Source: Grilli and Yang; Pfaffenzeller; World Bank; International Monetary Fund; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) statistics; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); UN Comtrade; Ellen

MacArthur Foundation; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

1 Based on the arithmetic average of four commodity sub-indexes: food, non-food agricultural items, metals, and energy.

2 Data for 2013 are calculated based on the average of the first three months of 2013.

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

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270

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Towards a resource efficient and circular economy (Second set of policy recommendations adopted in Brussels, 31 March 2014)

“Europe has to invest in a well-functioning circular economy where resources and

products are sustainably sourced, designed to be re-used, remanufactured and

recycled so that waste becomes a resource and less primary raw material needs to

be used.”

“Towards the circular economy” A report by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation

Featuring analysis by McKinsey & Co.

Launched at the World Economic Forum, Davos, January 2012

4 main levers…

Design for re-use, remanufacture and multiple useful lives

Enabling business models favouring access over ownership

Reverse logistics and associated infrastructure

Cross-sector and cross-industry collaboration