JOINTS, TENDONS AND LIGAMENTSAn Overview

FLEXIONA joint bent or FLEXED so that one of the bones of the joint moves towards the other.

EXTENSION

A joint straightened or EXTENDED in its natural position to its full extent

This can be performed at hinge, ball & socket, Condyloid and saddle joints

This can be performed at hinge, ball & socket, Condyloid and saddle joints

EXAMPLES OF FLEXION &EXTENSION

Ankle?

Knee?

Left hip?

Right hip?

Neck?

Shoulder?

Elbow?

Wrist?

Fingers?

A movement AWAY from the central line of the body.

To abduct = to take away

ABDUCTION_---_

+++ADDUCTIONA movement TOWARDS the central line of the body

This can be performed at ball & socket, Condyloid and saddle joints

This can be performed at ball & socket, Condyloid and saddle joints

EXAMPLES OF ADDUCTION+&ABDUCTION-

A TURNING movement around a central point or pivot

ROTATION

CIRCUMDUCTIONA movement which causes part of the body to describe a complete circle

This can be performed at ball & socket and pivot joints

This can be performed at ball & socket joint

TENDONSAttach VOLUNTARY muscles to your bones

Attach two bones together

LIGAMENTS

Freely-Movable Joints

Type of Joint Movement at Joint

Examples Structure

Hinge Flexion and Extension

Elbow/ Knee Hinge Joint

Pivot Rotation of one bone around another

Top of neck(Atlas and Axis bones)

Pivot Joint

Ball and Socket

Flexion/Extension/Adduction/Abduction/Internal & External Rotation

Shoulder/ Hip Ball and Socket Joint

Type of Joint Movement of Joint

Examples Structure

Saddle Flexion/Extension/Adduction/Abduction/Circumduction

Joint of Thumb Saddle Joint

Condyloid Flexion/Extension/Adduction/Abduction/Circumduction

Wrist Condyloid Joint

Gliding Gliding Movements

Intercarpal Gliding Joint

Joint Example Rotation: The head can be rotated at the

neckCircumduction: The arm can move in circles at

the shoulderExtension: The arm can be extended at the

elbowFlexion: The leg can be flexed at the kneeAdduction: The leg can be moved away from

the centre of the body at the hip.Abduction: The arm can be moved towards

the centre of the body at the shoulder

Examples in sport…

The importance of flexibility in…Sport:•Lack of flexibility leads to poor performances•Inefficient technique can lead to injury•It increases agility, speed, range of movement and improves techniqueOld Age:•As we age we become less flexible because our connective tissues deteriorate. •Stretching stimulates the lubricating of connective tissues.

FUNCTIONS OF CARTILAGE

Reduces the amount of friction where two bonesMeet at a joint. They form discs and act as shock absorbers between individual vertebrae. The c-shaped cartilaginous rings in the

windpipes (trachea and bronchi) help keep the tubes open.

The cartilage forms a firm joint between bones but still allows a reasonable amount of movement.

HOW ARE LIGAMENTS AFFECTED BY SPORT? Twisting or landing on a knee/ankle that is

over-extended. A heavy landing or awkward turn when the

ligaments around a particular joint are at full-stretch can cause it to tear away from the bone.

HOW ARE TENDONS AFFECTED BY SPORT? Caused by heavy landing on the fall and

through wear and tear. By wearing unsuitable footwear. Overtraining puts strain on the tendon. Lack of warming up and stretching. Training on uneven ground.

JOINTS In the human body, a joint is defined as the

junction where two or more bones meet. There are three types of joints:

Immovable (fixed) joints [e.g the cranium, pelvis] Slightly moveable joints [e.g the vertebral column] Freely moveable joints [e.g the hip, elbow, thumb]

The importance and usage of joints in exercise and sport, is that it allows movement to occur.

THE SYNOVIAL JOINT The structure of the synovial joint is the thin layer

of lubricating synovial fluid capsules that surround the articulating surfaces. This reduces the friction between the bones.

The joint is held together by ligaments and a fibrous capsule encloses the joint. The inner layers of this capsule secrete the synovial fluid. The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with cartilage that also reduces friction.

THE SYNOVIAL JOINT

The synovial joint in the knee.

THE SYNOVIAL JOINT

The dangers of potential injuries of exercise and sporting activities for the synovial joint, is that due to the constant impact, the layer of lubricating synovial fluid capsule gets worn down.

Therefore friction occurs between the two bones and can cause extreme pain.

What’s the difference?Cartilage Tendons Ligaments

Tough Attaches bone to muscle

Attaches bone to bone

Flexible Sturdy ElasticAt end of bone

Non elastic Stabilise

Cushions Size changes depending on muscle

Made of many fibres

Anchor Strong