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Salient Features:• First solar-powered mission to Jupiter• Eight science instruments to conduct gravity,

magnetic and atmospheric investigations, plus a camera for education and public outreach

• Spinning, polar orbiter spacecraft launched on August 5th 2011

– 5-year cruise to Jupiter, arriving July 2016– About 1 year at Jupiter, ending with de-

orbit into Jupiter in 2017• Elliptical 11-day orbit swings below radiation

belts to minimize radiation exposure• 2nd mission in NASA’s New Frontiers Program

Science Objective: Improve our understanding of giant planet formation and evolution by studying Jupiter’s origin, interior structure, atmospheric composition and dynamics, and magnetosphere

Principal Investigator: Scott Bolton

Southwest Research Institute

Juno Mission Overview

Atlas VAugust 5, 2011Kennedy Space CenterCape Canaveral, FL

Liftoff!

• How did Jupiter form?

• How is the planet arranged on the inside?

• Is there a solid core, and if so, how large is it?

• How is its vast magnetic field generated?

• How are atmospheric features related to the movement of the deep interior?

• What are the physical processes that power the auroras?

• What do the poles look like ?

Jupiter is by far the largest planet in the solar system, and we’ve been studying it for hundreds of years. Yet we still have major unanswered questions about this giant planet…

Why Juno?

Juno will improve our understanding of the history of the solar system by investigating the origin and evolution of Jupiter.

To accomplish this goal, the mission will investigate Jupiter’s Origin, Interior, Atmosphere and Magnetosphere.

What we learn from Juno also will tell us how giant planets form and evolve, helping us understand the evolution of planetary systems in general.

Juno Science Objectives

The orbit: the key to the whole mission

Magnetometer(2 sensors, 4 support cameras)

JADE(4 sensors )

JEDI(6 sensors )JIRAM

Waves(2 detectors)

JunoCam

UVS

Gravity Science(2 sensors)

MWR(6 sensors )

SPACECRAFT DIMENSIONSDiameter: 66 feet (20 meters)Height: 15 feet (4.5 meters)

Spacecraft & Payload

34 meters(112 feet)

GRAVITY SCIENCE & MAGNETOMETERS

Study Jupiter’s deep structure by mapping the planet’s gravity field & magnetic field

Juno’s science instruments

MICROWAVE RADIOMETER

Probe Jupiter’s deep atmosphere and measure how much water (and hence oxygen) is there

Juno’s science instruments

JEDI, JADE & WAVES

Sample particles, electric fields and radio waves around Jupiter to determine how the magnetic field inside the planet is connected to the atmosphere and magnetosphere – especially the auroras

Juno’s science instruments

UVS & JIRAM

Take images of the atmosphere and auroras, along with the chemical fingerprints of gases there, with ultraviolet & infrared cameras.

JUNOCAM

Take spectacular close-up, color images

Juno’s science instruments

Juno’s key components: Propulsion

The Juno spacecraft

TLGAALGA

HGA

MGA

FLGA

Juno’s key components: Communications

The Juno spacecraft

Juno’s key components: Radiation vault

The Juno spacecraft

Juno’s key components: Solar arrays

The Juno spacecraft

Preparations for launch

Preparations for launch

Preparations for launch

Preparations for launch

Launch

• A five-year trek that loops once around the inner solar system before heading for Jupiter

• Why does it take so long to get there?

• Direct path would have required a much more powerful launch vehicle

• Using Earth’s gravity for a boost makes the trip longer, but saves a lot of rocket cost!

Juno’s Flight Plan, or Trajectory

Deep Space Maneuvers• The spacecraft completed

two deep space maneuvers on Aug. 30 & Sept. 14, 2012

• The two 30-minute engine burns refined Juno’s course, setting up the critical Earth flyby encounter

Earth flyby• Successful Earth flyby completed on

Oct. 9, 2013

• Multiple spacecraft instruments took data as a practice run for Jupiter

• Juno left the encounter with the necessary velocity and heading to reach Jupiter on July 4th, 2016

Earth flyby – from space and ground

Earth flyby

Earth flyby – Hi Juno

• More than 1500 amateur radio operators on all seven continents sent the word “HI” as a very slow Morse code message to Juno

• The spacecraft detected several of these transmissions, which were turned into the visual above and audible sounds

• Checkouts for the spacecraft’s engineering subsystems and science instruments

• Trajectory control maneuvers – to stay on course

• Deep space maneuvers (DSMs)

• Prepare for Oct. 2013 Earth flyby (including spacecraft health & safety, targeting, science planning)

• Outbound to Jupiter, during the “quiet cruise” phase, can we do some science on the way?

• Science planning – science team has to plan operations for all 30 science orbits

• Start preparing for Jupiter orbit insertion operations in summer 2015 (about 1 year in advance)

What does the Juno team do during the five-year cruise to Jupiter? (Quite a lot, actually!)

Are we there yet?

Juno mission website:missionjuno.swri.edu

On the NASA website:www.nasa.gov/juno

For more information…

Juno is part of NASA’s 3D interactive, Eyes on the Solar System…

solarsystem.nasa.gov/eyes

Fly along with Juno

Supplemental materials

Supplemental materials: Contents

Slide 29 - Many Ways of Seeing & Studying Jupiter

Slide 30 - Jupiter Exploration History: Where does Juno fit?

Slide 31 - Juno Mission: Major Partner Institutions

Slide 32 - Juno’s Orbit at Jupiter

Slide 33 - Why Doesn’t Juno Study the Moons

Slide 34 - Jupiter’s Radiation and the Juno Mission

Slide 35 - Details about the End of Juno’s Mission

Slide 36 - Juno’s Special Passengers: Lego Minifigures and Galileo Plaque

Slide 37 - Haven’t we already been to Jupiter? Why go back?

Slide 39 - Big unanswered questions relevant to exploring giant planets

Slide 41 - Juno’s Science Investigation: Probing the deep interior from orbit

Slide 42 - Juno’s Science Investigation: Mapping Jupiter’s gravity

Slide 43 - Juno’s Science Investigation: Mapping Jupiter’s magnetic field

Slide 44 - Juno’s Science Investigation: Sensing the deep atmosphere

Slide 46 - Juno’s Science Investigation: Exploring the Polar Magnetosphere

Many ways of seeing Jupiter

Where Does Juno Fit?

Major Partner Institutions

Juno’s orbit at Jupiter

Why go all that way and not visit Europa?

Juno’s orbit deliberately avoids the four large Galilean moons.

Why doesn’t Juno study the moons?

Orbits 1, 16 and 31 pictured

To accomplish its science objectives, Juno orbits over Jupiter’s poles and passes very close to the planet.

This carries the spacecraft repeatedly through the hazardous radiation belts and limits the length of the mission.

Radiation

After 33 orbits and 15 months at Jupiter, Juno will have received a dose of radiation equal to 100 million dental x-rays!

Eventually radiation damage would render Juno uncontrollable, so the spacecraft is sent into Jupiter in a controlled way so there’s no possibility it will impact the icy moons.

Why crash a perfectly good spacecraft into Jupiter?

End of mission

Galileo, Juno and Jupiter

Juno’s special passengers

The Galileo mission dropped a probe into Jupiter’s atmosphere in 1995 and showed us our planetary formation theories were wrong!

Haven’t we already been to Jupiter? Why go back? (Pt1)

If Juno does not find extra water in Jupiter, then this icy planetesimal theory is wrong and we’ll need a whole new way to understand Jupiter’s formation.

Perhaps Jupiter’s formation required an extra contribution from asteroid-sized pieces of ice and rock.

These icy planetesimals could have carried in the other, more volatile, elements trapped within the ice. Colder ice would carry more volatiles, so Jupiter’s water content will tell us whether or not Jupiter formed farther from the Sun and drifted in to its current location.

Haven’t we already been to Jupiter? Why go back? (Pt2)

•How do processes that shape the present character of planetary bodies operate and interact?

•We see a lot of giant planets around other stars. What does our solar system tell us about development and evolution of extrasolar planetary systems, and vice versa?

• Over what period in the early solar system did gas giants form, and how did birth of Jupiter and its gas-giant sibling, Saturn differ from the “ice giants” Uranus and Neptune?

• What is the history of water and other volatile compounds across our solar system?

There are some big unanswered questions relevant to giant planets…

Additional detail about Juno’s science investigation

Juno Science

Juno maps Jupiter from the deepest interior to the atmosphere using microwaves, and magnetic and gravity fields.

Probing the deep interior from orbit

Precise Doppler measurements of spacecraft motion reveal the gravity field.

Tides provide further clues.

Tracking changes in Juno’s velocity reveals Jupiter’s gravity (and how the planet is arranged on the inside).

Mapping Jupiter’s gravity

Jupiter’s magnetic field lets us probe deep inside the planet.

Juno’s polar orbit provides complete mapping of planet’s powerful magnetic field.

Mapping Jupiter’s magnetic field

Synchrotron radio emission from the radiation belts makes this kind of measurement impossible from far away on Earth

Juno’s Microwave Radiometer measures thermal radiation from the atmosphere to as deep as 1000 atmospheres pressure (~500-600km below the visible cloud tops).

Determines water and ammonia abundances in the atmosphere all over the planet

Sensing the deep atmosphere (Pt1)

Gravity science investigates the much deeper structure of Jupiter’s interior

Microwave Radiometerinvestigates shallowatmospheric structure

Sensing the deep atmosphere (Pt2)

Juno’s investigation will provide new insights about how the planet’s enormous magnetic force field generates the aurora.

Jupiter’s magnetosphere near the planet’s poles is a completely unexplored region!

Exploring the Polar Magnetosphere