Billingsley, Hernandez 1

Louis Armstrong: The Jazz Legend

Senior Group Website

Janae Billingsley and Audree Hernandez

Billingsley, Hernandez 2

Primary Sources

Personal Interviews

"Dan Morgenstern." E-mail interview. 17 Apr. 2015.

- When we were looking for more jazz historians to contact, we came across an article

about Dan Morgenstern. The article was discussing how Mr. Morgenstern had knew

Armstrong for a good 20 years and was retiring from Rutgers University. After reading

more about Mr. Morgensterns accomplishments, we needed to interview him. Mr.

Morgenstern helped us compare life when Armstrong was alive to now. He also gave us

personal insight on our website and helped us reach Ricky Riccardi (director at the

Louis Armstrong House Museum). We are very thankful for the interview and all the

extra help from Mr. Morgenstern.

"Ed Kopp." E-mail interview. 20 Feb. 2015.

- When we were searching for information about the blues, we came across this

informational article. We wanted to know if this author was still alive, and if it was

possible to have his input on our website and what he thought about Armstrong. After

researching on the website, we found Ed Kopp. Ed Kopp is a jazz historian and editor

for Jazziz Magazine in New York. He was really friendly and we were happy to

including his opinion on our blues section

“Elaine Hayes.” E-mail Interview. 21 Feb. 2015.

- Mrs. Hayes is a Jazz Historian. Although she specializes on female vocalists of the

1940s she was still a great help. She didn’t acquire much knowledge about Louis

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Armstrong but she helped us learn more about segregation holding back colored

musicians. She was a big piece of our Historical Content page.

"Helga Rosser." Telephone interview. 9 Apr. 2015.

- Thanks to our history teacher, Mrs. Krause, we were able to interview a family friend

of hers who happened to have a personal experience with Louis Armstrong herself. As

it turns out in her teen years in Germany, right after WWII, Mrs. Rosser went to see the

very loved and famous Armstrong in Germany. Our interview was held on the phone

but recorded on document. She still remembered every detail so vividly despite her age.

Through those same years she had travelled immensely back and forth between

Germany and America so she knew the cultural differences very clearly. We added

some of her quotes in our website as well for a personal type of spin.

"Steven Harris." E-mail interview. 21 Apr. 2015.

- He is a jazz historian, archivist, author, and producer. We found him through a jazz

radio station sharing his ideas about the works of Louis Armstrong. We were on the

search for interviewing Jazz Historians for a more professional input to our project and

we had the chance to interview him at the right time. From Mr. Harris we learned more

information about the negative effects of the civil rights era on Armstrong as well as a

bigger image of who at the time disliked Armstrong’s work. We did happen to use

some of his quotes throughout our website.

"Wendell Kelly." E-mail interview. 1 Feb. 2015.

- When we started our research we wanted to find someone that is currently involved in

the jazz movement. After talking to our jazz teacher at school, he referred us to

Wendell Kelly. He is a professional musician that plays all kinds of instruments. Mr.

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Kelly helped us gain insight on the current jazz movement and where Armstrongs

methods are used.

Official Documents

Armstrong, Louis. “Telegram to Eisenhower”. 1957. Louis Armstrong House Museum.

Digital file.

- This was the official letter that Armstrong sent to Eisenhower after hearing in the news

that someone was preventing nine black children from entering a school in Little Rock

Arkansas. Armstrong was furious when he sent the letter. Many people believe that it

was Armstrong’s letter that made Eisenhower react to the nonsense.

United States House of Foreign Affairs. Recognizing "International Jazz Day." House

Resolution 179. 24 April 2013. 113th Congress: Rep. Conyers, John Jr., 2013. Library of

Congress. Web. 22 April 2015.

- This is the official document making International Jazz day officially on April 30. This

was made in honor of all the jazz ambassadors that promoted American music on

worldwide tours. The tour featured many artists that included Armstrong and a few

other legends.

Newspapers

Bankhead, Tallulah. “The World’s Greatest Musician.” Ebony [New York] Dec. 1952:

Cover page. Print.

- This magazine article showed Tallulah Bankhead’s love for Louis Armstrong. She did a

special tribute to “The World’s Greatest Musician” and said some inspiring words

about him. We also used this article for the portrait of her and Louis Armstrong on the

cover.

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Meryman, Richard. "An Authentic American Genius." Life 15 Apr. 1966: 92-116. Print.

- We used the interview in this tribute for quotes. We also used the interview as a source

to learn about how people felt about Armstrong when he died, compared to when he

was alive. Many fans unexpectedly showed up when he died, so we wanted to know

how many of them were real.

Saal, Hubert. "Good-by Louis." Newsweek 19 July 1971: 76. Print.

- We gained some information from this article of how Armstrong impacted the society.

This tribute was beneficial to knowing how Armstrong impacted the people of New

Orleans and the nation as a whole.

Photos

Armstrong, Louis. "Satchmo Collection." Letter to President Eisenhower. 24 Sept. 1957.

Louis Armstrong House Museum. Eisenhower Presidential Library, n.d. Web. 19 Apr.

2015.

- This telegram was sent to President Eisenhower after Armstrong made a desegregation

statement about Little Rock Nine. Armstrong was furious after finding that someone

was preventing the children from entering the Central High School. When Armstrong

reacted, people were surprised and he immediately made headlines.People believe that

his opinion is what made Eisenhower react to the situation by sending troops to let the

children in the school.

Armstrong, Lucille. Cairo - United Arab Republic - January 28, 1961. 1961. Louis

Armstrong Collection, New Orleans. Louis Armstrong House Museum. Web. 22 Apr.

2015.

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- This photo showed many happy children in Cairo surrounding Armstrong while he is

playing his trumpet. While Armstrong was touring the world as a Jazz Ambassador he

was able to inspire people all around the world. Armstrong was chosen to tour the

world and spread American music, and did a very good job at that.

Baldwin, Davarian L. "The Civil Rights Movement." Africana Age. Andrew W. Mellon

Foundation, 2008. Web. 19 Apr. 2015.

- This photo shows black people protesting during the Jim Crow era. This photo is deep

because it shows them protesting in a nice neighborhood. Seeing this shows me that

people who were determined on what they wanted, went through the extremes to get it.

Counts, Wilmer Ira, Jr. Elizabeth Eckford and Hazel Bryan. 1957. Indiana University.

Indiana University - Bloomington. Web. 19 Apr. 2015.

- This photo has so much value to it. It was known as “The Screaming Image” only

because it shows a white girl, Hazel Bryan, yelling at African American, Elizabeth

Eckford, while she is walking inside of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.

This photo is what Armstrong saw on TV before his famous statement with reporter,

Larry Lubenow. Years after the incident, Hazel has apologized and the girls are now

friends.

Cunningham, DeVon C. Louis Armstrong. 2004. Smithsonian Institution. National Portrait

Gallery. Smithsonian Institution. Web. 18 Apr. 2015.

- This photo is another piece of art done by someone inspired by Armstrong. The photo

is pretty unique showing Armstrong blowing his horn with the American flag and a

brick wall in the background. Although, the photo includes some foreign language, it

still shows the self expression of the artist.

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Highsmith, Carol M. “Entrance arch to Louis Armstrong Park in the Treme neighborhood

of New Orleans, Louisiana”. c2006. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib. of

Cong. Web. 10 Feb. 2012

- This photo is of the entrance to Louis Armstrong Park. This photo was one that we

found on the Archives to show how Armstrong has impacted many people after he died.

Highsmith, Carol M. “Louis Armstrong Statue, New Orleans, Louisiana.”c2006.

Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib. of Cong. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.

- We used the statue in the park to demonstrate how Armstrong impacted the people of

New Orleans after he died. The statue sits in Louis Armstrong park in New Orleans,

LA.

Hirschfeld, Al. Louis Armstrong. 1996. The Al Hirschfeld Foundation, New York, NY.

National Portrait Gallery. Smithsonian Institution. Web. 19 Apr. 2015.

- This caricature was different than other caricatures of black figures. The artist didn’t

emphasize on stereotypes, but on Armstrong’s specialties. He emphasized how big

Armstrong’s “satchelmouth” was and how he held his trumpet. This shows that people

didn’t only view him as an average black man, but the biggest inspiration of jazz, Louis

Armstrong.

Pilgrim, David. " The Tom Caricature." JCM: The Tom Caricature. Ferris State

University, 2012. Web. 22 Apr. 2015.

- From this site we obtained the photo of the advertisement for the Uncle Tom’s Cabin

play. We added this photo to our “other side” page because people frequently referred

to Armstrong as Uncle Tom. Uncle Tom is someone who is often accused of pleasing

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whites only to elevate themselves -- socially, politically, and economically. On the

“other side” page we explain how that label wasn’t true.

Ross, John. Louis Armstrong. 2003. Smithsonian Institution. National Portrait Gallery.

Smithsonian Institution, 23 Dec. 2011. Web. 18 Apr. 2015.

- This is another piece of art done by someone who was inspired by Armstrong. When

looking for photos on the National Portrait Gallery we came across this piece of art

along with many others. It was fascinating to see what most people emphasize on when

drawing Armstrong.

Shahn, Ben. Louis Armstrong. 1956. Gouache on paper. Smithsonian Institution, New

York, NY. National Portrait Gallery. Estate of Ben Shahn, 02 Mar. 2006. Web. 18 Apr.

2015.

- This is a piece of art done by someone who was inspired by Armstrong. We included

art in our website to show that people were able to demonstrate self expression in many

different ways.

Wang, Wendy. Sunrise Concert on International Jazz Day. 2012. New York, New York.

Jazz Day. Web. 22 Apr. 2015.

- This is the official website of International Jazz Day. This website provided us with

information of how the jazz ambassadors impacted the government so much that they

designated an international day for jazz. International Jazz Day is celebrated on April

30 every year all across the world.

Wynn, Ron. "LOUIS ARMSTRONG Greatest Performances of the '30s, '40s, '50s and

'60s American Songwriter." American Songwriter. N.p., 1 July 2008. Web. 03 Dec. 2014.

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- We used the Armstrong magazine cover from this website. Although Armstrong was

pretty popular for articles, we was rarely found on magazine covers until after he died.

Therefore, the articles are something special about him.

“6 year old - Ruby Bridges”. c1960. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib. of

Cong. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.

- Ruby Bridges was the first black child to go to a previously all white school. I used her

in our website because of the events that were happening in New Orleans, while

Armstrong was alive. By choosing historical content events we learn that Armstrong

wasn’t the main picture during that period.

"Satchmo." Neatorama. Web. 02 Dec. 2014.

- From this website we were able to see a variety of photos to use on our website. We

found the picture of the Colored Waifs Home and an interesting Satchmo CD cover.

The information of this page was about Armstrong’s legacy on and off the stage.

Books

Armstrong, Louis. Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1954.

Print.

- This book was our main resource for information. It was written by Louis Armstrong

and it was the first biography of (and by) a jazz musician. We really enjoyed seeing

Armstrong's world through his own eyes. We also enjoyed being able to double check

certain events to make sure we don’t get any false information.

Bennett, Lerone. "Louis Armstrong." Ebony Pictorial History of Black America. Vol. 5.

Chicago: Johnson, 1973. 262-67. Print. The 1973 Yearbook.

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- This source provided a brief biography on Armstrong and many sourceful pictures of

his family and lifestyle. Some important information mentioned was how people think

that he contributed to the Civil Right's Movement.

Blumenthal, Bob. Jazz: An Introduction to the History and Legend Behind America's

Music. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. Print.

- From this book we used the biography of Louis Armstrong with some of the quotes and

a reference to Armstrong’s leadership and the legacy he left behind.

Boyce, Rubert W. Yellow Fever Prophylaxis in New Orleans, 1905. London: Committee of

the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 1906. Print.

- This book provided me information about the yellow fever in 1905 during the outbreak

in New Orleans. We were able to understand how it was for people and how the yellow

fever affected many citizens during the time period of Armstrong being alive.

Jones, Max, and John Chilton. Die Louis-Armstrong-Story: 1900-1971. Freiburg (im

Breisgau), Basel, Wien: Herder, 1972. Print.

- We used many photos from this book and some quotes. This book provided some

beneficial information to the hardships of Armstrong and his life. Also, the

accomplishments that followed.

Shapiro, Nat, and Nat Hentoff. "Edmond Hall." Hear Me Talkin' to Ya; the Story of Jazz

as Told by the Men Who Made It. New York: Dover Publications, 1966. 22. Print.

- This book is literally made by the people who influenced jazz to its fullest. This book

includes a great amount of useful quotes and information about other artists during the

jazz era. The book includes people who do like other artists and also the ones who

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don’t. The book also has a lot of information about Armstrong and the background of

New Orleans from the people who lived there.

Teachout, Terry. Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrong. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,

2009. Print.

- This source had a lot of great interviews from people who personally knew Armstrong.

This book had beneficial information about the depths of Armstrong’s life. This book

was the best biography of Armstrong we have found thus far.

Videos

Betty Boop: I'll Be Glad When You're Dead, You Rascal You Photog. Max Fleischer.

Paramount Publix Corporation, 1932. Lib. of Cong. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.

- This video is a betty boop cartoon that features Louis Armstrong and his band. This

cartoon has a negative showing of Armstrong as he features as a gorilla with a big grin.

This gives people the wrong impression of African Americans and what they are in

reality.

Diet Coke Commercial. Perf. Louis Armstrong and Elton John. Coca Cola Company,

1992. 30 Jan. 2009. Web. 22 Apr. 2015.

- This commercial is an example of Armstrong’s role in the film industry. When looking

at the actors and actresses in the commercial you notice that they are all white. Louis

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Armstrong was one of the few blacks that was able to work with the other race

faithfully. By doing this, Armstrong was slowly breaking the desegregation barrier.

Jacobs, Phoebe. "Louis Armstrong Jazz Oral History Project." Interview. New York

Public Library. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 11 Sept. 1996. Web. 23

Feb. 2015.

- Phoebe Jacobs gives a fantastic interview about Louis Armstrong. In this interview she

is able to show how Armstrong inspired others through his positive mindset. We really

enjoyed this interview and chose to insert it on our interview page.

Suzy Cute Doll Commercial. Prod. Topper Toys. Perf. Louis Armstrong. Topper Toys,

1964. Suzy Cute Doll with Louis Armstrong. Public Domain, 31 Dec. 2014. Web. 22 Apr.

2015.

- This film shows how much whites’ trusted Armstrong around their kids. During this

time period most people believed that blacks had diseases that whites couldn’t obtain,

and wouldn’t allow them around their kids. Armstrong allowed people to gain a new

outlook on blacks and to not follow stereotypes.

"Louis Armstrong, "A Rhapsody in Black and Blue" n.p. 5 Oct. 2008. Web. 22 Apr.

2015.

- This video shows Armstrong in a film that has more black actors/actresses. We used

this film as an example of showing how film went to mainly white to some blacks and

then to a balance of blacks and whites. Armstrong was a figure that helped the

segregation within the entertainment industry.

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Websites

Householder, Mike. "The Origins of Jim Crow." Jim Crow Museum: Origins of Jim Crow.

Associated Press, 19 Apr. 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.

- This website has some great information about the Jim Crow Era that we can use to

expand on. Also, we are able to understand how segregation was during the Jim Crow

Era. The Jim Crow era was hard for many people because of the many rules set into

place, but once people started to voice their opinion things started changing.

Hudson, Sara. "Satchmo SummerFest: A New Orleans Style Birthday Bash."

GoNOLA.com. N.p., 22 July 2013. Web. 03 Dec. 2014.

- This website describes an event in New Orleans that celebrates Louis Armstrong’s

birthday. The event demonstrates how people of New Orleans still appreciate

Armstrong’s legacy even after he died. This event is also used to recognize people who

were inspired by Armstrong.

Nelson, Dr. D M. "Conflicting Views on Segregation." The White Citizens Council. N.p.,

Oct. 1955. Web. 24 Feb. 2015.

- This “white” 1955 newspaper has an article that describes the segregation issues during

that era. It was very beneficial to our historical content page about how people felt

about segregation during that time. Also, to notice how people recognized each other

when writing about political issues.

New Orleans Celebrate the Life of Armstrong." Intercontinental New Orleans. N.p., 14

July 2014. Web. 3 Dec. 2014.

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- This website describes an event in New Orleans that celebrates Louis Armstrong’s

Birthday. Louis Armstrong was a great influence on New Orleans. They gladly

celebrate his birthday every year as a form of remembrance and gratitude of the legend.

Patricia, Richard. "Louis Armstrong: Original FBI Files: Interesting FBI Paperwork

Involving Cases Surrounding This Person. Really Neat!"Google Books. FBI File, 8 Aug.

1962. Web. 24 Feb. 2015.

- This FBI file was very beneficial to finding quotes to support why people didn’t like

Armstrong. It was very interesting to find an actual case against Armstrong and how

that may have affected people’s views of him.

Sutton, Isaac. Mourners at Louis Armstrong Funeral Rally. 1971. Ebony Collection, New

Orleans, LA. All Posters.com. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.

- Louis Armstrong had many fans that came to his funeral. This photos shows a section

of the people that paid their respects to the legend at his funeral. This picture is very

inspiring and touching to show how many people appreciated Armstrong.

"Louis Armstrong House Museum - Multimedia." Louis Armstrong House Museum -

Multimedia. Web. 25 Oct. 2014.

- Louis Armstrong used to enjoy making audio clips while doing anything. Armstrong

has a collection of different audio clips that are publically available for people to

personally connect with Armstrong. By listening to these clips you not only learn of his

life, but how to see his life through his eyes.

Secondary Sources

Antos, Jason D. "Louis Armstrong On Civil Rights, 1957." Louis Armstrong Broke

Silence On Civil Rights In 1957. Queens Gazette, 03 Mar. 2010. Web. 22 Apr. 2015

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- This article speaks of the day Louis Armstrong made noise in 2010. The article explains

the impact that this day had on segregation til this day. The fact that people still write

articles about this day 53 years later is amazing. Armstrong wasn’t too involved in the

segregation events, but if no one had said anything to the President, he might not have

taken action.

Armstrong, Louis, and Thomas David. Brothers. Louis Armstrong, in His Own Words:

Selected Writings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. Print.

- This is the edited version of Louis Armstrong, in His Own Words. Armstrong tells of

his journey from poverty to fame. These writings reveal Armstrongs honest, and often

controversial, opinions about racism, bebop, and fellow jazz artists.

Brothers, Thomas David. Louis Armstrong, Master of Modernism. First ed. New York:

W.W. Norton, 2014. Print.

- Louis Armstrong, Master of Modernism blends cultural history and personal accounts

from Armstrong's acquaintances to reveal his enduring contributions to jazz and

popular music at a time when he and his bandmates couldn’t count on food or even a

friendly face on their travels across the country.

Cooker, Jeremy. "Birthplace of Jazz." Birthplace of Jazz. New Orleans Tourism

Marketing Corporation, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.

- This source describes The birthplace of jazz as being New Orleans. We used this source

because of how it describes that Jazz wasn't born on a particular day, it was created

over a period of time. Also, it wasn't just one person or one race that was responsible

for creating it.

Crouch, Stanley. "Louis Armstrong | The 20 Most Influential Americans of All Time |

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TIME.com." NewsFeed Most Influential Americans. Time Magazine, 24 July 2012.

Web. 25 Oct. 2014.

- The author of this article definitely uses descriptive words to describe the plot of

Armstrong’s life. He keeps it very short and gets to the point. I like this article because

it was written recently and shows that people still remember Armstrong’s legacy.

Daniels, Patricia. "What Do You Know About Louis Armstrong?" About. Web. 06 Nov.

2014.

- This source has information about what Louis Armstrong did during some important

events (such as World War 2 and The Great Depression). We used this for some of our

background information to explain how he continued to inspire and spread his music to

others when times weren't their best.

George, Charles. Life under the Jim Crow Laws. San Diego: Lucent, 2000. Print.

- From this book we were able to find a lot of information about the background of the

Jim Crow era. We also were able to find the last connection to the Jim Crow Era and

the events that impacted the African American society, such as, Harlem Renaissance,

Civil Rights, etc.

Hicks, Amanda. "International Jazz Day: Living Legacy of the U.S. Jazz Ambassadors."

U.S. Department of State Official Blog. N.p., 29 Apr. 2015. Web. 22 Apr. 2015.

- This website provided a historical view on the purpose of International Jazz Day. I was

able to learn the background of the event and who was all involved. We also learned the

legacy of the Jazz Ambassador Tours and how it has impacted jazz today by the

establishment of International Jazz Day.

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Hughes, Glenn. "Jazz Sucks: A Rant." SMART as Hell RSS. SMARTasHELL, 14 Feb.

2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2015.

- We enjoyed the opinion on this page about the cross-cultural empathy about the jazz.

Hughes was really open about the topic and provided us with a reasonable reason why

he didn’t like the Jazz.

Kopp, Ed. "A Brief History of the Blues." All About Jazz. All About Jazz, 16 Aug. 2005.

Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

- After reading this article we told the writer about using it in our website. He was very

appreciated and we offered to interview him finding out that he was a writer and editor

in New York. This really surprised us to know that from one good informational article,

we were able to find a writer who also loves Armstrong.

Margolick, David. "The Day Louis Armstrong Made Noise." The New York Times. The

New York Times, 22 Sept. 2007. Web. 22 Apr. 2015.

- This article focuses on the details of the day Louis Armstrong made noise. I included

this article because it was published 50 years after Armstrong made headlines. This

shows the profound impact the this day had on the world during that time and currently.

Moyer, Justin. "All That Jazz Isn’t All That Great." Washington Post. The Washington

Post, 8 Aug. 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2015.

- This article started with, “Jazz is boring. Jazz is overrated. Jazz is washed up.” This

really caught our eye because we wanted to understand why he thought that way and

include it into our website. Moyer had a beneficial argument to show both sides of the

jazz story.

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Schuman, Michael. Louis Armstrong: "Jazz Is Played from the Heart" Berkeley Heights,

NJ: Enslow, 2008. 7-111. Print.

- This book goes into dept of Louis Armstrong’s life more than our secondary sources.

We were able to get more precise dates, and precise information on different events that

occurred during Armstrong’s life.

PBS. PBS. Web. 25 Oct. 2014.

- This gives a mini timeline of jazz over time. This source has some videos about jazz

that we used to get a greater understanding about the history of Jazz. This also has some

information about the blues that we can incorporate into our historical content.

Shapiro, Nat, and Nat Hentoff. The Jazz Makers. New York: Rinehart, 1957. Print.

- We used the description of Louis Armstrong as a reference and the information about

the other jazz artists as evidence about what people thought of Armstrong. Most of the

artists included personally knew Armstrong, therefore we also gained insight on what

people thought of Armstrong.

TJ. "Trumpet History by Great Jazz Trumpet Players." Jazz Music History. Web. 11

Nov. 2014.

- This source provided us with a list of great trumpet players before and after Louis

Armstrong. This also provided us with some ancient history of Jazz itself. We enjoyed

reading about some of the jazz influences before Armstrong to get an idea of who he

might have been influenced by.

Tyle, Chris. "The 1920s in Jazz." Jazz History: The Standards (1920s). N.p., 1992. Web.

11 Feb. 2015.

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- This website is by a few jazz historians who describe the jazz age and how jazz

musicians have impacted the era to change the style of music. We have used this page

to get interviews with other jazz historians.

Variety Magazine. "Rock N’ Roll in the Press." Rock N’ Roll in the Press. University of

Missouri - Saint Louis, 22 Jan. 1958. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.

- We used this source for our our modern culture connections page. We learned that

individual councils have formed action committees to call on owners of establishments

with roll and roll music on their jukeboxes. We also learned that the people who

sponsor the music and the people who promote Negro bands, play for teenagers.

Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford UP, 1974.

Print.

- From this book we were able to find a lot of information about the background of the

Jim Crow era. We also were able to find the last connection to the Jim Crow Era and

the events that impacted the African American society, such as, Harlem Renaissance,

Civil Rights, etc.

“Armstrong's Film Roles."Armstrong's Film Roles. Web. 02 Dec. 2014.

- This website explains Armstrongs film roles starting in the 1930s. Armstrong starred in

many films which helped end racial discrimination. Even though many people still

didn’t watch Armstrong’s films because of the discrimination between blacks and

whites, Armstrong’s racial tolerance helped gear people away from racial

discrimination.

"Louis Armstrong Centennial - Satchmo Photo Gallery." Louis Armstrong Centennial -

Satchmo Photo Gallery. Satchmo.com, n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2014.

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- This source provided us with some pictures to use in our project. From this website we

used the Ebony magazine cover featuring Louis Armstrong, and we tried to find the

originals of the other pictures.

"Louis Armstrong: 'The Man and His Music,' Part 2." NPR. NPR. Web. 02 Dec.

2014.

- This website gave us some insightful interviews of Louis Armstrong and photos that

we can use on the website. The overall website had a biography of Armstrong and his

accomplishments that we can use as proof to our evidence.

"Jazz: W. W. Norton StudySpace." Chapter 6: Louis Armstrong and the First Great

Soloists. Web. 25 Oct. 2014.

- This website went into depth of Armstrong’s main achievements. The website describes

the main achievement and then lists the information about that achievement. We found

this really helpful when making our timeline before we started making our website.

"Louis Armstrong." Biography. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.

- This website is a biography of Armstrong’s life. The website doesn’t go into deep

details; however, it does include some useful information about Armstrong’s songs. For

example, we never knew that “When it’s Sleepy Time Down South” was Armstrong’s

theme song until we read the information of this source.

"Louis Armstrong Timeline."Louis Armstrong Timeline. Web. 25 Oct. 2014.

- This is a timeline regarding important events during Armstrong’s life and the time

period. We used this timeline along with the others as evidence to prove most the

events that happened in Armstrong’s life.

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"The Harlem Renaissance." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 11

Nov. 2014.

- This article provided us with a small amount of information of how Armstrong

contributed during the Harlem Renaissance. However, this website provided us with a

great amount of information about how the Harlem Renaissance impacted the African

American society as a whole. We used this information in the Historical Content page

by connecting the Harlem Renaissance to the Jim Crow Era.

"History of Jazz | Black History in America | Scholastic.com." History of Jazz |

Black History in America | Scholastic.com. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.

- This website explains the evolution of jazz and how Armstrong was involved in

improvising jazz solos. This website has a variety of historical content that we have

used for our project. This source also includes detailed information about Armstrong’s

influences on society.