LOGOChun, Jung HwaKorea Forest Research InstituteI. IntroductionContentsII. Forest StatusIII. Forest Policy and Forest ManagementIV. Forest Science & Technology DevelopmentVI. Climate change adaptationV. Climate change ImpactsLOGOIntorductionCompany LOGOKorea, a mountainous country with 64% of its land inforests, has a long history of its people living in closerelationship with forests.Throughout the long history of Korea, the wisemanagement of forests and water resources has beenhigh on national agenda.During the first half of 20thcentury, severe deforestationhad occurred across the Korea, due to widespread illegalcuttings and overcutting practices.Since the early 1970s, rehabilitation activities of forestlands have been strongly propelled in order to green thecountry again.Greening Koreawww.forest.go.krKorea a Country of Mountains & ForestsCompany LOGOChinaRussiaEast SeaUlleungdoDokdoJapanKoreaStraitFukuokaJejudoYellow SeaPyongyangSeoulKoreaShanghaiVladivostokMongoliaLatitude : 3306 ~ 4300, Longitude : 12411 ~ 13153Average Elevation : 420 mLand area : 221,000 km2(South Korea : 99,660 km2, 45%)Forest area : 70% of total land area(South Korea : 65%)Environment of Korea PeninsulaGeographyAnnual mean Temperature (four different seasons)South :12-14C, Central : 10-12C, North : 5-10CClimateLOGOForest StatusCompany LOGOForest Vegetation ZonesSub-frigid Forest- Average Temp. : 5C and lower- Abies, Picea, LarixJuglans mandshurinaBetula platyphyllaCool-temperate Forest- Average Temp. : 6-13C- Quercus, Zelkova, FraxinusPinus densifloraPinus koraiensisWarm-temperate Forest- Average Temp. : 14C and higher- Quercus acuta, Castanopsiscuspidata, Camelia japonicaCompany LOGOForest ResourcesForest 64%AgriculturalLand 20%Road 3%Others 13%

AfricaEuropeAsiaOceaniaN. AmericaS. AmericaForestLand(m ha)(18%)(34%)(45%)(24%)(45%)(21%)Forested land area : 6,369,000 ha (64% of the total land area)Total Growing Stock : 800million m3(125.6m3/ha)Protected forest area : 410,000 ha (6%)Protected trees : 13,165 treesWorlds total forest area: over 4 billion ha (31%) 0.6 ha per capitaFive most forest-rich countries: Russia, Brazil, CanadaUSA, ChinaCompany LOGODistribution of Forest ResourcesMajor Species Conifers &BroadleavedConiferous forest : 40.5%Broadleaf forest : 27%Mixedforest : 29.4%Company LOGOForest Resources by Age ClassForest Area(1,000 ha)Y 2007 Y 2008bambooUnstockedforestGrowing StockY 2007 Y 2008mAveraged Growing StockAs of 2010, 30: 31.7% 31: 65.1%- : 80%Company LOGOForest OwnershipPrivate (4.3m ha, 68%; 117.7m3/ha)National (1.5m ha, 24%; 148.5m3/ha)Public(0.5m ha,8%; 123.4m3/ha)84% of owner hold less than 3haCompany LOGOAfforestationNational Private Conifer Broad21,919 haOverseas plantation: 27,796 haIndonesia: 23,541 ha, China: 1,500 ha, Vietnam: 1,143 haCompany LOGOTrade of Forest ProductsTimber Supply and Demand010203040502003 2010 2030 2050Overseas plantation Domestic supply Imported supplyCompany LOGOEnvironmental Benefits of ForestsTotal assessed value: 73,000 billion won (1 US$ 1,200 won)Water storage enhancement 18,000 billion won (25%)Air purification 17,000 billion won (23%)Erosion control 13,000 billion won (18%)Forest recreation 12,000 billion won (16%)Water purification 6,000 billion won (9%)Landslide prevention 5,000 billion won (7%)Wildlife protection 2,000 billion won (2%) 1.51 million won/personLOGOForest Policy &Forest ManagementCompany LOGOGreen, blue andyellow stand fornature, sky andhuman.Korea Forest ServiceThe KFS has the overall responsibility for establishment andimplementation of forest policies and laws.Primary mission- Development of forest resources- Conservation of forests- Forest management- Utilization and development of forest products- Research, education, etc.MinisterDeputy MinisterCoordination &Planning BureauForest ResourcesBureauForest UseBureauForest ProtectionBureauKorea ForestResearch InstituteNational NaturalRecreation Forest OfficeNationalArboretumForest Human ResourcesDevelopment InstituteForest AviationHeadquartersRegionalForest ServiceCompany LOGONational Forest PlanDefinition DefinitionStrategic plan that guides the Korea Forest Service in delivering itsmissionGuidelines for forest management at central- and local-governmentlevelComprehensive plan for developing forest resources and fosteringforestry and wood industryCompany LOGOThe 1st& 2ndNational Forest Plan(1973 -1987) Greening the country again Establishment of economicforestGoals Achievements Restoration of 0.77 million ha Reforestation of 2.16 million ha Intensive erosion control Formation of 80 large scale commercialforest zones (0.33 million ha)Devastation of forests during the social turbulence era in 1950-1960- Korean war, illegal logging and excessive cutting practice- Stock volume in the 1960s : 5.7m3/haSl ope Gr adi ng Ter r ac e Mak i ngSoddi ng Pl ant i ngCompany LOGOBefore and After Rehabilitation ProgramsCompany LOGOChanges in Growing Stock0204060801001201975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2004 2009YearStock volume per ha16109Company LOGOWorldwide Recognition The Republic of Korea embarked on a four-foldprogramme in 1973 The programme succeededbeyond expectations.FAO Unasylva (1981) S.Korea is a reforestation model for the world.We can reforest the earth.Lester Brown (2008) Highly praised the successful rehabilitationin Korea (Executive Director of UNEP, 10thRamsar Convention)Achim Steiner (2008)Company LOGOThe 3rdNational Forest Plan(1988 -1997) Harmonizing economic benefitswith public interestsGoals Achievements Commercial forests : 0.32million ha Forest tending : 3.03million ha Expansion of recreation forests Development of income sources formountain villages Reclassification of forestland use systemby function and purposesCompany LOGOCompany LOGOThe 4thNational Forest Plan(1998 -2007) Sustainable forest management Growing valuable forest resources Fostering competitive forest industry Promoting healthy & pleasant forestsfor people to enjoyGoals Achievements Introduction of multiple-purposemanagement system Promotion of forest and wood industry Conservation of forest ecosystem Effective forest fire control system Urban forest management Development of mountain villages Increase of overseas plantationCompany LOGOCompany LOGOThe 5thNational Forest Plan(2008 -2017)Integrated management and development of forest resourcesEnhancement of carbon sinks in forestsPromotion of forest industry and competitivenessConservation and management of forest ecosystemsUrban forests and forest recreationStrengthening International cooperationSust ai nabl e Gr een Wel f ar e Nat i onLOGOForest Science &Technology DevelopmentCompany LOGOMissionKFRIs mission is to develop technologies that sustain the health, diversity andproductivity of nations forests for both present and future generations.KFRI is also responsible for (1) raising public awareness, (2) sharing researchoutcomes, (3) encouraging public engagement and dialogue, (4) disseminatingknowledge, and (5) providing high-quality public services.Brief History1922.02. The Forestry Experiment Station was founded.1987.12. The Station was reorganized into the Korea Forest Research Institute.1998.08. The Forest Genetic Research Inst. was merged into KFRI as the Dept.of Forest Genetic Resources.1999.01. The Forestry Training Institute was merged into KFRI as the Dept. ofForestry Training.2001.01. KFRI was transformed to Executive Agency.2006.01. The Dept. of Forestry Training was separated from KFRI andreorganized as the Forest Human Resources Development Inst. underthe Korea Forest Service.Korea Forest Research InstituteCompany LOGOForest Resources and InformationForest resources inventoryConservation and utilization of forest genetic resourcesForest ecologyPhysiology of forest trees and phytoremediationEstablishment of the prototype ofForest Spatial Data WarehousemtDNA variation of Piceajezoensis in South KoreaPrediction of habitat changeIn Pinus densifloraKFRIs Major programs and key projectsCompany LOGOForest Protection and Healthy ForestsForest insect pests and diseases control and preventionForest fire suppression and rehabilitation of burnt forestsForest soil and water conservationDiagnosis of forest healthMitochondria genome ofPine nematodePrediction of sedimentationrange of debris flow basedon Random Walking ModelConstruction offorest soil pH mapCompany LOGOSustainable Forest Management and UtilizationForest resources management and forest land useTree breeding and biotechnologyDevelopment of short-term income sourcesDevelopment of a modelfor forest land useCulturing of embryos fromimmature Korean fir embryosBreeding of a new chestnutvariety resistant to cold damageCompany LOGOForest Products and Wood EngineeringEfficient and sustainable use of wood resourcesConversion of wood componentsEvaluation of mechanicalperformance of structural lumberusing nondestructive techniqueProduction of wood and plasticcomposites using nanoclaySupercritical water saccharificationunit for the production of ethanolfrom lignocellulosic materialsForest bioenergyCompany LOGOForest Policy and SocioeconomicsForest value assessment and forest policy developmentForest recreation, culture and human healthInternational issues of forests and forestryAnalysis of forest biomass and soil carbon Effects of phytoncide on the control of germsCompany LOGOInternational CooperationBy means of providing financial support, the KFRI is also activelyparticipating in projects, programs and conferences run by internationalorganizations such as CIFOR and IUFRO.The KFRI has been operating the Post-doctoral Fellowship Program forForeign Researchers since 2006 aiming to accelerate the internationalizationof Forest Science & Technology.Establishment of MoUFFPRICIFORCAFMETLAIUFROINTASRSFORINTEKVNIIMIGMASFRIMCATIELOGOClimate Change ImpactsCompany LOGOClimate Change in KoreaTemperature ()1.5 increasee during last 100 yearsmore than double of global averageincreased risk of drought and forest fire10% increased during last 100 years(18% in Summer)Increased risk of landslide and floodPrecipitation (mm)Climate change alters ecosystems and also ecosystem dynamics inresponse to climate change affect the climate system.Dangerous consequences of climate change such as landscape change,losses of wildlife habitat, increased risk of natural disasters may result ineconomic losses.Company LOGOShifts of Vegetation Zones3~6 increase in annual mean temperature under IPCC RCP 8.5 climatechange scenario.2020s 2050s 2090sCold temperate Northern cool temperate Central cool temperateSouthern cool temperate Warm temperate SubtropicalVegetation zones are likely to shift, especially in high mountain areasCompany LOGONatural DisastersThe frequency and magnitude of natural disasters such as landslide andforest fire due to extreme weather events are increasing in Korea.The impact of natural disasters may be bigger when extreme weatherevents strike vulnerable areas.Company LOGOHigh Mountain Tree SpeciesDieback of Korean fir (Abies koreana) on Mt. Hallsan (1,950m asl.)in Jeju islandCompany LOGOKorean fir(green) decline and grassland increase(pink) around the peakof Mt. Hallasan in Jeju island1975 2002High Mountain Tree SpeciesCompany LOGOPhenology Leaf GrowthLeaf length of Quercus mongolica on Mt. Gyebangsan (1,575m asl.)in Gangwon-doJulian Date 130Company LOGOLeaf length of Quercus mongolica on Mt. Gyebangsan (1,575m asl.)in Gangwon-doMt. GyebangsanGwangneungGeumsanStandard deviation of leaf lengthMt. Gyebangsan1,575m asl.Gwangneung500m asl.Geumsan100m asl.Observed leaf lengthPhenology LeafCompany LOGOIncreased mean temperature in Spring has advanced the time offlowering by about 8 days in Hongneung forest in Seoul.0204060801001201401602/20 3/11 3/31 4/20 5/10 5/30 6/19 7/91968~19751999~2009-505101520251 2 3 4 5 6Mean temperature()1968~19751999~2009JanFebMarAprMayJuneAccumulated number of flowering species0.71.52.31.01.01.7Phenology FloweringCompany LOGOLand use pattern and increased temperature affected the populationsize of butterfly species.Butterfly PopulationCompany LOGODistribution of Tree SpeciesModeled distribution change of Pinus densifloraCompany LOGODistribution of Tree SpeciesModeled distribution change of Quercus mongolicaCompany LOGOExpected Effects of Climate ChangeLOGOClimate Change AdaptationCompany LOGOThe geographical complexity of very rugged and elevated terrain andtemperate climate condition seem to be the major driving forces to giveKorea high biodiversity status, generating large spatial heterogeneity.Spatial heterogeneity of physical and biological features composing theforest is a key to understand the structure, function, and process of forestecosystem at various spatial scales in Korea.It is necessary to monitor forest information from national forestinventory to changes in species composition by environmental changes.Integrated monitoring and risk management system to expand thescientific understanding of climate change impacts on mountainecosystem, to assess the vulnerability to climate change, and to warnagainst natural disasters linked to climate change.Mountain Forest MonitoringForest Monitoring under a Changing ClimateCompany LOGOThe criteria of ecoprovince classificationwere ecosystem connectivity andcultural homogeneity. Connectivity, thespatial distribution of similarecosystems, affects not only the way inwhich natural disturbances affectecosystems (Turner et al. 1994) but alsohow well members of manypopulations and genes of some speciesare distributed over time (Crow andGustafson 1997).The ecoprovince is a useful unit toexpress the distributions of animals.Ecoprovinces of South KoreaEcosystem ClassificationCompany LOGOEcoregions were classified by clusteranalysis. The variables used in theanalysis were latitude, longitude,seasonal mean temperature, andseasonal precipitation.The ecoregion is a useful unit toexpress climate regime as well as thedistributions of mushroom and thefrequency and scale of forest fire.Some ecoregions have severalproblems for biodiversity conservationand some have high biodiversitypotentials.Ecoregions of South KoreaEcosystem ClassificationCompany LOGOEcodistricts were divided with thecriteria of similar landscapeassociation in the systems ofwatershed.The ecodistrict is a useful unit toanalyze the distribution of endemicfish species and to assessenvironmental impacts on freshwaterecosystems. Ecodistricts of South KoreaEcosystem ClassificationCompany LOGONational Forest Inventory (NFI)4,000 permanent sample plots have beensystematically distributed all over theforests.The plots have divided into five groups.Each group consists of 20% of the plots andis measured every year.Long-term high quality NFI data is expectedto play important role in assessing therange shifts of plant species.Company LOGOLong-Term Ecosystem Monitoring1. Mt. Gyebangsan Forest (GBS)- Deciduous broad-leaved and conifer2. Gwangnung Exp. Forest (GEF)- Main site- Deciduous broad-leaved3. Mt. Geumsan Forest (GMS)- Deciduous & evergreen broad-leaved4. Samchuk Forest (SCK)- Restoring area after big forest fire5. Jeju-do island (JJI)- from warm temperate to cold- Deciduous & evergreen broad-leaved,coniferForests around major citiesIslands and warm temperate natural forestsCold temperateforest zoneCooltemperateforestzoneWarm temperate forest zoneGEFGBSSCKGMSJJIKFRI LTER sitesCompany LOGOLong Term Ecosystem MonitoringKFRIs monitoring systemConventional- Long-Term monitoring on major forest pests and disease from 1968- National Forest Inventory from 1972- Hydrological monitoring in the forested catchment from 1979- Air pollution, soil acidification and response of forest ecosystem from 1991- Long-Term Ecological Research from 1994Recently Added- Forest Health and Vitality- Influence of climate change on forest ecosystems including hydrological cycle andforest pests- Estimation of frequency and intensity of forest disasters by climate change- Soil erosion and sediment yield in the forested catchment- Weather station network in the mountain to study forest disasters- Changes in species composition of ants and butterfly by air temperature increaseIt is also recommended to monitor symbiotic relationships, traditional knowledgeand valuation trends.Company LOGOTraditional Forest-related KnowledgeThe increasing emphasis are being placed on integrated forestmanagement system which integrates ecological, social, cultural, spiritual,and economic sustainability.Collaboration among government agencies, forest managers, local andindigenous communities, and the scientific community is required to meetdiverse criteria for maintaining ecosystem services.There is a growing need for decision-makers and managers to consider allrelevant knowledge about forest ecosystems and the impact of forestmanagement options in the development of forest policies and operationalpractices.It is needed to increase the understanding of inter-relationships betweentraditional and formal(scientific) forest-related knowledge and catalyzepotential synergistic applications to strengthen capacity for climate change.TFK for sustainable forest management under a Changing ClimateCompany LOGOKorean peoples life adapting to nature Coexistence and Harmony Respect for Life Equal Values on Human and Nature / Harmony with Forest Sense of Nature and Human becoming OneCompany LOGOMaeulsoop : Korean Traditional Village GroveThe Maeulsoop is a complementary system linking nature andculture in the mountainous landscape in KoreaDiverse Types of Maeulsoop

Maeulsoops in Korea were established based on the PUNGSU theoryon typical topography and traditional religious beliefs.Company LOGODiverse Types of MaeulsoopsSome of the Maeulsoops were established and preserved forlocal sociocultural and religious purposes.Maeulsoops are closely related to ameliorating climate conditionsand preventing natural disasters.Company LOGODiverse Types of MaeulsoopsTraditional Forest -related Knowledges(TFK) and the wisdom ofancestors are will help us adapt to climate change.Traditionally Korean people thought highly of coexistence andHarmony and place equal values on human and nature.Company LOGOEstablishment of Asian Center for TFKThe three East Asian countries - China, Japan,and Korea - have been hosting the internationalconferences on Traditional Forest-relatedKnowledge since 2008, and the 4thconferencewas held on Jeju in the year of 2011.Until now, total 10 countries and about 170individuals had participated in the scientificmeeting.We need to establish the Asian networks- Sharing the information of TFK- Supporting new paradigm for Asian countries.- Enhancement of collaborative research on TFKCompany LOGOMountain Forest Protected Areasmaintain watersheds and water retention in soil limit incursion into fire-prone areas help maintain traditional management systems limit land-use transformation reduce other pressures such as poaching, grazing, logging or harvestingwithin their boundaries help reduce the impacts from extreme climatic events, such as storms,floods, help mitigate the effects of climate change by the capture and storageof CO2 from the atmosphereProtected Areas under a Changing ClimateCompany LOGOMt. BaekdusanMt. JirisanTraditional concept connecting geography andgeomancy : Philosophy on the geography viewingthe land as a living entityMountain ranges forming the backbone of Koreanpeninsula extending form Mt. Baekdusan all theway down to Mt. jirisan : total length of 1,400Km(684km in South Korea)Treasure house of biodiversity serving as anecosystem corridor in Korean peninsulaKorean People and BaekdudaeganBaekdudaegan Mountain SystemThe essence of the Korean natural landscapedesignated as a protected area in 2006Source of energy for Korean peopleCompany LOGO One mountain system : BaekdudaeganMountain System One primary chain of mountain called Jeong-gan : Jangbaek jeong-gan Thirteen secondary chains of mountains calledJeong-maek : Nangnam Jeong-maek,Chungbuk Jeong-maek, Cheongnam Jeong-maek, etc.Traditional Geographic ClassificationSystemBaekdudaegan Mountain SystemCompany LOGOBaekdudaegan Mountains Reserve Total area : 263,427 ha Core zone : 169,950ha (65%) Buffer zone : 93,477ha (35%) 6 provinces, 32 cities or counties and108 districts or regions The designation area accounts for2.7% of the total territorial land and4% of the total forest cover KFS is examining the value ofBaekdudaegan mountain system asWorld Heritage Site.Mountainousecoprov.Central hillyecoprov.Coastalecoprov.Southwestern hillyecoprov.Southeestern hillyecoprov.Company LOGOBiodiversity of BaekdudaeganHanabusayaasiaticaMegalerabthissaniculifoliaEpilobium angustifoliumThymusquinquecostatusNaemorhedusgoralcaudatusFelisbengalensiseuptiluraBonasabonasiaSusscrofacoreanusFlora : 5 class 126 family 541 genus 1,248 species3 subspecies 204 variety 22 formaFauna : 564 speciesCrucial Habitat for Endangered SpeciesCompany LOGOStatus of Mountain Forest Protected Areas in KoreaForest Genetic Resources ReservesForest Genetic Resources Reserves registered to WDPACompany LOGOProtected Area NetworkProtected area network linking diverse typesof protected areas will help conservevaluable ecological and economic resourcesmaintaining biodiversity and ecosystemservicesCompany LOGOSuggestionsProtected AreasMaintenance ofEcosystemIntegrity andServicesStrengtheningCapacityTraditionalForest-relatedKnowledgeVulnerabilityAssessmentand riskmanagementMonitoringSystemClimateChangeadaptationIntegrated approach enhancing the human and ecosystem resilienceto climate change is needed.