junior cert revision 2 solids expansion can damage railway lines
TRANSCRIPT
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Junior Cert Revision 2
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Solids• Expansion can damage railway lines
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Heat Transfer
Conduction-Transfer
byvibrations
Radiation-Transfer by
Electro-magnetic wave
Convection- Hot air
risingcarrying
theheat up with it.
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Water as a Poor Conductor
HEAT
The ice does not melt as the water is a terrible conductor and convection only works up.
Metal Gauze
ICE
Test Tube of water
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Example of convection currentSea Breezes
HOT LAND
WARM SEA
Day – On Shore
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Heating a solidHeating a solid
Temperature
Time
Melting point
Boiling point
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Heating a solidTemperature
Time
Boiling point
Melting point
Melting
Solid
Boiling
Liquid
GasHeat raises
temperature
Latent Heat Only
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Photosynthesis
water
Carbon dioxide
Energy from sunlight, with chlorophyll as a
catalyst, is used to combine CO2 and H2O to
form glucose and release O2
chlorophyll
oxygen
glucose
Water + Carbon Dioxide Glucose + Oxygen
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
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Water goes up the Xylem
From root To leaf then
Transpire
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Sugar madeIn the leaf
Goes down The Phloem
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Properties of an Acid
· Tastes sour· Turns blue litmus paper red
· Has a pH of less than 7· Lemon juice and vinegar are good examples.
ACID
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Properties of a Base · Turns litmus paper blue· Has a pH greater than 7· taste bitter and have a slippery feel
· Bases that are soluble (dissolve in water) are called alkalis
Most hand soaps and drain cleaners are bases
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p Hp H
A measure of how acidic something is
A measure of how acidic something is
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T h e p H S c a l eT h e p H S c a l e
• A N e u t r a l s o l u t i o n h a s a p H o f 7 .
• A n A c i d i c s o l u t i o n h a s a p H b e l o w 7 .
• A B a s i c s o l u t i o n h a s a
p H a b o v e 7 .
• A N e u t r a l s o l u t i o n h a s a p H o f 7 .
• A n A c i d i c s o l u t i o n h a s a p H b e l o w 7 .
• A B a s i c s o l u t i o n h a s a
p H a b o v e 7 .
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IndicatorsThese are chemicals that change colour in the presence of an acid or a base.
We get them from Plants.
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Adding acid to carbonatesCalcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric AcidCalcium Chloride+water+Carbon
Dioxide
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O +CO2
The equation must be balanced
CarbonDioxide
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Electromagnet• A soft iron rod has
no magnetic field• When current flows
in the wire the soft iron becomes magnetised so a magnetic field is detected by the plotting compasses.
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Positive and Negative Charge
Same charges repel
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Positive and Negative Charge
Unlike charges attract
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Conductors and Insulators
A conductor is a substance through which electric charge flows readily. An insulator is a substance that strongly resists the flow of electric charge.
Conductor
insulator
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Effect of Van De Graaf
• Hair is pushed apart as all the electrons on the hair repel each other.
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Water Treatment
Screening - Clean water passes through the screen and large objects do not
Sedimentation - Aluminium Sulphate is added allowed to settle.
Filtration – passes through sandAdd chlorine to kill
bacteria and flourine
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Hard and soft water• Add soap and mix
Add Soap solution
Add Soap solutionHard
WaterFew
BubblesOily scum
Soft WaterLots of
Bubbles
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Where hard water comes fromAcid Rain
Limestone
Water dissolves the limestone (Calcium Carbonate) and the calcium
ions make the water hard
Water that runs off straight to
rivers and lakes is soft water
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Sound is Energy
• Sound is caused by the movement of the medium it is travelling in
• Anything that vibrates makes sound
Compressions
in the medium
Loudspeaker
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Sound in Space• Sound needs a medium (Air, String and
even water)• We can prove this by sucking all the air
out of a jar with an electric bell inside
When we have sucked out all the air from the jar we can not hear the electric bell
Glass bell jar
Vacuum
Electric Bell
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Echo
• A reflected sound wave
If sound takes 2s the get to the cliff and return and sound travels at 340m/s.
Distance = Speed x time=340x2
=680m,
but how far away is the cliff face?
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1) Amplitude – this is height of the wave.
2) Wavelength () – this is the distance between two corresponding points on the wave and is measured in metres:
3) Frequency – this is how many waves pass by every second and is measured in Hertz (Hz)
Crest
Trough
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Light on cards goes through if the cards are lined up. This also proves light
travels in straight lines
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Reflection
Incident ray
Normal
Reflected ray
Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection
Flat Mirror
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
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Refraction
Fisherman use a trident as light is bent at the surface
The fisherman sees the fish and tries to spear it
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Focal Point
Focal Point
Lenses Two types of lenses
Converging Lens Diverging Lens
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Dispersion
• Breaking up of white light into it’s colours
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Primary and secondary colours
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Ecology…• Study of the relationship between
plants and animals and their environment
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Levels of organization - Terms
• Organism – living thing• Population – one species live in one place at one
time• Community – All populations (diff. species) that
live in a HABITAT.
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Connections
Primary Producer Primary
Consumer Secondary Consumer
Top of the food chain
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• Carnivore eats other animals
• Herbivore eats plants
• Omnivore eats plants and animals
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• Adaptation is the development of special characteristics by plants or animals to suit a particular environment.
Adaptation to environment
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Parts of a Flowering Plant
Male Parts
Anther
Filament
Together called the STAMEN
Female Parts
Stigma
Style
Ovule
Ovary
Together called the CARPEL
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PollenPollen is produced in the ANTHER
The anther explodes and pollen just goes everywhere
Some of the pollen sticks on the STIGMA
The pollen goes down a small tube to the EGG
There are lots of eggs in most plant ovaries.
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PollenSexual reproduction is where two different cells meet
Sex cells are called GAMETES
Pollen is the male gamete
The female gamete is the EGG
When the pollen and egg meet this is called FERTILISATION
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Ways to Scatter Pollen
Wind Insect
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Fertilisation
When the male gamete POLLEN
Gets inside the female gamete or EGG
They form a ZYGOTE
This is the first cell of a new plant
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Seed or Fruit Formation
Testa
Food Supply(OIL and STARCH)
Plumule
RadicleThe two together make the
EMBRYO
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Seed Dispersal
The carrying of the seed (and its surrounding fruit) as far away from the parent plant as possible
WIND
Dandelion
Sycamore
ANIMALS
EATEN
Berries
STICKY
Thistles
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Asexual Reproduction
A plant produces another plant without involving a second plant
No gamete cells are used.
The plant sends out runners
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Inside of the eye
pupil
iris
lens
optic
ner
ve
retin
a
Cili
ary
mus
cle
cornea
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how the taste buds gather information
humans detectfour tastes: sweet, sour, salt and bitter
sensory nerves bring messages to the brain