k4312017_ dwi nopita sari
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TUGAS MATA KULIAH ENGLISH FOR BIOLOGY
REPORT
Disusun oleh :
Dwi Nopita Sari
K4312017
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI
JURUSAN PMIPA
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
2013
MORPHOLOGY OF FRUITSDwi Nopita Sari / K4312017 /A
Biology Education Department, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta
Introduction
In botany, a fruit is a part of a flowering plant that derives from specific tissues of
the flower, one or more ovaries, and in some cases accessory tissues. A fruit
results from maturation of one or more flowers, and the gynoecium of the flowers
forms all or part of the fruit. Fruits are the means by which these plants
disseminate seeds. As the ovules develop into seeds, the ovary begins to ripen and
the ovary wall, the pericarp, may become fleshy, or form a hard outer covering.
The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the
exocarp (outer layer, also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp
(inner layer).
In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts
of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens),
fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. When such other floral parts are a significant
part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. Purpose of this laboratory activity is
to know about type and kinds of fruits, texture of fruits, specs, and comparison
with other fruits.
Methodology
Material : paper, bolpoint, Cytrus sp, Anacardium occidentale, Mangifera indica,
and Oryza sativa.
Procedures : First, we must prepare the tools and materials needed. We need to
observe one by one fruit to know about the outer shape and parts of the fruit. And
then we have to draw it in the paper. Second, the fruits are divided vertically into
two part and we also observe it to know about the parts of fruits and special
character of the fruit. After that, we need to draw it and give description of the
image. Last, we have to make a table and classify fruits based on general type,
general kind of fruits development, texture, major layer, and the part of fruit that
can be consumed.
Result
Fruit type kind texture layer Edible part
Cytrus sp True fruit Simple Fleshy Flavedo, albedo,
endocarp
Endocarp
Anacardium
occidentale
False fruit Simple Dry Exocarp,
mesocarp,
endocarp
Flower’s
stalk which
also grow
Mangifera
indica
True fruit Simple Fleshy Exocarp,
mesocarp,
endocarp
Mesocarp
Oryza sativa True fruit Simple Dry Lemma, palea Seed
Discussion
- Cytrus sp include true type fruit and single kind fruit. It means that Cytrus sp
is formed from the ovary that becomes the dominant part in fruit and develop
from a single flower having one ovary. It has fleshy texture and there are three
main layer. It is flavedo, albedo, and endocarp. Flavedo is an outer layer that
has aeteris oil. Albedo is a middle layer like spons, consist of spons
parenchyma white colour. Endocarp is an inner layer that has much pulp and
can be consumed.
- Anacardium occidentale include false fruit and single fruit. It means that
Anacardium occidentale is formed from a single flower having one ovary but
there are other parts of the flower, that is flower’s stalk are joined evolving
and become the dominant part of the fruit. It has dry texture and consist of
three major layer : exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Exocarp is an outer layer
that dry, mesocarp is a middle layer, and endocarp is an inner layer that close
with seed. Part of fruit that can be consumed is flower’s stalk that also grow
together with ovary and become the dominant part.
- Mangifera indica include true fruit and single fruit. It means that Mangifera
indica is formed from the ovary that becomes the dominant part in fruit and
develop from a single flower having one ovary. It has fleshy texture and
consist of three major layers : exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Exocarp is an
outer layer, mesocarp is a middle layer that fleshy and can be consumed,
endocarp is an inner layer that hard.
- Oryza sativa include true fruit and single fruit. It means that Oryza sativa is
formed from the ovary that becomes the dominant part in fruit and develop
from a single flower having one ovary. It has dry texture and consist of two
major layer : lemma and palea. Lemma is a layer that bigger and larger than
palea, so palea is covered by lemma. Part of fruit that can be consumed is seed
that covered by lemma and palea.
Conclusion
There are two general type of fruit. First, true fruit are formed from the ovary that
becomes the dominant part in fruit. Second, false fruit are formed from the ovary
but there are other parts of the flower are joined evolving and sometimes become
the dominant part of the fruit.
Beside that, there are three general kind of fruit development. First, Simple fruit in
which fruits develop from a single flower having one ovary, and they are the
simplest fruits. Second, Agregat fruit in which fruits develop from a single
gynoecium having two or more carpels fused together. Third, Multiple fruits form
from many different flowers.