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Towards 100 Gbps: Challenges and Solutions inOptical Networking

Julian Lucek

HEAnet National Networking Conference 2010

V2.0


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3Copyright 2010 Juniper Networks, Inc. www.juniper.net

Inter-POP capacity trends: IP/MPLS layer

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

inter-city

capacity(Gbps)

1995 1998 2000 2006 2009

Year

E3/STM1

STM16

STM64STM256

N x 10GE


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40 GE and 100 GE industry forums

Grey interfaces Up to 40km over dark fibre

Intra-PoP and intra-city connections

Ethernet Alliance High Speed Ethernet (HSE)technical subcommittee

IEEE P802.3ba 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s EthernetTask Force Ratified 20 June 2010, so the work of the task force is now

complete!- http://standards.ieee.org/announcements/2010/ratification8023ba.html

Transport over long-haul networks Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF)


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Deployment scenarios

100 GE link over dark fibre (grey interface)

Defined by IEEE

Transponderon DWDM

system

Transponderon DWDM

system

100GE signal within long-haul DWDM system (line-side)


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6 Copyright 2010 Juniper Networks, Inc. www.juniper.net

How to transport data over fibre?

Optical power

time

1 0 1 1

Traditional approach (e.g. 10 GE) is to use ON-OFF-

KEYING (OOK).

But this is very difficult at 100 Gbps:Challenging to build transmitters and receivers withsufficient modulation bandwidthDetrimental propagation effects in the optical fibre


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100 Gbps serial using On-Off Keying (OOK) is physically possible(see above) but currently complex/expensive.

Instead, the IEEE grey interface formats use multiple lanes.

100 Gbps serial is very tough!


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IEEE 802.3ba formats

40 Gb/s 100 Gb/s

Backplane(At least 1 m)

40GBASE-KR4

Copper CableAssembly(At least 10 m)

40GBASE-CR4 100GBASE-CR10

MMF (OM3)

(At least 100 m)40GBASE-SR4 100GBASE-SR10

SMF(At least 10 km) 40GBASE-LR4 100GBASE-LR4

SMF(At least 40 km)

100GBASE-ER4

4 x 25 GbpsCWDM

10 x 10 Gbpsparallel fibres


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100GBASE-LR4 and 100GBASE-ER4

Uses coarse WDM, in 1300 nm band

Four wavelengths, approx 4.5 nm spacing

Wavelength (nm)1295.5 1300 1304.5 1309


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Pluggable optics (CFP)

Pluggable optics modules have proven very popular for 10GE,

STM16, 1GE etc (XFP, SFP etc)

Hence a Multi-Source Agreement for pluggable optics modulehas been defined for 40GE/100GE applications: CFP.

See http://www.cfp-msa.org for more details.
http://www.cfp-msa.org/http://www.cfp-msa.org/http://www.cfp-msa.org/http://www.cfp-msa.org/


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CFP module dimensions

CFP Host Configuration

CFP Module

125 mm x 86 mmhost-board footprint

140 mm x 78 mm x 13.6 mm(AKA double-wide XENPAK)


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CFP module details

Source: http://www.cfp-msa.org/Documents/CFP-MSA-DRAFT-rev-1-0.pdf


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100 GE and DWDM networks


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100GE and DWDM systems: 100 Gbps on one wavelength

As already mentioned, propagating 100 Gbps signal serially using On-Off Keying

(OOK) is very toughAs well as the difficulties with the transmitters and receivers, there are alsopropagation issues in the fibre e.g.

Chromatic Dispersion (CD)

Polarisation Mode Dispersion (PMD)

These severely reduce the maximum propagation distance for OOK at higherbit rates


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OSNR, CD AND PMD TOLERANCES OF SERIAL OOK

Need moresophisticatedmodulation formats!

OSNR = opticalsignal to noise ratio

DD Rx = DirectDetection Receiver


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100GE and DWDM systems: 100 Gbps on one wavelength

Solution is to use higher order modulation format, with coherent

detection.

Higher order modulation format: more bits per symbol

Coherent detection:

Uses local oscillator(laser at same frequency as incoming signal)

Preserves amplitude/phase information, so CD and PMD can becompensated using Digital Signal Processing

Such schemes have been used in radio world for decades (at muchlower bit-rates), but commercial use of such schemes is very novel forthe photonic world!


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Higher order modulation scheme: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK)

00

01 10

11

Above diagram is for one polarisation. Using the orthogonal polarisation inaddition, can carry 4 bits per symbol in total (DP-QPSK)

Very resilient tochromatic dispersion (CD)and polarisation modedispersion (PMD)!

Removes need for in-lineCD and PMDcompensators

Good spectral efficiency(2 bps/Hz)


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100GE field trial

Successful joint field trial has been completed

Juniper Networks, Verizon, NEC, Finisar

T1600 with 100GE interface

Finisar 100GBASE-LR4 CFP optics

NEC DWDM system, 100GE signal transported on a single

wavelength DP-QPSK modulation format with coherent detection

Tested in Verizon network, over a distance of 1520 km

See http://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.html for more info
http://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.html


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100 GE field trial (continued)

The results of the field trial were reported in the OFC

conference, week of 22 March 2010.The following slides are from the conference paper..


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Trial set-up

Source: T.J. Xia et al, OFC/NFOEC 2010


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Trial results

Source: T.J. Xia et al, OFC/NFOEC 2010


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Future evolution

No transponder on DWDM system!Coloured, tunable 100 GE interface on the router.

Transponderon DWDM

system

Transponderon DWDM

system

CFP grey optics CFP grey opticsLong-haul coloured optics


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Beyond 100G

How to increase the bit-rate even

further? Very analogous toradio

More bits per symbol (yet higher-order modulation format, e.g. 64-QAM)

More symbols per second

Multiple sub-carriers (OrthogonalFrequency Division MultiplexingOFDM)


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400 Gbps scheme

Tx1

Tx2

Tx3

Tx4

l1

l2

l3

l4

400 Gb/s

x

y

x

y


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Optical Interworking Forum (OIF) work on 100G long-haul

100G Ultra-long haul Framework

www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdf

100G Forward Error Correction Whitepaper

http://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF_FEC_100G-01.0.pdf

Implementation agreement for 100G transmitter

http://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-PMQ-TX-01.0.pdf

Implementation agreement for 100G receiver

http://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF_DPC_RX-01.0.pdf
http://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF_FEC_100G-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-PMQ-TX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF_DPC_RX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF_DPC_RX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF_DPC_RX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF_DPC_RX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-PMQ-TX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-PMQ-TX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-PMQ-TX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-PMQ-TX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-PMQ-TX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-PMQ-TX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-PMQ-TX-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF_FEC_100G-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF_FEC_100G-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF_FEC_100G-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdfhttp://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-FD-100G-DWDM-01.0.pdf


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Useful References

IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/ba/

CFP specifications

http://www.cfp-msa.org/

100 GE router interface datasheet

http://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/fact-sheets-

backgrounder/3000063-en.pdf

Field trial (Juniper, NEC, Verizon, Finisar)

http://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.html
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/ba/http://www.cfp-msa.org/http://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/fact-sheets-backgrounder/3000063-en.pdfhttp://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/fact-sheets-backgrounder/3000063-en.pdfhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2010/verizon-juniper-nec-and.htmlhttp://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/fact-sheets-backgrounder/3000063-en.pdfhttp://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/fact-sheets-backgrounder/3000063-en.pdfhttp://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/fact-sheets-backgrounder/3000063-en.pdfhttp://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/fact-sheets-backgrounder/3000063-en.pdfhttp://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/fact-sheets-backgrounder/3000063-en.pdfhttp://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/fact-sheets-backgrounder/3000063-en.pdfhttp://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/fact-sheets-backgrounder/3000063-en.pdfhttp://www.cfp-msa.org/http://www.cfp-msa.org/http://www.cfp-msa.org/http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/ba/


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