Jutta Vinzent

IDENTITY AND IMAGE

S C H R I F T E N D E R G U E R N I C A - G E S E L L S C H A F T

Kunst, Kultur und Politik im 20. JahrhundertHerausgegeben von Jutta Held

BAND 16

JUTTA VINZENT

IDENTITY AND IMAGEREFUGEE ARTISTS FROM NAZI GERMANY IN BRITAIN (1933–1945)

Weimar 2006

Layout: id, WeimarSatz: Anja SchreiberDruck: VDG, Weimar

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© VDG • Verlag und Datenbank für Geisteswissenschaften • Weimar 2006

Kein Teil dieses Werkes darf ohne schriftliche Einwilligung des Verlages in irgendeiner Form(Fotokopie, Mikrofilm oder ein anderes Verfahren) reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischerSysteme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden.Der Verlag, die Herausgeberin und der Autor haben sich nach besten Kräften bemüht,die erforderlichen Reproduktionsrechte für alle Abbildungen einzuholen. Für den Fall, dass wir etwasübersehen haben, sind wir für Hinweise der Leser dankbar.

© VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2005 für die Werke von: Reinhold Nägele, René Graetz, Heinz Worner, Kurt Schwitters, John Heartfield, Oskar Kokoschka© Peran Dachinger, London für Hugo Dachinger© Geoffrey Burne, Uxbridge für Hermann Fechenbach© Peter Flatter, London für Otto Flatter© Marie-Louise von Motesiczky Trust, London für Marie-Louise von Motesiczky© Walter Nessler-Stiftung, Pulsnitz für Walter Nessler© Caroline Compton, London für Fred Uhlman© Leslie Weissenborn, London für Hellmuth Weissenborn

ISBN-10: 3-89739-496-0

ISBN-13: 978-3-89739-469-4

Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek

Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der DeutschenNationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internetüber http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments 7

I Introduction 9

II Patterns of Emigration. A Socio-Political Framework 23

1. Becoming an Emigré: Jewish, Political and Cultural Persecution 232. Countries of Transit and Britain as an Exile Country 29

2.1 Exile Countries en Route 292.2 Emigrating to Britain 30

3. In Great Britain 343.1 Before World War II 343.2 Internment and Release 403.3 The War Years after Internment 47

4. After the End of World War II 54

III Conceptions of Refugee Artists 63

1. Refugees in General and Refugee Art and Artists in the Contextof Modern Art 64

2. Refugee Associations 732.1 Self-Representations 732.2 British Conceptions and Supporters of the Associations 80

3. Institutions Founded by Emigré Artists 853.1 Jack Bilbo’s Modern Art Gallery 853.2 Arthur Segal’s Painting School 91

4. Summary 95

IV Refugee Artists’ Visual Narratives 97

1. Internment Art 981.1 Limitations of Subject Matter and Styles 991.2 Inventiveness with Material and Technique 1061.3 Summary: A Stylistic Unity Characterised by Gender 107

2. Art for Refugee Associations 1082.1 Joint Ventures: United in Persecution and Being in Exile 1082.2 The “Fine Arts Section” of the Free German League of Culture 111

– Exhibits and Illustrations 111– The President: Oskar Kokoschka and His Political Paintings 119– A Key Figure: John Heartfield and His Anti-National Socialist and

Communist Photomontages 128– Concluding Remarks 135

2.3 The Austrian Centre’s “Association of Austrian Painters,Sculptors and Architects” 136– Exhibits and Illustrations 137– The President: Georg Ehrlich and His Sculptures and Drawings 140– A Major Representative: Otto Flatter and His Anti-National

Socialist Caricature 143– Concluding Remarks 155

2.4 The Anglo-Sudeten Club and the Czech Institute 156– Pro-Soviet Illustrations in Einheit and Wolfgang Schlosser’s

Austrian Communist Drawings 156– Exhibiting the Works of Czech Citizens and Marie-Louise

von Motesiczky’s Portraits of Women 1582.5 Concluding Remarks 163

V Conclusion: Exile and Postcolonial Discourse 167

Endnotes 177Abbreviations and Bibliography 219

Appendix 247

List of Refugee Artists (Painters, Sculptors and Graphic Artists)from Nazi Germany in Britain, 1933–1945 249

List of Pseudonyms and Other Names Used in Emigration and Beyond 295

List of Illustrations 299Illustrations 307Index 391

7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many of the émigrés, their families and friends have given me invaluable insights intothe subject: These include Merry Kerr Woodeson (Jack Bilbo’s daughter), Hans Feibusch(†), Jerome Abbo (Jussuf Abbo’s son) and his wife, John Loyd (†) (curator of Peter Peri’spapers and works), Professor Norbert Lynton (former pupil of the Arthur Segal PaintingSchool), William Kaczynski (collector of internment mail), Dr Klaus E. Hinrichsen (†)(former interned art historian), Diana Uhlman (†) and her daughter Caroline Compton(Fred Uhlman’s widow and daughter), Klaus Friedeberger, Milein Cosman and Dr InesSchlenker (for Else Meidner and Marie-Louise von Motesiczky). I owe a profound debtof gratitude to all of them.

I would also like to thank the staff of museums and libraries, above all the UniversityLibrary of Cambridge, the British Library, the Imperial War Museum (all in London), theExilarchiv (Frankfurt), the Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes(Vienna), for Ludwig Meidner the Stadtarchiv Darmstadt (Dr. Peter Engels) and for JohnHeartfield and Heinz Worner the Archiv der Akademie der Künste (Berlin).

Most of the research carried out for this book was undertaken while doing a PhD atthe Department of History of Art, University of Cambridge (a different version of thisbook was submitted as a PhD thesis to the University of Cambridge). Therefore, I thankDr John Gage, who accompanied my early academic steps in Cambridge, and ProfessorJean Michel Massing, my supervisor at the University of Cambridge, for continuedsupport and guidance. I am also grateful to Professor Hamish Ritchie (Sheffield) and Dr.Shulamith Behr (Courtauld Institute, London), who both examined the PhD thesis,Professor Dr. Erich Kleinschmidt (Universität zu Köln), my German Doktorvater who,nevertheless, read the manuscript of this book, PD Dr. Martin Papenbrock (Institut fürKunstgeschichte, Universität Karlsruhe), who recommended the manuscript to the editorof the series of the Guernica-Gesellschaft, and Professor Dr. Jutta Held (Karlsruhe), whoaccepted it for the series of the Guernica-Gesellschaft. I greatly appreciate especially thecomments of Papenbrock and Held on the drafts of this book. For the final stages of

finishing the book, I am grateful to all the staff at the VDG publishing-house (in particularDr. Bettina Preiß) and my colleagues at the University of Birmingham.Finally, I owe to Markus, Cyril and Charlotte more than can be stated here.

391INDEX

INDEX

Abarbanell: 32

Abbo, Jussuf: 7, 9, 10, 24, 59, 180, 182, 253, 267, 281

AC (= Austrian Centre): 9, 15, 17, 19, 22, 35–38,40, 45, 48–49, 52–54, 68, 73, 77–79, 82–84, 97–98,108–110, 114, 119, 122, 136–144, 147, 151–152, 154–157, 161, 163–164, 169, 171, 174, 178, 187, 192, 210,213, 272, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290,291, 292, 293

acculturation: 10, 18–19

Adams, Marion: 47

Adele Reifenberg: 53, 110, 202, 262, 276, 290, 297

Adler, Jankel: 10, 26, 28, 39, 50–53, 57–59, 68, 73,83, 97, 182, 253, 267, 281

ADSTU: 37, 49, 137–138

AG Frauen im Exil: 15, 19

age and exile: 33, 60

Ahrends, Bruno: 99

AIA (= Artists’ International Association): 32,37, 49, 52–53, 74, 81, 83, 106, 112, 114, 124, 126, 149,161, 172, 174

AIA and FGLC Exhibition of Sculpture andDrawings: 53, 74, 81, 114

Alfred A. Longden: 71

Allies Inside Germany: 52, 75, 130, 157

Altdorfer, Albrecht: 69, 80

Alva: 10, 44, 53, 57–59, 68, 101, 253, 267, 281, 295

America/American: 11, 16, 18–19, 152, 168, 196. Seealso North America/n and United States

Anans Gallery: 53

Anderson, Sir John: 41

Angerer, Thea: 36, 253, 267, 281

Anglo-German-Austrian-Czech FriendshipClub: 40

Anglo-Refugee-Centre: 40

Anglo-Sudeten Club: 9, 17, 22, 35, 38, 54, 73, 78,82, 84, 97–98, 108, 156–158, 163–164, 289, 293

Annexation of Austria: 23, 26–27, 31, 33, 35, 80,111, 119–122, 142, 147, 153, 155, 157, 214

Anti-Fascism/anti-fascist: 11–12, 19, 26, 32, 39, 42,45, 47, 49, 52, 74–79, 83, 86–87, 149, 154, 157–158,270, 275

392 INDEX

Anti-Fascist Exhibition by Vicky: 39, 86

Anti-National Socialist(s)/Anti-NationalSocialism, 108, 112, 128–129, 131–132, 134–136, 143–144, 147, 153–155, 158, 163, 168

anti-semitism/anti-semitic/anti-Semites, 24–25,30, 83, 117

Arandora Star, 41, 43, 271, 273

ARBKD (= Assoziation revolutionärerbildender Künstler Deutschlands), 26, 28, 181

ARC (= Artists’ Refugee Committee), 32, 45

Arcade Gallery, 134, 142

Archer Film Productions, 47

Armstrong, Edward, 48

Army Education Centre, 94

art in exile, 9–13, 15–16, 19–20, 97, 139

Artists against Fascism & War, 32

Artists Aid Jewry Exhibition, 39, 49, 77, 109, 114,142, 171

Artists Aid Russia Exhibition, 53, 216

Artists’ International Association. See AIA

Artists’ Refugee Committee. See ARC

Arts Council of Great Britain, 58

assimilation, 10, 25, 58, 96, 98, 104, 111, 135, 158,172

Association of Austrian Painters, Sculptors andArchitects, 15, 35–36, 49, 78, 136, 163, 290. See alsoAC

Association of Jewish Refugees, 10

ASTU. See ADSTU

Atkins, Joan, 86

Atkins, John, 87

Australia/Australian/AUS, 43–44, 94, 100, 103,267, 270, 271, 273, 277, 284

Austria Will Be Free, 49, 157

Austrian Centre. See AC. See also Associationof Austrian Painters, Sculptors and Architects

Austrian News, 139

Austrian Women’s Voluntary Workers, 36, 81,137, 174

Austrian-Soviet Friendship Week, 49, 138, 157

Balden, Theo, 26–27, 32, 37–38, 40, 46–49, 52–53,55, 59–61, 97, 109, 114, 117, 130, 180–181, 193, 195,253, 267, 281, 296

Baluschek, Hans, 71

Barlach, Ernst, 12

Barry Fealdman, 53

Bateman, James, 45

Bauhaus, 28, 34, 202

BBC, 17, 49, 190

Beaux-Arts Gallery, 58

Beckmann, Max, 69, 82, 160–161

Bedford College, 93–94

Behne, Adolf, 70–71, 197

Bell, Clive, 11, 34

Bell, Vanessa, 32, 45

Ben Uri Gallery, 13, 53, 58, 142, 192

Benesch, Otto, 139

Berger, Joseph, 38, 178, 253, 267, 281

Berger-Hammerschlag, Margarete, 37, 113, 116,178, 253, 267, 281, 296

Berryman, Clifford, 151

Beth, Ignaz, 113, 253, 267, 282

Bettmann, Siegfried, 141

Bier, 43

393INDEX

Bilbo, Jack: 7, 10, 22, 35, 39, 41–42, 44, 46, 48, 53,56, 59, 68, 72, 83, 85–88, 90–91, 93, 95–96, 167,172–173, 254, 268, 281, 282, 284, 285, 288, 291, 295,296

Bird, Cyril Kenneth: 152

Bischof, Ernst Arnold, 27, 32, 38, 55, 109–111, 116,181, 254, 268, 282

Bismarck, Otto von: 146–147, 149

Blake, William, 60–61

Blensdorf, Ernst: 24, 28–29, 38, 45, 57, 105–107,254, 268, 282, 296, 297

Bloch, Martin: 35, 48, 51, 53, 57–58, 73, 254, 268,282

Blundells School: 48

Blunt, Anthony: 70

Bock, Fedor von: 145

Böcklin, Arnold: 69

Bohemian/Bohemia: 17, 68, 78–79, 84, 156, 158

Bomberg, David: 51, 73

Bone, Sir Muirhead: 45

Bone, Stephen: 32, 45

Bornfriend, Jacob: 10, 39, 48, 58–59, 82, 86, 156,158, 162, 254, 268, 282, 295

Bosch, Hieronymus: 80

Bossanyi, Ervin: 48, 254, 268, 282

Brancusi, Constantin: 175

Brauchitsch, Walther von: 145

Breughel, Pieter: 38

British Pioneer Corps: 48

Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts: 57–58

Camp Art in Canada: 52, 199

Camp Rushen: 43, 107, 273, 274, 275

Canada: 33, 43–46, 100

Cannetti, Elias: 161

Carlile, Ian: 48

Carline, Richard: 32

Central Promenade Camp: 43, 188

Centre for German and Austrian Exile Studies:14–15, 17, 19, 136

Centre for German-Jewish Studies: 13

Chamberlain, Neville: 120–121, 124, 133

Charoux, Siegfried: 36–37, 47, 49, 58–59, 80–81,254, 268, 282

Christmas Exhibition: 38, 113

Churchill, Winston: 34, 37, 46, 94, 121, 124, 148–149, 156, 189, 212

Clark, Sir Kenneth: 34

Club 1943: 49–50, 243

Communist(s), communism: 23, 26–28, 31, 33,35, 55–56, 59, 73–75, 79, 82–83, 86, 97, 109, 117–118,128–135, 146, 148–149, 154, 156–158, 163–164, 169,181, 196, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276,278, 279. See also KPD

Conrad, Joseph: 174

Continental: 58, 80, 94

Cooling Galleries Ltd.: 58

Corinth, Lovis: 69–70

Cosman, Milein: 58, 161, 249, 254, 268, 282

Council for German Jewry: 33

Cranbrook, Earl of: 34

Croft, Diana (= maiden name of Uhlman,Diana): 7, 30, 37, 47, 104, 123

Croft, Henry Page: 37

Croft, Michael: 45, 123–124, 178

Croft, Posy: 123

394 INDEX

CSR. See Czechoslovakia

Cultural Studies: 10, 17, 168

Czech Institute: 9, 17, 22, 35, 37, 39, 49, 68, 73,79, 82, 84, 97–98, 108–110, 136, 156, 158–159, 161–164, 168, 174, 282, 283, 289

Czech Refugee Trust Fund: 31, 47–48

Czech Youth: 40

Czech(oslovak) Institute. See Czech Institute

Czechoslovak British Friendship Club: 38–39

Czechoslovak Department of Information: 39

Czechoslovak Middle East Unit: 39, 158. See alsoCzech Institute

Czechoslovakia(n), CSR or Czech(s): 15, 17, 23,26–35, 37–39, 40, 46, 48–49, 54, 57, 66, 68, 72–73,78, 80–82, 84, 95, 98, 108, 110, 119–122, 124, 126,128, 134, 153–156, 158, 161–164, 168, 170, 182, 184,268, 269, 270, 272, 273, 275

Dachinger, Hugo: 88, 102, 112, 114, 118, 138, 254,268, 282

Dachinger, Meta: 58, 110, 113, 171, 254, 268, 282,296

Dada/Dadaism/Dadaist(s): 90, 97, 99, 106, 107,116, 136

Dartington Art Studios: 47

Das Laterndl: 36, 285, 286, 292

Daumier, Honoré: 133

Degenerate Art Exhibition. See EntarteteKunstausstellung

Deliss, Joseph: 36, 254, 268, 282, 295

Delitz, Leo S.: 36–37, 81, 113–114, 118, 137, 139, 180,254, 268, 282

Demus, Otto: 139

Deutsch, Erich: 137, 254, 269, 283

diaspora: 10, 108, 168–169, 171

Die Vertriebenen. Dichtung der Emigration: 49, 108

Die Zeitung: 152, 164

Dix, Otto: 34, 70

Donner, Rafael: 139

Dub, Yaroslav: 80, 255, 269, 283

Duras, Mary: 39, 57, 82, 156, 158–159, 161–162, 255,269, 283, 296, 297

Dürer, Albrecht: 69, 80

Ehrenburg, Ilya: 132

Ehrlich, Bettina: 42, 81, 113, 255, 269, 283, 295

Ehrlich, Georg: 27, 30, 35–38, 49, 52–53, 80–81,98, 109, 114, 136–142, 155, 163–164, 182, 192, 255,269, 283

Einheit: 17, 39–40, 54, 78–79, 109, 117, 156

Einzig, Susan: 48, 255, 269, 283

Eisenmayer, Ernst: 137, 255, 269, 283, 296

Eker, Edward: 86

Elkan, Benno: 52, 59, 67, 255, 269, 283

Elsheimer, Adam: 69

enemy alien(s): 40–42, 46, 64, 67, 77, 94–95, 107,169, 170

English Group of Surrealists: 32. See alsoSurrealism

Entartete Kunstausstellung: 28, 34, 125

Epp, Franz Ritter von: 145

Epstein, Jacob: 32, 61, 109, 141

Ernst, Max: 34, 70–72

Exhibition of Drawings, Paintings & Sculptures byFree German Artists: 77, 111–112, 126, 223,

Exhibition of English + Refugee Art: 76, 112

Exhibition of German Expressionism: 38, 77, 113.See also Expressionism

395INDEX

Exhibition of Paintings, Watercolours, Drawings &Sculptures: 36

Exhibition of Sculpture, Pottery and Sculptors’Drawings: 114

Exhibition of Twentieth Century German Art: 14,34, 69

Exile Studies: 9–12, 14–19, 21, 50,136

Expressionism/Expressionist(s): 10, 27–28, 34,38, 54, 59, 69–72, 77, 80, 83–84, 90, 92, 97, 107, 113,115–116, 118, 125, 128, 135, 137, 140–142, 159, 162

Fabian, Erwin: 44

Fallon Cliff Hospital: 44, 188

FAM (= Free Austrian Movement): 35–36, 40,114, 136, 139, 152

FDKB (= Freier Deutscher Kulturbund). SeeFGLC

Fealdman, Barry: 53

Fechenbach, Hermann: 42, 99–100, 255, 269, 283

Feibusch, Hans: 7, 14, 28, 32, 52–53, 255, 269, 283

Feigl, Fred: 39, 52–53, 58, 79, 109, 156, 158, 162,192, 201, 255, 269, 283

Feininger, Lyonel: 38, 69, 113

Felkel, Karl: 139, 255, 269, 283

Festival of Britain: 58, 142

FGLC (= Free German League of Culture orFreier Deutscher Kulturbund): 9, 11–12, 17, 19,22, 35, 37–38, 40–41, 48–49, 52–55, 68, 73–79, 81–84, 96–98, 108–119, 122, 124, 126, 128–130, 132, 134–138, 140, 149, 156–158, 161, 163–165, 169, 171–172,174–175, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,290, 291, 292, 293. See also Fine Arts Section

Filla, Emil: 162

Fine Arts Section (FGLC): 38, 111–112, 136. Seealso FGLC

First Group Exhibition of German, Austrian,Czechoslovakian Painters and Sculptors: 37–38, 80

Fischer Fine Arts: 58

Fischer, Harry: 58

Fladung, Hans: 52

Fladung, Johann: 37, 54, 75, 82

Flatter, Joseph Otto. See Flatter, Otto

Flatter, Otto: 36, 42, 98, 133, 136–138, 143–155, 163–164, 168, 171–172, 214, 255, 269, 283

Flight, Claude: 91

For Liberty: 126

Foyle’s Gallery: 36, 94

Fraenkel, Else (or Elsa): 53, 255, 269, 283

Fraenkel, Heinrich: 43, 105

Fränkel, Karl: 57, 255, 270, 284

Free Austrian Movement. See FAM

Free German League of Culture. See FGLC

Freie Deutsche Kultur: 38, 40, 49, 54, 74–75, 77,82, 114, 116, 118, 282

Freie Deutsche Künstler in England: 38, 77

Freie Tribüne: 49

Freier Deutscher Kulturbund. See FGLC

Freud, Sigmund: 36, 91

Fried, Erich: 108

Friedenthal, Richard: 100, 105, 256, 270, 284

Friedrich, Caspar David: 69

friendly aliens: 40, 64, 77

Friends of Austria: 35

Fritsch, Werner Freiherr von: 145

Fuchs, Leo: 51

Fuchs, Rudolf: 78, 108

Gabo, Naum: 57, 83, 180, 182, 201, 256, 270, 284

396 INDEX

Gandhi: 127

Gesellschaft für Exilforschung: 15, 19

Gillray, James: 123–124, 128, 150, 211

Goebbels, Joseph: 29, 71, 130–131, 133, 145–146,149–150

Gogh, Vincent van: 163

Goldschmidt, Hilde: 51–52, 57, 125, 256, 270, 284

Gollancz, Victor: 47

Gombrich, Ernst: 149

Gordon, Jan: 45, 68, 72, 81–82, 86–87, 89–90, 203

Göring, Hermann: 130–131, 133, 145

Graetz, René: 38, 52, 55, 81, 100, 112–114, 116, 118,157, 249, 256, 270, 284

Grant, Duncan: 45

Granville Camp: 44

Graves Art Gallery: 53

Grossmann, Fritz: 139

Grosz, George: 34, 70, 134

Group of Jewish Artists: 50–51, 73

Guderian, Heinz: 145

Guernica-Gesellschaft: 7, 16

Guild of Pastoral Psychology: 94

Guth, Hella: 57, 83, 256, 270, 284

Hamann, Paul: 38, 81, 105, 117–118, 256, 271, 285

Harris, Alfred: 58

Harta, Felix Albrecht: 37, 57, 139, 257, 271, 285, 296

Heartfield, John: 7, 9–10, 16, 27–28, 30, 32–33,37–38, 40, 42, 45–50, 52–53, 55–56, 60, 98, 111–114,117–118, 121, 123, 125, 128–136, 146, 149, 151, 154,163–164, 172, 181, 218, 257, 271, 285, 296

Heckroth, Hein: 41, 43–44, 47, 56, 85–86, 90,205, 257, 271, 285

Henle, Paul William: 80, 257, 271, 285

Henning, Paul: 101–102, 257, 271, 285

Henrion, Frederick Henri Kay: 42, 100, 257, 271,285, 296

Hepworth, Barbara: 141

Herman, Josef: 26, 51, 53, 58–59, 73, 257, 271, 285

Hersch, Eugen: 58, 257, 271, 285

Hertel, Gerd: 99, 257, 271, 285

Herzfelde, Wieland: 30, 60

Heu, Josef: 37, 81, 137, 257, 271, 285

Hinrichsen, Klaus E.: 7, 13, 44, 55, 98, 104–106

Hitler, Adolf: 14, 16, 23–26, 28–29, 35–36, 38, 42,44, 46, 48, 52, 66, 69, 71–72, 77, 83, 87, 89, 112,119–124, 129–131, 133–135, 138, 143–155

Höch, Hannah: 133

Hofer, Andreas: 52

Hofer, Karl: 52

Hoffer, Melly: 36, 257, 272, 286

Hoffmann, Eugen: 28, 38, 81, 112, 114, 117–118,181, 192, 258, 272, 286, 296

Hoffmann-Bermamoska, Rosel: 26, 258, 272,286, 295

Hogarth, William: 124, 128, 149

Holbein, Hans: 69

Hollar, Wenzel: 39, 156, 158–159

Holloway, Oba: 87–89

Holloway women’s camp: 107, 273, 274, 275

Huettenbach (or Hüttenbach), Alfred Hein-rich: 80, 258, 272, 286

Hull, Richard: 51

humanity: 31, 86–87, 91, 127, 141

397INDEX

Hutchinson Camp: 13, 43–46, 98–99, 100–101,104–107, 188

Hutchinson Square. See Hutchinson Camp

Huyton: 42, 44, 100, 102, 105, 106

identity: 9–10, 15–22, 36, 68, 72, 89, 96–98, 101,107–109, 111–112, 114, 116–119, 125, 128–129, 132–133,135–137, 140–141, 156, 159, 161–164, 167–169, 171–173, 175

Ilberg, Werner: 37

Inländer (or Inlaender), Heinz: 137, 258, 272, 286

Inner emigration: 11

Inside Nazi Germany: 48–49, 129, 199

Intergovernmental Committee on PoliticalRefugees: 31

International Club: 49

internment: 7, 12–13, 17, 20–21, 34, 40–48, 52, 64–65, 67, 74, 76, 79, 85, 89, 91, 94, 96–105, 107–108,110, 112, 117, 120–121, 138, 152, 164, 169, 172, 267–280

internment art: 13, 20, 42, 76, 79, 85, 96, 98, 107–108, 112, 164–165, 167

Jaray, Alexander: 36, 81, 111, 137, 258, 272, 286

Jewish/Jew(s): 10, 14, 23–26, 28–33, 36, 39–40, 48,50–51, 57, 61, 66, 68, 73, 77, 89, 93–94, 97, 103,109–110, 114–115, 117–118, 136, 138, 141–142, 152–153,155, 161–163, 204, 267. See also Jewish artists andWandering Jew

Jewish artist(s): 13, 23–24, 26, 28, 50–51, 53, 59, 73,77, 87, 142. See also Group of Jewish Artists

Jewish Cultural Club: 49, 109, 114, 171

Jewish Refugee Committee: 30, 73

Jillard, Hilda K.: 80, 258, 272, 286

John Denham Gallery: 58

John, Augustus: 34, 45

Jooss, Kurt: 47

Joseph, Carl: 37, 57, 272, 295, 296,

Kaczynski, Martin: 101

Kahn, Arno: 43

Kahn, Erich: 25, 53, 100, 102, 105, 109, 112–116,118, 258, 272, 286

Katzer, Elias: 112, 114, 118, 258, 272, 286

Kaufmann, Philipp Friedrich: 138, 258, 272, 286

Kerr, Alfred: 37, 74

Kirchner, Ludwig: 28, 34, 38, 113

Kitaj, Ronald Brooks: 173

Klee, Paul: 69

Klimt, Gustav: 137, 139, 142

Klingender, Francis, 45, 149

Klopfleisch, Margarete: 27, 32–33, 55, 97, 107, 109,181, 259, 273, 287, 296

Koelz, Johannes: 112, 181, 259, 273, 287, 296

Koenig, Leo: 51

Kohn, Johann: 138

Kokoschka, Oskar: 6, 9–10, 16, 19, 27–29, 32–38,41, 46, 51, 53, 57–58, 68, 73–74, 80, 82, 98, 111–115,118–128, 131, 134–138, 142, 149, 154, 159, 161, 163–164, 168, 172, 180, 182, 259, 273, 287

Kollwitz, Käthe: 12, 70, 141, 154

Königsberger, Paul: 137, 259, 273, 287, 296

Koppel, Heinz: 42, 259, 273, 287

KPD: 26–27, 31, 59, 86, 117, 128, 130, 181, 197. Seealso communist

Kraemer, Fritz: 36, 80, 259, 273, 287

Krause, Hedda: 81, 259, 273, 287

Kuczynski, Jürgen: 37, 199

Kunst hinter Pfählen: 76, 199

Kunstmuseum Bochum: 59

Kurz, Hilde: 139

398 INDEX

Kurzke, Jan, 27, 139, 181, 259, 273, 287

Lade, Kurt, 27, 32, 38, 52, 112, 114, 118, 181, 192,259, 273, 287

Laidler, Graham, 150

Lampl, Fritz, 113, 259, 273, 287

Lawrence, Edith, 91

Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter von, 145

Lefèvre Gallery, 53, 201

Leftwich, Joseph, 51

Lehmbruck, Wilhelm, 141

Leicester Galleries, 35, 53, 58, 115

Lenbach, Franz von, 69

Lenin, Vladimir, 86, 146, 156

Levy, Ernst, 43

Liebermann, Max, 69–70

Lindsay Drummond, 47–48, 129, 132

List, Guido von, 145

Liverpool College of Art, 48, 192

Loewenlander, Karin, 81, 260, 274, 288

Lomnitz, Alfred, 58, 260, 274, 288

London Group, 32

Longden, Alfred A., 71

Lorant, Stefan, 66

Lothar, Johannes, 164

Low, David, 108, 133, 151–152

Löwengard, Kurt, 114, 182, 260, 274, 288, 297

Lynton, Norbert, 7, 93–94

Macke, August, 69, 71

Mahler, Anna, 27, 36–37, 81, 114, 136, 138, 184,260, 274, 288

Maillol, Aristide, 34

Maisky, Ivan, 88, 124

Maitlis, Yacov J., 51

Manger, Itzig, 51

Manstein, Erich von, 145, 214

Marc, Franz, 38, 69, 113

Marcus, Otto, 30, 260, 274, 288

Margulies, Alexander and Benjamin, 51

Marks, Margaret, 13, 47, 260, 274, 288, 296, 297

Marlborough Gallery, 58

Masaryk, Jan, 39, 161

Matthiesen Gallery, 58, 142

Mautner-Kalbeck, Marie, 57, 260, 274, 288, 296

Mayer-Marton, Georg, 36–37, 58, 137, 139, 192,260, 274, 288, 297

Mayerson, Anna, 86, 88, 137, 204, 260, 274, 288

Meidner, Else, 7, 25, 57–59, 97, 174, 193, 260, 274,288

Meidner, Ludwig, 7, 25, 28, 34, 43–44, 46–48, 50,52–53, 56–57, 59–61, 68, 70, 73, 97, 105, 126, 134,181–182, 188, 193, 260, 274, 288

Mende, Dietrich E., 164

Mendel, Renée, 81, 114, 260, 275, 288

Menzel, Adolph von, 69

Metropole Camp, 44, 188

Meusel, Alfred, 37

Meyer, Ernst, 37, 43

Meyer, Klaus F., 102, 117–118, 261, 275, 288

Mid-European Art, 114

Midgley, Peter, 57, 99, 261, 275, 289, 296

Minne, Georg, 141

399INDEX

Mladé Ceskoslovakia: 40

Modern Art Gallery: 22, 39, 53, 85–90, 95, 167,203. See also Bilbo, Jack

Modersohn-Becker, Paula: 34

Modigliani, Amadeo: 60, 68, 86

Moholy-Nagy, László: 27–28, 32–33, 181–182, 202,261, 275, 289

Mondrian, Piet: 33, 175, 182, 261, 275, 289

Montgomery, Bernard Law: 121, 124

Mooragh Camp: 43, 105, 188

Moore, Henry: 32, 61, 86, 141

Motesiczky, Marie-Louise von: 7, 10, 17, 39, 82,98, 156, 158–164, 167–168, 171, 174, 261, 275, 289

Mueller, Otto: 71

Munch, Edvard: 163

Munich Agreement: 32, 119–120

Murray, Gilbert: 33

Mussolini, Benito: 119–120, 153

Nägele, Reinhold: 100, 182, 261, 275, 289

Napoleon: 123–124, 150, 157

Nash, Paul: 32, 61

National Socialism: 11, 26–27, 64, 75, 85–86, 91,96, 98, 117, 122, 128–129, 131, 134–136, 143–144,146–147, 153, 155, 157, 167, 169, 276. See also NaziGermany and NSDAP

National Socialist(s): 9, 25, 27–29, 35, 41, 52, 70–71, 75, 77, 80, 84–85, 87, 89, 115, 120–121, 142, 144–146, 149, 154, 249. See also Nazi Germany andNSDAP

Nationalism: 18–19, 172, 175

Nazi Germany: 13–14, 16, 18, 22, 45, 48–49, 64,66–67, 69–71, 73, 75, 77, 87, 93, 95, 104, 116, 118–120, 122, 124, 129, 131, 135, 139–140, 143, 149, 151–154, 164, 167–168, 170, 172, 175

Nazis. See National Socialists and NSDAP

Necker, Wilhelm: 48

Nessler, Walter: 100, 102, 261, 275, 289

Neue Sachlichkeit: 34, 70, 83. See also NewObjectivity

Neurath, Marie: 107, 261, 275, 289, 297

Neuschul, Ernest: 27, 38–39, 156, 181

New Art History: 10, 17

New Burlington Galleries: 34, 69

New English Art Club: 32, 206

New Objectivity: 70, 115, 136, 161. See also NeueSachlichkeit

Newton, Eric: 70

Nolde, Emil: 69

Nolde, Karl: 27, 38, 80, 181, 184, 261, 275, 289, 296

Norman, Montague: 127

North America/n. See also Society for ExileStudies and America/n and Unites States

NSDAP: 26–27, 33, 128

Nuremberg Trials: 155

Nussbaum, Felix: 20

Ohel Club: 51, 73, 281, 282, 285

Onchan Camp: 43–44, 46, 100, 188, 267, 268,269, 271, 275

One Man’s War Against Hitler: 38, 112, 134

Oral History Project: 15

Oskar-Kokoschka-Bund: 27, 33, 73, 281, 282

Österreicher im Exil: 12–13

Österreichische Gesellschaft für Exilforschung:13

Oswestry School of Art: 48

Painting School: 7, 22, 85, 91, 95, 161, 167. See alsoSegal, Arthur

400 INDEX

Palace Camp: 43, 188

Paneth, Else: 81, 137–138, 262, 276, 289, 296

Parliamentary Committee of Refugees: 31

Pen Club: 33

Penrose, Roland: 32–33, 97

Peri, Peter: 7, 26–27, 32, 38, 58–59, 81, 97, 114, 181,213, 262, 276, 290

Pétain, Henri Philippe: 127

Peveril Camp: 43, 188

Picasso, Pablo: 34, 52, 85, 87, 89, 175

Picture Post: 66, 112, 129, 133–134

Pietzner, Carlo: 76, 106, 262, 276, 290

Piper, John: 61

Pixner, Franz: 37, 262, 276, 290

Plachte, Erna: 110, 171, 262, 276, 290

Port Erin: 43, 188

Port St. Mary: 43, 188, 275

Postcolonial/Postcolonialism: 10, 14, 16–19, 21–22, 167–168, 170–171, 173–175, 217

Prees Heath: 44, 269

Priestley, John B.: 37

Purtscher, Alfons: 81, 137, 262, 276, 290

Purtscher-Wydenbruck, Nora: 82, 138, 262, 276,290, 297

Raemaeker, Louis: 150

Ranks, H.: 103–104, 262, 276, 290

Rathbone, Eleanor Florence: 45

Rawicz, Maryan: 101, 207

Read, Herbert: 34, 54, 70–72, 83–84, 90

Rehfisch, Hans: 50

Reifenberg, Adèle: 53, 110, 202, 262, 276, 290,297

Reimann, Albert: 36, 262, 276, 290

Reizenstein, Lotti: 51, 262, 276, 290

resistance: 11, 27, 33, 52, 75, 112, 121, 127, 169

Reuss, Albert: 43, 262, 276, 290

Reynolds News: 129–130, 134

Ribbentrop, Joachim von: 145, 148

Rohlfs, Christian: 38, 113

Rommel, Erwin: 145

Roosevelt, Franklin: 133

Rosenbaum, Julius: 53, 110, 263, 277, 290

Rothenstein, John: 34

Royal Academy: 45–46

Sadler, Sir Michael: 34

Schacht, Hjalmar: 127

Schames, Samson: 48, 53, 68, 78, 82, 86–90, 102,106, 110, 112–118, 263, 277, 291

Schiele, Egon: 137, 142

Schlemmer, Oskar: 34

Schlosser, Wolfgang: 39, 49, 80, 98, 108, 138, 156–158, 163–164, 171, 263, 277, 291

Schmoller, Hans: 48, 263, 277, 291

Schoar, Roah: 81, 263, 277, 291

Scholz, Werner: 71

Schonbach, Fred: 100, 103–104, 163, 277, 291

Schongauer, Martin: 69

Schreck, M.: 100, 263, 277, 291

Schwarz, Freimut: 138

Schwesig, Karl: 20

401INDEX

Schwitters, Kurt: 10, 16, 19, 28, 34, 51–54, 58, 70,84, 86, 88, 90, 97, 99, 101, 104, 106–107, 116, 118,130, 134, 182, 191, 263, 277, 291

Sculpture in the Home: 53

Sefton Camp: 44, 188, 268

Segal, Arthur: 7, 22, 26, 28, 40, 47–48, 58–59, 71,85, 91–96, 167, 172, 182, 263, 278, 291

Shakespeare, William: 147–149

Sickert, Walter: 116

Slevogt, Max: 69–70

Sochachewsky, M.: 111, 264, 278, 291

Social Democratic Party/Social Democratic/Social Democrat(s): 12, 23, 26–28, 33, 35, 66, 74,79, 117, 289

Social Welfare Department: 40

Society for Exile Studies (British and NorthAmerican): 15–17

Sokol, Max: 53, 110, 264, 278, 291

Solomonski, Fred: 53, 103–104, 110, 117, 264, 278,292, 297

Soukop, Willi: 48, 81, 137, 264, 278, 292

South London Art Gallery: 58

Soviet Union/Soviet/USSR: 32, 46–49, 53, 55,59, 88, 108, 114, 119, 122, 124, 129, 131–135, 138, 146–149, 151, 154, 156–158, 163–164, 212, 214

Soviet War News: 48, 129, 132

Spandorf, Lily Gabriele: 110, 264, 278, 292

SPD. See Social Democratic Party

Spencer-Churchill, Lord Ivor: 34

Spitzweg, Karl: 69

Städtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf: 59

Städtische Kunsthalle Recklinghausen: 56

Stalin, Joseph: 130, 146, 148–149, 151, 156–157

Steinlen, Théophile Alexandre: 85–86

Stern, Ernst: 80, 180, 264, 278, 292

Sternfeld, Wilhelm: 50, 79

Strudel, Paul: 139

Sudetenland/Sudeten: 28, 31, 33, 38–40, 54, 73,78–80, 84, 109, 119–122, 156, 158. See also Anglo-Sudeten Club

Sulzer-Breuer, Clara: 36, 81, 138, 264, 278, 292,295

Surrealism/Surrealist(s): 34, 70–71, 86, 90, 137,205. See also English Group of Surrealists

Sutherland, Graham: 61

Swaffer, Hannan: 88

Szwarc, Marek: 51

The Red Shoes: 47

The Story of London Town: 112–113

Third Reich: 23, 27, 29, 86, 130–131, 142, 146–147,149, 170. See also Nazi Germany

Thoene, Peter: 70, 86, 197, 202

Thorndyke, Sybil: 37

Tojo, Hideki: 153

Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri: 85–86

Trier, Walter: 35, 80, 152, 178, 264, 278, 292

Tschichold, Jan: 26, 264, 278, 292

Tyrrell, Cliff: 87–89

Uhlman, Diana. See Croft, Diana

Uhlman, Fred: 7, 10, 26, 30, 32, 35, 37–38, 41–42,47–48, 52–53, 58–59, 74, 80, 97, 101–105, 110, 112–114, 116, 118, 123, 171, 208, 250, 264, 278, 292

Ullrich, Hermann: 139

United States/USA: 10, 13, 15–17, 33–34, 57, 60,65, 94, 104, 122, 153, 155, 158, 184, 193, 202, 251, 273,281, 287

402 INDEX

USSR. See Soviet Union

Vansittart, Robert Gilbert Lord: 152

Vicky. See Weisz, Victor

Vier Künstler in den Räumen des FDKB: 113, 210

Viertel, Berthold: 74

Vogel, Karel/Karl: 47–48, 57, 80, 201, 264, 278,292

Voltaire: 127

Wagele, Franz: 139

Wagner, Erich: 57, 137, 264, 278, 292

Wagner, Günther: 27, 32, 38, 109, 181, 264, 278,292

Wagner, Otto: 139

Waldmüller, Ferdinand: 139

Wandering Jew: 89, 117–118, 153

War Emergency Fund for Austrian Refugees: 48

War Pictures: 53

Wedgwood, Lord Josiah Clement: 52, 88, 203

Weinberg, Erwin: 43, 113–114, 116, 118, 265, 279,292

Weiss, Peter: 19, 184, 265, 279, 293

Weissenborn, Hellmuth: 42, 57, 99–101, 104–106, 118, 138, 207, 265, 279, 293

Weisz, Victor: 39, 86, 265, 279, 293, 297

Wells, Herbert George: 33

Werkbund: 37

Wertheim Gallery: 37–38, 80

West, Rebecca: 34

Weybridge Museum of Modern Art: 53

Whitechapel Art Gallery: 49, 109, 216

Wiener Werkstätte: 37

Wilczynski, Katerina: 31, 265, 279, 293

Wilhelm II: 146–147

Wilkinson, Ellen: 45

Winstanly, Barbara: 48

Wolfsfeld, Erich: 43, 265, 279, 293

Women/women artists/women in exile: 15, 33,36, 42–43, 107, 109–110, 113–114, 118, 138, 140, 142,144, 147, 154, 158–160, 162–163, 173–174. See alsoAustrian Women’s Voluntary Workers andHolloway women’s camp and Port Erin andPort St. Mary

Woolf, Virginia: 34

Works by Refugee Artists and Their English Friends:112

Worner, Heinz: 7, 11, 27, 32, 38–39, 42, 52, 55, 100,109–110, 113, 117, 171, 181, 202, 265, 279, 293

Wotruba, Fritz: 142

Wüsten, Dorothea: 32, 112–114, 116, 118, 265, 279,293

Wüsten, E.: 38

Wüsten, Johannes: 116

Young Austria: 36, 49, 143, 152, 157, 192

Young Czechoslovakia: 40, 68, 156

Zeitspiegel: 36, 39–40, 78, 109, 136, 138, 283

Zimmering, Max: 37, 108

Zweig, Stefan: 37

Zwemmer Gallery: 35, 58, 90

Zwemmer, Anton: 35, 90