kalakalang panloob at panlabas
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• Ang kalakalang panloob ay tumutukoy sa pag papalitan at pamamahagi ng mga produkto at serbisyo sa loob ng bansa.Ito ang nagiging daan upang ang mga produkto ng isang patikular na lugar ay makarating sa ibat-ibang lugar.
• Ang mga namamagitan sa pamamahagi ng produkto:
• Wholesaler - ang bumibili ng produktong maramihan at binibenta ng tinge, ang broker naman ang tagapamagitan sa bilihan at paggawa ng kontrata tulad sa bilihan ng stock.
• Retailer - ang tingiang bumibili ng produkto ng konsyumer
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• Ang kalakalang pangdaigdig ay nagaganap dahil sa ilang salik tulad ng:
1. Espesyalisasyon ng bawat paggawa sa produkto - Gaya ng paggawa ng higit na kanilang
pangangailangan upang maipagbili sa ibang bansa na nangangailangan ng nasabing produkto
2.Kapital ng bansa - Ang bansang malaki ang kapital ay nakakagawa ng
maraming produkto na ginagamit sa pakikipagkalakalan sa ibang bansa.
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Ang pakikipagkalakalan ng
mga bansa ay maiuugnaysa
dalawang prinsipyo.
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Prinsipyong Komparatibo Kamalangan(Comparative Advantage) - mas mabuti na lumikha ng produkto kung saan
matatamo nito ang higit na kapakipakinabang at umangkat na lamang ng produkto na kailangan ng bansa na mas mura kaysa lumikha nito
Prinsipyo ng Lubos na Kalamangan(Absolute Advantage) - ang prinsipyong ito ay nagsasaad sa isang
bansa na magpakadalubhasa sa paglikha ng produkto na magdudulot ng malaking kita dahil mas mura ang paggawa ng ito kumpara sa paglikha ng ibang produkto.
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Paano malalaman kung nakikinabang o nakakabuti ang nakakabuti ang pakikipagkalakalan a ibang bansa?
- ang kalagayan ni kalakalan ng ating bansa ay makikita a balanse ng kalakalan(balance of trade)at balanse ng kabayaran(balance of payments)
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Average Average Balance
Percent Exchange Percent Exchange of Trade Total to Total Rate to Total Rate Favorable
Year Trade Value Trade (P/Us $) Value Trade (P/Us $) (unfav.)
1996 52,969.48 20,542.55 38.78 26.220 32,426.93 61.22 26.271 (11,884 .38)
1997 61,161.52 25,227.70 41.25 29.205 35,933.82 58.75 29.647 (10,706.12)
1998 59,156.24 29,496.35 49.86 40.276 29,659.89 50.14 40.922 (163.54)
1999 65,779.35 35,036.89 53.26 38.781 30,742.46 46.74 39.369 4,294.43
2000 69,465.65 38,078.25 54.82 43.710 31,387.40 45.18 44.480 6,690.85
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• Ang ating bansa ay nakakaranas ng di-balanseng kalakalan
sapagkat may pagkakataon na mas malaki ang ginagastos sa
mga inaangkat na produkto kaysa sa kinikita sa mga iniluluwas na produkto.
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1. australia2. Brunei darussalam3. Canada4. Chile5. China hongkong (adminitrative pronce)6. Indonesia7. Japan8. South korea 9. Mexico10. New zealand11. Papua new guinea12. Peru13. Philippines14. Russian federationingapore 15. Singapore 16. taiwan17. Thailand18. U. S.A19. Vietnam
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1) Brunei darussalam2) Indonesia3) Laos people’ s democratic republic 4) Malaysia5) Myanmar6) Philippines7) Singapore8) Thailand 9) Vietnam
Mga bansang kasapi ng AseanMga bansang kasapi ng Asean
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• Ang GATT ay pangunahing institusyon na pumapatnubay sa mga pagpupulong ukol sa multilateral na kalakalan.
• Nilalayon ng GATT na magkaroon ng malaya at walang diskriminasyon na kalakalan sa pamamagitan ng pagkakaron at pagpapatupad ng epektibong pamantayan at patakaran.
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• Ang Uruguay Round ang ikawalong bahagi ng pag-uusap ukol sa pandaigdigang kalakalan. Itunuturing ito na pinakaambisyosong kasunduang pangkalakalan sa buong mundo dahil sinakop ng kasunduang ito ang ibang sektor na hindi pa nasasakop ng mga naunang kasunduan sa ilalim ng GATT.
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• Nasakop nito ang sektor ng : - Agrikultura - Textiles at clothing (pananamit) - At mga Serbisyo
• Ang Uruguay Round ang naging tulay sa pagtatatag ng World Trade Organization (WTO) .
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• Marrakesh Agreement - Ayon sa nasabing kasunduan, ang
WTO ay itinayo upang mangasiwa sa implementasyon ng mga kasunduang naging resulta ng Uruguay Round.
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Ang pandaigdigang kalakalan ay maisasaayos bunga ng pagpapatupad ng mga kasunduan na kailangang sundin ng mga kasaping bansa
Magkaroon ng mas maraming pamilihan ang mga produkto na mula sa mga bansa ng ikatlong daigdig tulad ng pilipinas dahil sa pag aalis ng mga hadlang sa kalakala n na tinatawag na nontariff tulad ng qoata at import license at babawasan ang taripa ng 33%
Ang isang kasaping bansa tulad ng pilipinas ay pagkakalooban ng most favored nation (MFN)na estado kung saan makatatanggap ito ng maraming benepisyo sa kalakalan kapag nakipag ugnay sa ibang kasaping bansa
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Ang mga imbensyon at pagtuklas ng mga indibidwal ay mabibigayang proteksyon laban sa pamimirata (piracy) sa pamamagitan ng mahigpit na pagpapatupad ng intellectual property rigths (IPRs).
Pagkakaroon ng safety nets upang mabigyan –proteksyon ang mga sektor na higit na maaapektuhan ng implementasyon ng GATT tulad ng mga magsasaka.
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Ang mga lokal na prodyuser at industriya ay mas nanaisin na mag prodyus ng mga produkto
Mapipilitan ang ating bansana tanggapin ang maga dayuhang produkto.
Ang di pagpapatupad ng mga safety .netsAng IPRs ay higit na magpapahirap sa mga
mag sasaka.Pagkakaroon na labis ekspektasyon
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pagsulong
Pagbabagong panlipunan
Pag-unlad
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• Ang mga physiocrat ay binubuo ng mga ekonomista na pinangungunahan ni francois quesnay na nag mula sa school of physiocrat na naniniwala sa tinatawag na rule of nature.
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Agrikultura Laissez faire
physiocrats
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si adam smith na kinikilala bilang ama ng mkabagong ekonomiks
Si adam smith ay naimplwensyahan ng mga pananaw ng mga physiocrat na naniniwala sa pag kakaroon ng malayang kompitesyon
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• Ang kaisipan ng mga physiocrat ay impluwensya sa ideya ni david ricardo ukol sa pag unlad• Pinahayag ni david ricardo ang
kaisipan ng comparative advantage
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kompetisyon
Tulong mula s a pamahalaan
Malayang kalakalan
Walang monopolyo
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Makinarya Gusali
Kagamitan pamproduksyonKasanayan ng mangagawa
Mga yaring produkto at
serbisyo
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• Isang
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