Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D. 12. November 2013 Tuesday

TERMINOLOGY IN ANATOMY

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2.1. TERMS RELATED TO POSITION2.2. TERMS OF LATERALITY2.3. TERMS OF MOVEMENT2.4. POSITIONS OF THE BODY

1. TERMINOLOGY IN ANATOMY

Terminology in anatomy It is important for medical personnel to have a sound

knowledge and understanding of the basic anatomic terms.

The accurate use of anatomic terms by medical personnel enables them to communicate with their colleagues both nationally and internationally.

Without anatomic terms, one cannot accurately discuss or record the abnormal functions of joints, the actions of muscles, the alteration of position of organs, or the exact location of swellings or tumors.

Anatomical terms are descriptive terms standardized in an international reference guide, Terminologia Anatomica (TA).

TA- International Anatomical Terminology

Created by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, the most recent (6th) edition was published in 1998.

Many anatomical terms have both Latin and Greek equivalents.

Thus the tongue is lingua (L.) and glossa (Gk), and these are the basis of such terms as lingual artery and glossopharyngeal nerve.

Anatomical directional terms are based on the body in the anatomical position.

Various adjectives, arranged as pairs of opposites, describe the relationship of parts of the body or compare the position of two structures relative to each other.

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All descriptions of the human body based on anatomic position.

The various parts of the body then described in relation to certain imaginary planes

4 anatomical planes divide the body.

TERMS RELATED TO POSİTİON

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Anatomical PlanesAnatomical descriptions are based on four imaginary planes (median, sagittal, frontal-coronal, and transverse-axial) that intersect the body in the anatomical position.

Sagittal= New Latin sagittālis < sagitta (“arrow”)

Coronal= L. corona "crown, garland»

Axial = "pertaining to an axis,«

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The median plane, the vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, divides the body into right and left halves.

Sagittal planes are vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane.

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Frontal (coronal) planes are vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

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Transverse planes are horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Radiologists refer to transverse planes as transaxial, which is commonly shortened to axial planes.

Anatomical terms are specific for comparisons made in the anatomical position, or with reference to the anatomical planes:

• Superior refers to a structure that is nearer the vertex, the topmost point of the cranium (Mediev. L., skull).

• Inferior refers to a structure that is situated nearer the sole of the foot.

• Cranial relates to the cranium and is a useful directional term, meaning toward the head or cranium.

• Caudal (L. cauda, tail) is a useful directional term that means toward the feet or tail region, represented in humans by the coccyx (tail bone), the small bone at the inferior (caudal) end of the vertebral column.

• Posterior (dorsal) denotes the back surface of the body or nearer to the back.

• Anterior (ventral) denotes the front surface of the body.• Rostral is often used instead of anterior when describing parts of the

brain; it means toward the rostrum (L. for beak).

To describe the relationship of two structures, one is said to be anterior or posterior to the other insofar as it is closer to the anterior or posterior body surface.

Medial is used to indicate that a structure is nearer to the median plane of the body. For example, the 5th digit of the hand (little finger) is medial to the other digits.

Lateral stipulates that a structure is farther away from the median plane. The 1st digit of the hand (thumb) is lateral to the other digits.

Dorsum usually refers to the superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body, such as the dorsum of the tongue, nose, penis, or foot

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• Combined terms describe intermediate positional arrangements: inferomedial means nearer to the feet and median plane—for example, superolateral means nearer to the head and farther from the median plane.

Other terms of relationship and comparisons are independent of the anatomical position or the anatomical planes, relating primarily to the body's surface or its central core:

Superficial, intermediate, and deep (Lat. Profundus, profunda) describe the position of structures relative to the surface of the body or the relationship of one structure to another underlying or overlying structure.

External means outside of or farther from the center of an organ or cavity, while internal means inside or closer to the center, independent of direction.

Other terms of relationship and comparisons are independent of the anatomical position or the anatomical planes, relating primarily to the body's surface or its central core:

External means outside of or farther from the center of an organ or cavity, while internal means inside or closer to the center, independent of direction.

Proximal and distal are used when contrasting positions nearer to or farther from the attachment of a limb or the central aspect of a linear structure (origin in general), respectively. For example, the arm is proximal to the forearm and the hand is distal to the forearm.

TERMS OF LATERALİTY Paired structures having right and left members (e.g., the kidneys) are

bilateral, whereas those occurring on one side only (e.g., the spleen) are unilateral.

Something occurring on the same side of the body as another structure is ipsilateral.

Contralateral means occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure.

Various terms describe movements of the limbs and other parts of the body.

Most movements are defined in relationship to the anatomical position, with movements occurring within, and around axes aligned with, specific anatomical planes.

While most movements occur at joints where two or more bones or cartilages articulate with one another, several non-skeletal structures exhibit movement (e.g., tongue, lips, eyelids).

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Terms of movement may also be considered in pairs of oppositing movements:

Flexion and extension movements generally occur in sagittal planes around a transverse axis.

Flexionbending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the bodyFor most joints (e.g., elbow) in an anterior directionoccasionally posterior

knee joint.

Lateral flexion movement of the trunk in the coronal plane.

Extension

straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

usually occurs in a posterior direction.

Knee joint exceptional flexion of the knee - posterior movement Extension- anterior movement.

Dorsiflexion flexion @ ankle joint

when walking uphill lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground

Plantarflexion bends the foot and toes toward the ground

when standing on your toes.

@ a frontal plane around an anteroposterior axisAbduction moving away from the median plane except digitsAdduction moving towards the median plane

abduction & adduction

circular movement sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction the distal end of the part moves in a circle.

shoulder jointhip joint

Circumduction

Rotation turning or revolving a part of the body around its

longitudinal axis such as turning one's head to face sideways.

Medial rotation (internal rotation) anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane

lateral rotation (external rotation) anterior surface away from the median plane.

Pronation rotates forearm medially

palm of the hand faces posteriorly its dorsum faces anteriorly.

Supination opposite rotational movement

Eversion sole of the foot away from the median planesole turns laterally

Inversion sole of the foot toward the median plane (facing the sole medially).

Opposition pad of the 1st digit (thumb) brought to another digit pad

pinch -- button a shirt - lift a teacup by the handle

«tea» in sign language

Reposition 1st digit from the position of opposition

back to its anatomical position

Protrusion

movement forward as in protruding the mandible (chin), lips, or tongue

Retrusion movement backward, as in retruding the

mandible, lips, or tongue

Elevation raises or moves a part superiorly

elevating the shoulders

Depression lowers or moves a part inferiorly

depressing the shoulders

anterolateral & posteromedial movements of the scapula on the thoracic wall

shoulder region to moving anteriorly and posteriorly

Protraction & retraction