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PRACTICAL JOURNAL

OF

Introduction to copmuter and C ++

Submited To

ENGR.SANAM NAREJO

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


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CERTIFICATE

Certified that MR under

ROLL No..of class has carried

Out the necessary practical work as per course of studies by

the.. .for the year.As shown in practical schedule of this journal.

Subject Teacher:

Department:

Date:

Head of Department:


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Practical No.01

Introduction to computer

Computer is a machine that performs tasks or calculations according to a set of

instructions, or programs. The first fully electronic computers, introduced in the

1940s, were huge machines that required teams of people to operate. Compared to

those early machines, today's computers are amazing. Not only are they thousands

of times faster, they can fit on your desk, in your lap, or even in your pocket.

Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. Hardware refersto the parts of a computer that you can see and touch, including the case and

everything inside it. The most important piece of hardware is a tiny rectangular

chip inside your computer called the central processing unit (CPU),

or microprocessor. It's the "brain" of your computerthe part that translates

instructions and performs calculations

SSooffttwwaarree refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hhaarrddwwaarree what to do.

A word processing program that you can use to write letters on your computer is a

type of software.

Parts of computer ?

CPU:

CPUstands for 'Central Processing Unit' and is the 'brain' of the computer. MostCPU's today are made by Intel and bear such names as 'Pentium', 'Pentium Pro' and

'Pentium II'. Older Intel CPU's include the 80486 and 80386 families. Othermanufacturers also make CPU's: Motorola for the Macintosh, AMD and Cirrus for

PC's and others. The 'speed' of a CPU's processing is measured inmegahertz. The

CPU is the place that holds info about the operating system (DOS orWindows),

for example).


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RAM

RAM is what you know as Memory, as in how much memory does your

computer have? It is not permanent memory - the RAM is erased when the

computer turns off. Permanent memory is stored on the hard drive. Memory is

measured in increments ofbits andbytes. Generally the least memory you should

ever have with a Pentium computer is 64 MB (megabytes: look up kilo-, mega-,

and giga, and more is much better. There are places on the motherboard (called

slots) for memory modules. The memory modules are small printed circuit

boards with memory chips on them and are usually either SIMMs (Single Inline

Memory Modules) or DIMMs (Dual Inline Memory Module).

Don't confuse this with ROM.

Processor

This is the chip that does the "thinking" of the computer. These are the "Pentium"

and "AMD" chips you hear about. Processor speed is measured in Mega

Hertz(Mhz) and GigaHertz(Ghz). 1 Ghz = 1000 Mhz

Hard Drive

This is the part of your computer where information is stored for later retrieval. All

the information you access on your computer, all your documents, pictures, email

messages, and programs are here. Unlike memory, the hard drive stores

information even after the power is turned off. The image to the right shows the

inside of a hard drive.

Floppy DriveThis is the slot in the front of your computer where you insert a disk to store data

and move it to another computer. If your computer is an iMac, you will not have a

Floppy Drive. Floppy disks are 3 inches in size, and hold 1.44Mb of data. The

images below show a floppy drive, and some floppy disks.


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What is a Computer Output Device?Computer output devices are computer hardware equipment, that are used to

communicate the results of data processing carried out by a computer to the user.

There are a number of devices, which produce data in different forms, whichincludes audio, video or hard copy. Output device of computer are types of

peripheral hardware connected that is connected to the computer, either using

cables or over a wireless network. Immaterial whether you havedesktop

computers, laptop computers, supercomputers, etc., you will require at least one

computer output device..

MonitorA monitor is also called as video display terminal (VDT). The visual display of the

processed data, which the users can view is got through the monitor. Computer

monitors come in a variety of screen sizes and not to forget visual resolutions.

There are two types of computer monitors available, namely CRT and flat panel.

All monitors rely in a video card, which is located on the motherboard to display

the information. It is the video card, which processes the data into images, which is

eventually displayed on the monitor.

PrinterThe next of the computer output devices is the printer, which is an external

hardware device, which takes processed data from the computer to generate a hard

copy of the data. After the monitors, printers are the most used peripherals on

computers and they are commonly used to print text data, images, etc. There are

three main types of computer printers, namely ink jet, laser printersand dot matrix.

Each of these printer type uses a different technology to print the data.

SpeakerA speaker is a hardware device, that is connected to a computers sound card,

which outputs sound generated by the card. Audio data generated by the computer

is sent to the audio card, that is located in the expansion slot. The card translates

the data into audio signals, which are then sent to either the speakers or

headphones. In the initial phase, computers had on-board speakers, which


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generated series of different tones and beeps. When the popularity of multimedia

and computer games grew, higher quality computer speakers came into the market.

These new speakers were known for higher quality sound effects and music.

ProjectorIt is a hardware device, with which an image like a computer screen is projected

onto a flat screen. Image data is sent to the video card, by the computer which is

then translated into a video image and sent to the projector. A projector is often

used in meetings or to make presentations, because they allow for a large image to

be shown, with which the display is available for a large audience.

PlotterPlotters, like printers, create a hard copy rendition of a digitally rendered design.

The design is sent to a plotter through a graphics card and the image is created

using a pen. In simple words, plotters basically draw an image using a series of

straight lines. This computer output device is used with engineering applications.

DiscsThere are different types of discs, such as CD, DVD and floppy discs, which are

output devices that are also used to store data, hence they are also input devices at

the same time. The data is sent to the disc and the data is embedded on the disc,

which is retrieved, when required.

This is computer output devices information in short. All computers might nothave all the computer output devices, but it certainly does have one of the visual

output device, namely either a monitor or projector.


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What are Computer Input Devices?

Computer input devices are hardware components that help you transfer

information, data, etc. to the computer. Without the computer input devices, you

computer will be more or less just like a television set. These devices help you

send data into the computer or even help you retrieve the data into a hard copy. So

an input device is any peripheral device that helps provide data and control signals

of a computer. The input devices can be classified into the following categories:

Computer Input Devices List

Let us now have a look at the various computer input devices list. These inputdevices help in manipulating various information on the computer. The following

are some of the most commonly used input devices. You can read more

on computer uses.

Keyboard:

The oldest and most widely used computer input device is the keyboard. It is

available with the desktop computers, laptops, etc. The computerkeyboard contains all the alphabetical and numerical keys for input of data and

commands. The keyboard is generally connected to the computer with a wire but

nowadays wireless keyboards are also very common.

Mouse:

The small hand held computer device that helps make selection and navigation of

the screen easy is the mouse. Thecomputer mouse displays a cursor on the screen

that serves as a guide for opening files and folders, and making selections. The

mouse, like the keyboard, is either connected with the computer through a wire or

has a wireless connection.


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Graphics Tablets: The graphic tablet uses a pen-like computer input devicethat is called a stylus. This helps one write on tablets or touchscreens like a pen.

Some tablets and stylus have buttons, that help the user use it like a mouse. Many

latest tablet models, allow the user to use their fingers instead of a stylus.

Joysticks: If you are an ardent fan of gaming and love to play many advancedgames, then you may be aware of a joystick. This is a movable stick with a button

or two that helps one control the movements of characters in the game. Many latest

joystick models come with different buttons to help you make complex movements

with just a push with your fingers.

Scanners: Scanners are computer input devices that help you make virtualphotocopies of your hard copy document or even a photograph. You can copy a

digital image of the document you wish to copy and save it on the computer or take

print outs. This copy can be edited by running a graphics program.

Headsets: The headsets are computer input devices that have an earphone aswell as a microphone. This helps you record your voice, dictate data or even

commands to the computer. Some headsets help you keep your hands free for

working on different tasks. You can even add voice recognition software, so that

only your voice will be accepted by the computer to dictate commands.


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INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system is software, consisting ofprograms and data, that runs

on computers , manages computer hardware resources, and provides common

services for execution of various application software. The operating system is the

most important type ofsystem software in a computer system. Without an

operating system, a user cannot run an application program on their computer,

unless the application program is self booting.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the

operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the

computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by

the hardware and will frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it.

Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, iOS, Linux, and

Microsoft Windows.

Real-time

A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at

executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use

specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic

nature of behavior. The main objective of real-time operating systems is

their quick and predictable response to events.

Multi-user vs. Single-user

A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer

system concurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-usersystems as they enable a multiple user access to a computer through the

sharing of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user

operating system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to have

multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-

user system. Rather, only the network administrator is the real user.


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Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking

When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped

under a single-tasking system, while in case the operating system allows theexecution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking

operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types namely, pre-emptive or

co-operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the

CPU time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs.

Distributed

A distributed operating system manages a group of independent computers

and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of

networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other,

gave rise to distributed computing.

Embedded

Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer

systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with

less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources.

They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and

Minx 3 are some examples of embedded operating system


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DATA PROCESSING

data processing is anyprocess that a computer program does to enter data andsummaries, analyses or otherwise convert data into usable information. The

process may be automated and run on a computer. It involves recording, analysing,

sorting, summarizing, calculating, disseminating and storing data. Because data is

most useful when well-presented and actually informative, data-processing systems

are often referred to as information systems. Nevertheless, the terms are roughly

synonymous, performing similar conversions; data-processing systems typically

manipulate raw data into information.

Basically, data is nothing but unorganized facts and which can be converted intouseful information. This process of converting facts to information is Processing.

Practically all naturally occurring processes can be viewed as examples ofdata

processing systems where "observable" information in the form ofpressure, light,

etc. are converted by human observers into electrical signals in the nervous

system as the senses we recognize as touch, sound, and vision.

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

A data processing cycle also simply called a database or a DB is for any set of

data.

A database is an entity in which it is possible to store data in a structured manner

and with the least possible redundancy.

A database must be designed to allow consultation as well as easy modification of

its content, possibly by several users simultaneously.


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In a database, the data is stored in fields of given types grouped into tables and

linked together. An encyclopedia with its structured data is a database, even if the

user usually cannot bring any change, so is .

A database must allow you to quickly find an information. Enter a name and you

get all the information about a person.

It is also possible to allow members to update their own information. The

possibilities offered by all types of databases are numerous and can respond to

multiple expectations.

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS)

INTRODUCTION:

When the computer starts, it starts the operating system that takes the control of the

machine. An Operating System is a set of programs that help in controlling and

managing the Hardware and the Software resources of a computer system. A good

operating system should have the following features;

1. Help in the loading of programs and data from external sources into the internal

memory before they are executed.

2. Help programs to perform input/output operations, such as;

o Print or display the result of a program on the printer or the screen.

o Store the output data or programs written on the computer in storage

device.


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o Communicate the message from the system to the user through the

VDU.

o Accept input from the user through the keyboard or mouse.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you would be able to;

y explain the concept operating system

y discuss the functions of operating system

y understand the procedures of loading operating system into the memory

y use file management features of operating system

y create separate locations for logically related files

y copy files from one computer to another

y use Windows for File Management

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS)

As the name suggests, the operating System is used for operating the system or the

computer. It is a set of computer programs and also known as DOS (Disk

Operating System). The main functions of DOS are to manage disk files, allocate

system resources according to the requirement. DOS provides features essential to

control hardware devices such as Keyboard, Screen, Disk Devices, Printers,

Modems and programs.

Basically, DOS is the medium through which the user and external devices

attached to the system communicate with the system. DOS translate the command

issued by the user in the format that is understandable by the computer and instructcomputer to work accordingly. It also translates the result and any error message in

the format for the user to understand.


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Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a series ofoperating systems produced by Microsoft.

Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,

1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user

interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world'spersonal

computermarket, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. As of

October 2009, Windows had approximately 90% of the market share of the client

operating systems for usage on the Internet.

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