jovian planet chap11i

862019 Jovian Planet Chap11I

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Chapter 11

Jovian Planet Systems



111 A Different Kind of Planet

Our goals for learning

bull Are jovian planets all alike

bull What are jovian planets like on the inside

bull What is the weather like on jovian planets

bull Do jovian planets have magnetospheres like

Earthrsquos



Are jovian planets all alike



Jovian Planet Composition

bull Jupiter and Saturn

ndash Mostly H and He gas

bull Uranus and Neptunendash Mostly hydrogen compounds water (H2O)

methane (CH4) ammonia (NH3)

ndash Some H He and rock



Density Differences

bull Uranus and Neptune

are denser than Saturn

because they have less

HHe proportionately0

05

1

15

2

J u p i t e r S a

t u r n U r

a n u s N e

p t u n e

D e n s i t y ( g c c )



Density Differences

0

05

1

15

2

J u p i t

e r

S a t u r

n

U r a n u s

N e p t u

n e

D e n s i t y (

g c c )

bull But that explanation

doesnrsquot work for

Jupiterhellip



Sizes of Jovian Planets

bull Adding mass to a jovian planetcompresses the

underlying gaslayers




bull Greater compressionis why Jupiter is notmuch larger thanSaturn even though itis three times moremassive

bull Jovian planets witheven more mass canbe smaller thanJupiter



Rotation and Shape

bull Jovian planets arenot quite sphericalbecause of their

rapid rotation



What are jovian planets like on

the inside



Interiors of Jovian Planets

bull No solid surface

bull Layers under high pressure and

temperatures

bull Cores (~10 Earth masses) made of hydrogen

compounds metals amp rock

bull The layers are different for the different

planets WHY



Inside Jupiter

bull High pressures

inside Jupiter cause

phase of hydrogen

to change with depth

bull Hydrogen acts like a

metal at great depths

because its electrons

move freely



Inside Jupiter

bull Core is thought to

be made of rock

metals and

hydrogencompounds

bull Core is about same

size as Earth but 10

times as massive



Comparing Jovian Interiors

bull Models suggest cores of jovian planets have similar

compositionbull Lower pressures inside Uranus and Neptune mean no

metallic hydrogen



Jupiterrsquos Internal Heat

bull Jupiter radiates

twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun

bull Energy probably

comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)



Internal Heat of Other Planets

bull Saturn also radiates twice as much energy it

receives from Sun

bull Energy probably comes from differentiation

(helium rain)

bull Neptune emits nearly twice as much energy

as it receives but the source of that energyremains mysterious



What is the weather like on

jovian planets



Jupiterrsquos Atmosphere

bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds

bull Different cloud

layers correspond to

freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3



Jovian Planet Atmospheres

bull Other jovian planets

have cloud layers

similar to Jupiterrsquos

bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors

bull Ammonium sulfide clouds (NH4SH) reflect redbrown

bull Ammonia the highest coldest layer reflects white



Saturnrsquos

colors

bull Saturnrsquos layers are similar but deeper in andfarther from the Sun --- more subdued



Methane on Uranus and Neptune

bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus

absorb red light but

transmit blue light

bull Blue light reflects

off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands

White ammoniaclouds form

where air risesCoriolis effect

changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white

clouds we seedeeper reddish

clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot

bull A storm twice as wide as Earth

bull Has existed for at least 3 centuries



Weather on Jovian Planets

bull All the jovian planets have strong winds andstorms



Do jovian planets have

magnetospheres like Earthrsquos



Jupiterrsquos Magnetosphere

bull Jupiterrsquos strong magnetic field gives it an enormousmagnetosphere

bull Gases escaping Io feed the donut-shaped Io torus



Other Magnetospheres

bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial

magnetospheres butJupiterrsquos is largest

by far



Thought Question

Jupiter does not have a large metal core like theEarth How can it have a magnetic field

a) The magnetic field is left over from when Jupiteraccreted

b) Its magnetic field comes from the Sun

c) It has metallic hydrogen inside which circulates

and makes a magnetic field

d) Thatrsquos why its magnetic field is weak



Thought Question









What have we learned

bull Are jovian planets all alikendash Jupiter and Saturn are mostly H and He gas

ndash Uranus and Nepture are mostly H compounds


ndash Layered interiors with very high pressure andcores made of rock metals and hydrogencompounds

ndash Very high pressure in Jupiter and Saturn canproduce metallic hydrogen




bull What is the weather like on jovian planetsndash Multiple cloud layers determine colors of

jovian planets

ndash All have strong storms and winds

bull Do jovian planets have magnetosphereslike Earthrsquos

ndash All have substantial magnetospheres

ndash Jupiterrsquos is largest by far



111 A Different Kind of Planet

Our goals for learning

bull Are jovian planets all alike


bull What is the weather like on jovian planets

bull Do jovian planets have magnetospheres like

Earthrsquos














Density Differences





05

1

15

2

J u p i t e r S a

t u r n U r

a n u s N e

p t u n e




Density Differences

0

05

1

15

2

J u p i t

e r

S a t u r

n

U r a n u s

N e p t u

n e

D e n s i t y (

g c c )



Jupiterhellip













Rotation and Shape


rapid rotation




the inside






temperatures




planets WHY



Inside Jupiter

bull High pressures


phase of hydrogen





move freely



Inside Jupiter


be made of rock

metals and

hydrogencompounds



times as massive






metallic hydrogen





twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun


comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)





receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets


















Density Differences





05

1

15

2

J u p i t e r S a

t u r n U r

a n u s N e

p t u n e




Density Differences

0

05

1

15

2

J u p i t

e r

S a t u r

n

U r a n u s

N e p t u

n e

D e n s i t y (

g c c )



Jupiterhellip













Rotation and Shape


rapid rotation




the inside






temperatures




planets WHY



Inside Jupiter

bull High pressures


phase of hydrogen





move freely



Inside Jupiter


be made of rock

metals and

hydrogencompounds



times as massive






metallic hydrogen





twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun


comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)





receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets







Density Differences

0

05

1

15

2

J u p i t

e r

S a t u r

n

U r a n u s

N e p t u

n e

D e n s i t y (

g c c )



Jupiterhellip













Rotation and Shape


rapid rotation




the inside






temperatures




planets WHY



Inside Jupiter

bull High pressures


phase of hydrogen





move freely



Inside Jupiter


be made of rock

metals and

hydrogencompounds



times as massive






metallic hydrogen





twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun


comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)





receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets

















Rotation and Shape


rapid rotation




the inside






temperatures




planets WHY



Inside Jupiter

bull High pressures


phase of hydrogen





move freely



Inside Jupiter


be made of rock

metals and

hydrogencompounds



times as massive






metallic hydrogen





twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun


comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)





receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets








the inside






temperatures




planets WHY



Inside Jupiter

bull High pressures


phase of hydrogen





move freely



Inside Jupiter


be made of rock

metals and

hydrogencompounds



times as massive






metallic hydrogen





twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun


comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)





receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets










temperatures




planets WHY



Inside Jupiter

bull High pressures


phase of hydrogen





move freely



Inside Jupiter


be made of rock

metals and

hydrogencompounds



times as massive






metallic hydrogen





twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun


comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)





receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets







Inside Jupiter

bull High pressures


phase of hydrogen





move freely



Inside Jupiter


be made of rock

metals and

hydrogencompounds



times as massive






metallic hydrogen





twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun


comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)





receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets







Inside Jupiter


be made of rock

metals and

hydrogencompounds



times as massive






metallic hydrogen





twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun


comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)





receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets










metallic hydrogen





twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun


comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)





receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets









twice as much

energy it receives

from Sun


comes from slow

contraction of

interior (releasing

potential energy)





receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets









receives from Sun


(helium rain)






jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets








jovian planets




bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets








bull Hydrogen

compounds in

Jupiter form clouds



freezing points of

different hydrogen

compoundsH2O

NH4SH

NH3





have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets









have cloud layers


bull Different

compounds make

clouds of different

colors



Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets







Jupiterrsquos

colors





Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets







Saturnrsquos

colors





bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets








bull Methane gas of

Neptune and Uranus


transmit blue light


off methane clouds

making those planes

look blue



Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets







Jupiterrsquos Bands



changes N-S

flow to E-W

winds

Between white


clouds of

NH4SH

Warmer red bands

are brighter in IR



Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets







Jupiterrsquos

Great

Red

Spot



















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets





















bull All the jovian

planets have

substantial


by far



Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets







Thought Question









Thought Question



















jovian planets







Thought Question



















jovian planets

















jovian planets





jovian planet chap11i

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