jozef goetz, 2010 1 © 2009 pearson education copyright (c) 2009 prentice-hall. all rights reserved

Jozef Goetz, 2010

1

© 2009 Pearson Education

Copyright (c) 2009 Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

2Learning Outcomes

In this chapter, you will learn about: The development of HTML The transition from HTML to XHTML XHTML syntax, tags, and document type

definitions The anatomy of a web page Formatting the body of a web page Formatting the text on a web page Physical and logical style tags Special Characters Connecting Web pages using hyperlinks

Jozef Goetz, 2010

3What is HTML?

The World Wide Web is composed of files containing Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

HTML is based on SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language Describes the general structure of the document

HTML Describes the Structure of a Page It defines a set of common styles for Web pages

headings paragraphs lists tables and more

Each of these common styles has a tag associated with it to define the element

HTML Made up of tags and attributes

The set of markup symbols or codes placed in a file intended for display on a Web browser page.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

4What HTML Is -- and What It Isn’t

Heading

Paragraph

Bulleted List

Paragraph

Jozef Goetz, 2010

5What is HTML?

The text of the page Adds special code (tags) around words and

paragraphs each individual markup code is referred to as an element

or tag. Each tag has a purpose.

Tags are enclosed in angle brackets, "<" and ">" symbols – referred to as container tags<body> </body>

Most tags come in pairs; an opening tag and a closing tag. horizontal line: <hr align=“right” /> is a stand-alone or

self-contained tag and doesn’t have a closing tag.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

HTML

Whereas the text is the actual information contained in a page, the tags define the appearance of the document.

Every HTML tag is a name followed by an optional list of attributes, all enclosed between less-than and greater-than symbols (< and >).

An attribute, if present, is followed by an equals sign and the value of the attribute. Some tags can be used alone; others must be used in pairs.

Those that are used in pairs are called beginning and ending tags. The beginning tag can have attributes and values and starts with the

name of the tag. The ending tag cannot have attributes or values but must have a slash

before the name of the tag.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

HTML

The browser makes a decision about the structure of the text based on the tags, which are embedded into the text.

Scripting language that instructs a Web browser how to display a Web page Less powerful than other computer languages Runs within a browser, not stand-alone

One of the latest version: HTML 4.01 Is being replaced with XHTML

Jozef Goetz, 2010

8What is HTML?

HTML tags that indicate: page elements structure formatting hypertext links

HTML tags are not case sensitive XHTML tags are case sensitive

all tags and attributes must be written in lowercase

browsers ignore: extra spaces tabs returns

tags are the only way to format an HTML page

Jozef Goetz, 2010

9

What HTML Is

The individual browsers map the tag to how it will be viewed different browsers can display the same

tag element in radically different ways what this means is that a Web page may look

perfect on your system and be unreadable on someone else's

Jozef Goetz, 2010


In addition to the HTML tags defined in the various versions of HTML:

browser vendors defined

their own browser-specific extensions

Jozef Goetz, 2010

11What is HTML?

The World Wide Web is composed of files containing Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Scripting language that instructs a Web browser how to display a Web page Less powerful than other computer languages Runs within a browser, not stand-alone

One of the latest version: HTML 4.01 Is being replaced with XHTML

Jozef Goetz, 2010

12

Brief History of HTML

A Brief History of HTML Tags HTML 2.0

HTML 2.0 (RFC 1866) was developed by the IETF's HTML Working Group, which closed in 1996.

It sets the standard for core HTML features based upon current practice in 1994.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

13

What HTML Is -- and What It Isn’t

HTML 3.2 W3C's recommendation for HTML which

represented the consensus on HTML features for 1996.

HTML 3.2 added widely-deployed features such as – tables, – applets, – text-flow around images, – superscripts and – subscripts,

while providing backwards compatibility with the existing HTML 2.0 Standard.

Jozef Goetz, 2010


HTML 4.0 First released as a W3C Recommendation

on 18 December 1997. A second release was issued on 24 April 1998

with changes limited to editorial corrections. This specification has now been superseded by

HTML 4.01. HTML 4.01

The HTML 4.01 Recommendation released on 24th December 1999 fixes a number of bugs in the HTML 4.0 specification.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

15HTML Version Structure

WML= Wireless Markup Language

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16

Markup Languages

HTML 5

The next version of HTML 4 and XHTML 1

http://www.w3.org/html/

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17

Markup Languages

The relationship between XHTML, HTML, and XML

Jozef Goetz, 2010

18What is XHTML?

The World Wide Web Consortium http://w3c.org

sets the standards for HTML and its related languages.

The newest version of HTML is actually XHTML – eXtensible HyperText Markup Language.

XHTML uses the tags and attributes of HTML along with the syntax of XML (eXtensible Markup Language).

Jozef Goetz, 2010

19What’s wrong with HTML?

Forgiving coding errors and display size limitation of new Internet devices:

WebTV Personal Information Managers Personal Digital Assistants - PDAs Mobile phones

HTML does not fit this need today’s devices

the need for a descriptive rather than structural language became evident and XHTML was created.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

20Programs to Help You Write HTML

Many programs available to help create HTML files

3 flavors of editors: HTML-based text editors WYSIWYG (What You See What You Get) editors Combination of HTML-based and WYSIWYG editors Dreamweaver

There are also converters that generate an HTML file from an existing document.

For now use Notepad

Jozef Goetz, 2010

21What is XHTML and Why Use It?

What is XHTML and Why Use It? eXtensible HyperText Markup Language. XHTML is the transition from HTML 4.0 to XML

(Extensible Markup Language) Expected benefits of the transition include:

– places specific requirements on documents to ensure they are readable in future browsers,

– an improved match to database & workflow applications,

– a modular solution to the increasingly disparate capabilities of browsers,

– and the ability to cleanly integrate HTML with other XML applications.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

22XHTML

XHTML was developed by the W3C World Wide Web Consortium to be the reformulation of HTML as an application of XML.

Purpose: Provides a more structured alternative to non-

standard HTML Provide ways to extend HTML and add new features Separate content from presentation (>=XHTML 2.0)

XHTML combines the formatting strengths of HTML and the data structure and extensibility strengths of XML.

– allows for custom tags

Jozef Goetz, 2010

23What is XHTML and Why Use It?

XHTML Syntax Use lowercase tags and attributes Place attribute tags in quotes All container tags must use their opening and closing

tags. All tags are enclosed in angle brackets. Terminate all non-empty single elements

– add the closing slash (/) preceded by a space just before the ending greater symbol than (>)

• <br> and <hr> become <br /> and <hr /> Tags shouldn’t be overlapped

– nested -- <b><i>Bold and Italic</i></b>– overlapping -- <b><i>Bold and Italic</b></i>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

24XML Declaration An XML document must be well-formed i.e. adheres

to the syntax rules Use lowercase Use opening and closing tags

<body> </body> Close stand-alone tag with special syntax

<hr />

XML documents begin with an XML declaration as a directive. The basic form of this directive is (p.567):

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

UTF-8 a form of Unicode

Jozef Goetz, 2010

25Document Type Definition (DTD)

W3C Recommendation: Use a Document Type Definition DTD to identify the type of markup language used in a web page (p.567):

1. XHTML 1.0 TransitionalThis is the least strict specification for XHTML 1.0. It allows the use of both Cascading Style Sheets and traditional formatting instructions such as fonts.

We will use this for most of our coding in this text<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

2. XHTML 1.0 Strict

3. XHTML 1.0 Frameset

Jozef Goetz, 2010

26XHTML 1.0 Transitional DTD

This DTD module is identified by the PUBLIC and SYSTEM identifiers:

PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" SYSTEM "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd>

http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd gives access to the DTD definition

Document Type Definition DTD tag commonly called the

DOCTYPE We will use mainly XHTML 1.0 versionsometimes XHTML 1.1

Jozef Goetz, 2010

27

27

Versions of XHTML

Strict (XHTML 2.0) Must follow complete XML coding rules Must separate content from presentation Presentation via Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Transitional (XHTML 1.0, 1.1) Reformulation of HTML 4.01 Presentation and content tags exist

Frameset Enable window-in-a-window effect

Jozef Goetz, 2010

Dr. Dobb's Update - 07/30/09 - HTML 5 vs. XHTML 2

XHTML 2 is related to XHTML 1.0 or XHTML 1.1 — and you'd be wrong. XHTML 1.0 is nothing more than HTML 4 with XML syntax. For its part, XHTML 1.1 is the same, but with the requirement that documents must be served with an XML MIME-type.

So XHTML 2 is history and we don't have to concern ourselves with it, right? Not really. A lot of people still prefer XHTML syntax. In their comic, Keith and Colbow introduce us to some of these folks who give very good reasons for their views. For example, if you want to keep on closing all tags and quoting all attributes, you can — using either XHTML 2 or HTML 5. HTML 5 lets you use whatever syntax you feel comfortable with. As Keith and Colbow point out, you can even serve your documents as application/XHTML+XML, transforming them from HTML 5 into XHTML 5.

28

Jozef Goetz, 2010

29Document Type Definition (DTD)

The document type declaration names the document type definition (DTD) in use for the document. Declares the document type Required in XHTML HTML 4.01 specifies three DTDs:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

Jozef Goetz, 2010

30First Web Page

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html> an opening tag

.... page info goes here

</html> a closing tag

After the XML and the DTD, each web page begins with an opening <html> and a closing </html> tag.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

31Head & Body Sections

Head Section (description) -- Contains information that describes the web page document. <head>…head section info goes here</head>

Body Section (contents) -- Used for text and tags that do show directly on the web page. <body>…body section info goes here</body>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

32namespace

xmlns=http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml>

The location of the documentation for the elements being used

http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/

This is an XML namespace defined in the XHTML™ 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language specification, and

is shared across XHTML Family document types

Jozef Goetz, 2010

33XHTML <head> and <body> tags

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML

1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-

transitional.dtd"><html xmlns=http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml> <head>

.... Header info goes here </head> <body> .... Body info goes here

</body></html>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

34The Title p.568-9

<title> tag

gives a page a title used in bookmarks used by search engines appears in browser title

bar goes inside the page

header (<head>)

Jozef Goetz, 2010

35

35Copyright (c) 2006 Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.

HTML Code in Notepad and Browser Results

Body goes in content area of browser

Title goes in Title bar of browser

Jozef Goetz, 2010

36


Saving an XHTML File from Notepad

By default, files from Notepad are saved with a .txt extension

If you try to save as filename.htm, then the saved file name will be filename.htm.txt

You can avoid this by either: Making sure that the Save As Type entry is set as All Files

instead of *.txt or Saving with the name in quotes, like this: "filename.htm"

Jozef Goetz, 2010

37Checkpoint 2.1 p.619

1. Describe the origin, purpose, and features of HTML.

2. Explain why you would use XHTML instead of HTML.

3. Describe the purpose of the header and body sections of a web page.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

38Lab Excercises

HandsOnPractice 2.1

Jozef Goetz, 2010

39XHTML <body> tag attributes

The <body> tag can be used to set attributes (properties) for entire Web page, such as Background color Background image Text color and Link color

bgcolor Configures the background color of a web page

<body bgcolor=“#000066”> // dark navy blue<body bgcolor=“white”>

textConfigures the color of the text on the web page

<body bgcolor=“#000066” text=“#CCCCCC”><body bgcolor=“white” text=“red”>

Check the XHTML Reference p.571 in the textbook for more body tag attributes

Jozef Goetz, 2010

40Headings

Heading tags Six levels:

<h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6> used to divide sections -- similar to a book displayed either in larger or bolder text can be centered, underlined, capitalized common to use a heading to duplicate the title

Jozef Goetz, 2010

41Heading Tags

<h1>Heading Level 1</h1><h2>Heading Level 2</h2><h3>Heading Level 3</h3><h4>Heading Level 4</h4><h5>Heading Level 5</h5><h6>Heading Level 6</h6>

<h1> is largest<h6> is smallest

2002 Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.

Outline421 <?xml version = "1.0"?>

2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"

3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">

4

5 

6 

7

8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

9 <head>

10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Headers</title>

11 </head>

12

13 <body>

14

15 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1>

16 <h2>Level 2 header</h2>





21

22 </body>

23 </html>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

43XHTML <p> tag

Enter/Return key does not provide this in XHTML documents

Can use paragraph tag

<p> …paragraph goes here </p>

Used to group sentences and sections of text together.

Text that is contained by <p> and </p> tags will have a blank line above and below it.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

44


Closing Container Tags

XHTML rules require all tags have closing tags Opening tag has tag code:

e.g. <p>

Closing tag has forward slash in front of code e.g. </p>

Content placed between opening and closing tags <p> CONTENT </p>

Browsers are forgiving, but XHTML rules are strict

Jozef Goetz, 2010

45


Effects of <p> Tags

<p> tag inserts white space and separates lines of text

Without <p> tag, Enter/Return has no effect on browser display

HOP 2.2 +2.3

Jozef Goetz, 2010

46Body and Text Basics

Structural elements, called block-level tags p.572, control

blocks of the text such as headingsparagraphs and list

Tags that effect individual section of text called text-level tags p.574

Jozef Goetz, 2010

47Lab Excercises

HandsOnPractice 2.2 + 2.3

Jozef Goetz, 2010

48Self-contained <br /> tag

Line Break tag the line break tag in HTML <br> has no

corresponding closing tag. Many empty tags in HTML (i.e. tags with no text content) have

no closing tags, but this is not true in XHTML.

to make an opening tag also be a closing tag, by placing a slash before the end bracket

<br />. Stand alone tag…text goes here <br />

This starts on a new line….

Used to force a new line when the text on the web page document is displayed by a browser.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

49


Attributes

Most tags can have attributes

Attribute is: Information in the opening tag Additional information that defines a tag

Attribute syntax: attributename = “value” Attribute – value pair

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50


The align Attribute

Specifies how text within the paragraph should be aligned

Options include: left, center, right, justify Example:

<p align = “center”> CONTENT </p>

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51

HOP 2.4:

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52


Effects of align attribute

Effect of <p align=“center”>

Effect of <p align=“right”>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

53


Effects of Headings Tags

<h1 align="center">Dr. Know-It-All Recommendations</h1>

<h2 align="center">Upcoming Books</h2>

HOP 2.4

Jozef Goetz, 2010

54Lab Excercises

HandsOnPractice 2.4

Jozef Goetz, 2010

55


Deprecation

Some HTML tags or attributes are deprecated they are still supported but will be discontinued in strict

XHTML

Deprecated tags/attributes are old (obsolete) versions

Replaced by newer, improved XHTML tags/attributes

Most browsers support deprecated tags

The align attribute is deprecated

Modern alignment is handled through style sheets

Jozef Goetz, 2010

56XHTML <pre> tag

Preformatted Text tag

The preformatted text tag preserves your formatting and displays the text in a fixed-width or monospace font.

<pre> …text goes here Line breaks and formatting are preserved</pre>

NOTE: Usually is used for listing programming or scripting code

Jozef Goetz, 2010

57


Blockquote Tag

Used to indent a block of text for special emphasis.

<blockquote> …text goes here

</blockquote>

Indents contained text

Indentation from left and right margins and a line break is placed before and after the text

Nest blockquote tags to increase indentation

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58


Effects of Blockquote Tag

<blockquote> tag causes this indentation

Nested <blockquote> causes more indentation

HOP 2.3 – 2.5

Jozef Goetz, 2010

59Lab Excercises

HandsOnPractice 2.5

Jozef Goetz, 2010

60XHTML List Basics

Definition List - dl Ordered List - ol Unordered List -ul

Jozef Goetz, 2010

61Lists List Tags Common Elements

opening and closing tag1. definition list <dl> and </dl>

– definition term <dt> and – definition data <dd>

2. ordered list <ol> and </ol>– list items <li>

3. unordered list <ul> and </ul>– list items <li>

list items have their own tag <li>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

62XHTML Definition List

Useful to display a list of terms an definitions or a list of FAQ and answers

<dl> tagContains the definition list <dt> tag

Contains a defined term <dd> tag

Contains a data definition

HOP 2.5

Jozef Goetz, 2010

XHTML Definition List Example

<dl>

<dt>IP</dt>

<dd>Internet Protocol</dd>

<dt>TCP</dt>

<dd>Transmission Control Protocol</dd>

</dl>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

641. Definition Lists <dl>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

65Lab Excercises

HandsOnPractice 2.6

Jozef Goetz, 2010

662. Ordered Lists

Used to convey information in an ordered fashion

Jozef Goetz, 2010

672. XHTML Ordered List

<ol>Contains the ordered list

Two main ways to customize ordered lists how they are numbered

– type attribute• default is numerals: 1, 2,…

the number with which the list starts – start attribute

Ex: <ol start=“100” type=“I”> <li>

Contains an list item

Jozef Goetz, 2010

682. Ordered List

Type attribute can take one of five values “1” Specifies standard Arabic numerals

– 1, 2, 3, 4,5 “a” Specifies lowercase letters

– a, b, c, d, e “A” Specifies uppercase letters

– A, B, C, D, E “i” Specifies lowercase Roman numerals

– i, ii, iii, iv, v “I” Specifies uppercase Roman numerals

– I, II, III, IV, V

Jozef Goetz, 2010

692. Ordered List

Both the start and type attributes are used in the <ol> tag

<ol start=100 type=“I”> start=“1” is the default value type=“1” is the default value

By using the value attributein the <li> tag, numberingcan be reassigned at any point

<li value=1111> Step 5 and …=> So, it will start from MCXI.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

703. Unordered Lists

Used to display information in bullet points

Jozef Goetz, 2010

XHTML Unordered List Example

<ul>

<li>TCP</li>

<li>IP</li>

<li>HTTP</li>

<li>FTP</li>

</ul>

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72

XHTML Unordered List

HTML 3.2 provided ways to customize unordered lists They have been deprecated in HTML 4.0 in favor of using style

sheets

<ul>Contains the unordered list The type attribute customizes unordered lists

the type attribute has 3 possible values– disc - default– square, – circle

the type attribute is used in the <ul> tag<ul type=“square”>

<li>Contains an list item

Outline73

list.html(1 of 3)

1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>



4

5 

6 

7


9 <head>

10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Lists</title>

11 </head>

12

13 <body>

14

15 <h1>The Best Features of the Internet</h1>

16

17 

18 <ul>

19 <li>You can meet new people from countries around

20 the world.</li>

21 <li>

22 You have access to new media as it becomes public:

23

Nested and Ordered Lists

Outline74

list.html(2 of 3)

24 

25 

26 

27 <ul>

28 <li>New games</li>

29 <li>

30 New applications

31

32 

33 <ol>

34 <li>For business</li>

35 <li>For pleasure</li>

36 </ol>

37 </li>

38

39 <li>Around the clock news</li>

40 <li>Search engines</li>

41 <li>Shopping</li>

42 <li>

43 Programming

44

45 

46 <ol>

47 <li>XML</li>

48 <li>Java</li>

Outline75

list.html(3 of 3)

49 <li>XHTML</li>

50 <li>Scripts</li>

51 <li>New languages</li>

52 </ol>

53

54 </li>

55

56 </ul> 

57 </li>

58

59 <li>Links</li>

60 <li>Keeping in touch with old friends</li>

61 <li>It is the technology of the future!</li>

62

63 </ul> 

64

65 </body>

66 </html>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

76Comments

Comment



It’s a good rule of thumb not to include “--”, “<“, “>”, or HTML tags within comments

Jozef Goetz, 2010

77Lab Excercises

HandsOnPractice 2.7

Jozef Goetz, 2010

78XHTML Logical Style Tags see Tab. p.43-45

Indicate the logical (general) style used to display the text in between the container tags.

Common Logical Style Tags <strong></strong>

To cause text to be emphasized or to "stand out" from surrounding text. Usually displayed in bold. <strong> This is important</strong>

<em></em> To cause text to be emphasized in relation to other

text on the page. Usually displayed in italics.<em> Please note</em>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

79XHTML Physical Style Tags

Provide specific font instructions for the browser

Logical Style tags are preferred by the W3C Physical Style tags

They provide specific fonts instructions for the browser are discussed (see tab p.45) because some web developers still

use them Common Physical Style Tags <b></b>

To display as bold text <b>This is important</b>

<i></i> To display text in italics

<i>Please note</i>

Logical Style Tags provides a wider range of Web access

Jozef Goetz, 2010

80XHTML Special Characters

Used to display special characters such as quotes, copyright symbol, etc.

Character entity references (in the form &code;) Numeric character references (e.g. &)

Numeric Code Character Code&#169 © ©&#60 < <&#62 > >&#38 & &amp

See the Special Characters section textbook for a detailed list – appendix B p.596 text from CMPS 318

HOP 2.8

Outline81

contact2.html(1 of 2)

1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>



4

5 

6 

7


9 <head>

10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Contact Page

11 </title>

12 </head>

13

14 <body>

15

16 

17 

18 <p>

19 Click

20 <a href = "mailto:[email protected]">here

21 </a> to open an e-mail message addressed to

22 [email protected].

23 </p>

24

Outline82contact2.ht

ml(2 of 2)

25 <hr />  26

27 <p>All information on this site is <strong>©</strong>

28 Deitel <strong>&</strong> Associates, Inc. 2002.</p>

29

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 <p><del>You may download 3.14 x 10<sup>2</sup>

35 characters worth of information from this site.</del>

36 Only <sub>one</sub> download per hour is permitted.</p>

37

38 <p>Note: <strong>< ¼</strong> of the information

39 presented here is updated daily.</p>

40

41 </body>

42 </html>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

83Checkpoint 2.3

1. Provide a reason for using logical style tags rather than physical style tags. The last one describes fonts rather than

general styles for the presentation of info.

2. Describe the purpose of special characters. Entity ch-rs, displays items such as

quotation marks, <, >, the copyright symbol etc.

HOP 2.8

Jozef Goetz, 2010

84Lab Excercises

HandsOnPractice 2.8

Jozef Goetz, 2010

85

XHTML <a> tag

The anchor element

href (hypertext reference) Indicates the target – destination page or location

of the link Text between the <a> and </a> is displayed on the web

page.

<a href="contact.html">Contact Us</a>

href Attribute Indicates the file name or URL

Web page document, photo, pdf, etc.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

Creating Links

Opening Tag Closing Tag

Text that will be displayedURL

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87

87

Glossary

Hyperlinks – clickable areas take the viewer to another location

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) – the Web address of a resource Relative URL – local file or folder Absolute URL – address on another Web server

Typically begins with http://

HTTP – hypertext transfer protocol

Web server – the computer hosting a Web site

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88

XHTML <a> tag

Absolute link Link to other Web sites

<a href="http://yahoo.com">Yahoo</a>

Relative link Link to pages on your own site

<a href="index.htm">Home</a>

Jozef Goetz, 2010

89Hyperlinks

Hands-On Practice

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90


Effects of <a>, href, and title

Tool tip generated by title="Home Page Link"

Displayed text generated by text between the <a> tag and the </a> tag

<a href=“http://www.laverne.edu" title="Home Page Link">Click here to go to our home page!</a>

Mouse pointer changes when hovered over the link

When user clicks, the page opened will be based on href=“http://www.laverne.edu"

title: Provides text that can appear in a tool tip when the mouse hovers over the link

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91

XHTML Email Links using the <a> tag

Automatically launch the default mail program configured for the browser

If no browser default is configured, a message is displayed

<a href=“mailto:[email protected]”>[email protected]</a>

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Jozef Goetz, 2010

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Checkpoint

1. Describe when to use an absolute link. Is the http protocol used in the href value?

2. Describe when to use a relative link. Is the http protocol used in the href value?

3. What happens when a web site visitor clicks on an e-mail link?

Jozef Goetz, 2010

Writing Valid XHTML

Check your code for syntax errors Benefit:

Valid code more consistent browser display

W3C XHTML Validation Tool http://validator.w3.org

Jozef Goetz, 2010

95 Web Resources

www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11 www.xhtml.org www.w3schools.com/xhtml/default.asp http://validator.w3.org hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/00/50/index2a.html wdvl.com/Authoring/Languages/XML/XHTML www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xhtml11-20010531

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96Summary

This chapter provided an introduction to XHTML.

It began with an introduction to the HTML, discussed the transition to XHTML, continued with the anatomy of a web page, and introduced inline and block-level formatting, and demonstrated the XHTML techniques used to create hyperlinks.

You will use these skills over and over again as you create Web pages.

Jozef Goetz, 2010

Home Project – JavaJam Cofee House

Jozef Goetz, 2010

Home Project – Fish Creek Animal Hospital

jozef goetz, 2010 1 © 2009 pearson education copyright (c) 2009 prentice-hall. all rights reserved

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