junior h literary time periods power point

7/31/2019 Junior h Literary Time Periods Power Point

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American Literary

Timeline

Colonial Period

Age of Reason

Romanticism

Transcendentalism

Anti-Transcendentalism

Realism

Naturalism

Regionalism

Modernism

Contemporary


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Colonial Period

Early America-1776This period was at the very beginnings of

America and it made way for the rest of the countries

literature. In the first stages of America there were writers,

such as Thomas Hariot, who wrote A Brief and True

Report of the New-Found Land of Virginia in 1588; inwhich he described The Americas in words and picture.

The book was quickly translated into Latin, French, and

German; it was a window for the Old World to see an

embellished version of the New World.

Others that dominated this era were the Puritans

whose definition of good writing was writing that brought

home a full awareness of the importance of worshipping

God and of the spiritual dangers that the soul faced on

Earth, and the literature that was produced by the Puritans

reflected this.

Authors

of the

ColonialPeriod

Edward Tay

lor

John Woolman

Anne Bradstreet

William Bradford


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Age of Reason

Late 1770s to Early 1800sThis period was a time when authors were

focused more on their own reasoning rather than

simply taking what the church taught as fact.

During this period there was also cultivation ofpatriotism. The main medium during that period

were political pamphlets, essays, travel writings,

speeches, and documents.

Also during this period many reforms were

either made or requested, for instance during this

time theDeclaration of Independence was written.

Authors

of the

Age ofReason

Abigail Adams

Benjamin Franklin

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Paine


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Romanticism

1800-1850After the Age of Reason came to an end,

the people of America were tired of reality; they

wanted to see life as more than it was. This was the

Era of Romantics. The main medium that presented

itself at that time were short stories, poems, andnovels. During this era, as appose to the Age of

Reason the imagination dominated; intuition ruled

over fact, and there was a large emphasis on the

individual/common man, and on nature or the natural

world.

Gothic literature was also introduced at this

time, which is a sub-genre of Romanticism, this genre

included stories about characters that had both good

and evil traits. Gothic literature also incorporated to

use of supernatural elements.

Authors of

the

Romanticism

Washington Irving

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Edgar Allen Poe

Herman Melville


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Transcendentalism

1840-1855

This movement pushed America from the

elaborate and fantasy like writings displayed in the

period Romanticism, into a period of literature that

stressed individualism, and mature and self-reliance.

Often Transcendentalists used nature to gain

knowledge or to return to a life of self-reliance and

individulaism. It also stressed the fundamental idea

of a unity between God and the world, that each

person was a microcosm for the world.

Unlike many European groups, the

Transcendentalists never issued a manifesto. They

insisted on the differences in each individual.

Authors of the

TranscendentalismRalph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

Walt Whitman

[Sarah] Margaret Fuller


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Anti-Transcendentalism

1840-1855During the same time period when

Transcendentalism was taking place, its opposite,

Anti-Transcendentalism, was also happening. As

oppose to Transcendentalism, which focused on the

natural world and its relationship to humanity, and

the quest for understanding of the human spirit.

Anti- Transcendentalism focused on the limitations

of mankind, and its potential destructiveness of the

human spirit. For instance, water brings life, butits excess, i.e. a flood, can bring death and

destruction. (Notice how they sometimes use

nature in their writings to reflect what goes in with

humans. Example: Scarlet Letter and the forest

reflect Pearls wild nature; only place Hester and

Dimmesdale can be free, etc.)

Authors of the

Anti-

TranscendentalismHerman Melville

Nathaniel Hawthorne


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Realism

1865-1915This literary movement took place during the

Civil War; at a time when a war was taking place people

were tired of Transcendentalism and Anti-Transcendentalism, for one thing they were both

extremes of the same spectrum, one was nice and happy,

and frilly; the other was dark and destructive. People

wanted to see things how they were, so Realism came

about.

Realism also came about as a reaction toRomanticism, in which there were heroic characters, and

adventures, with strange and unfamiliar settings. In

response Realism authors tried to write truthfully and

objectively about ordinary characters in ordinary

situations.

Authors of the

RealismMark Twain [Samuel Clemens]

Bret Harte

Sarah Orne Jewett

James Henry


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Naturalism

1865-1915The Naturalism literary movement that took

place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century,

tended to view people as hapless victims of immutable

natural laws. Naturalism is closely related to Realism

only it usually views the world in a darker perspective.

In Naturalism it is widely shown that free will is an

illusion that things that happen in the universe, happen

and could not happen any other way.

Also a defining characteristic of Naturalism isthat its characters lives are shaped by forces they cannot

control.

Authors of the

NaturalismStephen Crane

Jack London

Theodore Dreiser

Frank Norris


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Regionalism

1865-1915

Regionalism was a literary movement in

which authors would write a story about specific

geographical areas. By writing about regions theauthors explore the culture of that area; including its

languages, customs, beliefs, and history.

Writer in this time tried, not only, to show

the region they wrote about to their readers, but they

also made an attempt at a sophisticated sociological

or anthropological treatment of the culture of the

region.

Authors of the

RegionalismWilla Cather

William Faulkner

Kate Chopin

Frank Norris


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Modernism

1915-1946This type of writing is one of the most

experimental types. Modernist authorsused offragments, stream of consciousness, and interior

dialogue. The main thing that authors weretrying to achieve with Modernism was a unique

style, one that they could stand out for, and be

known for.

During this period Technology was

taking incredible leaps and two World Wars took

place, there was destruction of a global scale.

The younger generation began to take over the

main stage.

Authors of the

ModernismErnest Hemingway

F. Scott Fitzgerald

John Steinbeck

Robert Frost


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Contemporary

1946-presentIn the years since the Modernism period,

American authors have begun to write from a

plethora of genres. Americans have realized that the

best way to go is have many authors writing what

ever it is they are best at. Thats exactly what has

happened, there are more different types of writing

being done at one time than at any other period in

history; Fantasy, fiction, science fiction, horror,

Political writings, romantics, plays, and poems,anything and everything.

Authors of the

ContemporaryJ. D. Salinger

Stephen King

Joyce Carol Oates

Robert Jordan


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End of Power Point

The following slides are accessible from the slides above


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Edward Taylor

(c. 1644-1729) Taylor was a Minister who

studied at Harvard

College, and whose works

were never published byTaylor, himself, until they

were discovered in 1930s.

He wrote such pieces as

Metrical History ofChristianity, which mainly

a history of Christian

martyrs.

Colonial Period


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John Woolman (1720-1772)

The best known work by aQuaker was written by thisman, simply named

Journal in 1774, thisjournal was a completeand full account of his lifein a pure, heartfelt style ofgreat sweetness that have

attracted many Americanand English writers formany years afterWoolman had past away.

Colonial Period


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Anne Bradstreet (c. 1612-1672)

The first publication

of a book of poems in

America, was also thefirst publication by a

woman in America.

She also wrote The

Tenth Muse LatelySprung Up in America

in 1650.

Colonial Period


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William Bradford(1590-1657)

He was elected governorof Plymouth shortly afterthe pilgrims landed in on

Plymouth Rock. He wasessentially the firsthistorian of the newcolonies. His participationin the voyage of the

Mayflowerand beinggovernor made him theideal person for this job.He wrote Of PlymouthPlantation in 1651.

Colonial Period


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Abigail Adams (1744-1818)

She wrote letters thatcampaigned for womensrights. Her grandson,

Charles Francis Adams,published The FamiliarLetters of John Adams andHis Wife Abigail Duringthe Revolution, which

were just what they saidthey were, letters writtenby Abigail and herhusband.

Age of Reason


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Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Franklin is well knownworldwide for hisdiscoveries in the world of

science and also for worksthat he contributed to,such as the Declaration of

Independence, and histheories on electricity.

His works were all newideas things people neverthought of before becausethey always took whatthey got as fact.

Age of Reason


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Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

Jefferson is bets know forwriting theDeclaration of

Independence, the

document came about as aresponse to these times,people were thinking forthemselves, and one of themajor thing the Americans

discovered was that theydidnt need England. SoJefferson wrote the D of Ito formally state that.

Age of Reason


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Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

Paine wrote mostlypamphlets that would spurideas and immediate

action. In the document"The American Crisis,"Paine wrote about theoppression that Americasuffered from Britain, and

propelled America into awar with Britain. Paine,to this day, is well knownfor his propaganda.

Age of Reason


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Washington Irving (1789-1851)

Irving was the first

famous American

author; hes also known as

the Father of AmericanLiterature. He wrote

travel books, short stories,

and satires. Some of his

works include; Legend ofSleepy Hollow, Rip Van

Winkle, and Devil and

Tom Walker.

Romanticism


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Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849)

Poe had a bad childhood thatmade him despise the world,and his works reflected hiswork. He is credited forcreating the modern shortstory, and the detectivestory. He also challengedtwo long-standing theories,one, a poem had to be long,

and two, a poem had to teachyou something. Some of hisworks include, "The Raven","Bells", "Annabel Lee", and

"Dream."

Romanticism


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Herman Melville (1819-1891)

In his time Melvillewas not entirelyrecognized, however,

in the more recentyears he has beenconsidered one of themost top rated novelist

of all time. He is mostwell known for hisepic novel Moby Dick.

Romanticism Anti-Transcendentalism


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Ralph Waldo Emerson

(1803-1882) Emerson had a strong

sense of a religious

mission though he was

accused of subvertingChristianity. He left the

church saying, to be a

good minister, it was

necessary to leave thechurch. Some of his

mayor works include

Nature, published in 1836.

Transcendentalism


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Henry David Thoreau

(1817-1862) Thoreau Lived his life,

to do just that, live his

life. He was neverrich and for the most

part lived with little

money all his life. His

work he is most wellknown for is Walden,

published in 1854.

Transcendentalism


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Walt Whitman(1819-1892)

Whiteman was born on LongIsland, and was, for most of hisjob life, a carpenter; he was aman of the people. Most of his

learning career was done on hisown, after he left school the ageof eleven. His major work wasentitled His Leaves of Grass,published in 1855; over theyears he made many rewrites

for this book. Some of hisfamous poems are, "CrossingBrooklyn Ferry," "Out of theCradle Endlessly Rocking," and"When Lilacs Last in theDooryard Bloom'd."

Transcendentalism


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[Sarah] Margaret Fuller

(1810-1850) Fuller was born in Cambridgeport,

Massachusetts. She learned Greek andLatin at a very young age, and laterlearned German and Italian. After herfather, a congressman, died shebecame a schoolteacher. She workedwith Ralph Emerson as editors ofTheDial, a literary and philosophicaljournal, for which she wrote manyarticles including The Great Lawsuit.Man versus Woman, Woman versus

Man; in which she spoke for theequality of men and women. Some ofher other works include Summer onthe Lakes, published in 1844, andWomen in the Women in theNineteenth Century, published in1845.

Transcendentalism


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Nathaniel Hawthorne

(1804-1864) Hawthorne was a Puritan

who utilized his writings

to express his dark, and

gloomy outlook on life.Some of his works

include; Twice Told Tales,

published in 1837; The

Scarlet Letter, publishedin 1850; and The House of

the Seven Gables,

published in 1851.

Anti-Transcendentalism Romanticism


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Mark Twain [Samuel Clemens]

(1835-1910) Twain is know by many as

the greatest Americanhumorist and one of our

greatest novelists. He wasknown for usingvernacular, exaggeration,and deadpan narrator tocreate humor. Twain

wrote many great novelsincluding, the Adventuresof Tom Sawyer, publishedin 1876; and The Princeand the Pauper, published

in 1881. Realism


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Bret Harte (1836-1902)

Harte was born in New York, and laterworked in California, on The Californiawriting stories. He worked with otherwell-known authors as well, while atThe California, authors like Mark

Twain, Charles Warren Stoddard, andPrentice Mulford. He was laterappointed Secretary of the United StatesBranch Mint at San Francisco; he heldthis office until 1870. He then becamethe editor ofOverland Monthly, where

he published "The Luck of RoaringCamp," which brought him instant fame.Some of his works included; "TheHeathen Chinese, a poem published in1870, Devil's Ford, "The Twins of TableMountain," "By Shore and Sedge," and"A Millionaire of Rough and Ready."

Realism


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Sarah Orne Jewett (1849-1909)

Jewett grew up with books allaround her, it was only fittingshe grow up to be a writer.The early years of her life

were much like the story shewrote in A Country Doctor.Some of her works include;Miss Tempy's Watchers,originally published in 1888;

The Dulham Ladies,originally published in 1886;A White Heron, originallypublished in 1886.

Realism


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James Henry (1843-1916 )

His father was an importanttheorist and lecturer, and hisolder brother was a famousAmerican philosopher,

William James. He attendedHarvard College. His earlystories depict the leisurely lifeof the well-to-do. In his timehe wrote many short stories

including; The Short Story ofa Year, published in 1865;Gabrielle de Bergerac,published in 1869; andGuest's Confession.

Realism


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Stephen Crane(1871-1900)

Cranes writing was knownfor attacking patriotism,individualism, and organizedreligion; it also confronted the

meaninglessness of the world.His work was also very wellknown for its imagery andsymbolism. The work he ismost famous for Red Badge

of Courage, which was set inthe Civil War. Some of hisother works include; TheOpen Boat, published in 1894;An Episode of War,originally published in 1890.

Naturalism


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Jack London (1876-1916)

London was born in SanFrancisco, California; he lived ahard life, switching from job tojob for whatever money he

could get, after his fatherabandoned him at a young age.He is one of the most highlyacclaimed writers of all time;his stories of life and deathstruggles are vivid and

engaging. Some of his worksinclude; The Call of the Wild,published in 1903; White Fang,published in 1906; Lost Face,published in 1910; and TheNight Born, published in 1913.

Naturalism


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Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)

One of Dreiser's favoritefictional devices was the useof contrast between the richand the poor, the urbane and

the unsophisticated, and thepower brokers and thehelpless. Some of his worksinclude; Twelve Men,published in 1919; A Book

About Myself, published in1922; The Color of a GreatCity, published in1923; AnAmerican Tragedy, publishedin1925.

Naturalism


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Frank Norris (1870-1902)

Norris studied in Paris, atthe Univ. of California,and Harvard. He also

spent several years as awar correspondent inSouth Africa (1895-96)and Cuba (1898). Someof his works include; The

Responsibilities of theNovelist, published in1903; The Octopus,published in 1901; andThe Pit published in 1903.

Naturalism


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Willa Cather (1873-1947)

Cather has been called, one ofthe most interesting femalewriters in American literaryhistory. She was a teacher, a

journalist and a critic as wellas a writer. She has a talentfor presenting settings, andcharacters that are rich inlanguage and imagery. She

also won a Pulitzer Prize.Some of her works include;April Twilights, published in1903; and O Pioneers!,published in 1913.

Regionalism


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William Faulkner (1897-1962)

He served in both theCanadian and the BritishRoyal Air Force. He

wrote most of his novel ona farm in Oxford,Mississippi. Some of hisnovels included; TheHamlet, published in

1940; The Town,published in 1957; andThe Mansion, published in1959.

Regionalism


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Kate Chopin (1851-1904)

Chopin loved literature asa child, and secludedherself in it after her

grandmothers death. Shenever achieved much until1884 when she finallydecided to pursue a careerin writing. Some of her

writing included;"Desirees Baby,"published in 1893; "TheAwakening," published in1899.

Regionalism


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Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)

Hemingway won a Pulitzer

Prize and Noble Peace Price for

Literature. He used concise,

direct, spare, objective, precise,

rhythmic writing styles to create

larger than life heroes, big game

hunters, etc. Some of his works

include; The Sun Also Rises,

published in 1922; A Farewell

To Arms published in 1929; ForWhom the Bell Tolls, published

in 1940.

Modernism


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F. Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)

Fitzgerald wrote about thetimes. In his novel TheGreat Gatsby, published in

1925, he wrote about theroaring twenties, a timewhen no one cared aboutthe future and they hadfun with what they had

then. Some of his otherworks include; The Sideof Paradise, published in1920; and The Beautifuland the Damned,

published in 1922. Modernism


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John Steinbeck (1902-1968)

Steinbeck wrote about the boththe pains and joys of life. TheGrapes of Wraith, published in1939, his most well known

work told the story of familiesring to survive and stay togetherduring the depression. In otherworks like Tortilla Flat,published in 1935, Steinbeckwrote about the joys of life.

Some of his other worksinclude; East of Eden,published in 1952; Of Mice andMen, published in 1937; andThe Pearl, published in 1947.

Modernism


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Robert Frost (1874-1963)

Americas best known andmost loved poet, Frostwrote his poems in a

traditional verse form. Heused the plain speech ofrural New Englanders.Some of his worksinclude; Death of the

Hired Man,

published in1951; Birches,published in1920; andThe Road Not Taken,published in 1920.

Modernism


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J. D. Salinger (b.1919)

Salinger studied at NYU, andColumbia University. Afterwhich he decided to devote hislife to his writing. His writing

career was interrupted by WorldWar I, where he served in theU.S. Army. His most wellknown work was his novelCatcher in the Rye, published in1951, a novel about a high

school student who tries to runaway from his life that he thinksis phony. Some of his worksare A Perfect Day forBananafish published in 1948;For Esm With Love and

Squalor, published in 1950. Contemporary


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Stephen King (b.1947)

King write novels thatfrighten people. Someof his major works

are; Carrie publishedin 1974; The Shining,publishing in 1998;Salem's Lot, published

in 1993; and TheStand, published in1991.

Contemporary


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Joyce Carol Oates (b.1938)

Oates received a typewriter at the age offourteen and trained

herself to write novel afternovel through high schooland college. She earnedan M.A. in English at theUniversity of Wisconsin.

Some of her worksinclude; Blonde, publishedin 2000; Wonderland,published in 1971; andThe Tattooed Girl,

published in 2003. Contemporary


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Robert Jordan (b.1948)-

He went to the Citadel, theMilitary College of SouthCarolina, where he received adegree in physics. Jordans

main area of expertise is in thegenre of fantasy. He iscurrently in the process ofwriting a series of novel entitledThe Wheel of Time, some of thenovels from this series are, The

Eye of the World, published in1990; Crossroads of Twilight,published in 2003; and TheNovel: New Spring publishedin 2004.

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