june 2010 city sanitation plan for kochi - sswm · june 2010 city sanitation plan for kochi ......

June 2010

City Sanitation Plan for Kochi

Status Report

submitted to:

German Agency for Technical Cooperation

ICRA Management Consulting Services Ltd

ii Kochi CSP - Status Report

Contents CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................... II

LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................................................III

LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................................................III

ABOUT THIS REPORT ........................................................................................................................................ 5

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 7

1.1. STUDY BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK ................................................................................................................... 8

2. OUR APPROACH & CURRENT STATUS ..................................................................................................... 10

2.1. GUIDING PRINCIPLES .................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2. ACTIVITIES TILL DATE .................................................................................................................................. 10

3. CITY PROFILE - DEMOGRAPHICS, LAND-USE & GROWTH DRIVERS .......................................................... 14

3.1. CITY OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.2. BRIEF HISTORY .......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.3. THE PHYSICAL SETTING ............................................................................................................................... 15 3.4. LAND-USE AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................................................... 16 3.5. POPULATION ............................................................................................................................................. 18 3.6. URBAN POOR, SLUM POCKETS AND DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................... 20 3.7. ECONOMIC BASE ....................................................................................................................................... 21

4. GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................. 23

4.1. URBAN FRAMEWORK IN THE STATE (INCLUDING LEGAL FRAMEWORK) .................................................................. 23 4.2. THE CORPORATION OF COCHIN .................................................................................................................... 25 4.3. OTHER AGENCIES ....................................................................................................................................... 27

5. SITUATION ANALYSIS – I (ALLIED SECTORS) ............................................................................................ 29

5.1. ENVIRONMENT OVERVIEW OF KOCHI ............................................................................................................. 29 5.2. WATER SUPPLY ......................................................................................................................................... 29 5.3. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 34 5.4. STORM DRAIN NETWORK AND NATURAL DRAINAGE ......................................................................................... 37 5.5. SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CSP FROM ALLIED SECTORS ...................................................... 40

6. SITUATION ANALYSIS - II (CORE SECTORS) .............................................................................................. 42

6.1. WASTE WATER GENERATION ....................................................................................................................... 42 6.2. SEWERAGE SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................... 42 6.3. ON SITE SANITATION AND SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................... 43 6.4. SANITATION FACILITIES IN PUBLIC PLACES ....................................................................................................... 44 6.5. SANITATION FACILITIES IN BPL HOUSEHOLDS .................................................................................................. 45 6.6. SUMMARY OF SERVICE LEVELS, ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CSP ..................................................................... 45

7. MUNICIPAL FINANCE .............................................................................................................................. 46

7.1. CONSOLIDATED INCOME AND EXPENDITURE TRENDS ........................................................................................ 46 7.2. INCOME STREAMS OF CORPORATION OF COCHIN.............................................................................................. 47 7.3. TAX INCOME ............................................................................................................................................. 49 7.4. NON-TAX INCOME, GRANTS AND OTHER INCOME ............................................................................................ 50 7.5. EXPENDITURE BREAKUP OF COC ................................................................................................................... 51 7.6. RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS - CORPORATION OF COCHIN ...................................................................................... 54

iii Kochi CSP - Status Report

7.7. FINANCIAL INDICATORS - SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 55 7.8. KEY POINTS, ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CSP ............................................................................................. 56

8. WAY AHEAD ........................................................................................................................................... 58

8.1. NEXT STEPS .............................................................................................................................................. 58

ANNEX 1: SCOPE OF WORK AS PER TOR ......................................................................................................... 59

ANNEX 2: LIST OF CTF MEMBERS ................................................................................................................... 61

ANNEX 3: QUESTIONNAIRES FOR PRIMARY GAP FILLING SURVEY ................................................................. 63

HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................................................................................. 63 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS ................................................................................................... 66 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INDUSTRIES.............................................................................................................................. 69 CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC PLACES ................................................................................................................................. 71

ANNEX 4: MINUTES OF THE CTF MEETING ..................................................................................................... 73

ANNEX 5: STATE LEVEL URBAN GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE ............................................................................ 75

ANNEX 6: ORGANOGRAM OF COC ................................................................................................................. 76

ANNEX 7: ORGANOGRAM - KWA ................................................................................................................... 78

ANNEX 8: MAP OF EXISITING AND PROPOSED SEWERAGE COVERAGE .......................................................... 79

ANNEX 9: WARD MAP AND WARD LEVEL POPULATION PROJECTIONS .......................................................... 80

List of Tables Table 1: Population densities in Kochi and adjoining areas ................................................................................. 18 Table 2: Wards with population densities over 200 per ha. ................................................................................. 19 Table 3: Population trend – Corporation of Cochin, Cochin Urban Agglomeration and GCDA region ................. 20 Table 4: Projected population – Cochin Corporation and Kpchi Urban Agglomeration ....................................... 20 Table 5: BPL population in Kochi .......................................................................................................................... 20 Table 6: Slums and population in Kochi ................................................................................................................ 21 Table 7: Socio-economic profile of Urban Poor in Cochin Corporation ................................................................ 21 Table 8: Institutional responsibility matrix for civic services, Kochi ..................................................................... 26 Table 9: Brief history of surface water supply to Kochi ........................................................................................ 30 Table 10: Water supply connections in Kochi ....................................................................................................... 30 Table 11: Water tariffs in Kochi ............................................................................................................................ 31 Table 12: Projected water demand ...................................................................................................................... 31 Table 13: Proposed new tarifrf regime under the KWA ....................................................................................... 33 Table 14: Drainage canal network details ............................................................................................................ 39 Table 15: Sewage generation in Kochi as esimated by CPCB ............................................................................... 42 Table 16: Components proposed under the KSUDP Sewerage DPR ..................................................................... 43 Table 17: Sanitation facilities in BPL HH ............................................................................................................... 45 Table 18: Consolidated Income and Expenditure Statement (In Rs Lakh) ............................................................ 46 Table 19: Summary of financial indicators, CoC ................................................................................................... 55

List of Figures Figure 1: Approach to the study ........................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 2: NIO Study on Kochi Backwaters (reported in LiveMint, June 10, 2010) ................................................ 15 Figure 3: Changing spatial characteristics and decreasing water sheets in Kochi ................................................ 16

iv Kochi CSP - Status Report

Figure 4: Land-use pattern, Kochi ......................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 5: Population densities in Kochi ................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 6: Distribution of workforce in the Cohin Corporation area ...................................................................... 22 Figure 7: Proposed water supply distribution system under KSUDP .................................................................... 33 Figure 8: Break-up detail of solid waste generation by source in kochi ............................................................... 34 Figure 9: Major solid waste genetating sources, Kochi ........................................................................................ 35 Figure 10: Categorises the income of Corporation of Cochin along various heads .............................................. 47 Figure 11: Composition of Income – CoC, 2007-08 and 2009-10 ......................................................................... 48 Figure 12: Tax income components over the years .............................................................................................. 49 Figure 13: Tax collection at the CoC ..................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 14: Ananlyses of non-tax incomes, CoC ..................................................................................................... 51 Figure 15: Composition of expenditure 2007-08 and 2009-10 ............................................................................. 52 Figure 16: Establishment and Administrative Expenditure .................................................................................. 53 Figure 17: Developmental and O&M expenditure ............................................................................................... 54 Figure 18: Revenue and capital accounts, CoC ..................................................................................................... 55

CSP for Kochi city - Status Report 5

About This Report This Status Report on Sanitation and allied issues in Kochi is the outcome of Phase 1 of the currently ongoing exercise of developing a City Sanitation Plan for the City. The report will be shared first with GTZ, and subsequently presented to the CTF in Kochi and to all relevant stakeholders for their feedback for incorporation into the subsequent phased of the CSP process (see Section on Next Steps in this Report).

Because a range of information sources have been relied upon, there may be minor variations in terminology or nomenclature, and efforts will be made to further iron these out in the final version of the report. While the erstwhile Cochin is now officially renamed as Kochi, the latter term has been used extensively in the report while referring to the city, except in the cases where names of organisations still retain the old anglicized version of Cochin – such as in the name of the Municipal Corporation, the Port Trust, and the Development Authority.

Finally, it is re-iterated that while this report refers in many sections to the larger Kochi urban agglomeration, the planning area for the CSP will be the Corporation of Cochin areas, as finalised in discussions with Kochi Municipal Corporation.


1. Introduction

1.1. Study background

In spite of a rapid urban growth in India in recent years, urban sanitation has not been accorded its due priority and remains neglected. An estimated 50 million urban residents have no access to sanitation facilities, especially in slums where open defecation continues to be prevalent. Over 23 million children (under 14 years) are estimated to be at risk from diseases due to poor or inadequate sanitation. Such poor sanitation conditions contribute to significant losses to people and society through poor health, loss of productivity and other economic losses; for instance, economic loss due to diarrhoea risk to children on account of poor sanitation alone is estimated at Rs. 5 billion.

1.1.1. National Urban Sanitation Policy1

To tackle the above challenges and to accord thrust to sanitation as a priority area, the Government of India (GoI) launched the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) in 2008. The NUSP articulates the resolve of GoI to achieve United Nations Millennium Development Goals specifically, MDG 7 pertaining to secure ecological sustainability and MDGs 4, 5 and 6, pertaining to health and hygienic conditions of the poor and women. In particular, the NUSP

Envisions that all Indian cities and towns should become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for urban poor and women;

Identifies a) poor awareness, b) social and occupational aspects of sanitation, c) fragmented institutional roles and responsibilities, d) lack of integrated city-wide sanitation approaches, e) limited technology choices, f) reaching the un-served and poor and g) lack of demand responsiveness as the key policy issues to be tackled and aims to transform urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy and liveable cities/towns through achieving:

o Awareness generation and behaviour change

o Open defecation free cities

o Sanitary and safe disposal

o Promoting operations and maintenance of sanitary installations

o Implementation support

Articulates the commitment of the Government of India support to State Governments and Urban Local Bodies to achieve the policy objectives of NUSP for interventions relating to investment support, awareness generation, capacity building and technical assistance including support to preparation of State level sanitation strategies and City Sanitation Plans.

1.1.2. GTZ-ASEM Program and Preparation of CSPs

The Advisory Services in Environmental Management (ASEM) program follows the recognition of Environment and Sustainable Development as important areas of bi-lateral cooperation between the

1 For full NUSP document refer http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/NUSP.pdf

http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/NUSP.pdf


Governments of India and Germany. The program is being implemented by the German agency for Technical Co-operation (GTZ2) in coordination with Government of India, State Governments and Local Bodies.

A key thrust area of the ASEM program is sustainable urban development and as part of the program GTZ is working with the Ministry of Urban Development Government of India (MoUD) towards improving overall environmental conditions in selected towns/cities by integrating environmental considerations systematically into the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), the flagship reform-linked investment support program of MoUD.

Six Indian cities namely, Kochi, Nasik, Raipur, Shimla, Tirupati and Varanasi were strategically selected through a participatory approach with the concerned ministries at the state and national level. To support knowledge management in the field of sustainable urban infrastructure, a competence centre on national level will be established at the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Environmental cells have been established at each of the selected 6 municipal corporations to coordinate local activities related to environmental improvements within the JNNURM projects.

Since the GTZ-ASEM program is already supporting municipal corporations of these cities in select interventions under JNNURM, upon request from MoUD and the City Governments, GTZ has committed to support these cities for preparing City Sanitation Plans. In this regard, GTZ retained ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited for preparation of City Sanitation Plan for Kochi.

1.2. Objectives and Scope of work

The objective of this exercise is to prepare a City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Tirupati city.

The City Sanitation Plan is envisaged as a comprehensive document that would detail the short, medium and long term plan for the issues related to Governance, Technical, Financial, Capacity Building, Awareness and Pro-poor interventions to ensure 100% access to safe sanitation.

Further, the CSP would also identify key areas where further detailed studies (detailed project report) are required. Refer Annex 1 for the detailed scope of work for the CSP formulation exercise as provided by GTZ. Briefly, the scope of work for assistance in formulation of the City Sanitation Plan covered the following activities:

1. Facilitating formulation of a City Task Force (CTF) – includes identifying stakeholders to form City Sanitation Task Force in consultation with ULB, formally constitute the task force facilitate consultative functioning of the CTF during the course of preparation of the City Sanitation Plan.

2. Strengthening database of ULBs pertaining to Sanitation through a baseline review - Guide ULB to develop a methodology and institute system to capture city level data pertaining to sanitation. The subtasks for carrying out this activity will include a) review of available information, b) collection of information on municipal finances, c) identifying gaps and carrying out supplementary gap filling surveys and consultations to update these and d) document regional best practices

3. Support in Awareness Generation and launch of 100 percent Sanitation Campaign - formulating the components of an awareness programme at the supply and demand level.

4. Technological Options - In consultation with CTF identify the key city specific technological options (for both existing and new developments including upgrade of existing infrastructure.

2 GTZ stands for Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit


5. Capacity Enhancement and Knowledge Management - Identify needs and gaps for capacity enhancement and knowledge management to develop ULBs as service providing agencies for sanitation and building up orientation and skills for various sanitation related activities.


2. Our Approach & Current Status

2.1. Guiding Principles

We outline below the guiding principles underlying our approach for this exercise:

1. Sharp focus on the needs and expected outcomes – We see the Sanitation Plan as a strategic framework for converging development inputs in a holistic manner to facilitate engaging city administration and stakeholders to crystallise vision, strategy, actions for achieving the goals of the NUSP.

2. Consistency with NUSP guidelines and objectives outlined in ToR provided by GTZ – We derive our approach keeping in mind the objectives of City Sanitation Plan, namely to serve as a comprehensive document detailing out a) short, medium and long term plan for the issues related to Governance, Technical, Financial, Capacity Building, Awareness and Pro-poor interventions to ensure 100% access to safe sanitation and b) identify and name key areas where further detailed studies (Detailed Project Reports) are required

3. Capture insights from and Build on existing/ongoing initiatives – We would draw on initiatives underway including the overall spatial planning framework of the existing Master Plan, the City Development Plan and other participatory put in place under various schemes and programs of Government of India, State and Local governments.

4. Enable participation through a structured multi-stakeholder Consultative Process – We shall follow a structured consultative process through creation of the City Task Force and see participation of key stakeholders including elected representatives, staff of MC departments, parastatal agencies and other institutions, policy makers and citizens as a critical requirement.

5. Action orientation and resource mobilisation – Finally, we also see the Sanitation Plan exercise as an effort to generate the much needed momentum in a segment of urban infrastructure that has not received the required thrust and focus.

2.2. Activities Till Date

Figure 1 presents a snap shot of our approach to this exercise. We envisage conducting the exercise in 3 Modules as shown in this figure and detailed below. As indicated in the exhibit, we are in Phase II having completed the activities under Phase I. The list of activities undertaken till date is detailed below.

1. Kick-off workshop with GTZ – A kick-off workshop was held on 17 March 2010 at GTZ office Delhi. The workshop was coordinated by GTZ to provide a shared understanding of the baseline scenario in the 6 cities namely, Kochi, Nashik, Tirupati, Raipur, and Shimla and to agree on the broad activities and timelines for the exercise.

2. Formation of CTF – We followed these interactions facilitated by GTZ through direct one-on-one meetings with officials of Corporation of Cochin (CoC). The initial meetings with CoC were coordinated by the Environmental cell. The initial interactions were followed by creating a list of potential members for the creation of the City Task Force (CTF). The list of potential members for the CTF was arrived at in consultation with municipal officials and the environmental cell of


GTZ. Letters were sent by the Municipal Corporation to seek the consent of such identified people for the formation of the CTF. The list of CTF members is enclosed in Annex 2.

Figure 1: Approach to the study

3. Baseline fact finding at Kochi Municipal Corporation – Following, the kick-off meeting and initiation of steps for formation of the CTF, we commenced initial interactions with CoC with a view to get a shared understanding of the sanitation conditions and also to compile baseline information from CoC regarding the same including:

Compilation of Baseline information on demographics, infrastructure, and municipal finances

Review of reports/documents (including CDP, Master plans, DPRs of sewerage system), thematic maps and other information already available with CoC.

Interaction with officials on specific qualitative issues relating to institutional issues.

4. Reconnaissance visits Initiation of rapid gap-filling ‘dipstick’ surveys – IMaCS inducted Socio-Economic Foundation Unit (SEUF), a Thiruvanathapuram based NGO accredited by the Government of Kerala (GoK) for their work on water supply and sanitation, as part of its team to support local fact finding and in conducting gap-filling household level surveys. Field surveys are being undertaken to ascertain the on-the-ground issues relating to sanitation across households, commercial establishments, industrial units and slum pockets. In addition, given the importance of Kochi as a tourist destination, the survey would also cover assessment of infrastructure and sanitation services at key public places including bus terminal, railway stations etc. Annexure 3 provides questionnaires used for conducting these rapid gap-filling surveys and an analysis plan underlying this gap-filling survey. The box below provides an overview of the methodology for carrying out the field-surveys and focus areas.

Diagnostic Phase Consultations / Analysis Finalisation of Outputs

• Inception Interactions• GTZ, State Governments and

Local Bodies• Setting up City Task Force

• Baseline research focus• Demographic, Spatial and

socio-economic context• Service level/Access indicators• Ongoing / Completed initiatives • Institutional understanding

• Methodology • ULB interactions/data collection• State level interactions• Gap filling surveys

Target ed Outcomes• Shared understanding of study

activities and outcomes • Clarity on CTF role and

responsibilities• Survey methodology/analysis plan• Identification of pilot wards

• Situation Analysis • Demographics / Spatial issues• Sanitation infrastructure/access• Policy / Institutional issues• Financing

• Initiation of evaluation of options• Technology options to bridge gaps

• Onsite and offsite• Shared vs. stand-alone• Pollution mitigation • Investment / recurring costs • Institutional framework

• Components of behaviour change in ward level pilots

• Funding options

Target ed Outcomes• Clarity on issues and gaps• SWOT for sanitation for the city• Possible issues

• Policy /Institutional• Technology • Funding

Deliverable – 8 weeksStatus Report

Consultative workshop

• Crystallize range of solutions• Vision and Targets• Technology choices• Institutional framework• Funding options• Implementation Road map

• Submission of Draft CSP• Consultations with CTF, GTZ

and MoUD

• Finalization of CSP

Target ed Outcomes

• Finalization of CSP

Deliverables - 18-24 weeksDraft and Final draft CSP

Presentation to MoUDFinal CSP

Deliverables – 6 weeksInception workshop with CTF


5. Inception Meeting and one-on-one interaction with CTF members – Following the formation of the City Sanitation Task Force a formal kick-off meeting was organised on 19 May 2010 (see images below). The objective of this meeting was to apprise the CTF of the objectives of the CSP

exercise being undertaken and the role of the CTF during the course of preparation of the CSP and during its implementation. The minutes of the CTF meeting are enclosed in Annexure 4. Apart from the inception meeting, we had one-on-one meetings during the course of the preparatory phase with several of the CTF members, in addition to the formal inception meeting.

Gap-filling surveys – coverage and focus areas IMaCS is conducting the Gap filling primary surveys along with their Survey partner - Socio Economic Unit Foundation (SEUF). SEUF is part of a bi-lateral agreement with the Royal Government of Netherlands and Denmark culminating in India's first ever integrated water supply and sanitation programme. Based out of Thiruvananthapuram, it is the sole accredited agency in Kerala in field of water and environmental sanitation and has been involved in supporting various community based water supply and environmental sanitation programmes in Kerala for almost two decades now.

The combined team from SEUF and IMaCS is undertaking a cross sectional survey of household level sanitation audits, commercial establishment survey and survey on sanitation facilities in major public locations. A total of 500 households will be surveyed along with 30 commercial/ industrial units and 15 public locations. The objective of the exercise is to ensure a well-represented coverage across the 71 wards of the city while conducting a perception based survey of the service levels across the city for water supply, sanitation and public facilities. This survey will also help in understanding the issues and constraints faced by the city and include suggestions for improvements in the infrastructure service levels.

In the preparatory stage, Draft questionnaires, detailed data collection and data entry formats were made for each of these categories and field test surveys were conducted in certain wards of the city. Feedback was collected during these field surveys to introduce local context and bring about improvements in the questionnaire and survey methodology. Based on these revised questionnaires, survey is being conducted across the wards of the city. Along with this, ward wise observations and opinions of the status of sanitation is being collected during these surveys.

Presently, 195 households across have covered across 39 wards of the city. Data has been entered for these households in the desired formats so assess and analyse the information. The Status Report will be limited to the analysis of data collected for 195 households. The subsequent Draft CSP Report will contain the analysis for all the data collected and reported.


6. Identification of two wards for pilot CSP preparation – Based on IMaCS’s discussions with the Secretary and the Mayor of Kochi, our selection of these wards will be made on the following criteria. Firstly, the two selected wards will embody the ‘identity’ of the city, which is both a historic port city and popular tourist destination, as well as the commercial hub of Kerala. Secondly, one of the two selected wards would have a high residential population, while the other would have a substantial number of commercial establishments. Given the above parameters, two areas have been shortlisted -- the Fort Kochi area and the Kallur area. The Fort Kochi area has been selected, in view of its location in the West Kochi area of the city, its popularity with tourists, and its residential-commercial development mix. The Kallur area on the other hand, has been selected in light of its location in the eastern part of the city, Ernakulam, and its status as one of the commercial centres of the city. Further selection of specific wards in these two areas is underway and will be finalized by the Corporation of Cochin officials – this process is currently underway.

Sections 3 though 7 cover the findings from our baseline status assessment till date. The next steps in the exercise till the finalisation of the City Sanitation Plan are detailed in section 7.


3. City profile - Demographics, Land-use & Growth Drivers

3.1. City Overview

Cochin or Kochi, a city situated in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, lies along the Malabar Coast of India, and is a historic city, a trading and commercial centre in the southwest region of India. In its heyday, the city traded with various countries in the Middle East, such as Iran and Iraq as well as with China and countries in Southeast Asia. Mattancherry was a bustling market town, trading primarily in spices, ranging from cloves to pepper. The economy depended heavily upon agriculture, which abundantly produced crops such as paddy, coffee, horticulture products such as bananas and even cash crops such as rubber and tea.

The city’s reputation as the commercial hub of Kerala continues till today, however, unlike in previous decades, its recent economic growth has come from the services sector and industries such as hospitality, tourism and retail, and less from primary sector activities, such as agriculture. The port at Cochin has been designated as a ‘major port’ in India, and is a major hub for goods coming from the Persian Gulf as well as Southeast Asia.

Kochi is situated on the latitude of 9°58’ N latitude and a longitude of 76°16’E in the Ernakulam District of Kerala, and is located at a distance of 220 Kms from the state capital, Trivandrum. The Cochin port is one of the major ports in the country and is well-connected to countries in Southeast Asia as well as the Persian Gulf countries. It is strategically located and is the closest of all Indian ports to the International East-West shipping routes. The port traded over 15 million tonnes of cargo in 2007-083

The city is well connected by road, rail, water and air to the rest of the country. Kerala’s status as one of the top tourist destinations in the country makes Kochi, dubbed as the “Gateway to Kerala”, one of the most visited cities in India. Kochi also benefits from a large non-resident population (which resides primarily in the Persian Gulf countries), and the large remittances coming into the city have caused a significant appreciation in real estate prices. In fact, land prices have attracted several real estate players from across the country to enter the Kochi market. The plethora of luxury goods retail outlets, such as jewellery stores and silk sari stores indicates that consumer spending, and therefore, disposable income is high in Kochi.

3.2. Brief History

Kochi’s proximity to the Arabian Sea and formation of the Cochin Port in 1341 spurred the city’s emergence as a leading trading centre in South India, and made it an attractive base for foreign settlers. The Portuguese, who were the first to arrive in the city, founded Fort Cochin, and established factories, warehouses, schools and hospitals. Their power was short-lived as the Dutch East India Company took over the Fort in 1663. For approximately a century, the European imperial powers such as the Portuguese, Dutch, French and the English all attempted to take administrative and political control of the region. In 1795, the British wrested control of Cochin from the Dutch and Fort Cochin was renamed as “British Cochin”. The region subsequently became a municipality in 1866.

3 Data available at Kochi Port Trust @ www.cochinport.com


Mattancherry, which neighboured Fort Cochin, was linked to the entire coastal stretch of Kerala through the backwaters, and developed as a market town, selling primarily agricultural produce and spices. In fact, the area became so crowded that Cochin’s rulers shifted their capital to Ernakulam in 1840, which is situated on the eastern side of the backwaters. Civic and social infrastructure was set up in Ernakulam, making it an administrative town. Subsequently, Mattancherry and Ernakulam became municipalities in 1912 and 1913, respectively. In 1967, with a vision to streamline the municipal administration and undertake a holistic approach to the region’s planning, the Cochin Corporation was formed, which included Fort Cochin, Mattancherry, Ernakulam and Willingdon Island. Although the Cochin Port had been formed centuries earlier, works to create a dredged channel only began in 1920. Road and railway connectivity was completed in 1940 and in the same year, the Government of India declared Cochin a “major port”.

3.3. The Physical Setting

Kochi is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala, and the state’s commercial capital. The city of Kochi alone comprises over 40% of the urban population in the Greater Cochin Development Authority (GCDA) area, which encompasses Kochi city, six surrounding municipalities and 25 intervening Panchayats. Together the GCDA covers an area of 632 sq. km. The CoC is spread over an area of 94.88 sq. km and includes Fort Cochin, Mattancherry, and Ernakulam. Willingdon Island, which while appearing to be under the jurisdiction of the CoC, is under the jurisdiction of the Cochin Port Trust, it does not explicitly come under the purview of the Corporation of Cochin (CoC).

Given the above, while the Status Report and the City Sanitation Plan will take into cognizance the existing areas under the CoC, while keeping in mind the overall infrastructure and growth plans of the entire Urban Agglomeration, IMaCS’ detailed analysis and recommendations will focus primarily on the Kochi Corporation Area.

The climate of the region, like the rest of costal Kerala is warm with gentle prevailing winds and daily temperatures varying in the range 23- 34oC. Humidity ranges from 65% and 95% with diurnal and seasonal variations and the average annual rainfall is 2900 mm. There are two distinct periods of higher than average rainfall from June to August and October to November. The city consists of islands and parts of the mainland linked by water transport and bridges. Cochin is dissected by numerous canals and backwaters. Cochin is a coastal settlement interspersed with backwater system and fringed on the eastern side by laterite capped low hills from which a number of

Figure 2: NIO Study on Kochi Backwaters (reported in LiveMint, June 10, 2010)


streams originate and drain into the backwater system. The western part of the study area is a flat coastal zone, which forms a part of the coastal plains of Kerala, and the eastern low hills are part of the midland region. Cochin is inseparably linked with the wetlands of Vembanad estuary. The Vembanad Lake and the surrounding geological formation are the fruit of all the major rivers of central Kerala, namely Chalakkudy puzha, Periyar, Muvattupuzha River, Meenachilar, Manimalayar, Pampa River and Achancoil River and lesser rivers like Keecheri, Karuvannur and Puzhackal. Vembanad wetland system is the largest of its kind on the west coast. Various studies have indicated that the wetland/lagoon systems have shrunk owing to reclamation to cope with increasing urbanisation of the city. Concerns have been expressed about the water quality of the Vembanad lagoon system, which is threatened by high pollution loads from various sources (see Figure 2 above).

3.4. Land-use and Spatial Development

In the past two decades, the land utilization pattern in Kochi has witnessed a significant change. Broadly, while the land used for agriculture and occupied by water bodies has decreased significantly, the amount of land that has been developed has increased, as seen below. Moreover, much of the water bodies, such as small ponds and backwaters that were characteristic of Kerala have been filled and converted either to commercial or residential land, reducing the overall freshwater availability.

Figure 3: Changing spatial characteristics and decreasing water sheets in Kochi

Source: City Development Plan, Kochi

In 2006, the net residential density in the Corporation of Cochin area was 166.47 persons per hectare. Until recently, residential areas were spread across the Corporation area, with the bulk of residential units taking the form of independent houses, or double-storied buildings. However, with increased urbanization, much of the residential areas in the Corporation area have been converted into commercial zones, especially in the Central Business District (CBD). Moreover, with the entry of larger real estate builders into the local housing market, new housing in the Corporation area is taking the form of multi-storeyed or high-rise buildings.

23.40%

19.80%

18.30%

12.60%

8.45%

8.05%

64%

72.75%

73.65%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1981

1996

2001

Water sheets Agricultural and Marshy area Developed Land


Figure 4: Land-use pattern, Kochi


Land used for commercial purposes is concentrated in certain pockets of the city, in areas such as the Central Business District and at transport hubs within the city. As the city has seen increased economic growth in the past decade, the proportion of land used for commercial purposes has also increased. In 1981, only 1.6% of the city’s land was used for commercial purposes. By 2001, this had nearly doubled. This is likely to continue in the near future, given the proliferation of organized retail throughout the country, and modern formats such as shopping malls and hyper marts.

Kochi is home to a variety of industries, small, medium and large. However, the three types of industries are located in various parts of Kochi. While large industries are primarily concentrated in the northeast and southeast of the city, medium-scale industries are situated along the foreshore areas. Small-scale industries are located throughout the city. A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) for multiple products has been set up in Kakkanad, located in the eastern part of the city. As in the case of commercial land, the percentage of land developed for industrial use has doubled between 1981 (1.7%) and 2001 (3.3%).

As aforementioned, the Kochi Urban Agglomeration is characterized by an abundance of water bodies, such as the Arabian Sea, rivers, lakes, backwaters, canals, tanks and ponds. Large-scale reclamation of land has reduced the area occupied by water bodies in Kochi from 23.4% in 1981 to 16.42% in 2006. This is a rather significant decline, and has put a strain on the water resources as well as ecological balance of the region. The conversion of these surface water bodies into developed land has also necessitated the usage of piped water supply throughout the city.

The Kochi Urban Agglomeration is largely low-lying. Within the city limits, a large number of these low lying wetlands have been left uncultivated, while those in coastal suburbs have been converted to single crop fields or used for prawn farming. Newly developing areas (in the eastern part of Ernakulam) within the Urban Agglomeration have been converted for both public and private urban land use. In 1981, the percentage of land (in the Cochin Corporation area) under agriculture use was 12.6%. In 2006, this decreased to less than 9%. Land used for transportation includes roads, airports, railway stations, bus stops, dockyards, port areas, garages, and jetties. In 1981, the percentage of land used for transport infrastructure was under 6%. This increased to approximately 7.33% in 2001. As the city continues to grow as an economic centre, so too will the floating population in and out of the

Residential52.68%

Commercial3.29%

Industrial 3.32%

Public and Semi-Public5.76%

Open space and recreation

1.27%

Transport7.33%

Agricultural 8.05%

Water body18.30%


city. This will require a more well-developed transport system, with better facilities, such as rest areas, changing rooms and toilets, etc.

Public and semi-public spaces (including land used for educational, medical, administrative, religious, cultural, defence, and utilities) are distributed throughout the city. The high level of literacy in the state indicates that there are several educational institutions throughout the city. The amount of land devoted to public and semi-public use increased from 4.16% to 5.76% between the period 1981 and 2001. With continued population and economic growth in the coming years, the need for more public amenities and spaces is expected to grow.

3.5. Population

Within Kerala, the Kochi Urban Agglomeration has the highest population density, at 3,500 persons per sq. km (Kochi Corporation has a population density of 6,300 persons per sq. km) compared to an average population density of 819 persons per sq. km. in the state.

Table 1: Population densities in Kochi and adjoining areas

Urban Agglomeration Population as of 2001 Area in hectares Density (Persons per hectare)

Cochin Corporation 5,96,473 9,488 63 Kalamassery Municipal Area 63,176 2,700 23 Thripunithura Municipal Area 59,884 1,869 32

Thrikkakara Panchayat 65,984 2,746 21 Thiruvankulam Panchayat 21,717 1,049 33

Maradu Panchayat 41,012 1,235 13 Mulavukadu Panchayat 22,842 1,927 28 Kadamakudy Panchayat 15,824 1,292 43 Varapuzha Panchayat 24,524 774 32

Cheranalloor Panchayat 26,316 1,059 25 Eloor Panchayat 35,573 1,421 25

Njarakkal Panchayat 24,166 860 12 Kumbalam Panchayat 27,549 2,079 17 Kumbalangi Panchayat 26,661 1,577 12 Chellanam Panchayat 36,209 1,760 24

Kochi Urban Agglomeration 1,138,413 33,002 35


The Kochi Urban Agglomeration area has witnessed rapid population growth during the past 30 years. However, while other municipal areas in the Agglomeration have registered a high decadal population growth, of 18.65%, (and the adjoining Panchayats have registered an average decadal growth of 12.13%) the average decadal growth in the Corporation area has been moderate, at approximately 7.8%. Therefore, the semi-urban areas of the Agglomeration are witnessing higher population growth than the core urban areas. This could be because population density is already high in the corporation area; therefore, the scope for population growth is limited. Moreover, relatively higher land prices within the city limits has induced people to move to the suburbs of Kochi.


Figure 5: Population densities in Kochi

As can be expected, the population density in the Cochin Corporation area is significantly higher than that of the rest of the Kochi Urban Agglomeration. Despite the fact that population growth within the Cochin Corporation area is expected to be much less in the coming decades than in the rest of the urban agglomeration, the population density will continue to be much higher than its surrounding areas. Within the Cochin Corporation area, the wards with the highest population density, both currently as well in the coming decades (projected) are as follows, in table below. While there are over 30 wards with a current and projected population density above 100 people per hectare, the following wards had a population density of above 200 persons per hectare in 2001.

Table 2: Wards with population densities over 200 per ha.

Ward Number Ward Name Ward Area (in

hectares) Population Density

in 2001 Population Density

in 2041* 2 Kalavathy 38.23 215 253 3 Iraveli 17.39 522 612 4 Karipallam 39.62 271 318 5 Mattancherry 62.11 209 245 6 Kochangadi 31.71 253 297

26 Nazarath 32.88 217 255 28 Amaravathy 47.64 236 277

* We have assumed that the ward area will remain unchanged in 2041. Source: Detailed Project Report, Sewerage, KSUDP & IMaCS Analysis


3.5.1. Population Trends

Tables 3 and 4 provide a snapshot of the population trends in the Corporation area, Kochi Urban Agglomeration as well as the projections through to 2021.

Table 3: Population trend – Corporation of Cochin, Cochin Urban Agglomeration and GCDA region

Description 1981 1991 2001 Cochin Corporation 513,249 564,589 596,473 Kochi Urban Agglomeration 929,969 1,041,870 1,138,413 Cochin Corporation 10% 5.7% Kochi Urban Agglomeration 12% 9.3%


Table 4: Projected population – Cochin Corporation and Kochi Urban Agglomeration

Population (in lakh) as of 2001 2005 2010* 2011 2021 Cochin Corporation 5,96,473 6,05,335 6,16,598 6,18,348 6,40,000 Kochi Urban Agglomeration 1,138,413 1,173,958 1,219,954 1,252,025 1,368,800

*Based on data from City Development Plan, Kochi

Despite the decreasing population growth in the Cochin Corporation area, in addition to the city’s natural growth, migration into the city is expected to continue, especially due to the investment that is forecasted to come into the Urban Agglomeration area. According to the Kochi City Development Plan’s estimates, the agglomeration area is expected to witness an inflow of Rs. 15,000 crore worth of investment in the coming 20 years. Every Rs. 10 lakh of investment in development is expected to bring about migration of one family. Therefore, in the case of the Kochi Urban Agglomeration, an in-migration of 1.5 lakh families is expected over the next 20 years. This calls for a significant ramp-up of the city’s infrastructure, including civic services. The following is the City Development Plan’s estimate of expected migration as a percentage of the total population projection for the Corporation area.

3.6. Urban Poor, Slum pockets and Distribution

The share of urban poor (BPL) population in the Cochin Corporation area and in the Urban Agglomeration area is roughly the same, approximately 33-35% of the total population. The entire Agglomeration area has roughly 411 slums, of which 280 lie within the Corporation of Cochin limits. However, out of the entire BPL population in the Kochi Urban Agglomeration, over 53% lives within the Cochin Corporation limits.

Table 5: BPL population in Kochi

Area Population (2006) BPL population BPL as a percentage of total population

Cochin Corporation 603,597 213,120 35 Kochi Urban Agglomeration 1,191,741 398,574 33



Table 6: Slums and population in Kochi

Location No. of Slums Slum Population Total BPL Population Cochin Corporation 280 1,27,872 2,13,120 2 Municipal Areas 51 7,515 18,515

12 Panchayats 80 3,925 1,93,219


Table 7: Socio-economic profile of Urban Poor in Cochin Corporation

Employment 70% in informal unorganized sector SC/ST population 5%

Rented Accommodation 14% Destitute Women 30%

With acute Alcohol/Drug Addiction 25% Without the capacity to take 2 square meals a day 32%

Without access to safe drinking water within 15 metres 82% Without having a sanitary latrine 60%

With children below 5 years 45% Living in huts/ substandard houses 85%

With no regular employment/ only one member of HH with regular employment 93%

Street Children 2,076 With an illiterate person 20%


The environmental conditions in the slums and other settlement areas of the urban poor are very poor and they lack proper health care facilities. This has also been corroborated by the results of the anecdotal evidence emerging from the gap filling primary surveys conducted by the SEUF. In Kochi Corporation and its surroundings, the slums and the other urban poor residential areas are prone to common diseases like typhoid, Cholera, dysentery, malnutrition, liver enlargement, gastroenteritis, tuberculosis, scabies and other skin diseases. Rapid urbanization results in the increase of health problems. Majority of the poor in the urban agglomeration depend on General Hospital, Ernakulam for all their serious ailments.

3.7. Economic Base

More than 60 percent of the tax revenue of the state comes from Kochi, thus giving the city its title, the ‘Commercial Capital of Kerala’.4 The economy of the area is heavily dependent on the activities of the Cochin Port. Today, the Cochin port is one of the busiest all-weather ports in the country, and is strategically located, with proximity to some of the busiest international sea routes, such as the Persian Gulf to Singapore (and the rest of Southeast Asia) route, as well as the Suez to Singapore (and the rest of Southeast Asia) route. Among the major ports of India, it is the Cochin port which is closest to the International East-West shipping routes.

Kochi is primarily a services-based economy, with industries such as tourism and hospitality and allied sectors like retail contributing significantly to the state’s Gross Domestic Product. There are a striking number of luxury retail outlets in the city, selling high-end products such as gold jewellery

4 City Development Plan, Kochi


and saris. Recently, a multi-product Special Economic Zone was set up in Kochi, where a number of Information Technology companies have set up operations. In fact, in 2007, Kochi witnessed the second-highest growth in IT exports in India. Other industries such as shipping and food processing are also significant contributors to the economy.

Figure 6: Distribution of workforce in the Cochin Corporation area


Kochi, much like the rest of Kerala, has a large non-resident population living overseas, primarily in the United Arab Emirates. Therefore, a large amount of the city’s wealth comes from the remittances that are paid by non-resident Keralites to their families residing in Kerala. Recently, Kochi has seen an appreciation in both residential and commercial real estate. This has prompted several prominent real estate developers from across the country to enter the Kochi real estate market. Information gathered during the primary gap filling surveys suggest that the adults in the slum population usually do not appear to have a regular source of employment and typically perform odd jobs and earn wages per day of labour.

15.90%

7.90%

22.30%

19.60%

33.80%Manufacturing, processing and other household industries

Construction

Trade and Commerce

Transport, Storage and Communication

Other Services


4. Governance and Institutional Framework 4.1. Urban Framework in the state (including Legal framework)

4.1.1. State Level

At the State level, the Departments of Local Self Government, Water Resources, Public Works, Revenue and Housing, General Administration, Power, Health, and Science, Technology and Environment provide policy and administrative directions to various State and local-level agencies for effective urban basic service delivery. Departments overseeing transferred functions like education, health, etc. also play a key role in urban service delivery. Likewise, Missions constituted by GoK effectively administer the process of good governance, facilitate urban environmental management, improve financial management in ULBs and assist in poverty alleviation; these include the Modernizing Government Program (MGP), Clean Kerala Mission (CKM), Information Kerala Mission (IKM), and State Poverty Eradication Mission (Kudumbashree). Other institutions supporting activities in urban management include Kerala Water Authority (KWA), Kerala Urban Development Finance Corporation (KUDFC), Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA), and Development Authorities (for a organogram depicting the state level governance structure, see Annex 5).

The State Government’s Local Self Government Department (LSGD) is in charge of urban development in the State. Through the Secretary, Urban, the LSGD oversees the functioning of the State’s ULBs. The Secretary Urban, LSG is assisted by a Deputy Secretary and Under Secretary in overseeing functions of the Department.

4.1.2. Service Provision in Cities by State Level agencies

Water Supply and Sewerage: Currently, KWA creates water and sewerage infrastructure assets and maintains the same. While the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 and amendments therein require the municipal corporations to maintain and arrange water and sewerage services, KWA continues to provide water services in all municipal corporations except Thrissur. Sewerage is limited to ~ 40% area coverage in Thiruvananthapuram and 5% area coverage in Kochi – both systems are maintained by the KWA. KWA directly collects water charges from the consumers and the Municipal Corporation. New/additional lines within the MC area are constructed as deposit works, with the MC making a deposit with KWA for the identified work. KWA carries out major repairs (like pipe bursts / leakage) on distribution systems but the MC carries out road rectification. Water quality assurance is by KWA and any contamination of water is reported to KWA (and at certain instances intimation is sent to the MC’s Health Department).

Waste Management: Regarding waste treatment and disposal, the KSPCB’s mandate includes monitoring the methods of waste collection and transportation, and the treatment and disposal technology. Bio-medical waste handling and treatment is the responsibility of the waste generators/hospitals. The MC is expected to ensure that bio-medical/hazardous waste generators dispose waste generated in an environmentally sound manner. The Clean Kerala Mission (CKM) conducts training programs for MC staff associated with waste management, in addition to identifying waste management and disposal strategies for ULBs in the State.

Roads and Drainage: Municipal Corporations and the State PWD are responsible for creation and maintenance of roads and roadside drains in the cities; services offered by an agency are limited to the


assets created by it and there is overlap in jurisdictions. While the PWD caters to main road links and highways/district roads and drains along these links, the MC undertakes works and maintenance on other roads and roadside drains. The State PWD creates new roads and roadside drains based on the Master Plan prepared by the TCPD and processed by the Development Authority; funding is either sourced directly from the State or identified State Line Departments. The MC creates new roads and roadside drains based upon the Annual Plan approved by the District Planning Committee – the funds for new works are sourced from the plan allocations of the State for developmental works. The Project Engineer from the MC’s Engineering Department oversees construction of all new works.

Waterways/Canals: The presence of waterways/canals affects connectivity between different parts of the city and between the city and the hinterland. The Irrigation Department under the State Water Resources Department maintains waterways/canals in urban and rural areas of the State. Storm water flows into the natural drains/canals through a reticulation of roadside and secondary drains. Dredging activities along main drainage channels are carried out by the Irrigation Department based on the gravity of the problem.

Urban Poverty Alleviation: The MC provides infrastructure in low-income settlements, primarily housing Below Poverty Line (BPL) households. Funds drawn from the MC’s capital budget and those available from centrally sponsored schemes are utilized for infrastructure creation in BPL settlements. The Kudumbashree Project of the Urban Poverty Alleviation Department (UPAD) channels funds of centrally sponsored schemes to the MC and monitors fund utilization through its District Mission Coordinator (DMC). Infrastructure requirement is identified through the neighbourhood groups/area development societies/community development societies and indicated to both the MC and Kudumbashree. Based on the funds available through Centrally Sponsored Schemes and projects/schemes approved by the MC, Kudumbashree transfers the requisite amount to the MC for utilization in BPL settlements – 2% of the Municipal Corporation’s own revenue is earmarked for poverty alleviation schemes.

Town Planning: The Development Authority (DA) is a coordinating agency responsible for Master Plan implementation, which is prepared by the Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD). The DA is expected to coordinate with State Line Agencies and the MC regarding plan implementation. The MC currently oversees land use zoning originally the responsibility of the DA. Under Section 30 of the KM Act, 1994, the MC is required to carry out spatial planning; this function is currently carried out by the TCPD at the MC’s request.

4.1.3. City Level

According to the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994, the Municipal Corporation/local self-government is responsible for a range of functions as shown in Figure

Civic service delivery that consists of:

(i) preparing and implementing a water supply and sewage disposal scheme

(ii) providing adequate sanitation through solid waste collection and disposal, low cost sanitation and surface drainage;

(iii) providing street lighting facilities;

(iv) constructing and maintaining roads; and

(v) providing facilities for public conveniences.

Administrative services that consist of:


(vi) issuing various certificates;

(vii) maintaining public amenities;

(viii) maintaining public utility services; and

(ix) providing ambulance services.

Regulatory services that consist of:

(x) issuing licenses and permits;

(xi) registering births, deaths, marriages, and private hospitals and tutorials;

(xii) issuing notices and other certificates for taxation purposes;

(xiii) maintaining records and registers of all municipal transactions;

(xiv) abating nuisances.

Transferred services that consist of undertaking:

(xv) maintenance and operations of health and educational institutions;

(xvi) economic development in the LSGI jurisdiction;

(xvii) social welfare programs;

(xviii) social security schemes.

As such, the CoC also has these responsibilities. In addition to this, the ULB broadly has two wings: the Executive Wing, which is presided over by the Mayor and consists of committees such as the Standing Committee, Steering Committee and Ward Committee; and the Administrative Wing, which is headed by the Secretary, who oversees departments such as the General Administration Department, the Accounts Department, the Engineering, Revenue, Health, Town Planning and Council Departments.

Executive Wing: The Mayor, who is elected from the Councillors (usually one per ward), chairs the Council meetings, which comprises all the elected councillors of wards across the city. The administration of the Corporation of Cochin (much like other municipal corporations throughout the state of Kerala) vests in the Council. Through this Council, the CoC possesses all the powers, authority, and responsibilities to enable it to function as an institution of self government. The Council typically constitutes committees in order to exercise its power. The two main committees are the Standing Committee and the Steering Committee.

Under the Kerala Municipality Act, every municipal corporation must constitute a Standing Committee in areas such as: Finance, industrial development, social welfare, health and education, public works, town planning and heritage, and appeals relating to tax. The Act also specifies that the municipal corporation must have a Steering Committee, which is composed of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, and Chairpersons of the Standing Committees. This committee is mandated to coordinate and monitor the working of each of the Standing Committees.

Administrative wing: The Secretary is the administrative head of the Corporation of Cochin and carries out resolutions of the Council and executes the decisions of the Mayor, oversees the management of the Municipal Fund.

4.2. The Corporation of Cochin


4.2.1. Origins and current status

The Corporation of Cochin was formed in 1967, by merging three municipalities, Fort Kochi, Mattancherry and Ernakulam. This took place when it became apparent that a holistic and integrated approach to city planning was necessary to accommodate the projected population growth and urban expansion in the region. The Corporation also absorbed the following regions: Palluruthy, Edappally, Vyttila and Vennala Panchayats and the Willingdon, Gundu, Ramanthuruthu, Vimanadweep and Thanthonni Islands.

4.2.2. Organisation and responsibilities

While the Corporation of Cochin is officially entrusted with the above-mentioned responsibilities, in practice, responsibilities for providing civic services are somewhat more complicated. Below is Kochi’s institutional responsibility matrix for the various civic amenities:

Table 8: Institutional responsibility matrix for civic services, Kochi

Institutional Responsibility Matrix

Urban Services Planning Implementation Operation and Maintenance

Water Supply KWA KWA, Cochin Port Trust (for Port areas)

KWA, Cochin Port Trust (for Port areas)

Solid Waste Management CoC and other local bodies

CoC and other local bodies

CoC and other local bodies, private sector initiatives like CREDAI

Clean City Kochi

Storm Water Drainage CoC, other local bodies

CoC Engineering Department

(construction), Kerala Public Works Department,

CoC

CoC and Kerala Public Works Department

Sewerage and Sanitation KWA, CoC

KWA, CoC, Cochin Port Trust (for Willingdon

Island), and other local bodies

KWA, Cochin Port Trust (for Willingdon Island), and other local bodies

Source: City Development Plan, Kochi; Clarification to Appraisal Report, IMaCS Analysis

With regards to water supply and sewerage, it is the Kerala Water Authority (KWA), a parastatal agency, which both owns as well as maintains the infrastructure assets. Currently, it is the KWA which collects user charges from both consumers as well as the Corporation of Cochin. For setting up new/additional water supply or sewerage lines within the Corporation area, the Corporation of Cochin usually pays a deposit to KWA, and KWA constructs these lines as deposit works. While KWA is responsible for carrying out any maintenance and/or repair work on the water distribution or sewerage systems (such as pipe leaks or bursts), road rectification is performed by the Corporation. Other issues such as water quality and sewerage treatment also fall under the purview of KWA.

As we will discuss in detail in subsequent sections, only 5% of the Cochin Corporation area is connected to an off-site sewerage system. The balance 95% of the city disposes of its waste water (and sludge) through on-site mechanisms, primarily via septic tanks. The bulk of set up, construction and maintenance of septic tanks is currently done privately, with approximately 25 septic tank cleaning agencies throughout the city. While the Kerala State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) has outlined guidelines which recommend certain standards and protocol for septic tank maintenance and


septage management, there is currently no enforcement mechanism. Therefore, septage management is currently the responsibility of the house owner and is completely unregulated.

The collection, handling, treatment and disposal of solid waste are the Corporation of Cochin’s responsibility. While the methods of waste collection, transportation and the technology for treatment and disposal are closely monitored by the KSPCB, the agency has no enforcement authority.

The creation and maintenance of roads and roadside drains is jointly done by the Corporation of Cochin, as well as the Public Works department. While the Public Works department is responsible for the creation and maintenance of major roads (and drains) such as highways and district roads, the Corporation of Cochin undertakes operation and maintenance of other roads and roadside drains. An organogram depicting the structure of the CoC and current levels of staffing at each level is given in Annex 6.

4.3. Other Agencies

4.3.1. Kerala Water Authority (KWA)

The Kerala Water Authority, which was constituted in 1984, is a state-level agency which both owns and operates water supply and sewerage services for the Corporation of Cochin. While the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments sought to divest the responsibility of providing water supply and sanitation services to the urban local body, this has not taken place de facto in Kochi. While the ultimate aim is to transfer all responsibility for the provision and maintenance of water supply and sanitation services to the Corporation of Cochin, currently, this responsibility continues to lie with KWA. An organogram depicting the structure of the KWA is given in Annex 7.

4.3.2. Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (KSUDP)

The Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (KSUDP) is both a state-level execution agency for Asian Development Bank (ADB) funding, as well as a state-level nodal agency for the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), administered by Government of India’s Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD). KSUDP has a Project Management Office (PMO), which is responsible for overall coordination, management, and administration of the various components, such as urban infrastructure improvement, urban management and implementation assistance. The urban infrastructure component comprises water supply, sewerage and sanitation, solid waste management, urban drainage, roads and transport, and community infrastructure, and this is implemented by KSUDP’s Project Implementation Unit, which is housed in each municipal corporation.

With the funding received from ADB as well as JNNURM, KSUDP is executing a number of civic infrastructure projects in Kochi, ranging from improvements to the water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, urban drainage and community infrastructure works. Due to the overlapping institutional arrangement in Kochi, both KSUDP as well as the KWA are entrusted with the responsibility of augmenting as well as newly constructing water supply and sanitation infrastructure in the Corporation area. This will be further explained in the subsequent sections of this report.

4.3.3. Greater Cochin Development Authority


The Greater Cochin Development Authority (GCDA) is the planning and development Authority of the Metropolitan area of Cochin, which is the urban hinterland of Cochin Port. The jurisdictional area of GCDA comprises of the Cochin City, the commercial capital of Kerala, 6 surrounding municipalities and 25 intervening Panchayats covering an area of 632 Sq. Kms. The aims and objectives of the GCDA are:

To guide urban development by checking urban sprawl and promoting healthy growth of urban and rural areas through long term, short term and action area oriented detailed development plans.

To coordinate the activities of different developmental agencies including Government departments operating in the area.

To take up model schemes and projects in different sectors of development.

To monitor and implement the plans and proposals through public participation, timely revision and by prioritizing proposals.

With the above objectives, GCDA, in consultation with the State Town Planning Department has prepared and published the following plans.

Structure Plan for the designated Central City of Cochin with framework of the Regional Development Plan.

Detailed Town Planning Schemes for the sub areas of the Region each with emphasis on specific sectors of development viz. residential, commercial, road development, recreational development etc.

GCDA helps the other developmental agencies both private and public in directing investments; takes up comprehensive sector wise studies, identifies growth centres; creates basic infrastructure including developable land through setting up land bank and takes up private public partnership projects. GCDA also takes up consultancy works in planning and engineering fields, and undertakes studies in urban related projects.

4.3.4. The Cochin Port Trust

Kochi is an all weather natural Harbour is located strategically close to the busiest international sea routes, and amongst all major Indian ports, Kochi is the closest to the International East West Shipping routes. This geo-strategic location of Kochi gives it a distinct advantage.

The Kochi Port is situated on the Willingdon Island which is an artificial Island tucked inside the Backwaters. The backwaters offer calm and placid channels for ships throughout the year, even during the Monsoon season. Also, Kochi lies beyond the cyclone zone and therefore the risk of cyclones is negligible. Managed by the Kochi Port Trust, the operational areas of the port are certified to ISO 9001:2000 standards. All facilities on Willingdon Island are in general under the purview of the Port Trust.


5. Situation Analysis – I (Allied sectors)

5.1. Environment overview of Kochi

A brief summary of the nature of Kochi and the intricate system of waterways, canals and backwater systems have been described in subsection 3.3 above. Managing the quality and quantity of the waters in these water systems and tidal canals is of utmost importance in so far as the quality of life is concerned. Insufficient drainage facilities and pressures of urbanization nag the city. Diffuse urban liquid and solid wastes naturally find their way to the nearest watercourses. The main threats from municipal sewage waste are anoxia and eutrophication.

At present, the sanitary waste disposal system is limited to a small portion, with only one treatment plant at Elamkulam. The outlets of the septic tank and wash systems are directly connected to the public drains and, as a result, a wide spectrum of degradable and biodegradable pollutants is entering the drains and ultimately the water bodies. For most residents, the canals are the easiest option to get rid of their refuse.

Urban runoff is the single great source of water pollution and is an ecological problem threatening the long-term health of estuarine ecosystems and local economy. The urban modification of tidal canals can potentially have adverse environmental impact, which in particular circumstances may include:

1. Loss of wetland habitats and other sensitive aquatic systems, including the reduction in the sustainable values of estuaries as highly productive nursery areas necessary for fisheries.

2. Inadequate hydraulic functioning, which may reduce water quality through poor flushing, cause sedimentation or affect structural integrity.

3. Impact caused by storm water and urban runoff, including erosion and sedimentation away from the site.

4. Impacts associated with imported fill.

5. Problems caused by disturbing acid sulphate soils.

6. Pollution by wastes from vessels.

7. Ongoing impacts from maintenance including maintenance dredging.

8. Loss of wetland plants alters the chemistry of water. Wetland plants have the ability to release oxygen through the roots and could possibly increase the solubility of metals and arsenic.

5.2. Water Supply

5.2.1. Source and Availability – Surface Water

The primary source of water in this area is the Periyar River, which is located approximately 20 kilometres northeast of the CoC area. Currently, the water treatment plant, Aluva Head Works, services the following areas: CoC, four adjoining municipalities, i.e. Paravur, Aluva, Kalamassery and Thrippunithura, and 27 Panchayats. A brief history of water supply to the Kochi area is provided below:


Table 9: Brief history of surface water supply to Kochi

Year Capacity Treatment Plant Source 1914 Chowara Water Works

Periyar River 1965 + 48 MLD

Aluva Head Works 1969 + 72 MLD 1993 + 70 MLD 2002 + 35 MLD


The installed capacity of the Aluva plant was 225 MLD in 2006, and it is the sole source of drinking water to most parts of GCDA area and adjoining Panchayats. KWA estimates indicate that the supply to the CoC area is currently approximately 170 MLD.

5.2.2. Storage, Transmission and Distribution

The present storage and distribution system has three ground-level storage reservoirs and seven elevated overhead tanks, which have a combined storage capacity of 10 million litres. Only one overhead tank at Thoppumpady is under operation. The rest are not functional due to inadequate pressure of water. The water supply distribution network is approximately 1,500 km long, and provides connection to the following:

Table 10: Water supply connections in Kochi

Type of Connection No. of Connections as on 31.03.09 Domestic household 109,500

Public stand post 7,629 Non-domestic 8,217

Industrial 233

Source: Water Supply DPR, KSUDP

Presently, there are three distribution mains from the Aluva Water Treatment Plant. The first main pipe supplies approximately 48 MLD of water to the Perumannoor GL tank. The second pipe supplies around 72 MLD of water to Thammanam, while the third pipe supplies water to Karuvelipaddy. Although another pipe was laid by HUDCO (with World Bank assistance) to augment water supply of 105 MLD in West Kochi, existing railroads caused an obstruction, and the pipes could not be extended past Thammanam. Thus the current supply of water in West Kochi, especially in areas such as Fort Kochi and Mattancherry is extremely low, estimated to be less than 70 litres per capita per day.

5.2.3. Supply volume and frequency

After taking into account losses in processing and distribution of water (including water lost due to leakages in pipes, storage reservoirs), the present per capita water availability to the Ernakulam region is estimated to be approximately 90 litres per capita per day. The estimated loss within city limits is approximately 60%. The supply is not distributed evenly throughout the Corporation area. In fact, parts of West Kochi, such as the Mattancherry area suffers from low water supply, estimated to be approximately 70 litres per capita per day. As a result, many households in the West Kochi area rely on private tankers for additional supply of water. The duration of water supply across the Corporation area ranges anywhere from half an hour per day to eight hours per day.


5.2.4. Connections and tariffs

Currently, all household water supply connections are metered in the Cochin Corporation area, however, 40% of the water metres do not work. For those households where the meters do not work, the water tariff is calculated based on the average water consumption of the previous three months. The water tariff currently levied by KWA is as follows:

Table 11: Water tariffs in Kochi

Consumption per month (in kilo litres) Tariff (effective from March, 2009) Domestic connection

Up to 5 KL Minimum charge- Rs. 20 per month Between 5 KL and 10 KL Rs.20 + Rs.4 per KL

Between 10 KL and 20 KL Rs.40 + Rs. 5 per KL Between 20 KL and 30 KL Rs.90 + Rs. 6 per KL Between 30 KL and 40 KL Rs.150 + Rs. 10 per KL Between 40 KL and 50 KL Rs. 250 + Rs. 14 per KL

Above 50 KL Rs. 390 + Rs. 25 per KL Non-domestic connection

Up to 15 KL Minimum charge- Rs. 125 and Rs. 10 per KL Between 15 KL and 50 KL Rs. 150 + Rs. 14 per KL

Above 50 KL Rs. 640 + Rs. 25 per KL Industrial connection

For entire month Minimum charge- Rs. 250 and Rs. 25 per KL

Source: Kerala Water Authority website

5.2.5. Projected Water Demand

The estimates for deriving projected water demand have been taken from the Kochi CDP. Total water consumption is defined as the sum of domestic and non-domestic water consumption, which includes water requirements for industrial, commercial as well as institutional or public use (institutions include hospitals, hotels, theatres, gardens, etc). Total raw water demand (per CDP) has been estimated by taking into account the CPHEEO norms as well as losses at the water treatment plant.

Table 12: Projected water demand

Area Area in sq. km

Projected Water Demand (in MLD)

2001 2006 2011 2021 2031 2036 Corporation 94.88 193 168 189 227 272 285

Municipalities 34.18 22 24 27 33 39 41 16 Panchayats 223.92 143 167 188 225 270 284

TOTAL 352.98 372 360 403 485 581 610


5.2.6. Water Supply in Slums

While many of the slum dwellings are pucca structures, residents often do not have direct access to drinking water supply at the household level. Often, several households, usually ten or more, share one water pipe and a community toilet. In areas like West Kochi, where the average water supply per


capita per day is as low as 70 lpcd5, piped water is only available twice a day, for an hour each. The water pressure is often very low, and access requires the use of a hand pump. Moreover, the water quality is poor. Primary field surveys currently being carried out revealed that in areas such as Mattancherry, residents of the slums reported the presence of worms and maggots in the water, rendering it unsafe to drink without boiling.

5.2.7. Groundwater Usage

A significant amount of ground water along the Fort Kochi coast is being tapped, where the top unconfined sandy aquifer has an average thickness ranging from 2-4 metres. However, due to the high water table in the Corporation area, ground water availability is limited, and the average utilization level of total available water quantity is only 33%. During the hot summer months, there is a decrease in the availability of ground water, which causes problems such as seawater intrusions and salinity6.

5.2.8. Proposed Water Supply Augmentation/Improvement Projects

Currently, two separate initiatives are being planned to augment/improve the existing water supply systems for Kochi – one under the KSUDP, and another project under JNNURM, proposed by the KWA.

The KSUDP Water Supply DPR: Kochi Municipal Corporation alone will require supply of treated water of about 142 MLD for a population of approximately 7,06,760 by 2031 (RGI) considering an average per capita water supply of 200 lpcd. This is against present rated supply of 125 MLD and the net water availability of 50 MLD due to various losses. The proposed component under KSUDP, contributes in achieving the target through the rehabilitation of water supply transmission and distribution systems to reduce unaccounted for water in order to make available 200 lpcd water to 1,60,000 persons proposed to be served through the proposed sewerage systems and 148 lpcd for non-sewered population of 5,23,000 in 2031 and ultimately provide a 24 hour water supply. Source development or supply augmentation is not considered necessary until after 2031. Total component beneficiaries at EOP (2011) will be 472,600 of which 122,900 are poor. The following are the proposed components of the project:

Water Transmission Mains: Rehabilitating the existing transmission 900 mm and 1,050 mm diameter. Mains for conveying designed quantity of water, and Installation of suitable flow bifurcation valves and flow meters for controlling and recording the flow through the en-route tapping.

Water Supply System Optimization: Distribution network mapping and hydraulic analysis; Training on improving leak detection, waste control and metering program; Conducting awareness program among the consumers, with regard to the usage of water, and consumer participation in maintenance of water supply system; Water and power audit of production, treatment and distribution; Water management training and capacity building; Leak detection and rectification, and Installation of bulk meters in delivery and feeder mains.

City Distribution Network Strengthening: Distribution network (50 mm GI-80 mm AC-450 mm/600 mm CI) – 200 km; Replacement of about 60,000 old service connections in the corporation area; and Installation of 30,000 domestic water meters to house connections and stand post.

5 Face-to-face interactions with Mr. Mathew Joseph, Superintendent Engineer, Kerala Water Authority 6 Final Report Volume 5 – Initial Environmental Examination, Part – 2: Initial Environmental Examination, Section C – Kochi. ADB report created for the KSUDP Project, May 2005


The total proposed cost of the project is Rs. 275,300,000.

Figure 7: Proposed water supply distribution system under KSUDP

Source: Final Report Volume 5 – Initial Environmental Examination, Part – 2: Initial Environmental Examination, Section C – Kochi. ADB report created for the KSUDP Project, May 2005

The KWA DPR: In order to augment the existing water supply to Kochi, the KWA proposes to develop a new water supply project to increase water supply to parts of the CoC area as well as four neighbouring Panchayats in the CDP area including Maradu, Kumbalam, Kumbalangy, and Chellanam covering a projected population size (in 2036) of 2,51,880 and supply of 37.78 MLD (domestic, in 2036) and 53.20 MLD (non-domestic, in 2036) at 150 lpcd, at a total estimated cost of Rs. 201170 crores. The proposed source for the project will be the Muvattupuzha river and the project will also include a new 100 MLD treatment plant to be set up at Nettoor.

The KWA proposes to increase existing tariffs to cover O&M costs and increase financial viability as follows:

Table 13: Proposed new tariff regime under the KWA

Consumer Category Proposed New Tariffs(Rs)

Domestic Minimum tariff 38 0-10 KL 3.50 per KL 11-30 KL 6.00 per KL 31-50 KL 10.00 per KL Above 50 KL 15.00 per KL


Consumer Category Proposed New Tariffs(Rs)

Non-Domestic Minimum tariff 203.00 0-50 KL 15.00 per KL Above 50 KL 20.00 per KL Industrial Consumers Minimum tariff 503.00 All consumers 20.00 per KL Public Fountains, etc 3100.00 per year

Source: KWA, Summary of the JNNURM Water Supply Scheme to Kochi City, Part 1

5.3. Solid Waste Management

5.3.1. Generation and Collection

In 2007, the Kochi Urban Agglomeration generated approximately 600 tonnes per day of solid waste. During the same period, the collection capacity in the Corporation of Cochin was only 240 tonnes per day, thereby implying that 360 tonnes per day of waste was going uncollected. The recent increase in solid waste generation has come about due to three factors: increase in urban population, migration from rural pockets to the urban centre, as well as a growing floating population that visits and works in the Corporation area on a daily basis. Solid waste is generated by a variety of sources, ranging from households, to commercial establishments, public and institutional areas. The following table provides a break-up of the various solid waste generating sources.

Figure 8: Break-up detail of solid waste generation by source in Kochi

S. No. Sources of waste Quantity TDP Percentage 1. Households 330.00 55.00 2. Hotels – Restaurants 36.00 06.00 3. Markets of fruits, vegetables, meat, fish 30.00 05.00 4. Public gardens 24.00 04.00 5. Institutional areas 30.00 05.00 6. Shops and establishments 90.00 15.00 7. Small- scale industries like juice and edible item

processors 18.00 03.00

8. Hospitals(non-medical waste) 12.00 02.00 9. Debris – construction material 30.00 05.00

Total 600.00 100.00

Source: Detailed Project Report on Solid Waste Management, JNNURM

The city currently follows two methods of primary solid waste collection: the ‘bring system’ as well as the “door step” collection system. Nearly 30 per cent of households currently use the door step collection, by hiring rag pickers, private operators and Kudumbasree units (women-based participatory poverty-eradication programme launched by the Government of Kerala in 1998). These services are usually procured by the Residential Welfare Associations and/or the Ward Councillor. In the case of door step collection, the Corporation of Cochin’s role is limited to providing the ward with collection vehicles. In 2007, the Corporation had provided two box-type hand carts to each ward. User fee for solid waste collection usually ranges between Rs. 25 and Rs. 40 per household per month. In


some wards, doorstep collection is not done on a daily basis. A few of the wards with active Resident Welfare Associations have set aside some of the user fee collected to provide uniforms and protective gear to the waste collection crew. In 2007, approximately 37,500 households followed the door step waste collection method.

Figure 9: Major solid waste generating sources, Kochi

Source: Detailed Project Report on Solid Waste Management, JNNURM

Under the “bring system”, the community either brings its solid waste to specified collection points or disposes of the waste in open spaces, canals, backwaters and/or drains in the vicinity. In relatively low-density areas, some households dispose of waste within their premises, by burning dry leaves, paper, and plastic. Some commercial establishments such as medium and large-sized hotels segregate their food waste and hand it over to pig farmers. Waste from small-sized construction sites is usually dumped in secondary collection points or in open spaces, whereas waste from larger construction sites is used for land reclamation.

5.3.2. Transportation

Solid waste is typically transported from secondary collection sites or transfer stations to the disposal site. The Corporation of Cochin currently possesses a variety of transportation vehicles, such as tipping trucks, covered light commercial vehicles, tractors, dumper placers, and even autos or three-


wheelers. The Corporation currently owns 23 vehicles, of which 12 are used on a daily basis. In addition, the Corporation rents 30 additional trucks for transportation of solid waste.

There are approximately 629 waste storage depots across the city, a large proportion of which are open ground sites. This roughly translates to around 7 or 8 secondary collection points in each ward.

The city possesses a number of metallic bins, which are used to collect and subsequently empty waste into rear-loading refuse collectors, but many of these bins and collectors are damaged, due to

which manual emptying/loading is done. In some wards, secondary collection points are not cleared regularly, and waste begins to overflow and attract a host of insects, rodents, pigs and other stray cattle. Waste collection trucks operate during the day and make two daily trips to the disposal site. At night, dumper placer vehicles transport roughly ten containers of waste to the disposal site. Transportation of waste is performed on Sundays as well as holidays.

5.3.3. Processing and Disposal

Processing of solid waste was not done in the Cochin Corporation area at all, until recently, due to the scarcity of available land. Until recently, Cheranalloor was used as a dumping site, but this was discontinued due to protests from local residents in that area. Some disposal was/is also done at Willingdon Island, however since the disposal site falls within the ‘air funnel’, the Indian Navy announced that disposal would have to cease by November 2006. This date was not honoured since the city could not find an alternative disposal site.

5.3.4. Proposed SWM Initiatives

CoC Proposed SWM Initiative under JNNURM: In 2007, a 37.3 acre parcel of land at Brahmapuram was identified as a solid waste treatment plant, at a distance of approximately 20 km from the city centre. The site has the capacity to process 200 tonnes of mixed waste via mechanical composting and 50 tonnes of organic waste via vermicomposting daily. In April 2010, the refuse-derived fuel (RDF) plant was inaugurated at the Brahmapuram plant. At this plant, recyclable material from combustible non-biodegradable waste material can be recovered to create a high calorie uniform material, which can be used as a substitute for fuel at cement kilns and incinerators.7 See Annex 8 for a map showing the location of the proposed treatment site. The

7 India Environment Portal

Don Bosco, a Christian charitable service, is running a shelter for orphans and rag pickers. They work in various areas throughout the city, such as Panampalli Nagar, with the help of push carts. Through Don Bosco, there are currently six rag pickers for the area of Panampalli Nagar, who are involved in primary waste collection for approximately 1,200 households. The rag pickers charge households a user fee of Rs. 25 each. Rs. 20 of this is paid to the refuse collection crew and Rs. 5 is allocated to vehicle repairs and maintenance.

The waste collected is transported by the rag pickers to secondary collection points, after which it is transported by the Corporation to landfill sites. Rag pickers earn a minimum income of Rs. 4,000, but many supplement this income with other work, usually odd jobs.


approach in the DPR is focused on integration of all the functions of SWM to ensure prompt collections, efficient transportation, and full recoveries of usable products and restrict landfill burden around 20 to 25% level. The total financial proposal is for Rs 88.12 crores. Out of this Rs 44.06 crores will be from GOI under JNNURM as assistance, Rs 17.62 crores will be State’s contribution and balance Rs 26.44 crores will be arranged by CoC. The proposed facility will comprise of:

1. Upgradation of collection, storage, transfer and transport system

2. Development of green field site with basic infrastructure facilities and amenities at Brahmapuram

3. Creation of multiple product recovery facilities that will include composting, fuel pelletisation, plastic recycling, inert processing, pre-process segregation system and recovery of other usable products. The facility is to be set up for processing of 600 TPD MSW

4. Development of Sanitary Land Fill for process remnants and currently not usable waste will be created in 10ha area

5. Provision for health safety and environment measures as well as education – awareness and manpower training with special focus on door to door collection and segregation at source

KSUDP SWM Initiative: KSUDP carried out extensive analyses of the current SWM practices and came to the conclusion that there is an urgent need to streamline solid waste management systems covering door-to-door collection; secondary storage, transportation and more significantly waste treatment and disposal systems. The immediate priorities will include:

The shifting of present landfill operation from Wellington Island. This necessitates the procurement of the additional area proposed at Brahmapuram and development of the landfill site taking into account of 20-25 years requirement;

Setting up of treatment plant along with landfill area development. A realistic estimation of the quantities that can be targeted for transportation to treatment and disposals and design to cater to current requirements should be looked into with provisions to meet future quantities arising;

Abolition of open secondary collection system and multiple handling;

Reduction of backlog in collection and transportation; and

Waste minimization through enhanced recycling and recovery at source should be pursued and should form a part of the strategy.

A comprehensive DPR has been developed by KSUDP and details all aspects of a new proposed SWM strategy and management plan for Kochi.

5.4. Storm Drain Network and Natural Drainage

5.4.1. City topography and water flows (including existing water ways)

Kochi is characterized by an almost-flat topography and a very high water table. On average, the eastern parts of the city are situated approximately 7.5 metres above mean sea level, while much of the Corporation area lies between 1 metre and 2.5 metres above mean sea level. Moreover, the city has sand bars running from the north to the south, with several tidal canals in between. Further, the city has narrow roads and narrow drains. Finally, the climate in Kochi is tropical and the city enjoys


monsoons twice a year, translating to annual rainfall of approximately 3,099 mm. The southwest monsoon, which usually lasts between June and September, brings around 60% of the annual precipitation, while the Northeast monsoon, which takes place between October and mid-November, typically brings about 25% of the annual rainfall in the region. All of the above factors imply that drainage is a problem in the city.

The recent study of the run off of the catchment and discharge efficiency of the drains in the Kathrikadavu - Pullepady area (CBD) in Kochi Corporation, it was seen that, the average efficiency of the drain is only 43.31%. Out of the 34 catchment areas studied, 12 have less than 25% efficiency and only one has 100% efficiency among the secondary, tertiary drains. The hydrological characteristics of the region make surface water drainage, an important element of urban renewal efforts.

Vembanad, although called a lake, is actually an estuary, into which several rivers, such as Muvattupuzha, Periyar and several more flow. It is separated from the Arabian Sea by a narrow barrier island. Its wetland system is the largest of its kind on the Indian west coast, and when included with its drainage basins, covers an area of approximately 16,200 square kilometres, which is 40% of Kerala’s area.

The Periyar River is one of the longest perennial rivers in Kerala, with a length of 244 km. Between the areas of Angamaly and Kochi and along the Periyar River, an industrial zone has been developed, which is home to over 50 large and medium-scale industries. The branch of the Periyar, Edayar, which runs through this industrial zone, provides water supply to these industries. During the monsoon, its flow is estimated at around 150-250 cubic metres per second, while in the dry season, its flow ranges between 80 and 100 cubic metres per second. The industrial zone of Edayar and Eloor is estimated to consume approximately 189 MLD of water per day, and generate approximately 80% of waste water, which is typically discharged into the river, polluting it. Moreover, recently, there has been an incursion of salt water in the upstream part of the river, which is rendering the water from the river unsuitable for domestic or industrial use.

5.4.2. Drain network coverage

The present drainage system depends on canals as primary drainage source, secondary drains which discharge to primary canals or backwaters, the drain along road sides are the area drains with or without covering slabs. The drainage network is not based on a drainage study /plan, but done in an ad hoc and piece-meal manner. The drains are built arbitrarily without calculating run off. The area drains and drains from premises do not have silt pits to intercept silt and solids. They discharge directly into road side area drains these drains are silted to very high degree and clogged due to solid waste especially plastics.

Three levels of drainage systems can be categorized as:

1. Primary canals - major natural canals, which are running in north-south direction and a few natural canals, cut across the sand bars. The primary canals which convey the storm water run-off to the back water system are highly degraded because of encroachments, waste dumping, silting, weed growth, low maintenance and lack of protective measures. It is found that almost all the tidal canals are in filthy conditions. This is due to the dumping of wastes into the canals and lack of facilities for cleaning them due to inaccessibility of cleaning vehicles and machines. It is very necessary that this canal and the shorelines are protected and maintained properly for better living of the people.

2. Natural and man-made secondary drains. Natural secondary drains are the feeder drains/canals of primary canal. The man made secondary drain encompasses major roadside drains, which go


beyond the level of area, drains and which link with the Primary drains (tidal canals) running in north-south direction.

3. Area Drains. The area drains are the drains which discharge the storm and sullage water from a neighbourhood to secondary drain. The city has large network of area drains, which act as major storm water receivers. There is no regular pattern for this and lies along small roads and bye lines. The area drains are absent in many of the areas especially in areas with urban proliferation. These drains need immediate attention. These are the primary cause for water logging in the various neighbourhoods in the city. The total length of the area drain is assessed to 1229 Kms. Out of this, 330 km in Kochi corporation area and 196 km in municipalities and panchayaths area requires upgradation and are proposed for inclusion in the cost projection.

Table 14: Drainage canal network details

S. No. Type of Drain/ Canal Quantity (in km)

Cochin Corporation Municipality and Panchayat 1 Total length of the primary Canal 77 254

2 Total length of the natural and man-made secondary drains 222 198

3 Total length of area drains 740 489

Source: Detailed Project Report, Storm Water Drainage

Proposed Initiatives: A storm Water Drainage DPR has been prepared by the CoC. The proposals in this DPR is for the construction/modifications of area drains (interior drains) manmade road side secondary drains, as indicated in the CDP, covering approximately 10 sq.kms area of Central area of Kochi Corporation. The Central area of Kochi Corporation is taken as a priority area considering the large segment of population, including a significant percentage of work force in BPL category that are daily commuters to the city, and depend on public rail / road transport system. After a detailed analysis of the topography and hydraulic parameters, areas identified as prone to water logging are broadly grouped into the following drainage zones considering the varying reasons for each zone.

Zone – 1: Kotte Canal, Town Hall, Kalabhavan and areas north of Banerjee road.

Zone- 2: M.G. Road north of Mullassery canal.

Zone- 3: K S R T C bus stand area between A.L. Jacob road and Veekshanam road.

Zone- 4: K S R T C bus stand—Karikkamuri Ernakulam Railway Junction area

Zone- 5: K S N Menon Road, V.R.M>Road, Kizhavana road- South Panampilly Nagar area

Zone- 6: Some stretches of low lying area in Panampilly Nagar in the vicinity of T.P.Canal

The DPR consists of proposals for construction of arterial drains, (Interior – area drains) running alongside selected roads in each zone, that will divert the rainfall runoff water mostly west words to the backwaters, by properly designing the slope and width of drains to carry the discharge water from highest intensity of rain fall (previous 23 years) in the designated area. It is expected that the recommendations also help in reducing the quantity of rainfall run off into the T.P. Canal, thus reducing its load, and making it more effective. The estimated project cost is Rs.9.78 Crores (based on 2004 December Kerala Public Works Department, Schedule of rates, modified to include an escalation provision for 2 years, a provision to cover contingency and a provision for shifting utilities.) No debt component is planned. The project cost is planned to be met by Grants from GoI and GoK and own fund of KMC in the proportion 50: 20: 30.


5.5. Summary of Key Issues and Implications for CSP from Allied Sectors

While water supply, SWM and storm water drainage are not the key focus areas for the CSP currently under preparation by IMaCS for the CoC, these sectors have a significant bearing on the overall sanitation situation, and to that extent, impinge on the CSP. Some of the emerging concerns from the situational assessment of these allied sectors are given below, and would need to be addressed by the CoC in order to have an effective and functional larger order environmental health approach to sanitation.

These also have a direct bearing on economic well being and healthy growth of the city, especially considering Kochi is a major tourism destination – improved and water supply, SWM practices and effective and efficient drains will have a direct impact of improving the overall tourism potential of the city and of the whole region including the popular backwater destinations.

5.5.1. Water Supply

It can be seen from the preceding sections that while Kochi has a very high rainfall, the overall availability of freshwater and the condition of freshwater systems has in general been on the decline and this is of immediate concern for the overall well-being of the city. It has also been seen that the existing water supply system suffers from various problems such as reduced carrying capacity of the primary transmission system, poor operating efficiency of the pumping plant, poorly maintained overhead tanks, sub-optimally functional distribution networks in the city, high percentage of losses and non-revenue water and so on. As such, the supply of water in general has been inadequate. Because good sanitation is directly linked to the adequate availability of water, these are an area of immediate concern. The quality of water supplied in certain pockets of the city, especially in slum areas are a matter of concern.

5.5.2. SWM

Solid waste management (or the lack thereof) have a direct bearing on the effectiveness of existing drainage systems in any city as also on the overall sanitary conditions and the potential for providing breeding grounds for various vectors that have a bearing on human health and the environment in general. It has been seen that the current practices of SWM are inadequate and in urgent need of systemic improvement. Additionally, the proposed site for Landfill (Brahmapuram) is away from coastal and back water area, but close to a water body. Part of the site gets submerged during rains. Hence, stringent environmental safeguards have to be accorded highest priority in developing the site and operating with measures for mitigation of water contamination. Decentralized program for treating organic waste need be targeted and built into future plans so as to minimize the possible contamination from landfill in the area. As such, effective implementation of the DPRs currently proposed by the CoC and KSUDP will be vital to the overall sanitation situation in Kochi.

5.5.3. Drainage

As in the case of water supply and SWM, an effective drainage network and system is critical to the overall sanitation situation of any city and in general to the overall environmental and ecological health of the city. This becomes especially relevant in the case of Kochi, considering


that it is characterised by the presence of extensive waterways, canals and backwater systems. Dysfunctional and blocked drainage pathways lead to water-logging and flooding in many areas, and pose a significant risk to human health as also to economic activities. As such, implementation of the proposed activities of the storm water drainage DPR becomes critical to the CSP.


6. Situation Analysis - II (Core sectors)

6.1. Waste Water Generation

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) estimates8 that Kochi generates approximately 188.4 MLD of sewage (see Table 15 below).

Table 15: Sewage generation in Kochi as estimated by CPCB

State/UT/City Population in year 2008

Total Water Supply (MLD)

Per Capita Water Supply

(lpcd)

Sewage Generation

(MLD) Per Capita Sewage Generation (lpcd)

Kochi 1355406 235.5 173.75 188.4 139

The above estimate appears to be for the entire urban agglomeration, since estimates from KSUDP suggest that the CoC will require collecting and treating 90 MLD of sewage discharged from a population of approximately 710,000 by 2041.

6.2. Sewerage system

6.2.1. Existing Sewerage Network

While the Master Plan of Kochi divides the CoC areas into seven major sewerage zones depending on geography, existing sewerage and sanitation for planning purpose, currently, only a small scale sewerage system in the municipal area which partially serves (Ernakulam South) the central area exist (see Annex 8). Two and half sq.km of sewerage network runs through some part of the Central Business District, such as M.G. Road and the General Hospital area, and 1.50 sq.km. stretch of sewerage network runs through Gandhi Nagar area. Although parts of Gandhi Nagar have a sewerage line running through it, very few households are connected to the main sewerage line and most have opted for on-site sanitation instead.

6.2.2. Treatment and Disposal

Currently, there is one Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) located on Fatima Road in Ernakulam, which has a capacity of only 4.45 MLD, although this can be expanded up to 10 MLD. The STP follows the Activated Treatment Process (ATP) of sewerage treatment. Treated effluent is typically discharged into the Chettichara Lake.

6.2.3. Proposed Initiatives

New initiatives for sewerage network augmentation and treatment have been proposed under the KSUDP as well as by the KWA.

Under KSUDP: The proposed sewerage component under KSUDP is aimed at extension of the sewerage networks in South Ernakulam and North Kochi, extending the existing STP at South 8 Status Of Water Supply, Wastewater Generation And Treatment In Class-I Cities & Class-Ii Towns Of India, Control Of Urban Pollution Series: CUPS/ 70 / 2009 – 10, CPCB, 2009


Ernakulam for additional 10 MLD capacity, construction of a 20 MLD STP, procurement of sewer cleaning equipments, in order to collect and treat approximately 30 MLD of sewage from 160,000 users in the urban areas of Kochi Municipal Corporation. Total component beneficiaries at EOP (2011) are expected to be 573,300 of which 40,800 are poor. The proposed sub-components are as follows:

Table 16: Components proposed under the KSUDP Sewerage DPR

Sub-Component Proposed initiative

Sub-Component 2a

Extension of sewerage in South Ernakulam -- 92 km. Sewers (150-750mm dia) and 12,000 house connections serving 60,000 population; and Sewage Pumping Stations

Sub-Component 2b

Extension of existing STP at South Ernakulam -- Construction of additional 10 MLD STP using FAB technology at existing STP. The STP will also have provision to treat the septic tank sludge of non-sewered areas of Ernakulam

Sub-Component 2c

Extension of sewerage in North Kochi -- 110 km. Sewers and 20,000 house connections serving 100,000 population; and 4 No. Sewage Pumping Stations

Sub-Component 2d

Construction of new STP for North Kochi -- Construction of new 23 mld STP using FAB technology at Mundamveli at MC land. This STP will have provision to treat the septic tank sludge of non-sewered areas of Kochi

Sub-Component 2e

Facilities for Non-Sewered Areas -- One jetting cum suction sewer machine each for South Ernakulam and North Kochi plus seven vacuum (4 in Ernakulam and 3 in Kochi) sludge cleaning machines will be procured for emptying sludge from septic tanks benefiting a total population of 382,500; and Provision of 4,500 household twin pit pour-flush latrines and 30 community sanitation blocks (included under poverty alleviation component).

A map showing areas currently covered by sewerage and also proposed coverage areas is shown in Annex 8.

Under KWA: The Kochi CDP had recommended a decentralised sewerage collection and treatment system by diving the CoC area into five zones – these are: the North Zone comprising the northern part of Ernakulam Town, Edapally and part of Vennala, covering Divisions 27 to 27 and 62 to 66; Central Zone comprising Ernakulam Town, Kadavanthara, part of Vennala, and Thevara, covering Divisions 38 to 43 and 49 to 51; East Zone comprising Vytilla, Petta, covering Divisions 44, 46, 47 and 48; West Zone comprising Mattancherry, Fort Kochi, and Pallurthy, covering Divisions 1 to 25, and Wellingtion Island comprising the Kochi Port, Naval base, and others areas covering Division 26.

Based on the demand studies conducted by KWA and considering land availability, the KWA has proposed a sewerage scheme covering six Divisions (Kadavanthara and Thevara) out of the 20 divisions under the Central Zone, under the JNNURM. Administrative sanction has been obtained from the GoK and the proposals have been forwarded to GoI. The total proposed budget for the project is 7555.84 lakhs.

While until recently the existing sewerage scheme was being maintained by the KWA without any user charges, it is now charging a connection fee of Rs. 2500/connection. In addition, the proposed tariff for sewerage services will be 60% of the monthly water tariff (see section on water supply above) for all consumer categories. This is under consideration by the GoK.

6.3. On Site Sanitation and Septage Management

6.3.1. Coverage of Onsite Sanitation


Since only 5% of the city is covered by the existing sewerage network, and considering the fact that almost every household excepting a few in certain slum areas have a toilet, 95% of the city is dependent upon some form of on-site sanitation facility. Typically, wastewater from households is routed to a septic tank. Since the water table is so high in Kochi, the soak pits connected to septic tanks are ineffective. Due to this, many households have directly connected their septic tanks to nearby drains and canals. The septic tanks in Kochi also tend to be shallower than in other cities, which have lower water tables. Due to scarcity of land in Kochi, the area around the septic tank is often used for other domestic chores, such as washing dishes and/or clothes. Therefore, members of the household tend to walk around the septic tank area. Occasionally, activity around the septic tank loosens the soil around it and creates pressure on the structure itself, which may cause minor cracks. In many cases, the septic tanks themselves are poorly designed and are not completely water proof. This in turn causes roots of trees to move towards the septic tank and the waste water sometimes begins to percolate through the septic tank walls. As a result, ground water gets contaminated. In several cases observed during the primary gap filling surveys, outlets of toilets have been directly connected to a waterway or canal.

6.3.2. Collection, Transportation, and Disposal

Depending on the size of the septic tank, the septage collected in it will need to be cleaned out periodically – typically, once in every 2-3 years. Currently, such service provision for the cleaning and ongoing maintenance of the septic tanks is done by private sector providers. There are approximately 25-30 such service providers in the Corporation area. Each provider has a vehicle, which is able to hold approximately 6 KL of waste water. Interviews with a few of these service providers show that they largely tend to be small-scale business owners, who have little or no knowledge of the scientific management and disposal of septage. As a result, collection methods are often extremely unscientific and often hazardous to the personnel operating the equipment. Previously, septic tank cleaners used to charge approximately Rs. 3,000 per trip (from household to dumping site), however, due to stiff competition in the city, prices have fallen to anywhere between Rs. 2,300 to Rs. 2,500 to transport 6 KL of waste water.

Transportation and dumping is a huge problem, as land is scarce and there is no designated area for septage disposal. As a result, septage is usually illegally dumped in any open space, typically in some type of water body. Disposal of waste water and sludge has become a major problem in the city. Interviews with private septic tank operators revealed that many resort to bribing various authorities to dump waste illegally. Dumping usually takes place late at night, when this activity can be hidden. If caught, operators face a fine of up to Rs. 10,000 and sometimes face the risk of physical violence.

Since many of these sites are used illegally, septic tank owners try to mask the smell of the sullage by pouring kerosene into the waste water. Although this typically camouflages the odour, it is not the best or safest method of disposal. Instead, the Kerala State Pollution Control Board recommends that other materials, such as Ammonia be used prior to disposing of waste water. This not only kills the bacteria or pathogens found in sullage, but also removes the odour and disinfects the water. Unfortunately, the PCB does not have any enforcement authority in the city, due to which most private septic tank players ignore the PCB’s recommendation to abandon the use of kerosene and instead adopt the usage of Ammonia.

6.4. Sanitation Facilities in Public places


Despite the city’s reliance on tourism, sanitation facilities in public places are either non-existent in many areas, and where they exist, are poorly equipped and often unsanitary. Many public places, such as shopping complexes and ferry terminals lack public toilets. Lack of adequate water supply in public restrooms has made it difficult to keep the restrooms clean. Even restrooms in public institutions, such as Kochi’s General Hospital are poorly managed.

6.5. Sanitation Facilities in BPL Households

The following table provides a snapshot of the BPL households in Kochi and their sanitation infrastructure:

Table 17: Sanitation facilities in BPL HH

Location BPL

without toilets

BPL using community

toilets

BPL with toilet

without septic tank

Total BPL population

Cochin Corporation 40,000 11,500 16,000 2,13,120

Municipal Areas 8,139 3,217 793 18,515

Panchayats 43,491 2,702 16,968 1,93,219 Total 85,630 17,419 33,766 4,24,854


6.6. Summary of Service levels, issues and implications for CSP

The face that only 5% of the city is sewered and that 95% is covered by on-site sanitation, is a matter for concern and will need priority attention in the CSP. Currently on-site sanitation is not covered under any regulatory regimes, not only in the CoC areas and in Kerala in general, but also across the rest of India. Yet, it is obvious that Kochi will continue to depend on this sub-sector. As such, it should be a key focus area of the CSP to examine what possible regulatory measures could be brought in to systematize the management of on-site systems and improve septage handling and disposal to ensure the highest standards of environmental protection for the vital waterways, canals and lagoon systems of the region.

Examination of the tariff regimes, willingness to pay, and raising the overall awareness levels of the population in general will also need to be carefully considered in the CSP.

Current sanitation facilities are either poor or non-existent in below-poverty-line (BPL) and slum areas. Even in areas where slum rehabilitation has taken place, such as Mundamveli, toilet infrastructure has not been adequately provided. In some slum areas, community toilets have been built. Roughly ten households share one community toilet, which is usually a pit latrine. However, since these slum areas are typically plagued by inadequate water supply, it is difficult to manage the toilets and keep them clean

During field reconnaissance, researchers came across a slum in the Mattancherry ward, where consumers are unable or unwilling to spend on septic tank cleaning, which costs approximately Rs. 2,300 to Rs. 3,000. Instead, they engage rag pickers to perform manual scavenging. The rag pickers typically charge approximately Rs. 300 per cleaning.

Open Defecation is still practised in some areas such as Vathuruthy and Ayyappankavu. In the case of Vathuruthy, open defecation takes place along the railway track. Although the CoC has constructed 8 community toilets in the area, only 5 of these toilets are currently operational. Of these, three have been recently damaged due to a disagreement between a few of the households. The remaining two toilets are used by a few of residents in the area.


7. Municipal Finance The section provides an assessment of financial performance of Corporation of Cochin. It will help in providing an understanding of the existing sources of revenue and expenditure as well as the receipts and payments of the Corporation. Such analysis will give an indication of the overall financial health of the utility.

7.1. Consolidated Income and Expenditure Trends

As part the mandatory reforms, JNNURM requires cities to move towards modern accounting system based on double-entry and accrual principles with the objective of better financial management, transparency and self-reliance. The Corporation of Cochin moved from the cash based accounting and adopted the double entry accrual system of accounting from 1st April 20079. Table 18 provides a summary of the income and expenditure statements of Corporation of Cochin the last three years from 2007-10.

Table 18: Consolidated Income and Expenditure Statement (In Rs Lakh)

9 Corporation of Cochin has created its website (www.corporationofcochin.net) where disclosure of all the financial statements, namely, Income and Expenditure Statements, Receipts and Payments and Balance Sheets have updated on a monthly basis since 2007-08. Since the double entry accrual based accounting has been initiated since 2007-08, comparable financial statements for the last three years (FY 2007-08, FY 2008-09 and FY 2009-10) have been analyzed. 10 Non Tax Revenue includes Rental income from Municipal Properties, Fees and User charges and Sale and Hire charges 11 Other Income includes Income from Investments, Interest earned and Other Income

Income 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 CAGR Own Source Income 5,973 5,971 8,254 18% Tax Income 4,453 4,843 6,856 24% Non-Tax Income10 1,520 1,127 1,398 -4% Revenue Grants, Contribution & Subsidies 3,942 3,798 681 -58% Other Income11 175 171 164 -3% Total Income 10,089 9,939 9,099 -5% Expenditure Establishment expenses 2,702 3,470 2,880 3% Administrative expenses 391 465 499 13% O&M 2,239 2,262 1,584 -16% Interest and Finance payments 75 282 249 82% Program Expenditure 1,254 1,166 818 -19% Revenue Grants, Contributions and Subsidies 282 208 0 -98% Depreciation 164 180 180 5% Others 4 5 1 -53% Total Expenditure 7,111 8,037 6,211 -7% Gross Surplus 2,979 1,902 2,888 -2% Prior Period Items 89 896 6 Ney Surplus incl Depreciation 2,889 1,006 2,882 -0.1% Net Surplus excl Depreciation 2,726 826 2,702 -0.4% Expenditure / Income (excl Depreciation) 0.70 0.81 0.68 Expenditure / Income (incl Depreciation) 0.69 0.79 0.66

Source: Income and Expenditure Statements, FY 2007-08, FY 2008-09 and FY 2009-10, CoC. Note: The data for 2009-10 is

http://www.corporationofcochin.net/


Sources of Income

Own Source Income Grants and Contributions Other Income

Non Tax IncomeTax Income

• Property Tax • Professional Tax• Advertisement Tax• Theatre/ Show Tax• Entertainment Tax

• Rental from Municipal Properties

• Fees and User charges• Sale and Hire charges

• Revenue Grant• Development Fund• Maintenance Fund• Grants under JNNURM,

KSUDP, SJRSY

• Income from Investments

• Interest Earned• Other Income

The municipal corporation has maintained a positive cash balance and positive surplus over the last three years. However, both the total income (CAGR of -5%) and total expenditure (CAGR of -7%) have exhibited a decreasing trend. Though this has resulted in a surplus on the whole, there has been a marginal decline in the surplus over the years. The income to expenditure ratio has also been hovering around 0.7 which again displays the ability of the Corporation to cover and manage its expenses.

7.2. Income streams of Corporation of Cochin

Income can be broadly categorised along three areas:

Own Source Income – This refers to those income items which the utility is responsible in terms of assessment and collection. This comprises of Tax Income (Property Tax, Professional Tax etc.) and Non-Tax income (Rentals from Municipal properties, Fees and user charges, Sale and Hire charges);

Grants and Contributions – This is in form plan, maintenance of assets and other specific purpose Grants, contributions and subsidies made by the Government of Kerala; and

Other Income – This comprises of Income from investments, Interest earned etc.

Figure 10: Categorises the income of Corporation of Cochin along various heads

The changing composition of these streams of income gives a clear signal towards the self-reliance and sustainability of the finances of the Corporation. Figure 11 provides a snap shot of the change in composition of the income from FY 07-08 to FY 09-10. Till about 2006, the Corporation was also dependent on Assigned and Shared income which is the shared by the state between various Municipal Corporations. This source of income is no more a part of the various income streams of the Corporation for the past three years.

The Own source Income constitutes a significant portion of the total income and its contribution to the total income has increased from 61% in FY07-08 to 93% in FY 09-10. At the same time, Grants as a

from 1st April 2009 to 28th February 2010.


Property Tax29.21%

Sanitation Tax0.01%

Professional Tax12.69%

Other Tax2.22%

Rental Income from Municipal Properties

4.07%Fees and User Charges

10.98%

Sale and Hire Charges0.01%

Revenue Grants39.07%

Income from Investments

0.16%

Interrest Earned0.00%

Other Income1.57% 2007-08

Property Tax38.07%

Sanitation Tax0.00%

Professional Tax13.49%Other Tax

3.92%

Rental Income from Municipal Properties

3.73%

Fees and User Charges7.52%

Sale and Hire Charges0.07%

Revenue Grants31.89%

Income from Investments

0.01%

Interest Earned0.01%

Other Income1.31%

2009-10

proportion of total income has decreased from 39% to 32% from FY 07-08 to FY 09-10. This trend points towards the reduction in dependency of the Corporation on the state funds and thus an increase in the city’s capacity to generate its own funds for utilization towards developmental works.

Figure 11: Composition of Income – CoC, 2007-08 and 2009-10

Source: Income and Expenditure Statements FY 07-08, FY 09-10, Corporation of Cochin. Note: The data for 2009-10 is from 1st April 2009 to 28th February 2010.

Within the Own Source Income, Tax Income contributes to more than three fourth of the own source income where Property Tax constitutes a chunk of this income. In the Non Tax Income, a substantial


29%

30%

52%44%

49%

75%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

In R

s La

khs

Tax Income Components

Property Tax Professional Tax

Other Tax Property Tax as % of Total income

Tax Revenue as % of Total Income

share is contributed by the Fees and User Charges. However, Fees and User Charges have shown a declining trend in contribution to the Non Tax Income.

7.3. Tax Income

Tax Income has grown as a CAGR of 24% which has been aided by growth in Property Taxes (CAGR of 26%), Professional Taxes (CAGR of 14%) and Other Taxes (CAGR of 47%). While the share of the Tax Income in the Total Income has been rising, a substantial portion of the Tax Income is contributed by Property Tax which also continues to increase. In fact Property Tax has started to contribute to as much as half of the total income of the Corporation making it a significant source of income. Owing to this, the share of Professional Tax and Other Tax in the total Tax Income has started to decline over the three years.

Figure 12: Tax income components over the years


7.3.1. Property Taxes

Property Taxes constitute a sizable portion of the total tax income and thus proper administration and collection of the dues becomes immensely critical for proper resource mobilization. While Property Tax has grown at a CAGR of 26%, the Tax Collection Efficiency has not met its envisaged targets of reaching 100% assessment and at least 95% compliance (Source: City Development Plan (CDP), Corporation of Cochin).


-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

3,036 2,790 3,747

12,307 14,215

16,418

In R

s La

khs

Tax Collection - Actual v/s Projected

Actual Collection Projected Property Tax Collection (Source: CDP)

2,2362,046

2,735

64%54%

92%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

In R

s

Property Tax Collection Efficiency

Collection of Property Tax/ Hh Property Tax Collection Efficiency

Figure 13: Tax collection at the CoC

Source: Income and Expenditure Statements FY 07-08, FY 09-10, Corporation of Cochin, The Projected Tax Collection are as per the City Development Plan. Since total number of assessed properties was not available at the time of writing the report, property tax per Household has been calculated. Note: the data for 2009-10 is from 1st April 2009 to 31st March 2010; Collection Efficiency is defined as ratio between Collection of taxes and Demand of Taxes

The CDP envisioned that by adopting measures such as simplification of collection procedures, strengthening tax collection, improved tax assessment system and enhanced monitoring the property tax can be increased to more than Rs.12300 Lakh and will grow at an average rate of 15.5% thereafter. However, there has been a massive shortfall in the actual tax collection as compared to the projected collections and every year this gap is expanding. At the same time, it is important to note that with proper tax administration reforms there is ample potential with the utility, keeping in mind the growth in number of assessed properties to reach its proposed targets.

7.4. Non-Tax Income, Grants and Other Income


39%

38%

7%2% 2%

2%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

-500

1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

In R

s La

khs

Grants and Other Income

Revenue Grants Other Income Grants as % of Total income Other Income as % of Total Income

11%

8%

10%

15%

11%

15%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

In R

s La

khs

Non Tax Income Components

Rental Income from Municipal Properties Fees and User Charges

Fees and User Charges as % of Total income Non Tax Revenue as % of Total Income

The Non Tax Income comprises of the Rental from Municipal Properties, Fees and User Charges and Sale and Hire charges. Fees and User Charges constitutes two third of the total Non Tax Income followed by Rental from Municipal Properties which contributes nearly 30%. But there has been a declining trend in proportion contributed by Fees and User Charges over time which has been compensated by the increase in the Rental from Municipal Properties. At the same time Fees and User Charges continues to contribute as much as 10% to the total Income.

Figure 14: Analyses of non-tax incomes, CoC

Source: Income and Expenditure Statements FY 07-08, FY 09-10, Corporation of Cochin. Note: The data for 2009-10 is from 1st April 2009 to 28th February 2010

The dependence of the Corporation on External Grants from the state or centre over a period of time has been diminishing. Moreover, it is expected that going forward the Corporation will focus on revenue realization of Internal funds.

7.5. Expenditure breakup of CoC

Figure 15 indicates change in the composition of the expenditure of CoC over the last three years.


Establishment 37.99%

Administrative 5.50%O&M

31.49%

Interest & Finance payments

1.06%

Programme Exp17.63%

Revenue Grants3.97%

Depreciation2.30%

Others0.06%

2007-08

Establishment 46.38%

Administrative 8.03%

O&M 25.50%

Interest & Finance payments

4.00%

Programme Exp13.17%

Revenue Grants0.00%

Depreciation2.90%

Others0.02%

2009-10

Figure 15: Composition of expenditure 2007-08 and 2009-10


The Establishment expenses which includes the salaries, wages and allowances paid constitutes as much as 38-46% of the Total Expenditure. In fact, Management expenses which include the Establishment and Administrative expenses (i.e. overheads such as electricity, rent, office expenses etc.) comprise more than half of the total expenditure. The Development Expenditure (which includes Programme Expenditure and O&M Expenditure) contributes to the other half. This could be a possible area of concern where reduction in the Management expenses could result in larger developmental expenditure by the Corporation. In fact, Management expenses as a proportion of Total Income is also close to 40% which reflects unsatisfactory expenditure management.

7.5.1. Establishment and Administrative Expenditure

The Establishment and Administrative Expenditure have seen growth at a CAGR of 3% and 13% amounting to as much as Rs.3390 Lakh in FY 2009-10. In comparison, the Other Expenditure which


43%

49%54%

38%

43%

46%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

In R

s La

khs

Establishment expenses Administrative expenses

Others Mgt expenses as % of Total Expenditure

Est as % of Total Expenditure

includes Interest and Finance Charges, Revenue Grants, Depreciation and Miscellaneous Expenses have decreased at a CAGR of -16%.

Figure 16: Establishment and Administrative Expenditure


7.5.2. Developmental Expenditure

The proportion of Developmental Expenditure in the Total Expenditure has continued to decrease which is aided by the consistent fall in the O&M Expenditure.


49%43% 39%

31%28%

26%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

In R

s La

khs

Developmental Expenditure

Programme expenses O&M expenses

Development expenses as % of Total Expenditure O&M as % of Total Expenditure

Figure 17: Developmental and O&M expenditure12

The O&M Expenditures includes Electricity charges13, Consumables14, Hire Charges15, Repairs and Maintenance16 and Other Operating Expenses17. Out of which Repairs and Maintenance contributes to as much as three fourths of the O&M Expenses. It will be important to note that Repairs and Maintenance of drainage comprises of only 15% of the O&M Expenses, while Repairs and Maintenance of Public Toilets forms an insignificant 0.2% of the O&M Expenses.

7.6. Receipts and Payments - Corporation of Cochin

Figure 18 indicates the Receipts and Payments across Revenue and Capital Account for the last three years. Both Revenue Receipts and Revenue Payments have been decreasing at a CAGR of -16% and -8% respectively over the last five years. However, the Corporation have managed a positive Revenue 12 Source: Income and Expenditure Statements FY 07-08, FY 09-10, Corporation of Cochin. Note: The data for 2009-10 is from 1st April 2009 to 28th February 2010.

13 Electricity charges include electric charges and electric charges for street lights 14 Consumables contain Diesel, Petrol and Gas and Consumption of Stores 15 Hire Charges include Vehicle Hire charges 16 Repairs and Maintenance (R&M) would include R&M of infrastructure assets, Roads and Pavements, Bridges, Water Supply, Drainage, Sewerage, Street lights, Dumping Grounds, Hospitals, Dispensaries & Clinics, Schools, markets, parks, playgrounds, recreation, public toilets, shelter homes, libraries, cattle pounds, buildings, vehicles, machinery and others 17 Other Operating Expenses include Fees for inspection of food, expenses for burying unclaimed dead bodies and other expenses

- 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

18%

17%

27%

3%

4%

6%

8%

5%

8%

72%

75%

59%

0%

0.1%

0%

In Rs Lakhs

O&M Expenditure

Electricity Charges Consumables Hire Charges Repairs and Maintenance Other Operating Expenses


48%

30% 168%

47%

30% 217%3 37%

33%50%

52%

70%

(68%)

53%

70%

(117%)

63%

67%

50%

(2,000)

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

Receipts Payments Surplus Receipts Payments Surplus Receipts Payments Surplus

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

In R

s La

khs

Revenue Capital

Surplus consistently for the last years, though it has been declining too. In contrast, the Capital Receipts and Payments have been growing at a CAGR of 85% and 13% respectively over the last five years. Though this has led to a Capital Deficit, the Corporation has an overall Cash surplus because of the significant amount of Revenue Surplus.

Figure 18: Revenue and capital accounts, CoC


7.7. Financial Indicators - Summary

Table 19 gives a summary of the Financial Indicators of the Corporation of Cochin.

Table 19: Summary of financial indicators, CoC

Financial Indicators 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Benchmark Remarks

Expenditure / Income Including Depreciation 0.70 0.81 0.68 Less than 1 Favourable Expenditure / Income Excluding Depreciation 0.69 0.79 0.66 Less than 1 Favourable

Growth Rate – Income

-1% -8% Per capita Income 1,651 1,619 1,476

Per capita Tax Income 729 789 1,112 Own Source Income / Total Income 61% 62% 93%

Own Source Income / Grants 1.5 1.6 12.1 More than 1 Favourable

Capital Utilization Ratio18 1.2 1.2 0.8 1 Not Satisfactory

18 Capital Utilization Ratio is defined as ratio between Capital Expenditure by Capital Receipts.


Financial Indicators 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Benchmark Remarks

Property Tax / Total Income 29% 30% 52%

Property Tax Collection Efficiency 64% 54% 92% More than 95%

Not Satisfactory

Growth Rate - Expenditure

13% -23% Per capita Expenditure 1,164 1,310 1,007

Own Income / Total Expenditure 86% 76% 137% More than 50% Favourable

O&M / Total Expenditure 31% 28% 26% Management expenses / Total Expenditure 43% 49% 54%

Management expenses / Total Income 31% 40% 37% Less than 25%

Not Satisfactory

Repairs and Maintenance on Drainage / Total Expenditure 5% 3% 4%

Repairs and Maintenance on Public toilets / Total Expenditure 0.02% 0.00% 0.05%

Source: Income and Expenditure Statements, Receipts and Payments Statements, Corporation of Cochin, City Development Plan. Note: The data for 2009-10 is from 1st April 2009 to 28th February 2010 except for Property Tax Collection Efficiency which is from 1st April 2009 to 31st March 2010

7.8. Key Points, Issues and Implications for CSP

Some emerging points to be kept in mind while developing financial considerations for the CSP are given below.

Consistent Positive Surplus over the last three years which can be reinvested in developmental works.

Low Expenditure to Income Ratio indicates ability of the Corporation over time to generate internal funds to manage its own expenses. This can again be substantiated by the fact that Own Income as a proportion of Total Expenditure is in the range of 86-130%.

Significant contribution by Own Source Income and reduction in grants over time exhibits self-sustainable finances.

Own Income is a large multiple of the Grants that the Corporation receives again indicating the declining dependence on External Income.

Tax Income contributes to as much as three fourth of the Total income which shows the increasing financial independence.

While Property Taxes contribute to a sizeable proportion of the Total Income, collection efficiency has been comparably low. At the same time, the large gap between actual and projected collection signifies the vast potential for the Corporation to enhance income by introducing efficient collection measures.

Fees and User Charges have indicated a declining trend over time which could be a possible area of concern.

Lower contribution by the Developmental Expenditure as compared to the Management Expenditure which reflects need for more operational efficiency measures.

Consistent decline in the Developmental expenditure (Programme + O&M) over time


While Repairs and Maintenance forms a massive proportion in the O&M Expenses, the amount spend on maintaining Public toilets is trivial possibly because they aren’t too many public toilets.

Operating Ratio or the ratio of Expenditure to Income shows a favourable indication since it signifies that the Corporation has set aside 32% of its income (including Depreciation) as surplus in FY 2009-10.

Per Capita Income has been declining at a CAGR of -5% over the last three years since the total income has been decreasing in comparison to the growing population.

Capital Utilization Ratio indicates that the Corporation initially utilizes 1.2 times its capital receipts and in FY 2009-10 utilizes 80% of the capital receipts which is a variation from the benchmark.

Per Capita Expenditure has been falling at a CAGR of -7% over the last three years which is equivalent to the decline in the total expenditure.

Management Expenses as proportion of Total Income is higher than the benchmark which can be viewed unfavourably.


8. Way ahead

8.1. Next steps

With the Phase 1 now complete, IMaCS will now move on to the next phase of the CSP process. The indicative next steps will include:

a) Presentation of the Status Report to GTZ, and on approval, the key stakeholders in Kochi, especially to the CTF members for approval and discussion of the next steps;

b) Finalization of the two wards for detailed study

c) Complete the Primary data followed by Detailed examination of the results of the completed primary gap filling surveys and comparing, where appropriate with available secondary information for inconsistencies and contradictions;

d) Starting work on the evaluation of options for the CSP, including technological, institutional, organisational, and financial options and developing a basket of viable options, to be presented to stakeholders in a consultative workshop;

e) Based on the understanding developed during the initial status assessment phase and including the results of the primary gap filling surveys, initiate work on a template of information availability and gaps at the CoC level, towards strengthening the CoC’s information base pertaining to sanitation, including the documenting of city/regional level best practices if any and identification of initiatives within cities/region that demonstrate any innovative approach in delivering services more efficiently and effectively and explore possibilities of up scaling these initiatives; and

f) Develop a Draft Awareness Generation Plan and Launch of 100 Percent Sanitation Campaign, after a perusal of the international best practice for awareness generation and fostering participation from the public in general.


Annex 1: Scope of Work as per ToR The Scope of Work as indicated in the ToR is as follows:

Facilitate formulation of a City Task Force (CTF)

This will include identifying stakeholders to form City Sanitation Task Force in consultation with ULBs and other relevant city level organizations. This Task force will have members as suggested in National Urban Sanitation Policy. It is expected that the Consultant apart from identifying the stakeholders will also facilitate productive functioning of this CTF.

Strengthen database of ULBs pertaining to Sanitation

Guide ULB to develop a methodology and institute system to capture city level data pertaining to sanitation. It is expected that the system so developed will be piloted in one or two select wards in the city. Learning from this will be integrated while developing a city wide system. The subtasks for carrying out this activity will include:

a) Review available data on sanitation (with ULB as well as other parastatal agencies).The information will be collected with respect to existing administration arrangements, available technical choices.

b) Collect data on municipal finances with respect to sanitation. This will include information on collection of water and sewerage/sanitation charges, including connection and user charges; capital, operation and maintenance costs for water and sewerage/sanitation services. Suggest strategies to mainstream this information in the mainstream municipal budget documents.

c) Identify key gaps in information and carry out supplementary data collection (though rapid field surveys, case studies, consultations, etc) in one or two select wards. Learning from this pilot intervention will be integrated in the final proposed action plan (short, mid and long term) for instituting effective data collection systems within ULBs with a provision to update these in periodic intervals. It is critical that the proposed system forms linkages with other information databases such as information on health and social issues within ULBs and parastatal organizations. Thematic maps if available shall be used for presentation and analysis. This action plan will also explore present relevant city level planning documents such as City Development Plans (CDPs) / Master Plans and explore possibilities of dovetailing these visions.

d) Document city/regional level best practices if any: identify initiatives within cities/region that demonstrate any innovative approach in delivering services more efficiently and effectively and explore possibilities of up scaling these initiatives.

Awareness Generation and Launch of 100 Percent Sanitation Campaign

Formulate an awareness programme at the supply (at the level of ULBs and parastatal organizations) and demand (citizens) level. This again will be formulated as a short, mid and long term action plan. The consultant needs to pilot the short term plans in two selected wards and draw learning lessons from it to provide feedback in the proposed plan for achieving 100 percent sanitation in cities.


a) At the demand level in association with a NGO partner identify barriers such as financial, technological or legal constraints that prohibit cities to achieve 100% sanitation and explore options through consultations how these can be overcome.

b) Prepare a road map for 100% sanitation campaign to launch this activity at the city level with a specific focus on low income settlements. Identify stakeholders (such as educational institutions, media) which in association with this campaign can also be launched and facilitate synergy with the national campaign as articulated in NUSP.

c) On the supply side create awareness among the staff members of the ULBs/ parastatals engaged in the sanitary sector focussing on improving their work conditions (improving occupational health and eradicating manual scavenging). Provide an action plan (short, medium and long term perspective) that can be adopted by the city to mitigate these challenges. The consultant is expected to make this action plan in consultation with the CTF with possible options for financing such plans.

Technological Options

In consultation with CTF identify the key city specific technological options (for both existing and new developments including up gradation of the existing infrastructure).

a) The technology option proposed again shall include the financial option for capital investment as well as post Operation & Maintenance; this may include the willingness to pay (user fees) at a household level, Private Public Partnerships or other such arrangements. The consultant is expected to ensure that the technology choice is an all encompassing solution including collection, conveyance, treatment and discharge of waste water.

b) .The consultant is expected to explore technical solutions that are technically, financially and socially viable hence a mix of centralized and decentralized treatment options may be considered which can be implemented in an incremental manner as long as 100% sanitation is assured.

Capacity Enhancement and Knowledge Management

Identify needs and gaps for capacity enhancement and knowledge management to develop ULBs as service providing agencies for sanitation and building up orientation and skills for various sanitation related activities.


Annex 2: List of CTF Members 1. Prof. Mercy Williams, Mayor, Corporation of Kochi, Kochi. 11 (Head of CTF)

2. Mr. Patil Ajit Bhagwatrao, I.A.S., Secretary, Corporation of Kochi, Kochi. 11 (Convener of CTF)

3. All Standing Committee Chairpersons of Corporation.

4. Mr. T.K Jose, I.A.S., M.D., RBDCK & Nodal Officer for Kochi Region Developmental Projects, Govt. of Kerala.

5. Health Officer, Health Department, Corporation of Kochi, Kochi. (Nodal Officer for CTF/CSP)

6. Mr. Sahuji, Project Manager, PIU, KSUDP/JNNURM, Corporation of Kochi, Kochi.11.

7. Dr. Rajan, Director, Centre for Heritage, Environment & Development (C-HED), Corporation Building, Kacheripadi Junction, Kochi.

8. Mr. Sunil Thomas, Member Secretary, UPAD, Corporation of Kochi, Kochi.

9. CM & MD, Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Ltd. (FACT), Corporate Office & Registered Office, FACT Township Eloor, Udyogamandal, Kochi – 683501. Ph: 0484-2545101

10. Mrs. M. C. Josephine, Chairperson, Greater Cochin Development Authority (GCDA), Kadavanthra, Kochi -20. Telephone - 2204261, 2205061, Fax - 2206230, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected].

11. Secretary, District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC), Old Collectorate Bldg., Park Avenue Road, Kochi – 11. Ph: 2367334 / 2383988, Email : [email protected]

12. Mr. Mathew Joseph, Superintending Engineer / Project Coordinator – JNNURM Projects, Kerala Water Authority, Kochi-682 011. Ph. 2360645, 2391013

13. Mr. Cyril. C. George, Secretary, Cochin Port Trust, Willington Island, Cochin-682 009, India. Ph. 2666412.

14. Mr. E. Nandha Kumar, Executive Director, Kochi Refineries Limited, Post Bag 2, Ambalamugal, Kochi - 682-302, Ph. 2720820 (Direct), 2728112.

15. Mrs. Mythili, CEE, KSPCB, Ernakulam Regional Office, Gandhi Nagar, Kochi- 682 020.

16. Mr. T.I. Jose, EE, PWD, Roads Divisional Office, Kakkanad, Kochi. Ph. 2425353

17. Mr. K.K. Ravi, District Mission Co-ordinator, Kudumbashree, Civil Station Collectorate, Kakkanad, Kochi. Phone : (0484) 2424038, Mobile: 94464 34659, E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]

18. Mrs. Vinodhini, In-Charge, Total Sanitation Campaign, (Sujithawa Mission), District Collectorate, Kakkanad, Ernakulam – 682 030. Phone : 2428701 (Direct), Mobile : 94476 03330, E-mail: [email protected]

19. Mr. K.M. John, President, Kerala Merchants Union, Merchants Union Building, PB No. 1101, Merchants Road, Ernakulam, Kochi - 682 011. Ph : 0484-2355562, 2364819

20. Mrs. Mala Patodia, Confederation of Indian Industry, Kerala State Office (SR), Opp. Cochin Passport Office, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi - 682 036. Phone: 4012300, Fax: 4012800 Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]






21. Mr. Kabir B. Haroon, Project Director, Kerala Builders Forum (CREDAI Kochi), 1st Floor, NO.43, Jawahar Nagar, Kadavanthra, Kochi-20. Mobile : 97440 12318, Ph. 6451393, 2204148/49

22. Mr. P.K. Gopala Krishnan, General Secretary, Ernakulam District Residents association’s Apex Council (EDRAC), Ponnuruthi Shopping Complex, Vyttila, Kochi – 19. Mobile: 94478 73339

23. Director, School of Environmental Studies, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi – 682 022 Phone: +91-484-2575396, 2577550, Fax: +91-484-2577595

24. Mr. Joshy Varghese, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Rajagiri P.O, Kalamassery, Kochi - 683 104, E-Mail: [email protected], Mobile: 97446 84048, Ph: 0484- 2555564, Fax: 0484-2532862

25. Mr. Algiers khalid, President, Rotary Club of Cochin, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi - 682 036. Mobile: 99460 33777, Phone : 2315430, 2314239, E-mail : [email protected]

26. Mr. K.M. Abdullah, President, Restaurants and Hotel Owners Association, KHRA Bhavan, 2nd Floor, MG Road, Ernakulam, Kochi – 35. Ph. 2366602, Mobile: 93886 02865.

27. Mr. Jees D. Paul, PRA, Welfare Service Society, Ponnuruni, Kochi. Ph: 2344243, E-Mail: [email protected]

28. Representatives of GTZ – ASEM

29. Other stakeholders, as and when required.





Annex 3: Questionnaires for Primary Gap Filling Survey

Household Questionnaire I. Personal Details

a. Name: __________

b. No. of members in the household:

i 1 ii Between 1 and 2 iii Between 2 and 4 iv More than 4

c. Employment:

i Self-employed ii Private service iii Government iv Unemployed

d. Monthly Household Income category:

i < 2,500 ii 2,500-5,000 iii 5,000-10,000 iv 10,000-20000 v > 20,000

II. Water Supply a. What is the source of water supply:

i Municipal corporation ii Bore-well iii Private tanker iv Others. Please specify: _______

b. What is the frequency of supply of water per day:

i < 2 hours ii 2-4 hours iii 4-8 hours iv > 8 hours v All day

c. What is the quality of water supplied:

i Always poor ii Occasionally poor iii Average iv Always good

d. What is the adequacy of water supply:

i <Sufficient ii Insufficient iii Other. Please specify: ________

III. Sanitation a. Do you have a toilet in your house?

i YES ii NO

b. If yes,


i. How many members of the households use it?

ii. Is the toilet

1) Shared between houses 2) Individual

c. If no, do you use:

1) Public or community toilet 2) Defecate openly 3) Other. Please specify: _______

d. Where is the toilet waste disposed? Connected to:

i Sewer line ii Septic tank iii Open drains iv By manual scavenging

v Other. Please specify: ______________

Go to section IV if answered sewerage networks or section V if answered septic tanks

IV. Sewerage system a. Do you have a sewerage connection?

Yes No

i. If yes, what is the cost getting a sewer connection? Please specify: _________

ii. If no, how much will you be willing to pay for a sewer connection? Please specify: _________

b. What are the problems that you face with a sewer connection?

i Choking ii Frequent leakage/rupture iii Foul smell iv Overflow during rainy season v Contamination of water resources vi Other. Please specify: ______________

c. How often does the Municipal Corporation visit you for health/ sewerage purposes?

i Once a month ii Once a quarter iii Annually

iv As-needed basis/ when complaint is made v Never

d. How do you expect the Municipal Corporation to cooperate with you?

i Disseminate health/hygiene info ii Prompt redressal of complaints iii Regular maintenance of sewerage networks iv Other. Please specify: ____________

V. Septic Tanks a. Are you connected to:

i An individual septic tank ii A community septic tank


b. Who manages the septic tank system?

i Municipal corporation ii Community initiative iii Individual effort iv No one

c. How often do you get the septic tank cleaned?

i < Once a year ii Annually iii Once in 2 years iv Once in 3 years v Yet to clean

d. Who do you call for cleaning septic tanks?

i Municipal corporation ii Private agency, septage vacuum systems

iii Private agency, bacterial decomposition systems iv No one

e. What would you be willing to pay for septic tank cleaning undertaken by the municipal corporation?

i Less than Rs. 300 ii Between Rs. 300-500 iii More than Rs. 500

f. Would you prefer to make the payment

i Via lump sum ii Via installments

g. Where is the septic waste disposed?

i Do not know ii Sewage Treatment Plant iii Open drains

iv Open spaces, such as fields, parks, etc. v Other. Please specify: ____________

h. What support do you want from the municipal corporation for septic tanks?

i Regular hygienic cleaning services at affordable rates ii Safe disposal of waste

iii Installment of septic tanks iv None v Other. Please specify: ____________

VI. Public toilets a. Do you use a public toilet?

Yes No

b. If yes, how often do you use a public toilet?

i Every day ii Every week iii When one is available in vicinity iv Will avoid at all costs

c. Do you have any problems while using a public toilet?


Yes No

d. If yes, what problems?

i Toilet is badly maintained ii No water available in toilet iii Poor hygiene

iv No public toilet in vicinity v Long queues vi Privacy problems

vii Other. Please specify: ____________

e. What can the municipal corporation do to improve public toilets?

i Regular maintenance ii More toilets iii More seats/urinals

iv Regular water supply v Others. Please specify: __________

f. Would you be willing to pay to use a public toilet?

Yes No

g. If yes, how much would be willing to pay per use?

i Less than Rs. 1 ii Between Rs. 1 and 3 iii More than Rs. 3

VII. Health a. What has been the incidence of water borne diseases (such as cholera, diarrhea,

typhoid, dysentery etc.) in the last one year in your family?

i Once a fortnight ii Once a month iii Once in 3 months iv Only during monsoons v Never

b. What are the health expenses borne by you in the last 1 year on treating these water- borne diseases?

i Less than Rs. 100 ii Between Rs. 100 and 500 iii More than Rs. 500

c. Quantify the number of days the economically productive members of the family have not been able to work due to water borne diseases. Please specify: __________

Questionnaire for Commercial establishments

I. Details about the Establishment: a. Name: ______________


b. Type of Establishment:

i Office ii Retail iii Other. Please specify: ___________

c. Number of persons employed: _____________

d. No. of toilets in the establishment: __________

e. Number of seats and urinals per toilet: __________

II. Water Supply a. What is the source of water supply:

i Municipal corporation ii Bore-well iii Private tanker iv Others. Please specify: _______

b. What is the frequency of supply of water per day:

i < 2 hours ii 2-4 hours iii 4-8 hours iv > 8 hours v All day

c. What is the quality of water supplied:

i Always poor ii Occasionally poor iii Average iv Always good

d. What is the adequacy of water supply:


III. Sanitation a. Where is the toilet waste disposed?



IV. Sewerage system a. Do you have a sewerage connection?

Yes No

i. If yes, what is the cost getting a sewer connection? Please specify: _________

ii. If no, how much will you be willing to pay for a sewer connection? Please specify: _________

b. What are the problems that you face with a sewer connection?


i Choking ii Frequent leakage/rupture iii Foul smell iv Overflow during rainy season v Contamination of water resources vi Other. Please specify: ______________

c. How often does the Municipal Corporation visit you for health/ sewerage purposes?

i Once a month ii Once a quarter iii Annually

iv As-needed basis/ when complaint is made v Never

d. How do you expect the Municipal Corporation to cooperate with you?

i Disseminate health/hygiene info ii Prompt redressal of complaints

iii Regular maintenance of sewerage networks iv Other. Please specify: ____________

V. Septic Tanks a. Are you connected to:


b. Who manages the septic tank system?


c. How often do you get the septic tank cleaned?


d. Who do you call for cleaning septic tanks?

i Municipal corporation ii Private agency, septage vacuum systems

iii Private agency, bacterial decomposition systems iv No one

e. What would you be willing to pay for septic tank cleaning undertaken by the municipal corporation?

i Less than Rs. 300 ii Between Rs. 300-500 iii More than Rs. 500

f. Would you prefer to make the payment


g. Where is the septic waste disposed?

i Do not know ii Sewage Treatment Plant iii Open drains



h. What support do you want from the municipal corporation for septic tanks?

i Regular hygienic cleaning services at affordable rates ii Safe disposal of waste

iii Installment of septic tanks iv None v Other. Please specify: ____________

Questionnaire for Industries

I. Details about the Establishment:

a. Name: ________________

b. Number of persons employed: ___________

c. Number of toilets in the establishment: __________

d. Number of seats and urinals per toilet: ___________

e. Type of Industry ______________

II. Toilet waste a. Water Supply

i. What is the source of water supply: i Municipal corporation ii Bore-well iii Private tanker iv Other. Please

specify: _______

ii. What is the frequency of supply of water per day: i < 2 hours ii 2-4 hours iii 4-8 hours iv > 8 hours v All

day

iii. What is the quality of water supplied: i Always poor ii Occasionally poor iii Average iv Always good

iv. What is the adequacy of water supply:

i <Sufficient ii Insufficient iii Other. Please specify: ________ v. vi. What is the source of water supply?

1. Municipal Corporation supply 2. Bore-well 3. Private tankers 4. Others. Please specify: ____________

b. Sanitation

i. Where is the toilet waste disposed? i Sewer line ii Septic tank iii Open drains iv By

manual scavenging



c. Sewerage system i. Do you have a sewerage connection? Yes No

ii. If yes, what is the cost getting a sewer connection? Please specify: _________ iii. If no, how much will you be willing to pay for a sewer connection? Please specify:

_________

iv. What are the problems that you face with a sewer connection? i Choking ii Frequent leakage/rupture iii Foul smell iv Overflow during rainy season v Contamination of water resources vi Other. Please specify: ______________

v. How often does the Municipal Corporation visit you for health/ sewerage purposes?

i Once a month ii Once a quarter iii Annually iv As-needed basis/ when complaint is made v Never

vi. How do you expect the Municipal Corporation to cooperate with you?

i Disseminate health/hygiene info ii Prompt redressal of complaints iii Regular maintenance of sewerage networks iv Other. Please specify: ____________

d. Septic Tanks i. Are you connected to:


ii. Who manages the septic tank system? i Municipal corporation ii Community initiative iii Individual effort iv No one

iii. How often do you get the septic tank cleaned?


iv. Who do you call for cleaning septic tanks?

i Municipal corporation ii Private agency, septage vacuum systems iii Private agency, bacterial decomposition systems iv No one

v. What would you be willing to pay for septic tank cleaning undertaken by the

municipal corporation? i Less than Rs. 300 ii Between Rs. 300-500 iii More than Rs. 500

vi. Would you prefer to make the payment


vii. Where is the septic waste disposed? i Do not know ii Sewage Treatment Plant iii Open drains



viii. What support do you want from the municipal corporation for septic tanks?

i Regular hygienic cleaning services at affordable rates ii Safe disposal of waste iii Installment of septic tanks iv None v Other. Please specify: ____________

Checklist for Public Places Public Places include: Bus terminals, Railways Stations, Schools, Tourist locations,

Government Hospitals

I. Details about the Establishment:

a. Name: ______________

b. Number of toilets in the establishment: _____________

c. Number of seats and urinals per toilet: ____________

II. Toilet waste a. Water Supply

i. What is the source of water supply? i Municipal corporation ii Bore-well iii Private tanker iv Other. Please

specify: _______

ii. What is the frequency of supply of water per day: i < 2 hours ii 2-4 hours iii 4-8 hours iv > 8 hours v All

day

iii. What is the quality of water supplied: i Always poor ii Occasionally poor iii Average iv Always good

iv. What is the adequacy of water supply:


b. Sanitation i. Where is the toilet waste disposed?



c. Sewerage system i. Do you have a sewerage connection?

Yes No

ii. If yes, what is the cost getting a sewer connection? Please specify: _________

iii. How often does the Municipal Corporation visit you for health/ sewerage purposes?


i Once a month ii Once a quarter iii Annually iv As-needed basis/ when complaint is made v Never

d. Septic Tanks

i. Is the public place connected to: i An individual septic tank ii A community septic tank

ii. Who manages the septic tank system?


iii. How often do you get the septic tank cleaned?


iv. Who do you call for cleaning septic tanks? i Municipal corporation ii Private agency, septage vacuum systems iii Private agency, bacterial decomposition systems iv No one

v. Where is the septic waste disposed? i Do not know ii Sewage Treatment Plant iii Open drains iv Open spaces, such as fields, parks, etc. v Other. Please specify: ____________


Annex 4: Minutes of the CTF Meeting Draft Minutes of First City sanitation Task Force Meeting held at Council Hall, Corporation of Cochin, on 19th May 2010

The meeting was headed by Hon. Mayor, CoC and convened by Addl. Secretary, CoC. The meeting started with a welcome address, which was delivered by the Hon. Mayor Prof. Mercy Williams and was followed by the introduction of the participants. Mr. Esakki Raj, GTZ ASEM & Dr. Ramesh Nair, GTZ ASEM, briefed all participants of the GTZ’s ongoing support to the CoC, the proposed CSP preparations, and introduced the IMaCS team members to the CSTF.

Mr. Anand Madhavan and Mr. Sunder.Subramanian of IMaCS presented the background of the NUSP, its objectives and goals, proposed CSP preparations, methodologies, time frame, role of CSTF, and required support from the line departments/ members. The detailed presentation was followed by a discussion among the CSTF members. During the discussions, the following points were highlighted by various members:

Mr. Rangadasa Prabhu, President, Ernakulam District Residents Association Apex Committee (EDRAAC), asked about the type of waste which will be addressed under the CSP. It was informed by the Mayor/IMaCS team, that liquid waste/ wastewater issues are of paramount importance in the area of city sanitation and these need to be addressed on priority basis. The IMaCS team also highlighted the minimal coverage of sewerage network, which is only about 5% of their total wastewater generation.

The Mayor spoke of the ongoing drain cleaning programmes in the major drains by the Irrigation Department and the subsequent problems faced in the tertiary drains. The Mayor asked the team to address both the technical and the non-technical aspects of city sanitation.

Mr. K.M. Abdulla, President, Kerala Hotel & Restaurants Association (KHRA), pointed out on the old pipelines, inadequate collection capacity which leads to breeding of mosquitoes and other water borne diseases. The Mayor mentioned that some solid materials, reaching the drains from Hotel & Hospital wastewater, leads to choking of drains and stressed the needs for organizing the catering units. The Mayor suggested to the team to incorporate medical waste and hotel waste generation in the proposed study. The KHRA also pointed out the necessity of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) structures and that the best practices should be highlighted in the study.

The Residential Association members suggested the need for a coordinated approach in managing the wastewater, storm water, solid waste and water supply in the corporation area for the overall city sanitation improvement. They suggested decentralized treatments units, which could be suitable for Kochi, and stressed the need to promote rain water harvesting structures in the buildings. They also suggested considering both human and animal excreta in the CSP preparation. The IMaCS team ensured that the livestock population will be taken into account and will be incorporated in the study.

Mr. Baby Antony, Additional Secretary, CoC, asked the study team to highlight the uncovered area which lacks proper urban services. Mr. K.V. Sukumaran, Jt. General Manager, Fertilisers and Chemicals of Travancore Ltd., (FACT), Mr. Alakali Joji Paul, Cochin Port Trust, & Mr. K.S. Shine, Secretary, District Tourism Promotion Council, Ernakulam expressed their support and interest for this programme.


Mr. G. Karthikeyan, Kerala Merchants Union, suggested that the team adopt a holistic approach in CSP preparation, by coming up with concrete solutions that could benefit the urban residents and could reach grass root level.

Mr. Mathew Joseph, S.E. & Project Coordinator JNNURM Projects, Kerala Water Authority, briefed all attendees on the existing wastewater and water supply service, its coverage area and the ongoing JNNURM and KSUDP schemes for the wastewater management of the city. He also explained the difficulties faced in Kochi in implementing new schemes, due to its geographical nature.

Mr. Gopalakrishnan, Senior Town Planning Officer, Greater Cochin Development Authority, highlighted the need of the CSP and pointed out the health issues due to lack of proper sewerage and adequate storm water networks, which poses serious threat to city residents and the urban environment. He also suggested the set up of decentralized treatment units in Kochi, due to the city’s unique geographical setting and its adequate institutional mechanisms and legal framework.

Mr. Kabeer B. Haroon, Project Director, CREDAI (Formerly Kerala Builders Forum), extended his cooperation for this study and shared his group’s ongoing waste management experiences in apartments /flats.

Also during the discussion Mr. Sunder, IMaCS expressed the non-availability of data on the number of septic tanks, septic tank cleaning operators, the lacunae in organizing the private operators, and the dearth of septage treatment and disposal. He ensured that necessary attempts will be made to incorporate the existing status of these issues in the CSP.

The Mayor explained the difficulties faced by the Corporation in managing waste and highlighted “best practices” in other cities. She expressed the need to share “best practices” in other cities and bye-laws in tackling waste management issues. She also mentioned that there may be some initial resistance in collecting tax or user fee, but she hopes the residents will cooperate for better urban services. Additionally, she called for a systematic and strategic approach during the CSP preparations.

The Mayor read out the list of members of City Sanitation Task Force and asked for comments. It was suggested and agreed by the CSTF to include following agencies as a stakeholder in the CSTF.

1. Kerala Chamber of Commerce

2. Kerala Vyabari Vyabasai Samiti

3. Sujithwa Kerala Mision (by District Administration)

4. District Sanitation Committee

Finally the meeting ended with a vote of thanks by the Mayor.


Annex 5: State Level Urban Governance Structure


Annex 6: Organogram of CoC

CSP for Kochi city - Status Report 78 Annex 7: Organogram - KWA


Annex 8: Map of Exisiting and Proposed Sewerage Coverage


Annex 9: Ward Map and Ward Level Population Projections

Ward No Ward Name

Ward Area

(hectare) Population

2001 Population

2011 Population

2021 Population

2031 Population

2041

1 Fort Kochi 143.58 12608 13742 14491 14882 14796 2 Kalvathi 38.23 8236 8977 9466 9721 9665 3 Iraveli 17.39 9074 9890 10429 10710 10649


Ward No Ward Name

Ward Area


2001 Population

2011 Population

2021 Population

2031 Population

2041

4 Karippalam 39.62 10733 11698 12336 12668 12595 5 Mattanchery 62.11 12984 14152 14923 15325 15237 6 Kochangadi 31.71 8035 8758 9235 9484 9429 7 Cheralai 60.96 10186 11102 11707 12023 11954 8 Panayappilly 71.43 11385 12409 13085 13438 13361 9 Chakkamadam 29.84 5382 5866 6186 6353 6316

10 Karuvelippady 59.01 8307 9054 9548 9805 9749 11 Thoppumpadi 98.71 9757 10635 11214 11516 11450 12 Tharebhagam 83.81 8526 9293 9799 10063 10006 13 Kadebhagam 61.75 9705 10578 11154 11455 11389 14 Thazhuppu 90.09 10285 11210 11821 12140 12070 15 Edakochi 104.4 7915 8627 9097 9342 9288 16 Edakochi South 148.13 8532 9300 9806 10071 10013 17 Perumpadappu 70.81 9074 9890 10429 10710 10649 18 Konam 87.57 9176 10001 10546 10831 10768

19 Palluruthy - Kacherippady 70.6 10114 11024 11624 11938 11869

20 Nambyapuram 56.58 8122 8853 9335 9587 9531 21 Pullardesham 76.22 10563 11513 12141 12468 12396 22 Mundamveli 118.91 7808 8510 8974 9216 9163 23 Manassery 62.01 8076 8802 9282 9532 9477 24 Moolamkuzhi 59 7688 8380 8836 9074 9022 25 Chullikkal 43.28 8017 8738 9214 9463 9408 26 Nazarath 32.88 7140 7782 8206 8428 8379 27 Fort Cochin Veli 57.36 6788 7399 7802 8012 7966 28 Amaravathy 47.64 11240 12251 12919 13267 13190

29 Wellinton Island South 244.95 2729 2974 3137 3221 3203

30 Wellinton Island North 595.68 3060 3335 3517 3612 3591

31 Vaduthala West 109.9 10290 11216 11827 12146 12076 32 Vaduthala East 83.02 7229 7879 8309 8533 8483 33 Elamakkara North 94 8939 9743 10274 10551 10490 34 Puthukkalavattom 116.43 7880 8589 9057 9301 9247 35 Ponekkara 112.59 8060 8785 9264 9513 9459 36 Kunnumpuarm 206.58 8040 8763 9241 9490 9435 37 Edappally 161.08 8185 8921 9407 9661 9605 38 Devankulangara 177.59 9323 10162 10715 11004 10941 39 Karukappilly 113.88 8185 8921 9407 9661 9605 40 Mamangalam 98.31 6003 6543 6899 7085 7045 41 Vennala 201.59 10465 11406 12028 12352 12281 42 Palarivattom 123.02 12087 13174 13892 14267 14184 43 Karanakodam 131.56 9672 10542 11116 11416 11350 44 Thammanam 129.53 7821 8524 8989 9231 9178 45 Chakkraparambu 200.4 7991 8710 9184 9432 9378 46 Chalikkavattom 82.39 5120 5581 5885 6043 6008 47 Ponnurunny East 111.14 5407 5893 6215 6382 6345 48 Vyttila 174.98 7855 8562 9028 9271 9218 49 Poonithura 127.75 7122 7763 8186 8406 8358


Ward No Ward Name

Ward Area


2001 Population

2011 Population

2021 Population

2031 Population

2041

50 Vyttila Janatha 136.7 7913 8625 9095 9340 9286 51 Ponnurnny 117.91 8376 9129 9627 9886 9829 52 Elamkulam 130.33 8841 9636 10161 10435 10375 53 Giri Nagar 93.49 7398 8063 8503 8732 8682 54 Panampally Nagar 81.83 5885 6414 6764 6946 6906 55 Kadavanthra 185.82 9268 10102 10652 10939 10876 56 Konthuruthy 73.05 7321 7980 8414 8641 8591 57 Thevara 92.54 4737 5163 5445 5591 5559 58 Perumanoor 103.5 8526 9293 9799 10063 10006 59 Ravipuram 147.55 6093 6641 7003 7192 7150 60 Ernakulam South 155.92 7821 8524 8989 9231 9178 61 Gandinagar 158.08 9915 10807 11396 11703 11636 62 Kathrukadavu 118.92 9076 9892 10432 10713 10651 63 Kaloor South 113.44 7625 8311 8764 9000 8948 64 Ernakulam Central 159.71 12002 13082 13794 14166 14085 65 Ernakulam North 82.41 5017 5468 5766 5922 5888 66 Ayyappankavu 163.21 6718 7322 7721 7929 7884 67 Thrikkanar Vattom 68.4 9345 10186 10741 11030 10967 68 Kaloor North 103.29 8424 9182 9682 9943 9886 69 Elamakkara South 96.72 13057 14231 15007 15412 15323 70 Pachalam 109.07 8044 8768 9245 9495 9440 71 Thattazham 111.52 8152 8885 9369 9622 9567


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Disclaimer: The report is based on information collected by IMaCS from sources believed to be reliable. While all reasonable care has been taken to ensure that the information contained herein is not untrue or misleading, IMaCS is not responsible for any losses that the client may incur from the use of this report or its contents. The assessment is based on information that is currently available and is liable to change. The analysis that follows should not be construed to be a credit rating assigned by ICRA’s Rating Division for any of the company’s debt instruments. IMaCS is not a legal

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