jones v. opelika 316 u.s. 584

8/9/2019 JONES v. OPELIKA 316 U.S. 584

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Westlaw Delivery Summary Report for PATRON ACCESS,-

Date/Time of Request: Tuesday, June 22, 2010 14:52 EasternClient Identifier: PATRON ACCESSDatabase: SCTFINDCitation Text: 62 S.Ct. 1231Lines: 1584Documents: 1Images: 0

POWER TO THINK

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3/28

Cited Case s(Formerly 92k274(2), 92k274)

Constitutional Law 92 1290

92 Constitutional Law92XII I Freedom of Religion and Conscience

92XII I(A) In General92k129 0 k. In General. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k274(2), 92k274)


92 Constitutional Law92XVII I Freedom of Speech, Expression, and

Press

92XV III(A) In General92XVIII(A)1 In General

92k1490 k. In Gener al. Most CitedCases

(Formerly 92k274(2), 92k274)Courts may not compel men to believe contrary totheir faith or think contrary to their convictions, butthey are competent to adjudge acts done under col-or of a constitutional right such as that of freedomof speech, press, or religion, and determine whetherthe claimed right is limited by other recognizedpowers equally precious. U.S.C.A.Const. Amend .14.

[3] Constitutional Law 92 4034

92 Constitutional Law92XXVI I Due Process

92XX VII(G) Partic ular Issues and Applica-tions

92XXVII(G)1 In General92k4034 k. Speech, P ress, Assembly,

and Petition. Most Cited Cases(Formerly 92k274(2), 92k274)

The freedoms of religion, of speech, and of thepress are fundamental personal rights andliberties guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amend-ment. U.S.C.A.Const. Amend. 14 .



Press92XV III(A) In General

92XVIII(A)1 In General92k1508 Tim e, Place , or Manner Re-

strictions92k1509 k. In General. Most Cited

Cases(Formerly 92k274.1(1), 92k274)

One who has views contrary to others has the priv-ilege of expressing his ideas to anyone willing tolisten or read, but the hearing may be limited by ac-tion of the proper legislative body to times, placesand methods for enlightenment of the community

which, in view of existing social and economic con-ditions, are not at odds with preservation of peaceand good order. U.S.C.A.Const. Amend. 1 4.



92XII I(A) In General92k129 0 k. In General. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k274(3.1), 92k274(3), 92k274)




92XVIII(A)1 In General92k1490 k. In Gener al. Most Cited

Cases(Formerly 92k274(3.1), 92k274(3), 92k274)




92XVIII(A)1 In General92k1504 k. Exercise of Police Power;

62 S.Ct. 1231 Page 2316 U.S. 584, 62 S.Ct. 1231, 141 A.L.R. 514, 86 L.Ed. 1691(Cite as: 316 U.S. 584, 62 S.Ct. 1231)

2010 Thomson Reuters. No Claim to Orig. US Gov. Works.
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III%28A%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%291http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1290http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1290http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIII%28A%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1509http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1509http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1509http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1508http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%291http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k4034http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k4034http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XXVII%28G%291http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XXVII%28G%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XXVIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%291http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1290http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1290http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIII%28A%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1124


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Relationship to Governmental Interest or PublicWelfare. Most Cited Case s

(Formerly 92k274(3.1), 92k274(3), 92k274)Any legislation affecting the freedoms of worshipand expression is scrutinized to see that interfer-ences allowed are only those appropriate to main-tenance of a civilized society, and the determinationof what limitations may be permitted rests with le-gislative bodies, courts, the executive, and thepeople themselves guided by experience, needs of revenue for law enforcement, requirements and ca-pacities of police protection, dangers of disorder,and other pertinent factors. U.S.C.A.Const. Amend.14.




92XVIII(A)1 In General92k1490 k. In Gener al. Most Cited

Cases(Formerly 92k274.1(1), 92k274)

Ordinances absolutely prohibiting the exercise of the right to disseminate information are invalid.

U.S.C.A.Const. Amend. 14 .



92XII I(B) Partic ular Issues and Applications92k138 9 k. Solicitation; Distribution of

Literature. Most Cited Cases(Formerly 92k274(3.1), 92k274(3), 92k274)



Press92XV III(M) Solici ting, Canvassing, Pamph-

letting, Leafletting, and Fundraising92k187 2 k. Licenses and Permits in Gen-

eral. Most Cited Cases(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)




letting, Leafletting, and Fundraising92k1879 k. Charities or Religious Organ-

izations. Most Cited Case s(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)



Press92XV III(U) Press in General

92k207 0 k. In General. Most Cited Cases(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)



Press

92XV III(U) Press in General92k2079 k. Distribution of Materials in

Public Places. Most Cited Case s(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)

Where proponents of religious or social theories usethe ordinary commercial methods of sales of art-icles to raise propaganda funds it is a proper exer-cise of the state's power to charge reasonable feesfor the privilege of canvassing, and, though thefreedoms safeguarded by the Bill of Rights shouldbe carefully protected, such enactments do not con-stitute a prohibition of the exercise of religion orabridgement of the freedom of speech orfreedom of press. U.S.C.A.Const. art. 1, 1 etseq.; Amend. 14 .


92 Constitutional Law


http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1504http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%291http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIII%28B%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIII%28B%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1389http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1389http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28M%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28M%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1872http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1872http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28M%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28M%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1879http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1879http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28U%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28U%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2070http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2070http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28U%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28U%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2079http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2079http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOARTIS1&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOARTIS1&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2079http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2079http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28U%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2070http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2070http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28U%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1879http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1879http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28M%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1872http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1872http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28M%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1389http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1389http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIII%28B%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1490http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%291http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28A%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1504


5/28

92XII I Freedom of Religion and Conscience92XII I(B) Partic ular Issues and Applications

92k138 9 k. Solicitation; Distribution of Literature. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k274(3.1), 92k274(3), 92k274)




letting, Leafletting, and Fundraising92k187 2 k. Licenses and Permits in Gen-

eral. Most Cited Cases(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)




letting, Leafletting, and Fundraising92k1879 k. Charities or Religious Organ-

izations. Most Cited Case s(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)




92k207 0 k. In General. Most Cited Cases(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)


92 Constitutional Law

92XVII I Freedom of Speech, Expression, andPress

92XV III(U) Press in General92k2079 k. Distribution of Materials in

Public Places. Most Cited Case s(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)

Where proponents of religious or social theories use

the ordinary commercial methods of sales of art-icles to raise propaganda funds, the state maycharge reasonable fees for the privilege of can-vassing, and, because proper charges may be ex-panded into abridgements of the freedoms of speech, press, or religion, they are not therefore in-valid on their face. U.S.C.A.Const. art. 1, 1 etseq.; Amend. 14 .




92XXVII(G)1 In General92k4033 k. Religion and Conscience.

Most Cited Cases(Formerly 92k274(3.1), 92k274(3), 92k274)




92XXVII(G)1 In General92k4034 k. Speech, P ress, Assembly,

and Petition. Most Cited Cases(Formerly 92k274.1(1), 92k274)

The freedoms of speech, press and religion areguaranteed against abridgement by the FourteenthAmendment, and the legislative power of municip-alities must yield when abridgement is shown.U.S.C.A.Const. Amend. 14 .



92XII I(B) Partic ular Issues and Applications92k139 0 Licenses


(Formerly 92k274(3.1), 92k274(3))



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6/28


Press92XV III(B) Licen ses and Permits in General

92k159 0 k. In General. Most Cited Cases(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1))




92k1595 k. Fees or Taxes. Most CitedCases

(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1))




92k208 1 k. Taxation. Most Cited Case s(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1))

Licenses 238 7(1)

238 Licenses238 I For Occupations and Privileges

238k7 Const itutionality and Validity of Actsand Ordinances

238k7(1 ) k. In General. Most Cited Case s(Formerly 92k274(3.1), 92k274.1(2.1),

92k274(3))

Licenses 238 7(2)



238k7(2 ) k. Equality and Uniformity inGeneral. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1))Ordinances of Casa Grande, Ariz., and Fort Smith,Ark., imposing license taxes on the sale of printed

matter and vesting no discretionary power in publicauthorities to refuse a license to anyone desirous of selling religious literature are not invalid asabridging freedom of speech, freedom of press,or freedom of religion as applied to members of Jehovah's Witnesses. U.S.C.A.Const. Amend. 14 .



92XII I(B) Partic ular Issues and Applications92k139 0 Licenses


(Formerly 92k274(3.1), 92k274(3), 92k274)




92k1595 k. Fees or Taxes. Most CitedCases

(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)



Press92XV III(H) Law Enforcement; Criminal

Conduct92k1807 k. Particular Offenses in Gener-

al. Most Cited Case s(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)




92k208 1 k. Taxation. Most Cited Case s(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2), 92k274)


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7/28

Licenses 238 7(1)



238k7(1 ) k. In General. Most Cited Case s(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274(3.1),

92k274.1(2), 92k274, 92k274(3), 92k274)An ordinance of Opelika, Ala., imposing a licensetax on the sale of printed matter and making li-censes subject to revocation in the discretion of loc-al authorities, is not invalid as abridging freedomof speech, freedom of press, or freedom of reli-gion as applied to a member of Jehovah's Wit-

nesses convicted of violating ordinance for sellingprinted matter without a license. U.S.C.A.Const.Amend. 14 .


92 Constitutional Law92V I Enforcement of Constitutional Provisions

92VI( A) Persons Entitled to Raise Constitu-tional Questions; Standing

92VI(A)4 Particular Constitutional Provi-sions in General

92k725 k. In Gener al. Most CitedCases(Formerly 92k42.1(3), 92k42)

Where a member of Jehovah's Witnesses was con-victed of violating an ordinance of Opelika, Ala.,for selling books without a license, member hadstanding to claim protection of the Constitutionagainst that charge, but he could not challengevalidity of ordinance on ground that licenses wererevocable arbitrarily by local authorities.U.S.C.A.Const. Amend. 14 .




92XXVII(G)12 Trade or Business

92k4266 Par ticular S ubjects and Regu-lations

92k4294 k. Sales and Marketing.Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(3),92k274.1(2), 92k274, 92k274)That a license to sell printed matter, if granted, maysubsequently be revoked, does not necessarily des-troy a licensing ordinance imposing taxes on thesale of printed matter. U.S.C.A.Const. Amend. 14 .**1233 In No. 280:

*585 Messrs. Hayden C. Covington and Joseph F.Rutherford, both of Brooklyn, N.Y., for petitionerJones.

Mr. John W. Guider, of Washington, D.C., for re-spondent.

In No. 314:

Messrs. Osmond K. Fraenkel, of New York City,and Hayden Covington and Joseph F. Rutherford,both of Brooklyn, N.Y., for petitioners Bowden andanother.

No. appearance for respondent.

In No. 966:

Mr. Hayden C. Covington, of Brooklyn, N.Y., forappellant Jobin.

No appearance for appellee.

Mr. Justice REED delivered the opinion of theCourt.

By writ of certiorari in Nos. 280 and 314 and by ap-peal in No. 966 we have before us the question of

the constitutionality *586 of various city ordinancesimposing the license taxes upon the sale of printedmatter for nonpayment of which the appellant,Jobin, and the petitioners, Jones, Bowden andSanders, all members of the organization known asJehovah's Witnesses, were convicted.


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8/28

No. 280.

The City of Opelika, Alabama, filed a complaint inthe Circuit Court of Lee County charging petitionerJones with violation of its licensing ordinance byselling books without a license, by operating as aBook Agent without a license, and by operating asa transient agent, dealer or distributor of bookswithout a license. FN1 The **1234 license fee forBook Agents (Bibles excepted) was $10 per annum,that for transient agents, dealers or distributors of books $5. FN2 *587 Under section 1 of the ordin-ance all licenses were subject to revocation in thediscretion of the City Commission, with or withoutnotice. FN3 There is a clause providing for sever-

ance in case of invalidity of any section, conditionor provision. FN4 Petitioner demurred, alleging thatthe ordinance because of unlimited discretion in re-vocation and requirement of a license was an un-constitutional encroachment upon freedom of thepress. During the trial without a jury these conten-tions, with the added claim of interference withfreedom of religion, were renewed at the end of thecity's case, and at the close of all the evidence. Thecourt overruled these motions, and found petitionerguilty on evidence that without a license he hadbeen displaying pamphlets in his upraised hand and

walking on a city street selling them two for fivecents. FN5 The court excluded as irrelevant testi-mony designed to show that the petitioner was anordained minister, and that his activities *588 werein furtherance of his beliefs and the teachings of Je-hovah's Witnesses. Once again by an unsuccessfulmotion for new trial the constitutional issues wereraised. The Court of Appeals of Alabama reversedthe conviction on appeal because it thought the un-limited discretion of the City Commission to revokethe licenses invalidated the ordinance. Without dis-cussion of this point the Supreme Court of Alabamadecided that non-discriminatory licensing of thesale of books or tracts was constitutional, reversedthe Court of Appeals, and stayed execution pendingcertiorari. 241 Ala. 279, 3 So.2d 7 6. This Court,having granted certiorari, 314 U.S. 593, 62 S.C t.93, 86 L.Ed. 478 , dismissed the writ for lack of a fi-

nal judgment. 315 U.S. 78 2, 65 S.Ct. 630, 8 6L.Ed. -- . The Court of Appeals thereupon entered a judgment sustaining the conviction, which was af-firmed by the Alabama Supreme Court and is fi-nal. 7 So.2d 503 . We therefore grant the petitionfor rehearing of the dismissal of the writ and pro-ceed with the consideration of the case.

FN1 4. Penalties. It shall be unlawful forany person * * * to engage in any of thebusinesses or vocations for which a licensemay be required without first having pro-cured a license therefor, and any violationhereof shall constitute a criminal offense,and shall be punishable by fine * * * and

by imprisonment.9. Persons Engaged In Two or More Vo-cations. All trades or vocations dealing intwo or more of the articles or engaged intwo or more of the trades or vocations forwhich licenses are required by the City,shall pay for and take out licenses for eachline of business, calling or vocation.

12. Vocations Not Specified Herein. Anyapplicant desiring to conduct any business

or vocation other than those specified inthis license ordinance shall make applica-tion to the President of the Commission,who shall thereon fix a reasonable licensefor such business or vocation and instructthe Clerk as to the amount so fixed.

FN2 Agents (Annual Only)

FN3 1. Right of City to Revoke. All li-censes, permits or other grants to carry onany business, trade, vocation, or profes-sions for which a charge is made by theCity shall be subject to revocation in thediscretion of the City Commission, with orwithout notice to the licensee.

FN4 Should any section, condition, orprofision or any rate or amount scheduled


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as against any particular occupation exhib-ited in the foregoing schedule be held voidor invalid, such invalidity shall not affectany other section, rate or provision of thislicense schedule.

FN5 His wife was selling pamphlets from aportable stand on the sidewalk nearby.

No. 314.

Petitioners Bowden and Sanders were arrested bypolice officers of Fort Smith, **1235 Arkansas,brought before the Municipal Court on charges of violation of City Ordinance No. 1172, and con-

victed. They appealed to the Sebastian CircuitCourt, and there moved to dismiss on the groundthat the ordinance was an unconstitutional restric-tion of freedom of religion and of the press, con-trary to the Fourteenth Amendment. The circuit judge heard the case de novo without a jury on stip-ulated facts. The ordinance required a license Foreach person peddling dry goods, notions, wearingapparel, household goods or other articles notherein or otherwise specifically mentioned $25 permonth, $10 per week, $2.50 per day.' FN6 *58 9 Thepetitioners, in the exercise of their beliefs concern-ing their duty to preach the gospel, admitted goingfrom house to house without a license, playingphonographic transcriptions of Bible lectures, anddistributing books setting forth their views to theresidents in return for a contribution of twenty-fivecents per book. When persons desiring books wereunable to contribute, the books were in some in-stances given away free. The Circuit judge con-cluded as a matter of law that the books were othergoods' and that petitioners were guilty of the ped-dling without a license. A motion for new trial was

denied. On appeal the Supreme Court of Arkansasheld the ordinance constitutional on the authority of its previous decision in Cook v. Harrison, 180 Ark .546, 21 S.W.2d 966 , and affirmed the convictions.202 Ark. 614, 151 S.W.2d 1000 . This Court deniedcertiorari, 314 U.S. 651, 62 S.Ct. 99, 86 L.Ed. 52 2,but later, because of the similarity of the issues

presented to those in the Jobin case, No. 966, va-cated the denial of certiorari and issued a writ. 315U.S. 793, 62 S.Ct. 903, 86 L.Ed. 1196 .

FN6 Be it Ordained by the Board of Com-missioners of the City of Fort Smith,Arkansas:

Section 1. That the license hereinafternamed shall be fixed and imposed and col-lected at the following rates and sums andit shall be unlawful for any person or per-sons to exercise or pursue any of the fol-lowing vocations of business in the city of Fort Smith, Arkansas, without first havingobtained a license therefor from the cityclerk and having paid for the same. * * *

Section 40. For each person peddling drygoods, notions, wearing apparel, householdgoods or other articles not herein or other-wise specifically mentioned $25 permonth, $10 per week, $2.50 per day. Aperson, firm or corporation using two ormore men in their peddling business $50per annum.

No. 966.

The City of Casa Grande, Arizona, by ordinancemade it a misdemeanor for any person to carry onany occupation or business specified without firstprocuring a license. FN7 *590 Transient merchants,peddlers and street vendors were listed as subject toa quarterly license fee of $25.00, payable in ad-vance. FN8 In the Superior Court of Pinal CountyJobin was tried and convicted by a **1236 jury ona complaint charging that not having a permanentplace of business in the City he there carried on thebusiness of peddling, vending, selling, offering forsale and soliciting the sale of *591 goods, waresand merchandise, to wit: pamphlets, books and pub-lications without first having procured a license,contrary to the ordinance. The evidence for thestate showed that without a license the appellant


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called at two homes and a laundry and offered forsale and sold books and pamphlets of a religiousnature. At one home, ccompanied by his wife, hewas refused admission, but was allowed by the girlwho came to the door to play a portable phono-graph on the porch. The girl purchased one of hisstock of books, Religion, for a quarter, and re-ceived a pamphlet free. During the conversation hestated that he was an ordained minister preachingthe gospel and quoted passages from the Bible. Atthe second home the lady of the house allowed himand his wife to enter and play the phonograph, butshe refused to buy either books or pamphlets. Whendeparting the appellant left some literature on thetable although informed by the lady that it would

not be read and had better be given to someoneelse. At the laundry the appellant introduced him-self as one of the Jehovah's Witnesses and dis-cussed with the proprietor their work and religiongenerally. The proprietor bought the book Religion for a quarter but declined to buy othersat the same price. He was given a pamphlet free.When arrested the appellant stated that he wasselling religious books and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and that because of his religious be-liefs he would not take out a license. A motion atthe close of the evidence for a directed verdict of acquittal on the ground that the ordinance violatedthe Fourteenth Amendment was denied. The jurywas instructed to acquit unless it found the defend-ant was selling books or pamphlets. It returned averdict of guilty. On appeal the Supreme Court of Arizona held that the ordinance, an ordinary occu-pational license tax ordinance, did not deny free-dom of religion and of the press and affirmed theconviction. 118 P.2d 97, 9 8. An appeal to thisCourt *592 was allowed under s 237 of the JudicialCode, 28 U.S.C. s 344.

FN7 Section 1. It shall be unlawful forany person * * * to carry on any trade,calling, profession, occupation or business,in this ordinance specified, without firsthaving procured a license from the City of Casa Grande, so to do, * * * and each and

every day or fractional part of a day thatany trade, calling, profession, business oroccupation in this ordinance specified isconducted or carried on without such li-cense shall be a misdemeanor, * * *

Section 2. It shall be the duty of the CityClerk * * * to prepare and to issue a li-cense under this ordinance for every per-son * * * liable to pay a license hereunder.* * *

Section 4. * * * Every person having sucha license, and not having a fixed place of business shall carry such license with himat all times while carrying on the trade * ** or business for which the same was gran-ted. Every person * * * having a license ** * shall produce and exhibit the same, * ** whenever requested to do so by any po-lice officer or by any other officer author-ized to issue, inspect or collect licenses.

FN8 Section 12. Peddlers, Transient Mer-chants; Vendors, defined:

(A) Transient Merchant within themeaning of this ordinance shall includeevery person who, not for or in connectionwith a business at a fixed place within theCity of Casa Grande, solicits orders fromhouse to house for the future delivery of goods, or who shall deliver goods previ-ously solicited by a solicitor, at retail, oran order for future delivery.

(B) As used in this ordinance, the termpeddlers' shall include solicitors and othervendors not having a permanent place of business in the City of Casa Grande, andwho are not specifically licensed or per-mitted to sell any class of goods whatso-ever.

(C) As used in this Ordinance, the termStreet Vendors' includes all persons en-


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gaged in selling in or upon the streets, al-leys or vacant grounds within the City, andgoods, wares, merchandise or articles, in-cluding photographs, and also includes allpersons engaged in conducting upon thestreets, alleys, or vacant grounds of theCity any ring, knife or similar game, orany faker business, game or device.

All persons coming within the definitionof the occupations defined herein shall paya quarterly license fee of Twenty Five Dol-lars ($25.00), in advance.

The Opelika ordinance required book agents to pay$10.00 per annum, transient distributors of books(annual only) $5.00. The license fee in Casa Grandewas $25 per quarter, that in Fort Smith ranged from$2.50 per day to $25 per month. All the fees weresmall, yet substantial. But the appellant and the pe-titioners, so far as the records disclose, advanced noclaim and presented no proof in the courts belowthat these fees were invalid because so high as tomake the cost of compliance a deterrent to the fur-ther distribution of their literature in those cities.Although petitioners in No. 314 contended thattheir enterprise was operated at a loss there was no

suggestion that they could not obtain from the samesources which now supply the funds to meetwhatever deficit there may be sums sufficient to de-fray license fees also. The amount of the fees wasnot considered in the opinions below except for abare statement by the Alabama court that the exac-tion was reasonable, and neither the briefs nor theassignments of error in this Court have directedtheir attack specifically to that issue. Consequentlythere is not before us the question of the power tolay fees, objectionable in their effect because of their size, upon the constitutionally protected rightsof free speech, press or the exercise of religion. If the size of the fees were to be considered, to**1237 reach a conclusion one would desire toknow the estimated volume, the margin of profit,the solicitor's commission, the expense of policingand other pertinent facts of income and expense. In

the circumstances we venture no opinion concern-ing the validity of license taxes if it were proved, orat least distinctly claimed, that the burden of the taxwas a substantial clog upon activities of the sorthere involved. FN9 The *5 93 sole constitutionalquestion considered is whether a nondiscriminatorylicense fee, presumably appropriate in amount, maybe imposed upon these activities.

FN9 Cf. Seaboard Air Line Ry. v. Watson ,287 U.S. 86, 53 S.Ct. 32, 77 L.Ed. 180, 8 6A.L.R. 174 ; People of State of New Yor k v. Kleinert, 268 U.S. 646, 45 S.Ct. 618, 6 9L.Ed. 1135 ; Dewey v. Des Moines, 1 73U.S. 193, 19 S.Ct. 379, 43 L.Ed. 66 5, and

Clark v. Paul Gray, Inc., 306 U.S. 583, 5 9S.Ct. 744, 83 L.Ed. 100 1; Standard Stock Food Co. v. Wright, 225 U.S. 540, 32 S.Ct.784, 56 L.Ed. 1197 .

[1][2] We turn to the constitutional problemsquarely presented by these ordinances. There areethical principles of greater value to mankind thanthe guarantees of the Constitution, personal liber-ties which are beyond the power of government toimpair. These principles and liberties belong to themental and spiritual realm where the judgments and

decrees of mundane courts are ineffective to directthe course of man. The rights of which our Consti-tution speaks have a more earthy quality. They arenot absolutes FN10 to be exercised independently of other cherished privileges, protected by the sameorganic instrument. Conflicts in the exercise of rights arise and the conflicting forces seek adjust-ments in the courts, as do these parties, claiming onthe one side the freedom of religion, speech and thepress, guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment ,FN11 and on the other the right to employ the sov-ereign power explicitly reserved to the State by theTenth Amendment to ensure orderly living withoutwhich constitutional guarantees of civil libertieswould be a mockery. FN12 Courts, no more thanConstitutions, can intrude into the consciences of men or compel them to believe contrary to theirfaith or think contrary *594 to their convictions, but


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courts are competent to adjudge the acts men do un-der color of a constitutional right, such as that of freedom of speech or of the press or the free exer-cise of religion and to determine whether theclaimed right is limited by other recognizedpowers, equally precious to mankind. FN13 So themind and spirit of man remain forever free, whilehis actions rest subject to necessary accommodationto the competing needs of his fellows.

FN10 Valentine v. Chrestensen, 316 U. S.52, 62 S.Ct. 920, 86 L.Ed. 126 2; Chaplin-sky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 62S.Ct. 766, 86 L.Ed. 103 1, and cases cited;Minersville District v. Gobitis, 310 U .S.

586, 594, 60 S.Ct. 1010, 1012, 84 L. Ed.1375, 127 A.L.R. 149 3; Cantwell v. Con -necticut, 310 U.S. 296, 304, 310, 60 S.C t.900, 906, 84 L.Ed. 1213, 128 A.L.R. 1352 ;Schneider v. State, 308 U.S. 147, 165, 60S.Ct. 146, 152, 84 L.Ed. 155; Hague v .C.I.O., 307 U.S. 496, 515, 516, 59 S .Ct.954, 964, 83 L.Ed. 1423 ; De Jonge v. Ore-gon, 299 U.S. 353, 364, 57 S.Ct. 255, 259 ,81 L.Ed. 278 .

FN11 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 31 5

U.S. 568, 62 S.Ct. 766, 86 L.Ed. 1031;Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296,303, 60 S.Ct. 900, 903, 84 L.Ed. 1213, 128A.L.R. 1352 ; Schneider v. State, 308 U.S .147, 160, 60 S.Ct. 146, 150, 84 L.Ed. 15 5;Lovell v. Griffin, 303 U.S. 444, 450, 58S.Ct. 666, 668, 82 L.Ed. 9 49; Gitlow v .New York, 268 U.S. 652, 45 S.Ct. 625, 6 9L.Ed. 1138 .

FN12 Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U .S.569, 574, 61 S.Ct. 762, 765, 85 L.Ed.

1049, 133 A.L.R. 1396 ; Home Bldg. & L .Ass'n v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398, 435, 54S.Ct. 231, 239, 78 L.Ed. 413, 88 A.L .R.1481 .

FN13 Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S.296, 303, 60 S.Ct. 900, 903, 84 L.Ed.

1213, 128 A.L.R. 1 352; Reynolds v .United States, 98 U.S. 145, 166, 25 L.E d.244 .

[3][4] If all expression of religion or opinion,however, were subject to the discretion of author-ity, our unfettered dynamic thoughts or moral im-pulses might be made only colorless and sterileideas. To give them life and force, the Constitutionprotects their use. No difference of view as to theimportance of the freedoms of press or religion ex-ist. They are fundamental personal rights and liber-ties. **1238 Schneider v. State, 308 U.S. 147, 161,60 S.Ct. 146, 150, 84 L.Ed. 15 5. To proscribe thedissemination of doctrines or arguments which do

not transgress military or moral limits is to destroythe principal bases of democracy,-knowledge anddiscussion. One man, with views contrary to therest of his compatriots, is entitled to the privilege of expressing his ideas by speech of broadside to any-one willing to listen or to read. Too many settledbeliefs have in time been rejected to justify thisgeneration in refusing a hearing to its own dissen-tients. But that hearing may be limited by action of the proper legislative body to times, places andmethods for the enlightenment of the communitywhich, in view of existing social and economic con-

ditions, are not at odds with the preservation of peace and good order.

[5] This means that the proponents of ideas cannotdetermine entirely for themselves the time andplace and manner for the diffusion of knowledge orfor their evangelism, any more than the civil au-thorites may hamper or suppress the public dissem-ination of facts and principles *595 by the people .FN14 The ordinary requirements of civilized lifecompel this adjustment of interests. The task of re-concilement is made harder by the tendency to ac-cept as dominant any contention supported by aclaim of interference with the practice of religion orthe spread of ideas. Believing as this nation hasfrom the first that the freedoms of worship and ex-pression are closely akin to the illimitable priv-ileges of thought itself, any legislation affecting


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