joints types jointspermanentsolderedbrazedadhesivedetachablethreaded,screw & nutkeyed &...
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Joints types
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Threaded-joints • This type of connection is made by threaded
fastening members such as screws, bolts, studs and nuts.
• Threaded connections have found extensive application > 60% of all elements
• Threaded joints can:– Can transmit considerable axial force related to
wedging action– Can be fixed in any position related to considerable
friction– Are easily adaptable to precision manufacture
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Types of threaded joints and fasteners
• Bolted connection– Are the simplest
and cheapest, not require thread in the parts, joints 2 thin parts
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Types of threaded joints and fasteners
• Screw joints – Are useful where one of
the parts to be joined is rather thick , a screw is driven into a threaded holes in the thicker part
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Types of threaded joints and fasteners
• Stud joints – Are made where one of
the parts is much thicker than the other , and the connection is to be frequently disassembled in service.
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Types of threaded joints and fasteners
• Set screw connection – Are employed to prevent
the relative displacement of the parts at the joints
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Types of threaded joints and fasteners
• Self taping screw– To fasten together soft-
metal parts which are not likely to be unfastened in service.
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Nuts
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Thread Definitions• Screw Thread: A ridge of uniform section in
the form of a helix.
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Thread Definitions• External Thread:
– An external thread is cut using a die or a lathe.
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Thread Definitions• Internal Thread: Internal threads are on the
inside of a member.
– An internal thread is cut using a tap.
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Thread Definitions• Major DIA (D): The largest diameter (For both
internal and external threads).
• Minor DIA (d): The smallest diameter.
• Depth of thread: (D-d)/2
• Pitch DIA (dP): The diameter at which a line cuts the spaces and threads equally.
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Thread Definitions• Crest: The top surface.
• Root: The bottom Surface.
• Side: The surface between the crest and root.
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Thread Definitions• Pitch (P): The distance from a point on a screw
thread to a corresponding point on the next thread (in/Threads).
• Angle of Thread (A): The angle between the threads.
• Screw Axis: The longitudinal centerline.
• Lead: The distance a screw thread advances axially in one turn.
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Thread Definitions• Right Handed Thread: Advances when turned
CW. (Threads are assumed RH unless specified otherwise.)
• Left Handed Thread: Advances when turned CCW.
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Identify the Pitch, Screw Axis and Thread Angle.
Axis Pitch
Angle
Crest
Root
Side
8Minorn
Thread Depth
MajornPn
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Types of Thread• There are many different types of thread
forms (shape) available. The most common are;– Unified– Metric
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Types of Thread• Thread form choice depends on;
– what it will be used for– length of engagement– load– etc…
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Types of Thread (Form)
Thread Name Figure Uses
Unified screw thread
General use.
ISO metric screw thread
General use.
Square Ideal thread for power transmission.
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Types of Thread (Form)
Thread Name Figure Uses
ACME Stronger than square thread.
Buttress Designed to handle heavy forces in one direction. (Truck jack)
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Manufacturing Threads• Internal Threads
– First a tap drill hole is cut with a twist drill.
The tap drill hole is a little bigger than the minor diameter. Why?
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Manufacturing Threads• Internal Threads
– Then the threads are cut using a tap.
The tap drill hole is longer than the length of the threads. Why?
Incomplete threads
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Manufacturing Threads• Internal Threads
– Chamfers are sometimes cut to allow for easy engagement.
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Manufacturing Threads• External Threads
– You start with a shaft the same size as the major diameter.
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Manufacturing Threads• External Threads
– The threads are then cut using a die or on a lathe.
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Manufacturing Threads• External Threads
– The threads are then cut using a die or on a lathe.
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Detailed Representation• A detailed representation is a close
approximation of the appearance of an actual screw thread.
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Detailed Representation• Pros and Cons?
Pro: Looks good and clearly represents a thread.Con: Takes a long time to draw.
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Schematic Representation• The schematic representation uses staggered
lines to represent the thread roots and crests.
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Schematic Representation• Pros and Cons?
Pro: Nearly as effective as the detailed representation and easier to draw.Con: Still takes some time to draw.
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Schematic Representation• Rules of use for Schematic threads
– Should not be used for hidden internal threads or sections of external threads.
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Simplified Representation• The simplified representation uses visible and
hidden lines to represent the major and minor diameters.
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Simplified Representation• Pros and Cons?
Pro: Simple and fast to draw.Con: Doesn’t look like a thread.
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Simplified Internal Threads
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Simplified Internal Threads
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Drawing Screw Threads• Thread tables in the appendix can be used to
look up value for the;– Pitch– Minor diameter– Tap drill diameter
• If screw thread tables are not available, the minor diameter can be approximated as 75% of the major diameter.
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Unified Threads (inch)• After drawing a thread, we need to identify
the size and thread form in a thread note.
Thread Note
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Unified Thread Note Components
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Unified Threads (inch)• Major Diameter: The largest diameter.• Threads per inch: Number of threads per inch
for a particular diameter. – Equal to one over the pitch (1/P).
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Unified Threads (inch)• Thread Form and Series: The shape of the
thread cut. – UNC = Unified National coarse.
• For general use.
– UNF = Unified National fine. • Used when high degree of tightness is required.
– UNEF = Unified National extra fine. • Used when length of engagement is limited (Example:
Sheet metal).
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Unified Threads (inch)• Thread Class: Closeness of fit between the two
mating threaded parts. – 1 = Generous tolerance. For rapid assembly and
disassembly.– 2 = Normal production– 3 = High accuracy
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Unified Threads (inch)• External or Internal Threads
– A = External threads– B = Internal threads
• Right handed or left handed thread– RH = Right handed (right handed threads are
assumed if not stated.)– LH = Left handed
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Unified Threads (inch)• Depth of thread: The thread depth is given at
the end of the thread note and indicates the thread depth for internal threads– This is not the tap drill depth.
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Unified Threads (inch)• Thread class is assumed to be 2.• Threads are assumed to be RH.
May be left off if assumptions hold.
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Exercise 5-2• Identify the different components of the
following Unified National thread note. • 1/4 – 20 UNC – 2A – RH
1/4
20
UNC
2
A
RH
.25 inch Major DIA20 threads per inch (P = 1/20 = .05)Thread form & series – UN Coarse
Thread Class – Normal Production
External ThreadsRight Handed Threads
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Unified National Thread Tables• Standard screw thread tables are available in
order to look up the:– Major diameter – Threads per inch– Minor diameter or Tap drill size.
• Thread tables are located in Appendix B.
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Exercise 5-3• Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread.
(See Appendix B)
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Exercise 5-3• Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread.
(See Appendix B)
10 – 32 UNF
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Exercise 5-3• Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread.
(See Appendix B)– Is the major diameter 10 inches? No
10 – 32 UNF
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Exercise 5-3• Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread.
(See Appendix B)– Is the major diameter 10 inches? 0.190
10 – 32 UNF
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Exercise 5-3• Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread.
(See Appendix B)– What is the minor diameter?
10 – 32 UNF
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Exercise 5-3• Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread.
(See Appendix B)– What is the minor diameter?
10 – 32 UNFD – 1.0825P = 0.190 – 1.0825/32 = 0.156
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Metric Threads• The metric thread note can contain a pitch
diameter tolerance.• What is the pitch diameter? Let’s see.
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Pitch Diameter• The pitch diameter cuts the threads at a point
where the distance of the spaces equal the distance of the threads.
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Metric Thread Note Components
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Metric Thread Note Components
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Metric Threads• Metric Form: Placing an M before the major
diameter indicates the metric thread form.
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Metric Threads• Major Diameter: The largest diameter• Pitch: (P) Millimeters per thread.
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Metric Threads• Tolerance Class: It describes the looseness or
tightness of fit between the internal and external threads. Number = Tolerance grade
Letter = Tolerance position
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Metric Threads• Tolerance Class:
– Tolerance Grade: Smaller numbers indicate a tighter fit.
– Tolerance Position: Specifies the amount of allowance.
• Upper case letters = internal threads • Lower case letters = external threads.
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Metric Threads• Tolerance Class: Two classes of metric thread
fits are generally used.– 6H/6g = General purpose – 6H/5g6g = Closer fit.– A tolerance class of 6H/6g is assumed if it is not
specified.
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Metric Threads• Right handed or Left handed thread:
– RH = Right handed (right handed threads are assumed if not stated.)
– LH = Left handed
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Metric Threads• Depth of thread: It indicates the thread depth
for internal threads, not the tap drill depth.
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Metric Thread Note• A tolerance class of 6H/6g is assumed.• Threads are assumed to be RH.
May be left off if assumptions hold.
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Exercise 5-4• Identify the different components of the
following metric thread notes.• M10 x 1.5 – 4h6h – RH
M
10
1.5
4h
6h
Int. or Ext.
RH
Metric Form
10 mm Major DIA
Pitch – mm/threads
Pitch DIA tolerance
Minor DIA tolerance
External
Right handed threads
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Metric Thread Tables• Standard screw thread tables are available in
order to look up the;– Major diameter– Pitch– Tap drill size or Minor diameter
• Thread tables are located in Appendix B.
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Exercise 5-5• For a n16 internal metric thread, what are
the; – two available pitches, – the tap drill diameter,– and the corresponding minor diameter for the
mating external threads.
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Find this page.
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Exercise 5-5• For a n16 internal metric thread.
Pitch Tap drill DIA Minor DIA (External)
21.5
1414.5
13.614.2
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Exercise 5-5• For a n16 internal metric thread.
• Which has the finer thread?– Pitch = 2– Pitch = 1.5
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Exercise 5-5• Write the thread note for a 16 mm diameter
coarse thread.
M16 x 2
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Drawing Bolts• D represents the major diameter.• Nuts are drawn in a similar fashion.
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Bolt and Screw Clearances• Bolts and screws
attach one material with a clearance hole to another material with a threaded hole.
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Bolt and Screw Clearances• The size of the
clearance hole depends on;– the major diameter
of the fastener – and the type of fit
• normal • close • loose
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Table 5-2 (Normal fit clearances)
• Other fits may be found in Appendix B.
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Bolt and Screw Clearances• Sometimes bolt or screw
heads need to be flush with the surface. This can be achieved by using either a counterbore or countersink depending on the fasteners head shape.
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Bolt and Screw Clearances• Counterbores:
Counterbores are holes designed to recess bolt or screw heads below the surface of a part.
Typically, CH = H + 1/16 (1.5 mm) and C1 = D1 + 1/8 (3 mm)
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Bolt and Screw Clearances• Countersink:
Countersinks are angled holes that are designed to recess screws with angled heads.
Typically, C1 = D1 + 1/8 (3 mm)
Appendix B gives other counterbore, countersink and shaft clearance holes.
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Exercise 5-6• What is the normal fit clearance hole diameter
for the following nominal bolt sizes.
Nominal size
Clearance hole
1/4
3/4
9/3213/16
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Exercise 5-6• A 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw
needs to go through a piece of metal in order to screw into a plate below.
• The head of the screw should be flush with the surface.
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Exercise 5-6• 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw • Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B.
Head diameter
Height of head
Normal clearance hole dia.
C’Bore dia.
C’Bore depth
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D = 5/16
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Exercise 5-6• 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw • Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B.
Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=0.469
Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16
Normal clearance hole dia.
C’Bore dia.
C’Bore depth
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Exercise 5-6• 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw • Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B.
Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469
Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16
Normal clearance hole dia.
C’Bore dia.
C’Bore depth
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Exercise 5-6• 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw • Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B.
Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469
Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16
Normal clearance hole dia. C = D + 1/32 = 11/32
C’Bore dia. B = 17/32
C’Bore depth
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Exercise 5-6• 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw • Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B.
Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469
Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16
Normal clearance hole dia. C = D + 1/32 = 11/32
C’Bore dia. B = 17/32
C’Bore depth
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Exercise 5-6• 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw • Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B.
Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469
Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16
Normal clearance hole dia. C = D + 1/32 = 11/32
C’Bore dia. B = 17/32
C’Bore depth >H (H+1/16 = 3/8)
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Exercise 5-6• An M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric
Cap Screw needs to go through a piece of metal in order to screw into a plate below.
• The clearance hole needs to be close and the head needs to be flush with the surface.
• What should the countersink diameter and clearance hole diameter be?
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Exercise 5-6• M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap
Screw
Major dia.
Head dia.
C’Sink dia.
Close clearance hole dia.
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Exercise 5-6• M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap
Screw
Major dia. 8
Head dia.
C’Sink dia.
Close clearance hole dia.
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Exercise 5-6• M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap
Screw
Major dia. 8
Head dia.
C’Sink dia.
Close clearance hole dia.
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Exercise 5-6• M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap
Screw
Major dia. 8
Head dia. A = 17.92
C’Sink dia.
Close clearance hole dia.
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Exercise 5-6• M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap
Screw
Major dia. 8
Head dia. A = 17.92
C’Sink dia.
Close clearance hole dia.
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Exercise 5-6• M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap
Screw
Major dia. 8
Head dia. A = 17.92
C’Sink dia. Y = 17.92
Close clearance hole dia.
Or, Y = A + 3 = 20
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Exercise 5-6• M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap
Screw
Major dia. 8
Head dia. A = 17.92
C’Sink dia. Y = 17.92
Close clearance hole dia.
Or, Y = A + 3 = 20
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Exercise 5-6• M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap
Screw
Major dia. 8
Head dia. A = 17.92
C’Sink dia. Y = 17.92
Close clearance hole dia. 8.4
Or, Y = A + 3 = 20
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Keys
Keys are machine elements used to prevent relative rotational movement between a shaft and the parts mounted on it, such as pulleys, gears, wheels, couplings, etc.
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Keys classifications
• Keys are classified into:– saddle keys– sunk keys– round keys
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saddle keysThese are taper keys, with uniform width but tapering in thickness on the upper side. The magnitude of the taper provided is 1:100. These are made in two forms:•hollow saddle key•Flat saddle key
The two types of saddle keys are suitable for light duty only.
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hollow saddle key
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Flat saddle key
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sunk keysThese are the standard forms of keys used in practice, and may be either square or rectangular in cross-section.
– The end may be squared or – rounded.
Generally, half the thickness of the key fits into the shaft keyway and the remaining half in the hub keyway.These keys are used for heavy duty
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Sunk keys classification
• Sunk keys may be classified as:– (i) taper keys, – (ii) parallel or feather keys – (iii) woodruff keys.
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taper sunk keys
Key with Gib headKey with square or rectangular head
W = 0.25 D + 2 mmT = 0.67 W (at the thicker end)
taper = 1:100H = 1.75 T
B = 1.5 T
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parallel or feather keyA parallel or feather key is a sunk key, uniform in width and thickness as well.These keys are used when the parts (gears, clutches, etc.) mounted are required to slide along the shaft; permitting relative axial movement. To achieve this, a clearance fit must exist between the key and the keyway in which it slides, fitted into the keyway provided on the shaft by two or more screws or into the hub of the mounting
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Types of parallel or feather key
peg feather key single headed feather key double headed feather key
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SplinesSplines are keys made integral with the shaft, by cutting equi-spaced grooves of uniform cross-section. The shaft with splines is called a splined shaft. The splines on the shaft, fit into the corresponding recesses in the hub of the mounting, with a sliding fit, providing a positive drive and at the same time permitting the latter to move axially along the shaft
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woodruff keysIt is a sunk key, in the form of a segment of a circular disc of uniform thickness, As the bottom surface of the key is circular, the keyway in the shaft is in the form of a circular recess to the same curvature as the key.•If D is the diameter of the shaft,•Thickness of key, W = 0.25 D•Diameter of key, d = 3 W•Height of key, T = 1.35 W•Depth of the keyway in the hub,
– T1 = 0.5 W + 0.1 mm•Depth of keyway in shaft,
– T2 = 0.85 W
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round keys• Round keys are of circular
cross-section, usually tapered (1:50) along the length. A round key fits in the hole drilled partly in the shaft and partly in the hub .
• The mean diameter of the pin may be taken as 0.25 D, where D is shaft diameter.
• Round keys are generally used for light duty, where the loads are not considerable.
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How do fasteners lock in place?
• Proper torque• Lock washers• Cotter pins• Locking tabs• Self locking nuts• Thread locking compounds
– Red LocTite© Blue LocTite© USE the BLUE unless specified. Red will not come off!
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Do not re-use
• Nylon locking nuts
• Cotter pins
• Nuts in critical locations such as connecting rod nuts
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Locking devices
Locking Nut
Locking by split pinLocking using castle Nut Wile’s lock nut
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Locking devices
Locking using set screw Grooved Nut
Locking using screw
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Locking devices
Locking by plate Locking by spring washer
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Cotter Pin
A cotter is a flat wedge shaped piece, made of steel. It is uniform in thickness but tapering inwidth, generally on one side; the usual taper being 1:30. The lateral (bearing) edges of the cotter and the bearing slots are generally made semi-circular instead of straight
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Cotter joints are used to connect two rods, subjected to tensile or compressive forcesalong their axes. These joints are not suitable where the members are under rotation
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This joint is also used to fasten two circular rods. In this, the rod ends are modified instead of using a sleeve. One end of the rod is formed into a socket and the other into a spigot
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This joint is generally used to connect two rods of square or rectangular cross-section. To makethe joint, one end of the rod is formed into a U-fork, into which, the end of the other rod fits in
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• A knuckle joint is a pin joint used to fasten two circular rods. In this joint, one end of the rod is formed into an eye and the other into a fork (double eye).
• Knuckle joints are used in suspension links, air brake arrangement of locomotives, etc.