH$dm A{YH$ ObYmaUm j_Vm AgUmar _mVr AmXe© R>aVo. _gya qH$dm BVa H$S>YmÝ`m§À`m {nH$m§Zm {MH$Q> JmimMr Á`mVyZ nmÊ`mMm {ZMam ghO hmoVmo, Aem _mVrMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo H$mngmgmR>r JmimMr O_rZ bmJVo H$maU `m_Yrb nmUr ghOnUo H$_r hmoVo Am{U Ë`m_wio _mVr_Üò dm`wMr YmaUm n[a_mUH$maH$ R>aVo.

{dkmZ138

EH$ AÜ``Z

Om°Z, aerXm Am{U amYm ho _Ü`àXoem_Yrb gmohmUnya JmdmVrb brbmYaXmXm Am{U g§VmoU _mb{d`m `m§À`m Kar Jobo. {bbmYa XmXm _S>H$s gwaB© Hw$ëhS> B. dñVy ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r _mVr V`ma H$aV hmoVo (AmH¥$Vr nhm) Ë`m {VKm§Zm brbmYa XmXm§À`m H$m_m{df`r Mm¡H$er Ho$br.

- XmXm AmnU hr _mVr H$moRy>Z AmUbr Amho?

XmXm - OoWo ZmnrH$ O_rZ Amho VoWyZ hr H$mir _mVr AmUbr AmhoV.

- _mVr H$er V`ma Ho$br OmVo?XmXm - EH$m Q>mH$s_Üò H$moaS>r _mVr KoD$Z Ë`mVrb IS>H$ XJS> qH$dm H$Mam doJim Ho$bm

OmVmo. H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r _mVrbm 8 Vmg nmÊ`mV {Ô{dbo OmVo. Z§Va `m_Üò H$mhr à_mUmV KmoS²>`mMr brX KmVbr OmVo Am{U Vr _mVr EH$Ì _ibr OmVo. _iboë`m _mVrbm MmH$mda R>oD$Z `mo½` Agm AmH$ma {Xbm OmVmo. H$moUË`mhr dñVybm A§Vr_ ñdén XoÊ`mgmR>r hmVmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `màH$mao V`ma Ho$boë`m dñVy§Zm XmoZ Vo VrZ {Xdg hdoV gwH${dbo OmVo Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm Am{U Cƒ Vmn_mZmV Ë`mZm ^Å>rV R>oD$Z ^mObo OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va a§J{dbo OmVo.

- _mVr_Üò KmoS>çmMr brX H$m {_gibr OmVo?>

XmXm - Ë`m dñVyZm ^mOV AgVmZm Ë`mVrb KmoS>çmMr brX OiyZ OmVo. Ë`m_yio _mVr_Yrb bhmZ Ago {N>Ðo amhVmV. `mM H$maUm_wio _S>Š`mVrb gwaB©Vrb nmUr A§VñÌmd hmoD$Z ~mhoarb ~mOybm òD$ eH$Vo Am{U nmUr AmVyZ ~mhoa òB©n`ªV Ë`mMo ~mînr^dZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _S>Š`mV R>odbobo nmUr W§S> amhVo. XmXmZo g§m{JVbo H$s, gmohmUnyamVrb ~Z{dbobr _S>H$s gwaB© d BVa dñVy XÿaXÿan`ªV à{gÕ AmhoV Ogo O~bnya, ZmJnya, Abmhm~mX BË`mXr.

{MÌ 9.8 _S>H$s V`ma H$aVmZm

_mVr 139

Jhÿ gmaIo {nH$gwÕm {MH$Q> JmimÀ`m _mVr_Üò {nH${dVm òVo H$maU VoWo gw{nH$Vm Am{U h`w_g AmobganUm AgVmo Amnë`m {ejH$mgmo~V. AmB©-dS>rbmgmo~V qH$dm Amnë`m eoOmar AgUmè`m eoVH$è`mgmo~V _mVrMo àH$ma Am{U Ë`m_Yrb {nH$Umè`m {nH$m§Mr _mhrVr Jmoim H$am. EH${ÌV Ho$bobr _m{hVr VŠVm 9.2 _Üò âm.

^mV {nH$mÀ`m bmJdS>rgmR>r H$moUË`m àH$maMr _mVr A{YH$ `mo½` R>aVo? _mVrÀ`m emofUmMm Xa H$_r Agbobr AWdm OmñV Agbobr?

VŠVm 9.2

A.H«$. _mVrMm àH$ma {nH${dbr OmUmar {nHo$

1. {MH$U_mVr Jhÿ , ..............

2.

3.

_mVrMm emofÊmMm Xa Am{U ObYmaU j_Vm `m_Üò H$moUVm \$aH$ Amho? ~wPmo, _bm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, Vy AmVmn`ªV Oo

dmMbobo Amhog Vo gd© H$mhr {dgabm Amhog. Va `m àH$aUmbm n{hë`mnmgyZ nwÝhm dmMyZ H$mT> Ë`m_wi¡

Vwbm `mMo CÎma gmnS>ob.

_mVrMr Yyn

nmUr, dmam, qH$dm ~\©$ `m_wio _mVrMm darb Wa Zmhrgm OmVmo. Ë`mbmM _mVrMr Yyn (erosion)Ago åhUVmV. dZñnVrMr _wio _mVrbm KÅ> YéZ R>odVmV. Ë`m_wio _mVr {dñH$irV hmoV Zmhr. VgoM hdm d nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhmV _mVr dmhZ OmD$ OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. OoWo dZñnVtMr ZgVmV VoWo _mVr g¡b> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _mVrMm Yyn dmid§Q> (AmogmS>) àXoe {H$§dm Iwë`m OmJoV A{YH$ à_mUmVo hmoVo åhUyZ d¥j VmoS> qH$dm O§Jb Zme Wm§~{dbr nmhrOo. Am{U h[aV joÌ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ à_mUmV à`ËZ Ho$bo nm{hOoV.

{dkmZ140

à_wI eãX

{MH$UnmUr AmobganUm/AmX©Vm nmPaUoJmim§Mr _mVr dmiy_`_mVr hþ`w_g{PanUo


• n¥Ïdrdarb _mVr hr OrdZmgmR>r AË`§V _hËdmMr Amho.

• _mVrMo doJdoJio ñVa Ë`m§À`m doJdoJù`m {d^mJmVyZ _mVrMm AmamIS>m ~ZVmo `mbmM {jVrO ñVa åhUVmV.

• _mVrMo doJdoJio àH$ma AmhoV - {MH$U_mVr, {MH$Q>_mVr, JmimMr _mVr.

• doJdoJù`m _mVrMm nmUr emofU Xa doJdoJim AgVmo. `m_Üò JmimÀ`m _mVrMm A{YH$ Am{U {MH$U_mVrMm H$_r Amho.

• doJdoJù`m àH$mamMr nrHo$ doJdoJù`m _mVrÀ`m àH$mamV {nH${dbr OmVmV. {MH$U_mVr Jhÿ, ^mV Am{U YmÝò `m {nH$m§gmR>r Cn`wŠV Amho. Va {MH$Q> JmimMr _mVr H$mngmgmR>r Cn`yŠV Amho.

• _mVr nmÊ`mbm {Q>H$dyZ R>odVo Ë`mVrb _mVrMm AmobganUm {nH$m§Zm Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.

• {MH$U_mVrMm Cn`moJ ^m§S>r, IoiUr, _wË`m© V`ma H$aÊ`mg hmoVmo.

Aä`mg

àíZ H«$. 1 d 2 _Yrb AMyH$ CËVam§Zm (p) Aer IyU

1. _mVr _Üò _mVrÀ`m H$Um{edm` ___________ AgVo

(i) hdm Am{U nmUr

(ii) nmUr Am{U dZñnVr

(iii)jma, amgm`{ZH$ KQ>H$, hdm Am{U nmUr

(iv)nmUr, hdm Am{U dZñnVr

_mVr 141

2. `m§Mr Ob YmaU j_Vm A{YH$ AgVo ___________(a) JmimMr _mVr

(b) {MH$U _mVr

(c) {MH$Q>_mVr

(d) {MH$U_mVr Am{U dmiy `m§Mo {_lU

3. ñV§^ I d II ñV§^ _Yrb {Xboë`m KQ>H$m§À`m OmoS>`m Owidm.

ñV§^ - I ñV§^ - II

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

gOrdm§Zm Aml` XoUmar

_mVrMm darb ñVa

JmimMr _mVr

_mVrMm _Ü` ñVa

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

A{YH$ H$U

gd© àH$maÀ`m _mVr

JS>X a§JmMo

bhmZ H$U Am{U KÅ> ~m§Ybobo(v) {MH$U _mVr (e) øy_gMr H$_r j_Vm

4. _mVrMr {Z{_©Vr H$er hmoVo? g{dñVa {bhm.

5. {MH$U _mVr {nH$m§gmR>r H$er Cn`wŠV Amho?

6. {MH$U _mVr Am{U JmimMr _mVr_Yrb \$aH$m§Mr `mXr V`ma H$am?

7. _mVrMo doJdoJio {d^mJ Xe©{dUmar AmH$¥Vr H$mT>m Am{U ^mJm§Zm Zm§do Úm.

8. a{O`mZo Amnë`m eoVm_Ü`o _mVrMm emofU Xa OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ à`moJ Ho$bm. {VZo nmhrbo H$s, _mVrÀ`m EH$m Z_wÝ`m_Ü`o 200mL nmUr {PanÊ`mgmR>r 40 {_ZrQ>o doi bmJbm. Va Ë`m _mVrÀ`m emofUm Xa {H$Vr?

9. _mVrMr Yyn Am{U _mVrMo àXþfU H$go Wm§~y eH$Vmo? g{dñVa {bhm.

{dkmZ142

10. {Xboë`m {dYmZmdéZ eãXH$moS>o nyU© H$am.

AmS>do

2. Á`m§Mo PmS>m§_wio g§ajU hmoVo

5. _mVrMo àXþfU amoIÊ`mgmR>r `m§Mm dmna Q>mibm nmhrOo

6. ^m§S>r V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m _mVrMm dmna H$aVmV

7. _mVr_Yo Agbobo gOrd

C^o

1. XþîH$mimVrb hmoUmar _mVrMr PrO åhUOo

3. JmimMr Am{U {MH$U_mVr `mgmR>r `mo½` oAmho.

4. `m àH$mamMr _mVr nmUr H$_r à_mUmV AS>{dVo

5. _mVrÀ`m Ho$boë`m EH$ÌrH$aUmÀ`m Wambm.

{dñVmarV AÜ``Z - H¥$Vr Am{U `moOZm H$m`©

1. ~wPmobm H$ƒr _mVr Am{U ^mObobm _mVr `m_Yrb \$aH$ OmUyZ ¿`md`mMm Amho? _S>H$s V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmar _mVr hr _wË`m© V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m _mVr nojm H$er doJir Amho `mMr emoY ¿`m.

_mVr 143

2. Amnë`m Kamg_moarb {dQ>m§Mr ^Å>r nmhÿZ nhobr qMVoV hmoVr. H$maU Ë`m {dQ>m§À`m ^Å>rVyZ A{YH$ à_mUmV Yya {ZKV hmoVm. {Vbm gm§{JVbo hmoVo H$s, _wVu, IoiUr Am{U

{dQ>m ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r AË`§V Mm§Jë`m XOm©À`m _mVrMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. {VZo nm{hbo

H$s, B_maVrÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r Q´>H$^éZ {dQ>m KoD$Z OmV hmoVo. {Vbm qMVm nS>br H$s, `m à_mUmV Oa {dQ>m {Z_m©U H$aV AgVrb Va _mVr {Q>Hy$ eHo$b H$m? `m {df`r Vwåhr Amnë`m AmB©-dS>rbm§gmo~V qH$dm {ejH$m§À`m qH$dm BVa {df` {ejH$mH$S>o MMm© H$éZ Ë`mMm Ahdmb H$am.

3. _mVrÀ`m H$moUË`m EH$m Z_yÝ`mMr AmÐ©Vm emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$am Imbr EH$ H¥$Vr {Xbr Amho.

H¥$Vr : 100g _mVr ¿`m (_mVrMo dOZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r XþH$mZXmamMr _XV ¿`m.) EH$m nonada hr _mVr ngadyZ CÝhmV gwHy$ Úm. hr H¥$Vr â Xþnmar Ho$br nmhrOo. bjmV R>odm H$s _mVr nonaÀ`m ~mhoa nSy> Zò. gwH$boë`m _mVrMo naV dOZ H$am. `mdéZ Vwåhmg _mhrV Pmbo H$s, _mVr gwH${dÊ`mÀ`m AmYr Am{U Zo§VaMo dOZ nmhrbo AgVm AmÐ©Vm

AmoiIy eH$mb. `mdéZ 100g _mVrÀ`m AmÐ©VoMm eoH$S>m Xa gm§Jy eH$mb.

g_Om, gwH${dë`mZ§Va _mVrMo dOZ 10g H$_r Pmbo. Va,

_mVr_Yrb AmÐ©VoMm Xa = AmÐVoMo dñVy_mZ(g)

_mVrÀ`m Z_wÝ`mMo _yi dñVwy_mZ(g) × 100

`m CXmhaUmdéZ,

_mVr_Yrb AmÐ©VoMm Xa = 10 × 100

100=10%


CÎma ^maVmVrb ZÚm Á`m {h_mb` nd©VmVyZ dhmV òVmV Ë`m§À`m ~amo~a Jmi, _mVr, dmiy d aoVr KoD$Z òVmV. `m gdmªZr`wŠV _mVr åhUOoM JmimMr _mVr CÎma ^maVmV _¡XmZr àXoemV ngabobr Amho. hr _mVr A{Ve` gw{nH$ Agë`mZo ^maVmMr {Zå_r bmoH$g§»`m Ë`mda Adb§~yZ Amho.

{dkmZ144

A C A{V{Zb Ultravoilet CXmgrZrH$aU Neutralisation

A{^gaU g§ñWm Circulatory system CÀN>dmg Exhalation

Admdr` {OdmUy Anaerobic bacteria CËgO©Z Excretion

Admdr` ídgZ Anaerobic respiration CËgO©Z g§ñWm Excretory system

Ab¢{JH$ nwZéËnmXZ Asexual reproduction C^r à{V_m Virtual image

AëH$br Basic CÀM Vmn_mZ High temperature

A{^emofU Absorption Cî_mKmV Sun stroke

A{_Zmo Amåb Amino acid CîUVoMo n[aUm_ Effects of heat

A{_~m Amoeba D$

A_mo{Z`m Ammonia D$Vr Tissue

AÞ[aº$sH$m Food vacuole A§

AÞZ{bH$m Oesophagus A§VJm}b q^J Concave lens

Am A§VJm}b Amagm Concave mirror

Am§XmobZ Oscillation A§Hw$aU Budding

Amåb Acid A§VaJ«hU Ingestion

Amagm Mirror H$

Amåbr` Acidic H$_r Xm~ Low pressure

AmboI Graph H$m`_Mo XmV Permanent teeth

Amobmdm Moisture H$mbmdYr Period

AmÐ©Vm Humidity H$mbmMo EH$H$ Unit of time

B {H$aUmoËgO©Z Radiation

B§ÐYZwî` Rain-bow

eãXgyMr

_mVr 145

H$ëbo Gills OñVmMo Wa XoUo Galvanisation

$H$Q>H$^jH Insectivorous O{_{Zdarb dmao Land breeze

I O¡{dH$ dm`y Biogas

Imbrb _Obm Understorey P

J PS>n Valve

JVr Motion {PanUo Infiltration, percolation

p½bgam°b Glycerol >Q

Jmobr` Amagm Spherical mirror Q>mB©\y$Z Typhoon

J§OUo Rusting >R

JiU} Swallowing {R>~H$ qgMZ Drip irrigation

K R>moHo$ Beats

_Km Sweat V

M V§Vy_` Fibrous

M{H«$dmXi Cyclone Vm§~S>çm aº$noer Red blood cells

MH$U _mVr Clayey soil X

M_H$Uo Glittering Xm~ Pressure

Mw§~H$s` n[aUm_ Magnetic effect XmT>m Molar

>N Y

N>V Canopy Y¥dr` àXoe Polar region

O Z

Obg§YmaU Water retention {ZpîH«$` dm`y Inert gase

ObdmhrZr Xylem {ZpîH«$`rH$aU Inactivation

ObewÕrH$aU Water purification {Zbm Vein

{ZË` hdm_mZ Weather

{dkmZ146

n $\

nMZ Digestion $\ bZ$ Fertilisation

namonOrdr Parasites ~

namJr^dZ Pollination ~mOyMm Amagm Side mirror

nmUr g§H$bZ Water harvesting ~{hJm}b Amagm Convex mirror

nmUr nmVir Water level ~{hJm}b {^§J Convex lens

nmMH$ag Digestive juice ~rOwH$ Spore

nmíd©Xeu Rear view {~Om§S> Ovule

{nVme` Gall bladder {~Om§S>H$mof Ovary

àmXo{eH$ hdm_mZ Climate ~°Q>ar Battery

{nVag Bile juice ^

noer` ídgZ Cellular respiration ^yOb Groundwater

nmofH$o Nutrient ^«yU Embryo

nmofH$ KQ>H$ Nutrient element ^m¡{VH$ ~Xb Physical change

nwZa²^aU Refilling _

nm§T>è`m aº$noer White blood cell _mÝgyZ dmao Monsoon winds

àH$me g§íbofU Photosynthesis _rR Salt

nwTMo nQ>merMo Incisor _wimdarb Ho$g Root hair

nanmofr Heterotroph _wI {dda Buccal cavity

ßbmÂ_m Plasma _w»` àdmh Main stream

namJH$U Pollen grain _wÌqnS> Kidney

namJdm{hZr Pollen tube _mVrMr Ywn Soil erosion

_wÌ_mJ© Urethra

_mVr 147

_wÌdm{hZr Ureter d

_wÌme` Urinary bladder dhZ Conduction

` $dmhH Conductor

`O_mZ Host daMm ñVa Epidermis

`w½_ZO Zygote dmXi Storm

`H¥$V Liver dm`dr` {OdmUy Aerobic bacteria

`w½_Ho$ Gametes dmè`mÀ`m dhZmMr aMZm

Windflow patterns

`w[a`m Urea dmbyH$m_` Sandy

`w[aH$ Amåb Uric Acid dmñVd à{V_m Real image

a dm`dr` ídgZ Aerobic respiration

aŠV Blood {dKQ>Ho$ Decomposers

aŠVdm{hÝ`m Blood vessels {dÚwV K§Q>m Electric bell

amo{hUr Artery {dÚwV _§S>bm Electric circuit

amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Chemical change {dÚwV Mw§~H$ Electromagnet

amgm`{ZH$ à{H«$`m Chemical reaction {dI§S>U Fragmentation

aŠVewÕrH$aU Blood purification {dÚwV Vm[aUr Fuse

é_oZ Rumen {dÚwV {damoYH$ Electric resistance

agdm{hZr Phloem dY©Z à{V_m Magnified image

b dY©Z H$mM Magnifying glass

bmoH$a Fleece, Wool {d{H$aU Radiation

bmobH$ Prism {d^º$sH$aU Seperation

bmbmJ«§Wr Salivary glands {dH$ao Enzymes

b¢{JH$ nwZéËnmXZ Sexual reproduction

{dkmZ148

e ñdÀN>Vm Cleanliness

emofU Absorption g_wÐr dmao Sea breeze

{eIa Crown gm§S>nmUr Wastewater

ídgZ Xa Breathing rate gmYm b§~H$ Simple pendulum

ídmg KoUo Inhalation ñQ>oÏ`mñH$mon Stethoscope

g ñQ>mo_°Q>m Stomata

g_m`moOZ Adaptation >ñdmXþqnS Pancreas

g_JVr Uniform motion h

ñd`§nmofr Autotrophos h[aVÐì` Chloroplast

ñV§^mboI Bar graph {h_mo½bmo~rZ Haemoglobin

g{N>Ð Aquifer hdm_mZmMo KQ>H$ Elements of weather

gwio Canine öX`mMo R>moHo$ Heartbeat

goëgrAg à_mU Celsius scale h[aHo$Z Hurricane

ñ\${Q>H$s^dZ Crystallisation j

pñZ½Ym§åb Fatty acid jnU Reduction

$gyMHo Indicators

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