kako cestice dobijaju masu?
DESCRIPTION
Predavanje o Higsovom mehanizmu, čestici, LHC-u i Nobelovoj nagradi za fiziku za 2013. godinu. Predavanje je održano 29. marta 2014. godine na festivalu "Nauk nije bauk" u Nišu.TRANSCRIPT
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Kako čestice dobijaju masu?
Milan Milošević Departman za fiziku, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Nišu
Astronomsko društvo „Alfa“
www.alfa.org.rs
Svet nauke www.svetnauke.org
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Šta je masa?
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Malo hemije • Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeljejev (1834 - 1907) • Periodni sistem – 1869. god.
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Atom i “atom” • Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
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Akceleratori • Elektrostatički, linearni, ciklotroni, sinhrotroni...
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Kolajderi
• ... ali o njima više malo kasnije...
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Struktura materije
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Čestice i sile
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Osobine čestica • Masa elektrona
9.12 × 10-31 kg • Masa protona
1.67 × 10-27 kg
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Matematika...
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Standardni model
• Elementarne čestice
• Interakcije
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Postoji jedan “mali” problem • Masa čestica jednaka nuli !?!?
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Polja i sile • Električno • Magnetno • Gravitaciono • Itd...
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Simetrije
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Higsovo polje
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Narušenje simetrije
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Narušenje simetrije
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Higsovo polje i veliki prasak • Starost 10-10 s
• Simetričan
svemir
• Čestice bez mase, jedna sila
• “Fazni prelaz”
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Higsov mehanizam za neupućene
Izvor: David Miller (University College London)
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Higsov mehanizam za neupućene
Izvor: David Miller (University College London)
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Oko 50 godina kasnije...
• Lepa teorija ali bila je potrebna provera
• Potrebno mnogo energije
• Povratak akceleratorima
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LHC – Large Hadron Colider
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Ukratko o LHC Temperatura: 1.8K Dužina: 27 km 1300 magneta (~ 13
metara, ukupno 24 kilometara)
Struja: 6500 – 9000 A Magnetno polje: 8.5 T Energija – max 14 TeV
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Šta je TeV? 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
1 TeV = 1.6 x 10-19 x 1012 J = 1.6 x 10-7 J
1/2 m v2 = 1.6 x 10-7 J,
m = 2 x 10-6 kg
v = 0.4 m/s = 1.4 km/h
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Detektori – ATLAS i CMS
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Detektovanje čestica
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Mnogo podataka... • U ovome:
• Treba pronaći:
Pretraga: 1 u 1013
Jedna osoba na 1000 “Zemlji”
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Detekcija Higsove čestice?
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CERN: 4. jul 2012. godine
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Higgs -> ZZ
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Nobelova nagrada za fiziku • 2013. godina • “za teorijsko otkriće mehanizma koji daje značajan doprinos
razumevanju porekla mase subatomskih čestica”
• Franso Angler
University of Edinburgh, UK
• Piter Higs
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium