joint epa/nasa/noaa workshop on air quality and …€¢ challenges: measuring trace gases/aerosols...
TRANSCRIPT
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
Joint EPA/NASA/NOAA Workshop Joint EPA/NASA/NOAA Workshop on Air Quality and Related Climate on Air Quality and Related Climate
Change IssuesChange Issues
Operational Monitoring of Operational Monitoring of Air Quality from SatellitesAir Quality from Satellites
and Research to Operationsand Research to Operations
Mitch GoldbergMitch Goldberg
Chief, Satellite Meteorology and Climatology DivisionChief, Satellite Meteorology and Climatology Division
September 14, 2004September 14, 2004(thanks to Shobha Kondragunta, Chris Barnet , Paul Menzel, and colleagues at CIMSS, UMBC)
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
NOAA/NESDIS ObjectiveNOAA/NESDIS Objective
Desired outcome:Desired outcome:
•• Build collaborative projects with NASA and EPA that are Build collaborative projects with NASA and EPA that are beneficial to the air quality forecast program.beneficial to the air quality forecast program.
•• Help define requirements for satellite derived air quality produHelp define requirements for satellite derived air quality productscts
•• Help propose new technologies.Help propose new technologies.
•• Help develop air quality products and implement them Help develop air quality products and implement them operationally.operationally.
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
NOAA’sNOAA’s SatellitesSatellitesTwo polar (POES) and two geostationary (GOES) Two polar (POES) and two geostationary (GOES) environmental satellitesenvironmental satellites
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
Contributions of Contributions of GEOsGEOs and and LEOsLEOs
GEOsGEOs (Geostationary satellites)(Geostationary satellites)Resolve diurnal cycleResolve diurnal cycleObserve at constant anglesObserve at constant angles
LEOsLEOs (Low Earth Orbiters(Low Earth Orbiters--polar orbiting polar orbiting satellites)satellites)Provide global coverageProvide global coverage
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
NOAA Satellite ProductsNOAA Satellite Products
AtmosphereAtmosphere•• Temperature soundingsTemperature soundings•• Moisture soundingsMoisture soundings•• WindsWinds•• CloudsClouds•• AerosolsAerosols•• Earth Radiation BudgetEarth Radiation Budget•• PrecipitationPrecipitation•• OzoneOzone
OceanOcean•• Surface temperatureSurface temperature•• Ice coverIce cover•• Surface windsSurface winds•• ColorColor•• Sea levelSea level
LandLand•• Vegetation conditionVegetation condition•• Snow pack characteristicsSnow pack characteristics•• Other land characteristics Other land characteristics
(e,g., (e,g., albedoalbedo, skin , skin temperature, temperature, soil wetnesssoil wetness, , insolation)insolation)
•• Fire locations/Smoke Fire locations/Smoke PlumesPlumes
Air Quality Related Products
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
Current Operational Satellite Products Useful for Air QualityCurrent Operational Satellite Products Useful for Air Quality
AVHRR vegetation, fires, smokeGOES-8 WF_ABBA fire
product, August 13, 2002
GOES-12 aerosol optical depth, July 15-19, 2004
Currently used in NCEP’sair quality forecast efforts
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
Looking ahead: the next 10 years and beyond Looking ahead: the next 10 years and beyond in the era of in the era of hyperspectralhyperspectral measurementsmeasurements
•• Exploit the current sensorsExploit the current sensors–– Demonstrate air quality applications of current satellite producDemonstrate air quality applications of current satellite products relevant to AQts relevant to AQ–– Improve the quality of the current products (algorithms and caliImprove the quality of the current products (algorithms and calibration)bration)–– Develop new products (e.g., emissions from biomass burning)Develop new products (e.g., emissions from biomass burning)–– Work with air quality forecast groups to utilize the satellite dWork with air quality forecast groups to utilize the satellite data in models (forecast ata in models (forecast
verification or improvements via assimilation)verification or improvements via assimilation)
•• Prepare for the future sensorsPrepare for the future sensors–– Collect requirements Collect requirements –– Invest in algorithm development workInvest in algorithm development work
•• Challenges: measuring trace gases/aerosols in PBL, Challenges: measuring trace gases/aerosols in PBL, tropospherictropospheric profiles, cloud profiles, cloud screeningscreening
–– Exploit instrument synergy: multiExploit instrument synergy: multi--sensor and / or multisensor and / or multi--platform approachesplatform approaches–– Active participation in ground campaignsActive participation in ground campaigns–– Develop capabilities to process NASA’s air quality products nearDevelop capabilities to process NASA’s air quality products near real time at NOAAreal time at NOAA
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
GOESGOES--R AQ products at 15 minute refresh rate R AQ products at 15 minute refresh rate over the Americasover the Americas
•• Aerosol optical depthAerosol optical depth•• Aerosol sizeAerosol size•• Aerosol typeAerosol type•• Biomass burning emissionsBiomass burning emissions•• Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide •• Fire size and locationFire size and location•• Height of aerosol layerHeight of aerosol layer•• Methane Methane •• OzoneOzone
NPOESS and METOP will provide the same up to six times
per day but with global coverage
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
TroposphereTroposphereColumnColumnAPSAPSAerosol shape and Aerosol shape and refractive indexrefractive index
TroposphereTroposphereProfileProfileCALIPSOCALIPSOAerosol vertical profileAerosol vertical profile
TroposphereTroposphereColumnColumnTOMS, AVHRR, MODIS, TOMS, AVHRR, MODIS, SeaWIFSSeaWIFS, GOME, , GOME, SCIAMACHY, GOES, OMI, SCIAMACHY, GOES, OMI, OMPS, VIIRS, APS, GOESOMPS, VIIRS, APS, GOES--R/ABI, GOESR/ABI, GOES--R/HESR/HES
Aerosol optical depth as Aerosol optical depth as proxy for PM2.5proxy for PM2.5
TroposphereTroposphereColumnColumnMODISMODIS, APS, VIIRS, GOES, APS, VIIRS, GOES--R/ABIR/ABI
Particle typeParticle type
TOMS/SBUV, AIRS, OMI, TOMS/SBUV, AIRS, OMI, TES, TES, OMPS , OMPS , IASI, IASI, CrISCrIS
GOME, OMIGOME, OMI
MOPPIT, AIRS, MOPPIT, AIRS, IASI, IASI, CrISCrISGOESGOES--R/HESR/HES
TOMS, TOVS, AIRS,GOME, TOMS, TOVS, AIRS,GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, SCIAMACHY, OMI, OMPS, OMPS, IASI, IASI, CrISCrIS
Current/Current/Future Future Satellite SensorsSatellite Sensors
Troposphere*Troposphere*ProfileProfileOzone (O3)Ozone (O3)
TroposphereTroposphereColumnColumnNitrogen dioxide (NO2)Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
TroposphereTroposphereColumnColumnCarbon monoxide (CO)Carbon monoxide (CO)
Troposphere/stratosphere Troposphere/stratosphere for volcanic eruptionsfor volcanic eruptions
ColumnColumnSulfur dioxide (SO2)Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
LocationLocationMeasurementMeasurementPollutantPollutant
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
NCEP has requirements for global analysis and forecast capability of:
Ozone (already in operations)Ozone (already in operations)Aerosols (Volcanic, Dust, Smoke, Aerosols (Volcanic, Dust, Smoke,
Urban/industrial)Urban/industrial)Carbon productsCarbon products
In addition to air quality, and climate applications, these In addition to air quality, and climate applications, these products are important for improving weather forecasts products are important for improving weather forecasts by accounting for these species in by accounting for these species in radiativeradiative transfer transfer calculationscalculations(e.g. direct radiance assimilation of (e.g. direct radiance assimilation of hyperspectralhyperspectralmeasurements, improved SSTs)measurements, improved SSTs)
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
Infrared SpectrumInfrared Spectrum
Products:Water vapor (soundings, fluxes, winds)
Temperature (sounding, stability)Carbon monoxide concentration (2 Layers) and total CO2 conc.
Methane concentration (total column)Ozone concentration (4 Layers)
Total SO2 concentration (volcanic eruptions)Surface Temperature and emissivity
Clouds (altitude, optical depth, microphysical properties, winds)Aerosol Concentration and Depth
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
Hyperspectral Dust/Aerosol ModelingHyperspectral Dust/Aerosol Modeling
kCARTA+DISORT, spectral resolution = 0.0025 cm-1
Negative slopeEffect of Dust Particle Sizes Effect of Dust Layer Location
Green – Clear Spectrum
Negative Slope – The Dust Signature
820 920 650 1000
( Sokolik, et al., 2002 - GRL)
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
10 May 2003 (1554 UT)
Anatahan Volcanoviewed with AIRS
SO2 signal1284-1345 cm-1
Ash signal1228-995 cm-1
Anatahan
10 11 12 13 1
transmission (total)transmission (scattering)transmission (absorption)
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
7
trans
miss
ion
9
4 5 Ash
AbsScatTot
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
Statistics of CO Retrieval Statistics of CO Retrieval from a simulation of a full from a simulation of a full dayday
IASI has most skill in lower troposphere
Background Variability
RMS BIAS
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
AIRS is Sensitive to CO from Biomass Burning. AIRS is Sensitive to CO from Biomass Burning. Cloud Clearing yield ≈ 70%.Cloud Clearing yield ≈ 70%.
On Sep. 9, 2002: low MODIS fire counts & low AIRS CO was measured.
On Sep. 24, 2002: high MODIS fire counts & high AIRS CO was measured
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
AIRS
MOPITT
(Wallace McMillan, UMBC
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
AIRS Global CO Movie(Wallace McMillan, UMBC)
18
Larrabee Strow, UMBC
19
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
OperationsOperations
Feedback
Observing SystemsModeling Systems
Products & Services
Observing SystemsModeling Systems
Products & Services
CustomersResearch to OperationsResearch to Operations
R&D CommunityResearchResearch
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
NESDIS Research to NESDIS Research to OperationsOperations
•• At NESDIS, ORA is the research office and At NESDIS, ORA is the research office and OSDPD is operations for satellite products.OSDPD is operations for satellite products.
••ORA is not just research, ORA also develop ORA is not just research, ORA also develop processing systems which are transferred to processing systems which are transferred to OSDPD.OSDPD.
•• We develop our processing systems on parallel We develop our processing systems on parallel machines which minimize the time for machines which minimize the time for operational implementation.operational implementation.
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
Case Study Case Study -- AIRS (How to get AIRS (How to get NASA products into NESDIS NASA products into NESDIS operations)operations)
•• NESDIS scientists on NASA AIRS science teamsNESDIS scientists on NASA AIRS science teams
••We contributed by providing algorithms and as an advocate for We contributed by providing algorithms and as an advocate for NOAA’sNOAA’suser community. (NCEP, Navy, ECMWF, UKMET)user community. (NCEP, Navy, ECMWF, UKMET)
•• User workshops to discuss data formats.User workshops to discuss data formats.
••One year before the scheduled launch, we started to simulated AIOne year before the scheduled launch, we started to simulated AIRS RS radiances and products in near realradiances and products in near real--time and provide products to NWP time and provide products to NWP communitycommunity
••NWP community worked on their data assimilation infrastructure.NWP community worked on their data assimilation infrastructure.
••AIRS launched in May 2002AIRS launched in May 2002
••AIRS level 1b validated by end of September.AIRS level 1b validated by end of September.
••AIRS radiance products delivered to NWP community in early OctoAIRS radiance products delivered to NWP community in early October.ber.
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
Case Study Case Study –– Joint Center for Joint Center for Satellite Data AssimilationSatellite Data Assimilation
Define a problem Define a problem ---- need to accelerate the assimilation of satellite need to accelerate the assimilation of satellite data and we need to get ready for the large satellite datasets fdata and we need to get ready for the large satellite datasets from rom EOS and NPOESS.EOS and NPOESS.
Solution Solution –– agencies need to work together and pull resources agencies need to work together and pull resources --ORA, NCEP, OAR, NASA, DODORA, NCEP, OAR, NASA, DOD
Mission:Mission: Accelerate and improve the quantitative use of research Accelerate and improve the quantitative use of research and operational satellite data in weather and climate predictionand operational satellite data in weather and climate predictionmodelsmodels
Vision:Vision: A weather and climate prediction community empowered to A weather and climate prediction community empowered to effectively assimilate increasing amounts of advanced satellite effectively assimilate increasing amounts of advanced satellite observationsobservations
International advisory panel, science steering committee, Board International advisory panel, science steering committee, Board of of Directors …Directors …
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
Summary Summary –– Successful Successful Research to OperationsResearch to Operations
Success depends on intelligent motivated Success depends on intelligent motivated people with the understanding of the big picture.people with the understanding of the big picture.
Must be supported by upper management by Must be supported by upper management by providing the necessary budget.providing the necessary budget.
Team work is extremely important.Team work is extremely important.
JCSDA JCSDA –– very good example of interagency very good example of interagency collaboration.collaboration.
NESDIS Office of Research and Applications
SummarySummary
Satellite data coupled with routine groundSatellite data coupled with routine ground--based based observations are important for the monitoring observations are important for the monitoring and prediction of air pollution.and prediction of air pollution.
The high temporal frequency of observations The high temporal frequency of observations from geostationary orbit provides from geostationary orbit provides unprecedented tracking of air pollutants.unprecedented tracking of air pollutants.
PolarPolar--orbiters provide six observations per day, orbiters provide six observations per day, with higher refresh rates near the poles.with higher refresh rates near the poles.