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Sweden’s fifth national report under the Joint Convention on the safety of spent fuel management and on the safety of radioactive waste management Sweden’s implementation of the obligations of the Joint Convention

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Sweden’s fifth national report under the

Joint Convention on the safety of spent fuel management and on the safety of radioactive waste management

Sweden’s implementation of the obligationsof the Joint Convention

Ds 2014:32

Ds 2014:32

Sweden’s fifth national reportunder the Joint Convention on the safetyof spent fuel management and the safety of radioactive waste management

Sweden’s implementation of the obligations of the Joint Convention

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3

Contents

Contents 3

List of Figures 5

List of Tables 6

Foreword 7

SECTION A - Introduction 9

A.1 Purpose and structure of this report 9

A.2 Summary of results from the previous review 10

A.3 Summary of developments since the previous report 12

A.4 Development of a national policy for spent fuel and radioactive

waste management 16

A.5 Current legislative and regulatory framework 19

A.6 The management system for spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste 28

A.7 Swedish participation in international activities to enhance

safety and radiation protection 41

A.8 The European spallation source research facility 48

SECTION B - Policies and Practices 49

B.1 Article 32.1: REPORTING 49

Section C - Scope of Application 55

C.1 Article 3: SCOPE OF APPLICATION 55

Section D - Inventories and Lists 57

D.1 Article 32.2: REPORTING 57

Section E - Legislative and regulatory system 73

E.1 Article 18: IMPLEMENTING MEASURES 75

E.2 Article 19: LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 75

E.3 Article 20: REGULATORY BODY 107

Section F - Other General Safety Provisions 121

F.1 Article 21: RESPONSIBILITY OF THE LICENCE HOLDER 121

F.2 Article 22: HUMAN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES 123

F.3 Article 23: QUALITY ASSURANCE 126

F.4 Article 24: OPERATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION 130

F.5 Article 25: EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS 139

F.6 Article 26: DECOMMISSIONING 152

Section G - Safety of Spent Fuel Management 159

G.1 Article 4: GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 159

G.2 Article 5: EXISTING FACILITIES 166

G.3 Article 6: SITING OF PROPOSED FACILITIES 167

G.4 Article 7: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 175

4

G.5 Article 8: ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY OF FACILITIES 183

G.6 Article 9: OPERATION OF FACILITIES 194

G.7 Article 10: DISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL 202

Section H - Safety of Radioactive Waste Management 203

H.1 Article 11: GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 203

H.2 Article 12: EXISTING FACILITIES AND PAST PRACTICES 209

H.3 Article 13: SITING OF PROPOSED FACILITIES 211

H.4 Article 14: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 213

H.5 Article 15: ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY OF FACILITIES 218

H.6 Article 16: OPERATION OF FACILITIES 221

H.7 Article 17: INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES AFTER CLOSURE 226

Section I - Transboundary Movement 229

I.1 Article 27: TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT 229

Section J - Disused Sealed Sources 231

J.1 Article 28: DISUSED SEALED SOURCES 231

Section K – General Efforts to Improve Safety 235

K.1 Measures taken to address suggestions and challenges at previous review 235

K.2 Strong features, areas for improvement and major challenges identified

by the Contracting Party 237

K.3 Implementation of Directive 2011/70/Euratom 244

K.4 National plan for the management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste 244

K.5 Plutonium transfers 245

K.6 Policy and plans for international peer review missions 246

K.7 Periodic Safety Reviews 247

K.8 Actions to enhance openness and transparency in the implementation of

the obligations under the Convention 248

List of abbreviations 249

5

List of Figures

Figure A1: Nuclear facilities in Sweden. 17

Figure A2: Licensee basic requirements and general obligations. 20

Figure A3: The step-wise process of regulatory authorisation and supervision

following a Swedish Government decision licensing a nuclear facility. 21

Figure A4: Management system for spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste

as presented in RD&D programme 2013. 29

Figure A5: M/S Sigrid, the new transport ship for spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. 30

Figure A6: Storage pool in Clab. 31

Figure A7: Photo from the top of the silo in SFR. 32

Figure A8: The underground parts of the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory. 33

Figure A9: Friction stir welding at the Canister Laboratory. 34

Figure A10: The Bentonite Laboratory at Äspö. 35

Figure A11: The reference method KBS-3 for disposal of spent nuclear fuel. 36

Figure A12: Main timetable for SKB’s nuclear waste programme... 38

Figure A13: Extended SFR. The existing part is light grey and the planned part is blue. 40

Figure D1: Reactor top and pools at one of the Swedish reactors. 59

Figure D2: The Clab facility. 61

Figure D3: The facilities at Studsvik. 64

Figure D4: The 6)5 facility. 66

Figure D5: Radionuclide specific activity content in SFR. The numbers are for the situation

as at 31 December 2012. 69

Figure D6: Principle section of shallow land burial at OKG. 70

Figure D7: The shallow land burial at OKG. 71

Figure E1: Overview of the Swedish legislative system. 77

Figure E2: Licensing procedure for nuclear facilities... 99

Figure E3: The present organisation of SSM. 110

Figure E4: The SSM management system process scheme. 115

Figure F1: SKB’s Management System. 128

Figure F2: Average doses (mSv) to the personnel at Clab 2007-2013. 136

Figure F3: Effective dose (µSv) to representative person in the critical group... 137

Figure F4: Effective dose to representative person in critical group. 137

Figure F5: Current alarm sequence for an emergency event at a Swedish nuclear facility. 143

Figure F6: National expert response organisation for nuclear and

radiological emergencies. 144

Figure G1: The stepwise procedure for the siting of a spent fuel repository. 171

Figure G2: The procedure for the licensing of SKB’s licence application for

a spent nuclear fuel repository and an encapsulation plant. 190

Figure G3: Schedule for SSM’s licensing review. 191

Figure H1: Reference design of dome-shaped plug for a deposition tunnel.

The concrete dome is made of unreinforced low-pH concrete. 215

Figure H2: Reference design for closure of SFR including extended part with

detailed view of silo... 216

6

List of Tables

Table A1: Joint Convention Reporting Provisions. 9

Table A2: Revised overview of the Swedish programme for management and

disposal of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. 12

Table A3: Facts about M/S Sigrid. 30

Table B1: Waste classification scheme used by the nuclear industry in Sweden. 52

Table B2: Comparison between the Swedish classification scheme

and IAEA definition. 52

Table D1: Inventory of spent fuel in NPP pools. 58

Table D2: Spent fuel from the research reactor R1 temporarily stored in Studsvik. 59

Table D3: Inventory of spent fuel stored in Clab as at 31 Dec. 2013. 60

Table D4: Waste treatment methods at the NPPs (no more operational waste is

currently produced at the Barsebäck site after the closure of the plant). 62

Table D5: Inventory of disposed radioactive waste in AM as at 31 Dec. 2013. 65

Table D6: Principle data for SFR. 68

Table D7: Inventories of disposed radioactive waste in SFR as at 31 Dec. 2012. 69

Table D8: Inventories of waste disposed of in shallow land burials. 71

Table E1: Educational background of SSM staff. 113

Table E2: Budget of SSM in million SEK (1 SEK is about 0.1 Euro). 116

7

Foreword

The areas covered by the Joint Convention have for a long time now been incor-porated in the Swedish system for spent fuel and radioactive waste management. The Swedish Government judged at the time of signing the Joint Convention in 1997 that the safety philosophy, legislation and the safety work conducted by the licensees and the authorities in Sweden complied with the obligations of the Con-vention.

7KH�FXUUHQW� UHSRUW� UHÀHFWV�D� WUDQVLWLRQ� WR�D� OLFHQVLQJ�SKDVH� LQ� WKH�6ZHGLVK�programme for management of spent nuclear fuel. The licensing review of the nuclear industry’s licence application for a spent nuclear fuel repository and an encapsulation plant is progressing and a review statement by the Swedish regulator, with a recommendation for a government decision, is expected in 2016. In 2014, Sweden also expects to see a licence application for an extension of the existing repository for low and intermediate level waste (the SFR facility) to receive decommissioning waste.

This report has been produced by a working group with representatives from the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) and the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB). Other organisations of the nuclear industry have been consulted and provided information. The report constitutes an updated document with basically the same structure as the previous national reports under the Joint Convention, although section A (Introduction) and section K (General efforts to improve safety) have been revised in response to the updated guidelines agreed on at the Extraordinary Meeting held in May 2014.

9

Section A – INTRODUCTION

A.1 Purpose and structure of this report

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National Report Section Joint Convention Section

A. Introduction

B. Policies and Practices Article 32, Paragraph 1

C. Scope of Application Article 3

D. Inventories and Lists Article 32, Paragraph 2

E. Legislative and Regulatory Systems Articles 18-20

F. General Safety Provisions Articles 4-9, 11-16 and 21-26

G. Safety of Spent Fuel Management Articles 4-10

H. Safety of Radioactive Waste Management Articles 11-17

I. Transboundary Movement Article 27

J. Disused Sealed Sources Article 28

K. General Measures to Improve Safety Multiple Articles

L. Annexes Multiple Articles

Table A1: Joint Convention Reporting Provisions.

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

10

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A.2 Summary of results from the previous review

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

12

A.3 Summary of developments since the previous report

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TYPE OF LIABILITY

LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT

POLICY

FUNDING OF LIABILITIES

CURRENT PRACTICE / FACILITIES PLANNED FACILITIES

SPENT FUEL

See section

NPP licensees jointly responsible.Strategy in place for disposal.

A.5, A.6, B.1.1, E.2.1, K.2.1

Funded by fees on nuclear energy produc-tion, accumulated in segregated funds (The Nuclear Waste Fund).

A.5.5, E.2.2, F.2.1.2

Stored on site initially, then transfe-rred to the central interim storage facility (Clab) pending disposal.

A.6.1, A.6.2, B.1.2, D.1.2.3

Licence application for an encapsu-lation plant and a spent nuclear fuel repository under review.

A.6.3, E.2.2.1, G.5.2, G.5.3, K.1.1

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

WASTES

See section

NPP licensees jointly responsible.Strategy in place for disposal.

A.5, A.6, E.2.1, B.1.4

Mainly funded by fees on nuclear energy production, accumulated in the Nuclear Waste Fund.Disposal of short-livedoperational LILW waste (SFR) from NPPs paid for directly by owners.

A.5.5, E.2.2.5, F.2.1.2

Short-lived LILW disposal at existing repository (SFR); Shallow land burial sites for short-lived VLLW exist at NPP sites.

A.6.1, A.6.2.2, B.1.4, D.1.4

Submission of a licence application for extension of the existing repository for short-lived LILW (SFR) is expected in 2014.

Long-lived LILW to be disposed of in the planned repository for long-lived LILW nuclear fuel cycle waste (SFL). Licence application expected in 2030.

A.6.3.2, H.5.2

NON-POWER WASTES

See section

Disposal at fuel cycle waste facilities when appropriate, further actions ongoing.

A.6.1, D.1.4.3, K.4

Financed by producers/ owners of waste.

Government funding available for legacy wastes.

A.5.5.5

Disposal at fuel cycle waste repository (SFR) or interim storage pending disposal in the planned repository for long-lived LILW nuclear fuel cycle waste (SFL).

D.1.4.3

Submission expected in 2014 of a licence application for extension of the existing repository for short-lived LILW (SFR).

Long-lived LILW to be disposed of in the planned repository for long-lived LILW nuclear fuel cycle waste (SFL). Licence application expected in 2030.

A.6.3.2, H.5.2

DECOMMI-SSIONING

See section

Licensee is responsible.

F.6.1, G.4.2.2

Mainly funded by fees on nuclear energy produc-tion, accumulated in the Nuclear Waste Fund.

A.5.5, E.2.2.5, F.2.1.2

Preliminary plans for decommissioning exist for all nuclear facilities, more detailed plans for those approaching or undergoing decommissioning.

Reviews of the adequacy of funding every three years.

A.5.5, F.6.2.1, G.6.2.7

Submission expected in 2014 of a licence application for extension of the existing repository for short-lived LILW (the SFR facility) to accommodate radioactive waste from decommissioning of nuclear facilities.

Long-lived LILW to be disposed of in the planned repository for long-lived LILW nuclear fuel cycle waste (SFL). Licence application expected in 2030.

A.6.3.2, H.5.2

DISUSED SEALED

SOURCES

See section

Returned to manufacturer.

J.1, K.4

Financed by producers/owners of waste.

Government funding available for orphan sources.

J.1

Returned to manufacturer or disposed of in SFR or in interim storage pending disposal in the planned repository for long-lived LILW nuclear fuel cycle waste (SFL).

J.1

To be disposed of in repositories for nuclear fuel cycle wastes, SFR or SFL (if not returned to manufacturer).

J.1

Table A2: Revised overview of the Swedish programme for management and disposal of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste.

13

Section A – INTRODUCTION

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1 There are five Land and Environmental Courts. A case is examined by one of these courts.

Section A – INTRODUCTION

14

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15

Section A – INTRODUCTION

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

16

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A.4 Development of a national policy for spent fuel and radioactive waste management

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17

Section A – INTRODUCTION

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Figure A1: Nuclear facilities in Sweden.

2 For more information, see IAEA-TECDOC-1105 available at www.iaea.org and SKI Report 96:78/SSI Report 96:18 (in Swedish) available at www.ssm.se.

Section A – INTRODUCTION

18

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19

Section A – INTRODUCTION

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

20

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

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Figure A3: The step-wise process of regulatory authorisation and supervision following a Swedish Government decision licensing a nuclear facility.

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

22

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A.5.3 Regulatory control and supervision

A.5.3.1 Roles and responsibilities

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A.5.3.2 Independence of the regulatory authority

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A.5.3.3 Regulatory inspections

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23

Section A – INTRODUCTION

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A.5.3.4 Documentation and reporting

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A.5.3.5 Prohibition and enforcement

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

24

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25

Section A – INTRODUCTION

A.5.5 The financing system

A.5.5.1 Nuclear power plants

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A.5.5.2 Other nuclear facilities

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3 Costs for the management of operational radioactive waste are paid for directly by the nuclear power utilities.

Section A – INTRODUCTION

26

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A.5.5.3 Legacy waste

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A.5.5.4 Financing system oversight

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27

Section A – INTRODUCTION

ORZHULQJ�RI� WKH�QXFOHDU�ZDVWH�IHH��$V�D�FRQVHTXHQFH�� WKH�JXDUDQWHH�DPRXQW�IRU�XQH[SHFWHG�HYHQWV�ZLOO� LQFUHDVH��7KH�FDOFXODWLRQ�RI� IHHV� LV�DOVR�YHU\�GHSHQGHQW�RQ� WKH� OHYHO� RI� TXDOLW\� RI� WKH� XQGHUO\LQJ� HVWLPDWHV� SURGXFHG� E\� WKH� QXFOHDU�SRZHU� LQGXVWU\�� H�J�� DVVHVVPHQWV�RI�GHFRPPLVVLRQLQJ�FRVWV�� IXWXUH�SURGXFWLYLW\�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�IRUHFDVWV�RQ�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SURGXFWLRQ�

A.5.5.5 Non-nuclear activities

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A.5.6 Provisions for openness and transparency%XLOGLQJ� SXEOLF� FRQ¿GHQFH� DQG� DFFHSWDQFH� LQ� WKH� PDQDJHPHQW� V\VWHP� IRU�VSHQW� QXFOHDU� IXHO� DQG� UDGLRDFWLYH� ZDVWH� VWURQJO\� EHQH¿WV� IURP� D� QDWLRQDO�V\VWHP�ZLWK� FRQVLVWHQW� ORQJ� WHUP� VWUDWHJLHV� DQG� SODQQLQJ��$V� VWDWHG� DERYH�� WKH�¿QDQFLDO�DUUDQJHPHQWV�DUH�LQ�SODFH�DQG�ZRUNLQJ�VLQFH�DOPRVW����\HDUV��D�UHVHDUFK�DQG� GHYHORSPHQW� SURJUDPPH� IRU� ZDVWH� PDQDJHPHQW� DQG� GLVSRVDO� KDV� EHHQ�FRQWLQXRXVO\�RQJRLQJ�IRU�PRUH�WKDQ����\HDUV�DQG�WKH�ORQJ�WHUP�VWUDWHJLHV�DUH�EHLQJ�LPSOHPHQWHG��7KH�&ODE�DQG�6)5�VWRUDJH�DQG�GLVSRVDO�IDFLOLWLHV��UHVSHFWLYHO\��KDYH�EHHQ�LQ�RSHUDWLRQ�VLQFH�WKH�����V��DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�IRU�D�VSHQW�IXHO�UHSRVLWRU\�KDV�EHHQ�XQGHUJRLQJ�UHYLHZ�VLQFH�������DQG�LQ������DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�IRU�WKH�H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�6)5�IDFLOLW\�WR�DFFRPPRGDWH�GHFRPPLVVLRQLQJ�ZDVWH�LV�H[SHFWHG�

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

28

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A.6 The management system for spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste

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4 There are, however, no legal restrictions against reprocessing. Justification of direct disposal is one of the issues addressed in the ongoing licensing review of the application for construction of a spent nuclear fuel repository.

29

Section A – INTRODUCTION

�� 7KH�cJHVWD�QXFOHDU�SRZHU� VWDWLRQ� WKDW�ZDV� LQ�RSHUDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ������DQG�������7KLV�ZDV�WKH�¿UVW�FRPPHUFLDO�133�LQ�6ZHGHQ��,WV�SULPDU\�IXQFWLRQ�ZDV�WR�SURYLGH�GLVWULFW�KHDWLQJ�WR�WKH�6WRFNKROP�VXEXUE�RI�)DUVWD�

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Figure A4: Management system for spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste as presented in the RD&D programme 2013.

Section A – INTRODUCTION

30

7KH�RULJLQDO�VKLS��0�6�6LJ\Q��ZDV�UHSODFHG�ZLWK�D�QHZ�VKLS��0�6�6LJULG��LQ�WKH�EH�JLQQLQJ�RI�������0�6�6LJULG�ZDV�EXLOW�EHWZHHQ������DQG������LQ�*DODWL��5RPDQLD��E\�WKH�'DPHQ�6KLS\DUGV�*URXS��VHH�)LJXUH�$��DQG�7DEOH�$���7KH�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�PDULWLPH�RUJDQLVDWLRQ��,02��KDV�JLYHQ�KHU�WKH�KLJKHVW�FODVVL¿FDWLRQ��OHYHO�,1)���IRU�VKLSV�WKDW�WUDQVSRUW�UDGLRDFWLYH�ZDVWH��7KH�VKLS�UHSUHVHQWV�DQ�DGYDQFH�LQ�UHOD�WLRQ�WR�0�6�6LJ\Q�LQ�WHUPV�RI�FRPSOLDQFH�ZLWK�QHZ�UHTXLUHPHQWV�DQG�UHJXODWLRQV�

Figure A5: M/S Sigrid, the new transport ship for spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste.

Facts about M/S Sigrid

Overall length 99.5 metres

Beam 18.6 metres

Primary cargo Radioactive waste and spent fuel

Cargo capacity 12 transport casks or 40 freight containers

Draught 4.5 metres

Deadweight tonnage 1,600 tonnes

Cruising speed 8-12 knots

Engine power Four main engines, 825 kilowatts each

Table A3: Facts about M/S Sigrid.

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31

Section A – INTRODUCTION

A.6.2 Facilities overview

A.6.2.1 Spent nuclear fuel management practices and facilities

Management practices at the NPP sites6SHQW�QXFOHDU�IXHO�IURP�WKH�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�UHDFWRUV�LV�WHPSRUDULO\�VWRUHG�LQ�ZDWHU�¿OOHG�IXHO�SRROV�IRU�DW� OHDVW�QLQH�PRQWKV�EHIRUH�EHLQJ�WUDQVSRUWHG�WR� WKH�FHQWUDO�LQWHULP�VWRUDJH�IDFLOLW\�IRU�VSHQW�QXFOHDU�IXHO��&ODE��

The central interim storage facility for spent fuel, Clab7KH� VSHQW� QXFOHDU� IXHO� IURP� DOO� 6ZHGLVK� QXFOHDU� SRZHU� UHDFWRUV� LV� VWRUHG� LQ� D�FHQWUDO�LQWHULP�VWRUDJH�IDFLOLW\��&ODE��VLWXDWHG�DGMDFHQW�WR�WKH�2VNDUVKDPQ�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQW��$SSUR[LPDWHO\�����SHUVRQV�ZRUN�DW�WKH�IDFLOLW\�

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7KH�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�RI�&ODE�VWDUWHG�LQ������DQG�WKH�IDFLOLW\�ZDV�WDNHQ�LQWR�RSHUDWLRQ�LQ������ZLWK�D�VWRUDJH�FDSDFLW\�RI�������WRQQHV�RI�VSHQW�IXHO��'XH�WR�DQ�LQFUHDVH�LQ�VWRUDJH�FDSDFLW\�LQ�������WKH�FXUUHQW�WRWDO�VWRUDJH�FDSDFLW\�LV�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�������WRQQHV�RI� VSHQW� IXHO�� DQG������� WRQQHV�ZHUH�EHLQJ� VWRUHG� DW� WKH� HQG�RI�������$�SKRWR�IURP�RQH�RI�WKH�VWRUDJH�SRROV�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�$���3ULQFLSDO�GDWD�DV�ZHOO�DV�LQIRUPDWLRQ�RQ�LQYHQWRULHV�DUH�FRQWDLQHG�LQ�VHFWLRQ�'�������

Figure A6: Storage pool in Clab.

Section A – INTRODUCTION

32

Management practices at the nuclear sites0RVW�RI�WKH�ORZ�DQG�LQWHUPHGLDWH�OHYHO�UDGLRDFWLYH�ZDVWHV��/,/:��DUH�FRQGLWLRQHG��VROLGL¿HG��FRPSDFWHG��HWF���DW�WKH�SRLQW�RI�RULJLQ��L�H��DW�WKH�UHDFWRU�VLWHV��6RPH�ZDVWHV�DUH�VHQW�WR�6WXGVYLN¶V�ZDVWH�WUHDWPHQW�IDFLOLWLHV�IRU�LQFLQHUDWLRQ�RU�PHOWLQJ�

Repository for radioactive operational waste, SFR6)5�LV�GHVLJQHG�IRU�WKH�GLVSRVDO�RI�VKRUW�OLYHG�ORZ�DQG�LQWHUPHGLDWH�OHYHO�UDGLRDF�WLYH�ZDVWH� IURP� WKH�6ZHGLVK�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV��&ODE�� DQG� IRU� VLPLODU�ZDVWH�IURP�RWKHU�LQGXVWU\��UHVHDUFK�DQG�PHGLFDO�XVDJH��6)5�LV�VLWXDWHG�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�����NLORPHWUHV�QRUWK�RI�6WRFNKROP��FORVH�WR� WKH�)RUVPDUN�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQW��$SSUR[LPDWHO\����SHRSOH�ZRUN�DW�WKH�IDFLOLW\�

6)5�FRQVLVWV�RI�IRXU�URFN�FDYHUQV�DQG�D�VLOR��7KH�IDFLOLW\�LV�VLWXDWHG�LQ�FU\VWDO�OLQH�EHGURFN��DSSUR[LPDWHO\����P�EHORZ�WKH�VHDEHG�DW�D�ZDWHU�GHSWK�RI���P��&RQ�VWUXFWLRQ�VWDUWHG�LQ������DQG�LW�ZDV�WDNHQ�LQWR�RSHUDWLRQ�LQ�������7KH�WRWDO�FDSDFLW\�LV��������P��DQG�DERXW��������P��KDG�EHHQ�XVHG�E\����'HFHPEHU�������$�SKRWR�IURP�WKH�WRS�RI�WKH�VLOR�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�$���3ULQFLSDO�GDWD�DV�ZHOO�DV�LQIRUPDWLRQ�RQ�LQYHQWRULHV�DUH�FRQ�WDLQHG�LQ�VHFWLRQ�'�������

6.%� LV� SODQQLQJ� DQ� H[WHQVLRQ�RI�6)5�LQ�RUGHU�WR�GLVSRVH�RI�DGGL�WLRQDO� RSHUDWLRQDO�ZDVWH� DQG�ZDVWH�IURP� IXWXUH� GHFRPPLVVLRQLQJ� RI�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV�DQG�RWKHU�QX�FOHDU� IDFLOLWLHV�� VHH� VHFWLRQ� +������6.%� LQWHQGV� WR� VXEPLW� D� OLFHQFH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�LQ������DQG�RSHUDWLRQ�LV�SODQQHG�WR�FRPPHQFH�LQ������

Figure A7: Photo from the top of the silo in SFR.

33

Section A – INTRODUCTION

Shallow land burials7KH�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV�DW�5LQJKDOV��)RUVPDUN�DQG�2VNDUVKDPQ��DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�6WXGVYLN�VLWH��KDYH�VKDOORZ�ODQG�EXULDOV�IRU�VROLG�VKRUW�OLYHG�ORZ�OHYHO�RSHUDWLRQDO�ZDVWH�������N%T�NJ���(DFK�EXULDO�LV�OLFHQVHG�IRU�D�WRWDO�DFWLYLW\�RI�����������*%T��WKH�KLJKHVW�OHYHO�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�OHJLVODWLRQ�LV����7%T��RI�ZKLFK�D�PD[LPXP�RI����*%T�PD\�FRQVLVW�RI�DOSKD�DFWLYH�VXEVWDQFHV��

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A.6.2.3 Research and demonstration facilities

7KH�bVS|�+DUG�5RFN�/DERUDWRU\7KH� bVS|� +DUG� 5RFN� /DERUDWRU\� �+5/��� ZKLFK� ZDV� EXLOW� GXULQJ� WKH� SHULRG������������ LV� VLWXDWHG� RQ� WKH� LVODQG� RI�bVS|� QRUWK� RI� WKH�2VNDUVKDPQ�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQW��7KH�XQGHUJURXQG�ODERUDWRU\�FRQVLVWV�RI�D�WXQQHO�IURP�WKH�6LPSHYDUS�SHQLQVXOD��ZKHUH�WKH�2VNDUVKDPQ�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQW�LV�ORFDWHG��WR�WKH�VRXWKHUQ�SDUW�RI�bVS|��$W�bVS|�WKH�PDLQ�WXQQHO�GHVFHQGV�LQ�WZR�VSLUDO�WXUQV�WR�D�GHSWK�RI�����PHWUHV��7KH�YDULRXV�H[SHULPHQWV�DUH�FRQGXFWHG�LQ�QLFKHV�LQ�WKH�VKRUW�WXQQHOV�WKDW�EUDQFK�RXW�IURP�WKH�PDLQ�WXQQHO��$Q�LOOXVWUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�+5/�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�$��

Figure A8: The underground parts of the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory.

Section A – INTRODUCTION

34

7KH�ODERUDWRU\�LV�XVHG�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�KRZ�WKH�EDUULHUV�LQ�WKH�UHSRVLWRU\�IRU�VSHQW�QXFOHDU�IXHO��FDQLVWHU��EXIIHU��EDFN¿OO��FORVXUH�DQG�URFN��SUHYHQW�WKH�UDGLRQXFOLGHV�LQ� WKH�IXHO�IURP�UHDFKLQJ�WKH�JURXQG�VXUIDFH��$OVR�� UHVHDUFK�UHJDUGLQJ�/,/:�LV�SHUIRUPHG�DW�WKH�bVS|�+5/��'HYHORSPHQW�DQG�GHPRQVWUDWLRQ�RI�HTXLSPHQW�WR�EH�XVHG�LQ�IXWXUH�IDFLOLWLHV�DUH�LPSRUWDQW�SDUWV�RI�WKH�+5/�DFWLYLWLHV�DV�ZHOO��7KH�bVS|�+5/�LV�SODQQHG�WR�EH�LQ�RSHUDWLRQ�DW�OHDVW�XQWLO�WKH�FRPPLVVLRQLQJ�RI�WKH�VSHQW�IXHO�UHSRVLWRU\��

The Canister Laboratory7KH�&DQLVWHU�/DERUDWRU\��VLWXDWHG� LQ� WKH�KDUERXU�DUHD�DW�2VNDUVKDPQ��ZDV�EXLOW�GXULQJ� WKH�SHULRG������������2QH�RI� WKH�VKLS\DUG¶V�ROG�ZHOGLQJ�KDOOV�KDV�EHHQ�FRQYHUWHG�IRU�XVH�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�VHDOLQJ�WHFKQRORJ\�IRU�FRSSHU�FDQLVWHUV��0DLQO\�HTXLSPHQW�IRU�ZHOGLQJ�RI�FRSSHU�OLGV�DQG�ERWWRPV�DQG�IRU�QRQ�GHVWUXFWLYH�WHVWLQJ�RI�WKH�ZHOGV�DQG�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�SDUWV�RI�WKH�FDQLVWHU�LV�GHYHORSHG��(TXLSPHQW�DQG� V\VWHPV� IRU� KDQGOLQJ� VSHQW� QXFOHDU� IXHO� DQG� FDQLVWHUV� DUH� DOVR� WHVWHG� DQG�GHYHORSHG�LQ�WKH�ODERUDWRU\��7KH�IDFLOLW\�ZLOO�DOVR�EH�XVHG�IRU�WUDLQLQJ�RI�SHUVRQQHO�LQ�SUHSDUDWLRQ�IRU� WKH�FRPPLVVLRQLQJ�RI� WKH�HQFDSVXODWLRQ�OLQH� LQ� WKH�FRPELQHG�VWRUDJH� DQG� HQFDSVXODWLRQ� IDFLOLW\�� &OLQN�� 7KH� &DQLVWHU� /DERUDWRU\� LV� WKHUHIRUH�SODQQHG�WR�EH�LQ�XVH�XQWLO�HQFDSVXODWLRQ�RI�WKH�VSHQW�QXFOHDU�IXHO�FRPPHQFHV�

7KHUH� DUH� VWDWLRQV� LQ� WKH� &DQLVWHU� /DERUDWRU\� IRU� WHVWLQJ� GLIIHUHQW�ZHOGLQJ�WHFKQLTXHV�DQG�GLIIHUHQW�PHWKRGV�IRU�QRQ�GHVWUXFWLYH�WHVWLQJ��7KH�JRDO�LV�WR�GHYHORS�PHWKRGV�WKDW�PHHW�WKH�VWLSXODWHG�TXDOLW\�UHTXLUHPHQWV�DQG�KDYH�VXI¿FLHQWO\�KLJK�UHOLDELOLW\� WR� EH� XVHG� LQ� &OLQN�� 7KH�PRVW� LPSRUWDQW� LWHPV� RI� HTXLSPHQW� LQ� WKH�ODERUDWRU\� DUH� D� IULFWLRQ�ZHOGHU� �VHH� )LJXUH�$���� DQ� HOHFWURQ� EHDP�ZHOGHU� DQG�HTXLSPHQW�IRU�UDGLRJUDSKLF�DQG�XOWUDVRQLF�WHVWLQJ��)ULFWLRQ�VWLU�ZHOGLQJ�KDV�EHHQ�VHOHFWHG�DV�WKH�UHIHUHQFH�PHWKRG�IRU�ZHOGLQJ�RI�WKH�OLGV�RI�WKH�FRSSHU�FDQLVWHUV�

Figure A9: Friction stir welding at the Canister Laboratory.

35

Section A – INTRODUCTION

The Bentonite Laboratory6.%�KDV�EHHQ�FRQGXFWLQJ�UHVHDUFK�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�LQ�WKH�%HQWRQLWH�/DERUDWRU\�LQ�2VNDUVKDPQ�VLQFH�������7KH�IDFLOLW\�LV�VLWXDWHG�DGMDFHQW�WR�WKH�bVS|�+5/�DQG�VXSSOHPHQWV�WKH�H[SHULPHQWV�EHLQJ�FRQGXFWHG�WKHUH��VHH�)LJXUH�$���

,Q�WKH�%HQWRQLWH�/DERUDWRU\��WKH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�WKH�EHQWRQLWH�DUH�WHVWHG�E\��IRU�H[DPSOH��VLPXODWLQJ�ZDWHU�FRQGLWLRQV�LQ�D�FRQWUROOHG�PDQQHU��+HUH��6.%�LV�DOVR�GHYHORSLQJ�PHWKRGV�IRU�EDFN¿OOLQJ�WKH�UHSRVLWRU\¶V�WXQQHOV�DQG�EXLOGLQJ�SOXJV�WR�VHDO�WKH�GHSRVLWLRQ�WXQQHOV�

Figure A10: The Bentonite Laboratory at Äspö.

A.6.3 Planned facilities7KH�IDFLOLWLHV�WKDW�UHPDLQ�WR�EH�GHVLJQHG��FRQVWUXFWHG�DQG�OLFHQVHG�DUH�DV�IROORZV��DQ�H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�&ODE�IDFLOLW\�ZLWK�D�SODQW�IRU�HQFDSVXODWLRQ�RI�VSHQW�QXFOHDU�IXHO�� D� UHSRVLWRU\� IRU� VSHQW� IXHO�� DQ� H[WHQVLRQ� RI� WKH� H[LVWLQJ� UHSRVLWRU\�� 6)5��PDLQO\� IRU�VKRUW�OLYHG� ORZ�DQG� LQWHUPHGLDWH� OHYHO�ZDVWH� IURP�GHFRPPLVVLRQLQJ�DQG�GLVPDQWOLQJ�RI�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV��DQG�D�UHSRVLWRU\�IRU�ORQJ�OLYHG�ORZ�DQG�LQWHUPHGLDWH�OHYHO�ZDVWH��6)/��

2Q�0DUFK�����������6.%�VXEPLWWHG�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�XQGHU�WKH�$FW�RQ�1XFOHDU�$FWLYLWLHV� IRU� ¿QDO� GLVSRVDO� RI� VSHQW� QXFOHDU� IXHO� DQG� DQ� DSSOLFDWLRQ� XQGHU� WKH�(QYLURQPHQWDO� &RGH� IRU� WKH� .%6��� V\VWHP�� $Q� DSSOLFDWLRQ� XQGHU� WKH� $FW�RQ� 1XFOHDU�$FWLYLWLHV� IRU� WKH� HQFDSVXODWLRQ� SODQW� ZDV� VXEPLWWHG� LQ� ����� DQG�VXSSOHPHQWHG� ¿UVW� LQ� ����� DQG� WKHUHDIWHU� LQ� FRQMXQFWLRQ�ZLWK� WKH� DSSOLFDWLRQV�VXEPLWWHG�LQ�0DUFK������

Section A – INTRODUCTION

36

A.6.3.1 Facilities for spent nuclear fuel

7KH�PDLQ� DOWHUQDWLYH� IRU� GLVSRVDO� RI� VSHQW� IXHO��.%6���� LQYROYHV� HPSODFHPHQW�RI�IXHO�HOHPHQWV�LQ�FRSSHU�FDQLVWHUV��FRUURVLRQ�UHVLVWDQFH��ZLWK�FDVW� LURQ�LQVHUWV��PHFKDQLFDO� VWUHQJWK��� VHH� )LJXUH� $���� 7KH� FDQLVWHUV� ZLOO� EH� HPEHGGHG� LQ�EHQWRQLWH�FOD\��SURWHFWLRQ�DJDLQVW�FRUURVLRQ�DQG�URFN�PRYHPHQWV��SUHYHQWLQJ�ZDWHU�SHQHWUDWLRQ�DQG�OHDNDJH�RI�UDGLRDFWLYH�VXEVWDQFHV��LQ�LQGLYLGXDO�GHSRVLWLRQ�KROHV�DW�D�GHSWK�RI�DERXW���������P�LQ�WKH�EHGURFN��PDLQWDLQV�WKH�WHFKQLFDO�EDUULHUV�IRU�D�ORQJ�WLPH�DQG�LVRODWHV�WKH�VSHQW�IXHO�IURP�KXPDQ�EHLQJV�DQG�WKH�HQYLURQPHQW��

Figure A11: The reference method KBS-3 for disposal of spent nuclear fuel.

6.%¶V�SODQQLQJ� IRU� WKH� IXWXUH�PDQDJHPHQW�RI� VSHQW�QXFOHDU� IXHO�� IURP� LQWHULP�VWRUDJH�LQ�&ODE�YLD�HQFDSVXODWLRQ�WR�GLVSRVDO�� WDNHV�SODFH�ZLWKLQ�WKH�IUDPHZRUN�RI�6.%¶V�1XFOHDU�)XHO�3URJUDPPH��7KH�SURFHVV�WR�FRQVWUXFW�DQG�FRPPLVVLRQ�D�QHZ�IDFLOLW\�RU�IDFLOLW\�SDUW�XQGHUJRHV�GLIIHUHQW�SKDVHV��7KH�SURJUDPPH�LQFOXGHV�OLFHQVLQJ��GHVLJQ��FRQVWUXFWLRQ�DQG�FRPPLVVLRQLQJ�RI�WKH�HQFDSVXODWLRQ�SODQW�DQG�WKH�UHSRVLWRU\�IRU�VSHQW�QXFOHDU�IXHO�

Encapsulation plant for spent nuclear fuel$V�PHQWLRQHG�HDUOLHU��DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�XQGHU�WKH�$FW�RQ�1XFOHDU�$FWLYLWLHV�IRU�WKH�HQFDSVXODWLRQ� SODQW�ZDV� VXEPLWWHG� LQ� ������ ,W�ZDV� DPHQGHG� LQ� ����� UHJDUGLQJ�LQWHJUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�HQFDSVXODWLRQ�SODQW�DQG�&ODE�WR�D�VLQJOH�IDFLOLW\��&OLQN��DQG�LQ������UHJDUGLQJ�SDUWV�GHDOLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�.%6���V\VWHP��7KH�OLFHQVLQJ�UHYLHZ�SURFHVV�LV� FXUUHQWO\� �VSULQJ� ������ XQGHUZD\�� DQG� 6.%� UHJXODUO\� UHVSRQGV� WR� TXHVWLRQV�DQG� UHTXHVWV� IRU� VXSSOHPHQWDU\� LQIRUPDWLRQ� IURP� 660��7KH� HVWLPDWHG� VWDUW� RI�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�IRU�WKH�VSHQW�IXHO�UHSRVLWRU\�LV�������DQG�IRU�WKH�HQFDSVXODWLRQ�SDUW�RI�&OLQN��������7KHVH�IDFLOLWLHV�ZLOO�WKHQ�EH�FRPPLVVLRQHG�LQ�������VHH�)LJXUH�$���

37

Section A – INTRODUCTION

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Repository for spent nuclear fuel,Q� WKH� HDUO\� ����V�� 6.%� LQLWLDWHG� D� SURJUDPPH� IRU� VLWLQJ� D� VSHQW� QXFOHDU� IXHO�UHSRVLWRU\�� 6.%¶V� WLPH� VFKHGXOH� �VHH� )LJXUH� $���� IRU� SHUIRUPHG� DQG� IXWXUH�DFWLYLWLHV�IRU�WKH�GLVSRVDO�RI�WKH�VSHQW�QXFOHDU�IXHO�LV�DV�IROORZV����������� 6LWH�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�DW�WZR�VLWHV��/D[HPDU��2VNDUVKDPQ � PXQLFLSDOLW\��DQG�)RUVPDUN��gVWKDPPDU�PXQLFLSDOLW\��-XQH������ 6.%�VHOHFWHG�)RUVPDUN�DV�WKH�VLWH�IRU�D�UHSRVLWRU\�IRU�VSHQW � QXFOHDU�IXHO������ 6.%�VXEPLWWHG�OLFHQFH�DSSOLFDWLRQV�IRU�VLWLQJ�DQG�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�RI � WKH�IDFLOLW\����������� ([DPLQDWLRQ�RI�DSSOLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�UHYLHZ�E\�660�DQG�WKH � /DQG�DQG�(QYLURQPHQWDO�&RXUW��*RYHUQPHQW�GHFLVLRQ�DQG � ¿QDOLVDWLRQ�RI�36$5����������� &RQVWUXFWLRQ�DQG�FRPPLVVLRQLQJ������ 6XEPLVVLRQ�RI�DSSOLFDWLRQ�IRU�WULDO�RSHUDWLRQ����������� 7ULDO�RSHUDWLRQ������ 6XEPLVVLRQ�RI�DSSOLFDWLRQ�IRU�RSHUDWLRQ������ 2SHUDWLRQ�

Section A – INTRODUCTION

38

Application forconstruction of SFR

Figure A12: Main timetable for SKB’s nuclear waste programme. Hatched bars mark uncertainties and flexibility in the planning.

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39

Section A – INTRODUCTION

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

40

HVVHQWLDO� FRPSOHPHQWDU\� LQIRUPDWLRQ� WKDW�KDV�EHHQ� UHTXHVWHG� IRU� WKH� FRQWLQXHG�FRPSOLDQFH� HYDOXDWLRQ� LQ� WKH� RQJRLQJ� PDLQ� UHYLHZ� SKDVH�� WKH� DLP� RI� 660¶V�FXUUHQW�UHYLHZ�SODQ�LV�WR�VXEPLW�D�¿QDO�VWDWHPHQW�WR�WKH�6ZHGLVK�*RYHUQPHQW�LQ�HDUO\������

A.6.3.2 Low and Intermediate Level Waste (LILW)

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Figure A13: Extended SFR. The existing part is light grey and the planned part is blue.

41

Section A – INTRODUCTION

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A.7 Swedish participation in international activities to enhance safety and radiation protection

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

42

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43

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A.7.3.1 General information

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45

Section A – INTRODUCTION

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A.7.4.1 International peer review of the licence application for a spent nuclear fuel repository

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

46

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47

Section A – INTRODUCTION

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A.7.4.3 World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO)

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Section A – INTRODUCTION

48

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A.8 The European spallation source research facility

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49

Section B – POLICIES AND PRACTICES

B.1 Article 32.1: REPORTING

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Section B – POLICIES AND PRACTICES

50

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51

Section B – POLICIES AND PRACTICES

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B.1.5 Criteria for defining and categorising radioactive waste

B.1.5.1 Definitions

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Section B – POLICIES AND PRACTICES

52

FRQVXPHU� SURGXFWV�� HWF����7KH� OHJDO� GH¿QLWLRQV� DUH� GLVFXVVHG� IXUWKHU� LQ� VHFWLRQ�(��������DQG�VHFWLRQ�'�� LQ�ZKLFK� WKH�GLVSRVDO� URXWHV�IRU�GLIIHUHQW�ZDVWH�VWUHDPV�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�

B.1.5.2 Categorisation

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Clearedmaterial

Very low level waste short-lived

(VLLW-SL)

Low level waste short-lived(LLW-SL)

Intermediate level waste short-lived

(ILW-SL)

Low and intermediate

long-lived waste (LILW-LL)

High level waste (HLW)

Definition Material with so small amounts of radioactive nuclides that it has been released from regulatory control.

Contains small amounts of short-lived nuclides with a half-life shorter than 31 years; dose rate on waste package is shorter than 0.5 mSv/h.Long-lived nuclides with a half-life longer than 31 years can be present in restricted quantities.

Contains small amounts of short-lived nuclides with a half-life shorter than 31 years; dose rate on waste package (and unshiel-ded waste) is shorter than 2 mSv/h.Long-lived nuclides with a half-life longer than 31 years can be present in restricted quantities.

Contains significantamounts of short-lived nuclides with a half-life shorter than 31 years; dose rate on waste package is shorter than 500 mSv/h.Long-lived nuclides with a half-life longer than 31 years can be present in res-tricted quantities.

Contains significantamounts of long-lived nuclides with a half-life longer than 31 years, past the restricted quantities for short-lived waste.

(Nuclear fuel)Typical decay heat >2kW/m3

and contains significantamounts of long-lived nuclides with a half-life longer than 31 years, past the restricted quantities for short-lived waste.

Other demands

- - - Demands radiation shielding during transport.

Demands special containment during transport.

Demands cooling and radiation shielding during intermediate storage and transport.

Destination No final repository needed.

Shallow land burial. Final repository for short-lived radioactive waste (SFR).

Final repository for short-lived radioactive waste (SFR).

Final repository for long-lived radioactive waste (SFL).

Final repository for spent fuel.

Table B1: Waste classification scheme used by the nuclear industry in Sweden.

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IAEA Distribution (%)

Sweden VLLW LLW ILW HLW

VLLW-SL 100

LLW-SL 100

ILW-SL 100

LILW-LL 100

HLW 100

Table B2: Comparison between the Swedish classification scheme and IAEA definition.

53

Section B – POLICIES AND PRACTICES

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55

Section C – SCOPE OF APPLICATION

C.1 Article 3: SCOPE OF APPLICATION

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C.1.1 Reprocessing and military or defence programmes 5HSURFHVVLQJ� LV� QRW� SDUW� RI� WKH� QXFOHDU� IXHO� F\FOH� LQ� 6ZHGHQ�� 7KHUH� LV� QR�UHSURFHVVLQJ�IDFLOLW\�LQ�6ZHGHQ�DQG�VSHQW�IXHO�IURP�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�UHDFWRUV�LV�QRW�VHQW�IRU�UHSURFHVVLQJ�LQ�RWKHU�FRXQWULHV��5HSURFHVVLQJ�DJUHHPHQWV�ZHUH�FRQFOXGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPHU�FRPSDQ\�8QLWHG�.LQJGRP�$WRPLF�(QHUJ\�$JHQF\�LQ������DQG�&RPSDJQLH� JpQpUDOH� GHV� PDWLqUHV� QXFOpDLUHV� �&2*(0$�� IRU� UHSURFHVVLQJ� RI�VSHQW�QXFOHDU�IXHO�IURP�FLYLOLDQ�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV��2QO\�D�VPDOO�QXPEHU�RI�IXHO�HOHPHQWV�ZHUH�LQ�IDFW�VKLSSHG�IRU�UHSURFHVVLQJ�DQG�WKH�DJUHHPHQWV�ZHUH�WHUPLQDWHG�LQ�WKH�HDUO\�����V��7KHVH�SDVW�SUDFWLFHV�DUH�DOVR�GLVFXVVHG�LQ�VHFWLRQ�'�����

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Section C – SCOPE OF APPLICATION

56

C.1.2 Naturally occurring radioactive materials6ZHGHQ�GRHV�QRW�GHFODUH�ZDVWH�WKDW�FRQWDLQV�RQO\�QDWXUDOO\�RFFXUULQJ�UDGLRDFWLYH�PDWHULDO� DQG� WKDW� GRHV� QRW� RULJLQDWH� IURP� WKH� QXFOHDU� IXHO� F\FOH� DV� UDGLRDFWLYH�ZDVWH�IRU�WKH�SXUSRVH�RI�WKH�-RLQW�&RQYHQWLRQ�SXUVXDQW�WR�$UWLFOH����SDUDJUDSK���

57

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

D.1 Article 32.2: REPORTING

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Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

58

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D.1.2 Spent nuclear fuel facilities and inventories

D.1.2.1 Interim storage at the nuclear power plants

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Fuel pool at NPP Pool capacity Spent nuclear fuel stored as at 31 Dec. 2013

(no. of fuel (no. of assemblies) (tonnes*) assembly positions)

Oskarshamn 1 969 81 13

Oskarshamn 2 1,052 602 101

Oskarshamn 3 1,040 303 50

Forsmark 1 1,392 290 48

Forsmark 2 1,268 370 62

Forsmark 3 1,040 342 57

Ringhals 1 1,426 218 36

Ringhals 2 432 140 61

Ringhals 3 381 161 70

Ringhals 4 364 133 58

*uranium weight

Table D1: Inventory of spent fuel in NPP pools.

59

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

Figure D1: Reactor top and pools at one of the Swedish reactors.

D.1.2.2 Spent nuclear fuel facilities and inventories at Studsvik

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Spent nuclear fuel in storage as at 31 Dec. 2013

Origin No. of assemblies kg

R1 1 40

Table D2: Spent fuel from the research reactor R1 temporarily stored at Studsvik.

D.1.2.3 Clab, the central interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel

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Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

60

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Specification Spent nuclear fuel stored as at 31 Dec. 2013 (no. of assemblies) (tonnes)

BWR fuel 25 525 4 317

PWR fuel 3 197 1 378

Fuel from Ågesta district heating nuclear power reactor 222 20.2

Fuel from Studsvik 20 2.4

German MOX-fuel (exchanged forSwedish fuel reprocessed in France) 217 22.5

Total 29 181 5 740

Storage capacity 8 000

Table D3: Inventory of spent fuel stored in Clab as at 31 Dec. 2013.

61

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

Figure D2: The Clab facility.

D.1.3 Management of radioactive waste at the nuclear power plants:DVWH�PDQDJHPHQW�DW�WKH�133�VLWHV�LV�IXOO\�LQWHJUDWHG�LQWR�WKH�RSHUDWLRQV�DW�HDFK�VLWH��)XO¿OPHQW�RI�WKH�UHTXLUHPHQWV�RI�660¶V�JHQHUDO�UHJXODWLRQ�LV�DFFRPSOLVKHG�DQG� YHUL¿HG� WKURXJK� UHJXODWRU\� UHYLHZ� DQG� LQVSHFWLRQ� DFWLYLWLHV� DW� WKH� QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV��DV�UHSRUWHG�LQ�WKH�6ZHGLVK�UHSRUWV�XQGHU�WKH�&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�1XFOHDU�

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

62

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6KRUW�OLYHG�ORZ�DQG�LQWHUPHGLDWH�OHYHO�ZDVWH��/,/:��IURP�WKH�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV� FRQVLVWV� RI� LRQ� H[FKDQJH� UHVLQV� IURP� ¿OWHUV�� PHWDO� VFUDS�� SLSHV�� YDOYHV��SXPSV��WRROV�DQG�SURWHFWLYH�FORWKLQJ��7KH�ZDVWH�LV�FODVVL¿HG�DQG�KDQGOHG�LQLWLDOO\�RQ�VLWH�LQ�SUHSDUDWLRQ�IRU�GLVSRVDO��7KH�SXUSRVH�RI�WKH�ZDVWH�KDQGOLQJ�DW�WKH�SRZHU�SODQWV�LV�WR�UHGXFH�LWV�YROXPH��WR�VROLGLI\�ZHW�ZDVWH�LQ�FRQFUHWH�RU�ELWXPHQ�DQG�WR� SDFN� WKH� ZDVWH� LQ� VXLWDEOH� SDFNDJHV�� )RXU� W\SHV� RI� VWDQGDUGLVHG� SDFNDJHV��VWHHO�GUXPV��VWHHO�DQG�FRQFUHWH�PRXOGV�DQG�VWHHO�FRQWDLQHUV��DUH�XVHG��DV�ZHOO�DV�VWDQGDUG�,62�FRQWDLQHUV��:DVWH�SDFNDJHV�DUH�SODFHG�WHPSRUDULO\�LQ�VWRUDJH�RQ�WKH�VLWH�EHIRUH�EHLQJ�WUDQVSRUWHG�WR�WKH�UHSRVLWRU\�IRU�RSHUDWLRQDO�ZDVWH��6)5�

7KH�ZDVWH�LV�WUHDWHG�GLIIHUHQWO\�DW�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV��7DEOH�'��EHORZ�LOOXVWUDWHV�WKH�PHWKRGV�XVHG�DQG�SDFNDJHV�IRU�RSHUDWLRQDO�ZDVWH�SURGXFHG�DW�WKH�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV�

Table D4. Waste treatment methods at the NPPs (no more operational waste is currently produced at the Barsebäck site following the closure of this plant).

D.1.4 Radioactive waste facilities and inventories

D.1.4.1 Radioactive waste treatment facilities and inventories at NPP sites

$W�WKH�2.*�VLWH��WKH�LQWHULP�VWRUDJH�IDFLOLW\�IRU�ORZ�DQG�LQWHUPHGLDWH�OHYHO�ZDVWH�LV�SODFHG�LQ�D�URFN�FDYHUQ��$W�WKH�RWKHU�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV¶�VLWHV��WKHUH�DUH�VSHFLDO�EXLOGLQJV�IRU�LQWHULP�VWRUDJH�RI�FRQGLWLRQHG�RSHUDWLRQDO�ZDVWH�RQ�WKH�VLWH��6DIHW\�UHSRUWV�KDYH�EHHQ�GUDZQ�XS�IRU�DOO�IDFLOLWLHV�ZKHUH�UDGLRDFWLYH�ZDVWH�LV�KDQGOHG�DQG�VWRUHG��7KH�VDIHW\�UHSRUWV�GHVFULEH�WKH�IDFLOLW\�DQG�WKH�ZDVWH�KDQGOLQJ�DFWLYLWLHV��WKH�FRQWHQW�RI�UDGLRDFWLYH�VXEVWDQFHV��VXSHUYLVRU\�DFWLYLWLHV�DQG�LQFOXGH�D�VDIHW\�

Type of waste Ringhals Barsebäck Oskarshamn Forsmark

Ion exchange resins Solidified in concrete, packed in concrete modules and steel moulds.

Solidified in concreteand packed in steel drums.

Dewatered and packed in concrete tanks.

Solidified in bitumenand packed in steel moulds.

Dewatered and packed in concrete tanks.

Solidified in concreteand packed in concrete drums.

Dewatered and packed in concrete tanks.

Solidified in concrete,packed in concrete moulds.

Metal scrap and residues

Sludges

Cast in concrete and packed in concrete moulds.

Packed in standard ISO containers.

Packed in steel moulds.

Packed in standard ISO containers.

Cast in concrete and packed in concrete moulds.

Packed in standard ISO containers.

63

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

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D.1.4.2 Radioactive waste management facilities at Studsvik Nuclear AB

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Hot cell laboratory, HCL7KH�+RW�&HOO�/DERUDWRU\�LV�SULPDULO\�XVHG�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�LUUDGLDWHG�QXFOHDU�IXHO��DOWKRXJK�LW�LV�DOVR�XVHG�IRU�VWXGLHV�RI�RWKHU�W\SHV�RI�LUUDGLDWHG�PDWHULDOV��,Q�DGGLWLRQ��WKH�ODERUDWRU\�LV�XVHG�IRU�WKH�FRQGLWLRQLQJ��WUHDWPHQW�DQG�HQFDSVXODWLRQ�RI�VSHQW�IXHO� IUDJPHQWV� LQ� SDFNDJHV� VXLWDEOH� IRU� LQWHULP� VWRUDJH� LQ� RWKHU� IDFLOLWLHV�� 7KH�ODERUDWRU\�KDV�VHYHQ�FHOOV�ZLWK�WKLFN�FRQFUHWH�ZDOOV��DQG�OHDG�ZLQGRZV�WR�SURWHFW�WKH�SHUVRQQHO�IURP�LRQLVLQJ�UDGLDWLRQ��$OO�ZDVWH�LV�UHPRYHG�IURP�WKH�ODERUDWRU\�DIWHU�FRQGLWLRQLQJ�

The active metal laboratory, AKL7KH�$FWLYH�0HWDO�/DERUDWRU\�LV�SULPDULO\�XVHG�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�LUUDGLDWHG�PHWDOOLF�PDWHULDOV��7KH�ODERUDWRU\�KDV�VHYHUDO�FHOOV�ZLWK�OHDG�ZDOOV�WR�SURWHFW�WKH�SHUVRQQHO�IURP�LRQLVLQJ�UDGLDWLRQ��$OO�ZDVWH�LV�UHPRYHG�IURP�WKH�ODERUDWRU\�DIWHU�FRQGLWLRQLQJ�

The incineration facility, HA7KH�IDFLOLW\�LV�XVHG�IRU�LQFLQHUDWLRQ�RU�S\URO\VLV�RI�ORZ�OHYHO�ZDVWH��//:��IURP�133V�� IXHO� IDEULFDWLRQ� SODQWV�� KRVSLWDOV�� UHVHDUFK� LQVWLWXWLRQV� DQG� IDFLOLWLHV� LQ�6WXGVYLN��7KH�DFWLYLWLHV�DOVR�FRPSULVH�PDQDJHPHQW��UDGLRORJLFDO�PHDVXUHPHQW�DQG�¿QDO�FRQGLWLRQLQJ�RI�WKH�ZDVWH��$VKHV�DUH�VWDELOL]HG�LQ�FRQFUHWH�IRU�GLVSRVDO�RU��LI�WKH�ZDVWH�FRPHV�IURP�RYHUVHDV��UHWXUQHG�WR�WKH�RULJLQ�IRU�IXUWKHU�PDQDJHPHQW��7KH�FXUUHQW�OLFHQFH�SHUPLWV�WKH�WUHDWPHQW�RI�����WRQQHV�RI�FRPEXVWLEOH�ZDVWH�DQQXDOO\�

The melting facility, SMA7KH�PHOWLQJ� IDFLOLW\� LQ� 6WXGVYLN� LV� XVHG� IRU� YROXPH� UHGXFWLRQ� RI� FRQWDPLQDWHG�PHWDO��$IWHU�PHOWLQJ�DQG�UDGLRORJLFDO�PHDVXUHPHQW��WKH�PDWHULDO�PD\�EH�H[HPSWHG�IURP� UHJXODWRU\� FRQWURO� RU� UHWXUQHG� WR� WKH� VRXUFH� IRU� IXUWKHU�PDQDJHPHQW��7KH�FXUUHQW�OLFHQFH�SHUPLWV�WKH�WUHDWPHQW�RI�������WRQQHV�RI�PHWDO�DQQXDOO\�

The storage facility, FA7KLV�IDFLOLW\��ZKLFK�FRQWDLQV�WKUHH�ZDWHU�SRROV��ZDV�EXLOW�LQ������IRU�WKH�LQWHULP�VWRUDJH� RI� VSHQW� QXFOHDU� IXHO� IURP� WKH�cJHVWD� UHDFWRU��$V� DOO� IXHO� IURP�cJHVWD�KDV� EHHQ� WUDQVIHUUHG� WR�&ODE�� WKH� IDFLOLW\�PD\� EH� XVHG� IRU� RWKHU� SXUSRVHV� VXFK�DV� VWRUDJH�RI� VSHQW� IXHO� IURP�RWKHU� UHDFWRUV��RU� IRU� VWRUDJH�RI�RWKHU� UDGLRDFWLYH�PDWHULDOV��7RGD\�WKH�SRROV�DUH�XVHG�IRU�VWRUDJH��H[DPLQDWLRQ�DQG�GHPRXQWLQJ�RI�SLQV� RI� VSHQW�$*5� �$GYDQFHG� *DVFRROHG� 5HDFWRU�� IXHO� SULRU� WR� H[DPLQDWLRQV�SHUIRUPHG�LQ�+&/��7KH�$*5�IXHO�LV�UHWXUQHG�WR�WKH�8.�IROORZLQJ�H[DPLQDWLRQV��

Treatment facilities for radioactive non-nuclear waste, FR0-A and R0-A 'LVXVHG� VHDOHG� VRXUFHV� DQG� UDGLRDFWLYH� ZDVWH� IURP�PHGLFDO� XVH�� UHVHDUFK� DQG�LQGXVWU\� DUH� PDLQO\� PDQDJHG� LQ� WKH� WZR� IDFLOLWLHV� )5��$� DQG� 5��$�� ,Q� 5��$�LRQLVLQJ�VPRNH�GHWHFWRUV�DUH�GLVPDQWOHG��ZKHUHDV�DOO�RWKHU�GLVXVHG�VHDOHG�VRXUFHV�

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

64

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Figure D3: The facilities at Studsvik.

D.1.4.3 Radioactive waste management facilities at AB SVAFO

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Treatment facility for intermediate waste, HM7KLV� IDFLOLW\� LV� XVHG� IRU� WKH� WUHDWPHQW� RI� LQWHUPHGLDWH� VROLG� DQG� OLTXLG� ZDVWH�IURP�IDFLOLWLHV�DW�6WXGVYLN��7UHDWPHQW�RI� VROLG�ZDVWH�FRPSULVHV�VRUWLQJ��YROXPH�UHGXFWLRQ��FRPSDFWLRQ���SDFNLQJ�DQG�FRQGLWLRQLQJ�E\�PHDQV�RI�VWDELOL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�FRQFUHWH��7UHDWPHQW�RI�OLTXLG�ZDVWH�FRPSULVHV�VHGLPHQWDWLRQ�DQG�VROLGL¿FDWLRQ�E\�PHDQV�RI�VWDELOL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�FRQFUHWH�

Interim storage facility for low and intermediate level waste, AM7KH�$0�IDFLOLW\�ZDV�FRQVWUXFWHG�LQ�WKH�����V�IRU�WKH�LQWHULP�VWRUDJH�RI��FRQGLWLRQHG�ZDVWH�IURP�IDFLOLWLHV�DW�WKH�6WXGVYLN�VLWH��7KH�VWRUDJH�IDFLOLW\�LV�FRQVWUXFWHG�LQ�D�

65

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

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7KH�IROORZLQJ�W\SHV�RI�ZDVWH�RULJLQDWLQJ�IURP�WKH�6WXGVYLN�IDFLOLWLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�EHLQJ�VWRUHG�DW�$0��VHH�DOVR�7DEOH�'���� RSHUDWLRQDO�ZDVWH�IURP�WKH�5��UHVHDUFK�UHDFWRU�DQG�WKH�WHVWV�SHUIRUPHG�LQ�WKH�UHDFWRU��� LUUDGLDWHG�DQG�FRQWDPLQDWHG�PDWHULDO�IURP�WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�LVRWRSHV��� LUUDGLDWHG�DQG�FRQWDPLQDWHG�PDWHULDO�IURP�WKH�IXHO�WHVWLQJ�ODERUDWRU\��DQG�� VWDUW� VRXUFHV� IURP� DQ� ROG� UHVHDUFK� UHDFWRU� DQG� RSHUDWLRQDO� ZDVWH� IURP� WKH�

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7KHVH�DUH�WKH�H[WHUQDOO\�SURGXFHG�W\SHV�RI�ZDVWH�FXUUHQWO\�EHLQJ�VWRUHG�DW�$0��� UHVLGXDO�SURGXFWV�IURP�LQFLQHUDWHG�ZDVWH�IURP�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV��KRVSLWDOV�

DQG�LQGXVWU\��� UHVLGXDO�SURGXFWV�IURP�WKH�XVH�RI�LVRWRSHV�LQ�LQGXVWU\�DQG�KRVSLWDOV��� GHFRPPLVVLRQLQJ�ZDVWH�IURP�ROG�QXFOHDU�IDFLOLWLHV��DQG�� ZDVWH�IURP�WUHDWPHQW�RI�VWHDP�JHQHUDWRUV�IURP�5LQJKDOV�

Number of packages Volume (m3)* Mass (tonnes)* Activity (Bq)

2,685 2,089 3,862 6,40E15*including packaging

Table D5: Inventory of disposed radioactive waste in AM as at 31 Dec. 2013.

Storage facility for radioactive waste, AU7KH�$8�IDFLOLW\�LV�DQ�LQWHULP�VWRUDJH�IDFLOLW\�IRU�ORQJ�OLYHG�ORZ�OHYHO�ZDVWH�WKDW�KDV� EHHQ� FRQGLWLRQHG�� ,W� LV� D� VLPSOH� XQKHDWHG� EXLOGLQJ� PDGH� RI� FRQFUHWH� DQG�VWHHO��7KH�$8�VWRUDJH�IDFLOLW\�FRQWDLQV�GUXPV�ZLWK�KLVWRULFDO�ZDVWH�HPEHGGHG�LQ�FRQFUHWH��7KH�ZDVWH�ZDV� UHFRQGLWLRQHG� LQ� WKH� ����V��$ERXW� ������ GUXPV�ZHUH�SUHYLRXVO\�VWRUHG�LQ�WKH�IDFLOLW\��7KH�ZDVWH�ZLOO�XOWLPDWHO\�EH�GLVSRVHG�RI�LQ�WKH�SODQQHG�GLVSRVDO�IDFLOLW\�IRU�ORQJ�OLYHG�ZDVWH��

Monitoring at SVAFO’s facilities HM and AM7KH�YHQWLODWLRQ�V\VWHPV�DUH�PRQLWRUHG�IRU�DQ\�UDGLRDFWLYH�VXEVWDQFHV��7KH�GUDLQDJH�ZDWHU� LV� DOVR� FOHDQHG� DQG�PRQLWRUHG� IRU� DQ\� UDGLRDFWLYH� VXEVWDQFHV� EHIRUH� WKH�ZDWHU�LV�UHOHDVHG�WR�WKH�UHFLSLHQW�

Export of plutonium6LQFH� WKH� ����V�� ���� NJ� RI� SOXWRQLXP� IURP� IRUPHU� UHVHDUFK� DQG� GHYHORSPHQW�

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

66

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D.1.4.4 Repository for short-lived low and intermediate level waste (SFR)

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Figure D4: The SFR facility

67

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

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Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

68

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Principal data for SFR

Owner and licence holder: Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB)

Operation and maintenance: SKB

Start of construction: 1983

Start of operation: 1988

Number of staff: Approximately 40

Storage capacity: 63,000 m3

Silo Short-lived LILW, max dose rate 500 mSv/h

BMA Short-lived LILW, max dose rate 100 mSv/h

1 BTF Short-lived LILW, max dose rate 10 mSv/h

2 BTF Short-lived LILW, max dose rate 10 mSv/h

BLA Short-lived LILW, max dose rate 2 mSv/h

Disposal capacity 6,000 m3/year

Current disposal rate 100 – 600 m3/year

Table D6: Principle data for SFR.

69

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

Waste disposed of in SFR as at 31 Dec. 2012

Repository section Volume (m3) Activity (Bq)*

Silo 5,768 5,1E14

BMA 9,371 2,5E14

1 BTF 2,304 1,9E12

2 BTF 7,310 1,5E13

BLA 10,200 4,8E11

SFR total 34,953 7,8E14

*Activity values per 31 Dec. 2012

Table D7: Inventories of radioactive waste disposed of in SFR as at 31 Dec. 2012.

Figure D5: Radionuclide specific activity content in SFR. The numbers are for the situation as at 31 December 2012.

D.1.4.5 Shallow land burial

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Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

70

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Figure D6: Principle section of shallow land burial at OKG.

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71

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

Figure D7: The shallow land burial at OKG.

Licence conditions Waste disposed of as at 31 Dec. 2013

Licence Volume Max activity/max Mass Volume ActivitySite period* (m3) alpha activity (GBq) (tonnes) (m3) (GBq)

Forsmark 2070 17 000 200/0.2 3 415 5 231 24,3

Oskarshamn 2075 10 000 200/0.2 3 769 7 346 19,1

Ringhals 2060 10 000 1100/0.1 3 640 5 942 181*

Studsvik (SVAFO) 2040 1 540 100/0.1 1 151 1 140 39**

The licence period includes a 30-year surveillance period (50 years for OKG) during which no further disposal of waste is allowed. * Valid 19 Aug. 2004 and no new waste has been disposed of. ** The licence for further disposition has not been renewed by SSM. The licence volume cannot therefore be used to its full extent. The activity was valid 31 Dec 2004.

Table D8: Inventories of waste disposed of in shallow land burials.

D.1.4.6 Waste from fuel fabrication:HVWLQJKRXVH�(OHFWULF�6ZHGHQ�$%�RSHUDWHV�D�IDFWRU\�LQ�9lVWHUnV�IRU�WKH��IDEULFDWLRQ�RI�QXFOHDU� IXHO��7KLV� LV� ORFDWHG�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�����NP�ZHVW�RI�6WRFNKROP��7KH�IDFWRU\�KDV�EHHQ�PDQXIDFWXULQJ�IXHO�VLQFH�WKH�PLG�����V��,WV�DQQXDO�SURGXFWLRQ�

Section D – INVENTORIES AND LISTS

72

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73

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75

Section E – LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY SYSTEM

E.1 Article 18: IMPLEMENTING MEASURES

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E.2 Article 19: LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

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E.2.1 Basic prerequisites for the legal and regulatory framework

E.2.1.1 Fundamental principles for the management of spent fuel and

radioactive waste

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76

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E.2.1.2 Nuclear and radioactive waste

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5 Swedish law uses the term “nuclear waste” which is not consistent with international terminology. This report therefore uses the term “radioactive waste from nuclear activities” in order to make a distinction between waste from the nuclear fuel cycle and radioactive waste from other activities.

77

Section E – LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY SYSTEM

Figure E1: Overview of the Swedish legislative system.

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7 Council Directive 96/29/Euratom of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the health protection of the general public and workers against the dangers of ionising radiation [O. J. L-159 of 29.06.1996].

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E.2.2.5 The Act on Financial Measures for the Management of Residual

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93

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E.2.2.6 The Ordinance on Financial Measures for the Management of

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8 The added costs are those of the state, municipalities and non-profit organisations.

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95

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E.2.2.7 The Act on Financing of Certain Radioactive Waste, etc. (1988:1597)

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E.2.2.8 Non-nuclear activities

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The Act on Transportation of Hazardous Goods 7KH�$FW�RQ�WKH�7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ�RI�+D]DUGRXV�*RRGV������������DQG�WKH��2UGLQDQFH �����������RQ�WKH�7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ�RI�+D]DUGRXV�*RRGV�FRQWDLQ�SURYLVLRQV�LQ��RUGHU�WR�SUHYHQW��KLQGHU�DQG�OLPLW�GDPDJH�FDXVHG�E\�WUDQVSRUW�RI�GDQJHURXV�JRRGV�

E 2.3 National Safety Requirements and Regulations(VVHQWLDO� 6ZHGLVK� OHJLVODWLRQ� FRQWDLQLQJ� UHTXLUHPHQWV� IRU� VDIHW\� DQG� UDGLDWLRQ�SURWHFWLRQ�DV�VSHFL¿HG�WKHUHLQ�KDV�EHHQ�SUHVHQWHG�DERYH��

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E.2.3.1 Licensing

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99

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Figure E2: Licensing procedure for nuclear facilities, exemplified using SKB’s application for an encapsulation plant and a final repository for spent nuclear fuel.

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100

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E.3.1 Regulatory bodies and their mandates

E.3.1.1 General information

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E.3.1.2 The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM)

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109

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11 The Nuclear Waste Fund is a government authority that manages the fees paid by the power com-panies and owners of other nuclear facilities in Sweden.

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Figure E3: The present organisation of SSM.

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E.3.1.3 The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency

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E.3.1.4 The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency

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E.3.1.5 The Swedish National Council for Nuclear Waste

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E.3.1.6 County administrative boards

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E.3.1.7 The Nuclear Waste Fund

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113

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E.3.2 Human and financial resources at SSM

E.3.2.1 Human Resources

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Education Percentage

Postgraduate degree 21

Bachelor’s/Master’s 65

Upper secondary school 13

Other 1

Total 100

Table E1: Educational background of SSM staff.

Section E – LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY SYSTEM

114

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E.3.2.2 SSM’s process-based and integrated management system

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Figure E4: The SSM management system process scheme.

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E.3.2.3 Communication

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E.3.2.4 Financial resources

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Budget item 2011 2012 2013 Source of funding

Nuclear safety, emergency preparedness and 232.0 256.6 280.2 Mainly feesradiation protection (including administration)

Supervision of nuclear facilities (proportion of above) 97.4 113.3 123.7 Fees

Licensing of new nuclear facilities, including new nuclear reactors 10.4 13.0 45.3 Fees

Scientific research and development work 78.0 73.9 80.3 Mainly fees

Final disposal of radioactive waste, including licensing, 43.1 63.6 70.7 Nuclear Waste Fundfinancial control and decommissioning

Historical wastes, etc. 0.9 1.3 2.0 Tax funded

Crisis management* 25.0 22.3 6.6 Tax funded

International cooperation and development 47.6 49.6 45.1 Tax funded

Total (million SEK) 436.9 480.3 530.2

* These funds are received via the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB)

Table E2: Budget of SSM in million SEK (1 SEK is about 0.1 euro).

117

Section E – LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY SYSTEM

E.3.2.5 Regulatory research and competence support

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E.3.3 Independence of regulatory function

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E.3.4 Action to improve transparency in regulatory activities and communication with the public

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119

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E.3.5 Conclusion

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F.1 Article 21: RESPONSIBILITY OF THE LICENCE HOLDER

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F.1.1 Regulatory requirements

F.1.1.1 The prime responsibility

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F.2 Article 22: HUMAN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES

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F.3 Article 23: QUALITY ASSURANCE

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132

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F.4.1.3 Protection of the environment

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F.4.2 Radiation impact of spent nuclear fuel or radioactive waste management facilities

F.4.2.1 Occupational radiation doses

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Figure F2: Average doses (mSv) to the personnel at Clab 2007-2013.

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Figure F3: Effective dose (µSv) to the representative person in the critical group.

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Figure F6: National expert response organisation for nuclear and radiological emergencies.

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156

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157

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159

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G.1.1.5 Protection of individuals, society and the environment

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G.1.1.6 Account of biological, chemical and other hazards

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12 SKB Report 2009, P-09-78, can be downloaded at www.skb.se.13 SKB Report 2010, P-10-13, can be downloaded at www.skb.se.

163

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G.1.2 Measures taken by the licence holders

G.1.2.1 The general obligations of licence holders

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G.1.3 Regulatory control

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171

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Figure G1: The stepwise procedure for the siting of a spent fuel repository.

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14 The Government’s decision on the RD&D programme 1998 included requirements on SKB to submit supplementary material. See SKB’s website, www.skb.se, SKB Technical Report TR 01-03.

Section G – SAFETY OF SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT

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183

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issues a licence

Figure G2: The procedure for the licensing of SKB’s licence application for a spent nuclear fuel repository and an encapsulation plant.

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Figure G3: Schedule for SSM’s licensing review.

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G.6.1.3 Established procedures

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G.6.1.4 Engineering and technical support

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G.6.1.5 Reporting of incidents in a timely manner

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G.6.1.6 Programmes for collecting and analysing operating experience

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G.6.1.7 Decommissioning plans

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G.6.2.1 Initial authorisation

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G.6.2.4 Engineering and technical support

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G.7 Article 10: DISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL

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Section H – SAFETY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

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H.4 Article 14: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES

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Figure H1: Reference design of dome-shaped plug for a deposition tunnel. The concrete dome is made of unreinforced low-pH concrete.

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Figure H2: Reference design for closure of SFR including extended part with detailed view of silo. 1) Plugs in access ramps. 2) Transition material. 3) Mechanical plug of concrete. 4) Backfill material of macadam. 5) Hydraulically tight section of bentonite or bentonite mixture. 6) Backfill material in access ramps and tunnel system. 7) Non-backfilled openings.

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H.5.3 Regulatory control

H.5.3.1 Review of the periodic safety report for SFR

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247

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249

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ALARA As Low As Reasonable Achievable (a principle applied in radiation protection) ABT 1T Waste container for transportation of long-lived low and intermediate level waste ACL The Central Active Laboratory (Studsvik site)AFS The Swedish Work Environment Authority’s regulationsAM Interim storage for low and intermediate level waste (Studsvik site)AS 1-4 Waste storage facility (Studsvik site)ASAR As operated Safety Analysis ReportAT Storage facility for solid intermediate level waste (Studsvik site)AU Storage facility for radioactive waste (Studsvik site)AV Swedish Work Environment AuthorityBAT Best Available TechniqueBFA Rock Cavern for Waste (Oskarshamn site)BKAB Barsebäck Kraft ABBLA Rock vault for concrete tanks (part of the SFR facility)BMA Rock vault for intermediate level waste (part of the SFR facility)BNFL British Nuclear Fuel LtdBSS Basic Safety StandardsBTF Rock vault for low level waste (part of the SFR facility)BWR Boiling Water ReactorCHP Combined Heat and PowerClab Centralt Lager för Använt Bränsle (central interim storage facility for spent fuel) Clink Integrated central interim storage facility and encapsulation plant COGEMA Compagnie Générale des Matières NucléairesCONVEX IAEA Convention ExercisesCTH Chalmers Tekniska Högskola (Chalmers University of Technology)DG Director GeneralECURIE European Community Urgent Radiological Information ExchangeEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEIS Environmental Impact StatementENSREG European Nuclear Safety Regulators GroupEU European UnionFA Storage facility (Studsvik site)FEP Feature, Event and ProcessFKA Forsmarks Kraftgrupp ABFR0-A Treatment facility for radioactive non-nuclear waste (Studsvik site)GDC General Design CriteriaHA Incineration facility (Studsvik site)HCL Hot Cell Laboratory (Studsvik site) HELCOM The Helsinki CommissionHERCA Heads of European Radiation Control AuthoritiesHM Treatment facility for intermediate level waste (Studsvik site)HRL Hard Rock LaboratoryIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyICRP International Commission on Radiation ProtectionID Evaporation facility (Studsvik site)IGD-TP Implementing Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste Technology PlatformINES International Nuclear Event ScaleINEX OECD/NEA International Nuclear Emergency ExercisesINRA International Nuclear Regulators’ Association

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

250

IRRS Integrated Regulatory Review ServiceISO International Standard OrganisationKBM Swedish Emergency Management AgencyKBS-3 Proposed method for disposal of spent nuclear fuelKSU Kärnkraftsäkerhet och utbildning AB (Swedish nuclear training and safety centre)KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Royal Institute of Technology)LER Licensee Event ReportLILW Low and Intermediate Level WasteLLW Low Level WasteMOX Mixed oxide fuelMSB Swedish Civil Contingencies AgencyMTO Interaction between Man, Technology and OrganisationNEA Nuclear Energy Agency within the OECDNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNKS Nordisk kärnsäkerhetsforskning (Nordic Nuclear Safety Research)NORM Naturally Occurring Radioactive MaterialsNPP Nuclear Power Plant (including all nuclear power units at one site)NR-MEG Nuclear and Radiological Medical Expert GroupOECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOKG Oskarshamns Kraftgrupp ABOLC Operational Limits and ConditionsOSPAR Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the north-east AtlanticPHWR Pressurised Heavy Water ReactorPSAR Preliminary Safety Analysis Report/Preliminary Safety ReportPSR Periodic Safety ReviewPWR Pressurised Water ReactorQA Quality AssuranceR&D Research and DevelopmentR0-A Treatment facility for radioactive non-nuclear waste (Studsvik site)RAB Ringhals ABRASK SSM methodology for rapid response inspectionsRD&D Research, Development and DemonstrationRO Reportable OccurrenceSAKAB Company managing non-radioactive hazardous wasteSAMÖ-KKÖ National emergency preparedness exercise in spring 2011SAR Safety Analysis Report/Safety ReportSFL Disposal facility for long-lived low and intermediate level waste SFR Disposal facility for short-lived low and intermediate level waste SFS Swedish Code of StatutesSKB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management CompanySKI Swedish Nuclear Power InspectorateSMA Melting facility (Studsvik site)SMHI Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological InstituteSNAB Studsvik Nuclear ABSoS Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare SOU State Official ReportSR-Site The long-term safety assessment for the repository for spent fuelSRV Swedish Rescue Services AgencySSI Swedish Radiation Protection Authority

251

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SSM Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten (Swedish Radiation Safety Authority)SSMFS SSM’s Regulatory CodeSTUK Finnish Nuclear and Radiation Safety AuthorityTS Tank and silo facility (Studsvik site)TSO Technical Support OrganisationUA Waste storage facility (Studsvik site)WENRA Western European Nuclear Regulators’ AssociationVLLW Very Low Level WasteWTD Waste Type Description

Departementsserien 2014Kronologisk förteckning

1. Gröna bokenRiktlinjer för författningsskrivning. SB.

2. Patent- och marknadsdomstol. Ju.

3. Europeisk skyddsorder– Samarbete om skydd för hotade och förföljda personer inom EU. Ju.

4. Våldsbejakande extremism i Sverige– nuläge och tendenser. Ju.

5. Särskilt ömmande omständigheter. Ju.

6. Gårdstödet 2015–2020 – förslag till svenskt genomförande. L.

7. Minskat svartarbete i byggbranschen. Fi.

8. Den mörka och okända historienVitbok om övergrepp och kränkningar av romer under 1900-talet. A.

9. En samlad kunskapsstyrning för hälso- och sjukvård och socialtjänst. S.

10. En tydligare beredning av myndighets-föreskrifter. Fi.

11. Sveriges sjätte nationalrapport om klimatförändringarI enlighet med Förenta Nationernas ramkonvention om klimatförändringar. + Engelsk översättning. M.

12. Ekonomiska effekter av ett längre arbetsliv.Långsiktiga ekonomiska effekter av Pensionsåldersutredningens förslag. S.

13. Åtalsförordnande enligt 2 kap. brotts-balken. Ju.

14. Genomförande av brottsoffer-direktivet. Ju.

15. Ersättning för höga sjuklönekostnader. S.

16. Framtidsfullmakter. Ju.

17. Samordnat ansvar för vissa familjefrågor. S.

18. Den nya polisorganisationen – några frågor om personuppgiftsbehandling m.m. Ju.

19. Statlig ersättning till barn och unga som insjuknat i narkolepsi efterpandemivaccinering. S.

20. Försvaret av SverigeStarkare försvar för en osäker tid. Fö.

21. Ett gemensamt europeisktjärnvägsområde. N.

22. Stärkt konsumentskydd vid försäkringsförmedling. Fi.

23. Datalagring, EU-rätten och svensk rätt. Ju.

24. Ökad endomarbehörighet i tvistemål. Ju.

25. Nya regler om upphandling. Del 1 + 2. S.

26. Avtal om val av domstol – 2005 års Haagkonvention. Ju.

27. Ökat stöd för underhållsreglering. S.

28. Delaktighet och rättssäkerhet vid psykiatrisk tvångsvård. S.

29. Förtydliganden och förenklingar inom det arbetsmarknadspolitiska regelverket. A.

30. Informationsutbyte vid samverkan mot grov organiserad brottslighet. Ju.

31. Nya steg för en effektivare plan- och bygglag. S.

32. Sweden’s fifth national report under the Joint Convention on the safety of spent fuel management and on the safety of radioactive waste management. M.

Departementsserien 2014Systematisk förteckning

ArbetsmarknadsdepartementetDen mörka och okända historien

Vitbok om övergrepp och kränkningar av romer under 1900-talet. [8]

Förtydliganden och förenklingar inom det arbetsmarknadspolitiska regelverket. [29]

FinansdepartementetMinskat svartarbete i byggbranschen. [7]

En tydligare beredning av myndighets-föreskrifter. [10]

Stärkt konsumentskydd vid försäkringsförmedling. [22]

FörsvarsdepartementetFörsvaret av Sverige

Starkare försvar för en osäker tid. [20]

JustitiedepartementetPatent- och marknadsdomstol. [2]

Europeisk skyddsorder– Samarbete om skydd för hotade och förföljda personer inom EU. [3]

Våldsbejakande extremism i Sverige. – nuläge och tendenser. [4]

Särskilt ömmande omständigheter. [5]

Åtalsförordnande enligt 2 kap. brotts-balken. [13]

Genomförande av brottsofferdirektivet. [14]

Framtidsfullmakter. [16]

Den nya polisorganisationen – några frågorom personuppgiftsbehandling m.m. [18]

Datalagring, EU-rätten och svensk rätt. [23]

Ökad endomarbehörighet i tvistemål. [24]

Avtal om val av domstol – 2005 års Haagkonvention. [26]

Informationsutbyte vid samverkan mot grov organiserad brottslighet. [30]

LandsbygdsdepartementetGårdsstödet 2015–2020

– förslag till svenskt genomförande. [6]

MiljödepartementetSveriges sjätte nationalrapport om

klimatförändringar I enlighet med Förenta Nationernas ramkonvention om klimatförändringar. + Engelsk översättning.[11]

Sweden’s fifth national report under the Joint Convention on the safety of spent fuel management and on the safety of radioactive waste management. [32]

NäringsdepartementetEtt gemensamt europeiskt järnvägsområde.

[21]

SocialdepartementetEn samlad kunskapsstyrning för hälso-

och sjukvård och socialtjänst. [9]

Ekonomiska effekter av ett längre arbets liv. Långsiktiga ekonomiska effekter av Pensionsåldersutredningens förslag. [12]

Ersättning för höga sjuklönekostnader. [15]

Samordnat ansvar för vissa familjefrågor. [17]

Statlig ersättning till barn och unga som insjuknat i narkolepsi efterpandemivaccinering. [19]

Nya regler om upphandling. Del 1 + 2. [25]

Ökat stöd för underhållsreglering. [27]

Delaktighet och rättssäkerhet vid psykiatrisk tvångsvård. [28]

Nya steg för en effektivare plan- och bygglag. [31]

StatsrådsberedningenGröna boken

Riktlinjer för författningsskrivning. [1]