John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Prepared byMarianne Bradford

Bryant College

Accounting Principles, , 6e 6e Weygandt, Kieso, & Kimmel

CHAPTER 16LONG-TERM LIABILITIES

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1 Explain why bonds are issued.

2 Prepare the entries for the issuance of bonds and interest expense.

3 Describe the entries when bonds are redeemed or converted.

4 Describe a bond-sinking fund.

5 Describe the accounting for long-term notes payable.

6 Contrast the accounting for operating and capital leases.

7 Identify the methods for the presentation and analysis of long-term liabilities.

PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 16

Why issue bonds?

Types of bonds

Issuing procedures

Trading

Market value

LONG TERM LIABILITIES

Issuing bonds at face valueDiscount or premiumIssuing bonds at a discountIssuing bonds at a premiumIssuing bonds between interest dates

Redeeming bonds at maturity

Redeeming bonds before maturity

Converting bonds into stock

Bond sinking funds

Bond Basics

Presentation and Analysis ofLong-TermLiabilities

Accounting forBond Issues

Accounting forBond

Retirements

Accounting forOther Long-Term

Liabilities

Long-term notes payable

Lease liabilities

Presentation

Analysis

Long-term Liabilities

Long-term liabilities are obligations that are expected to be paid after one year.

Long-term liabilities include bonds, long-term notes, and lease obligations.

STUDY OBJECTIVE 1

................................

1 Explain why bonds are issued.

Bond Basics

Bonds are a form of interest-bearing notes payable. They are issued by corporations, universities, and governmental agencies.

Bonds, like common stock, can be sold in small denominations (usually a thousand dollars), and as a result, they attract many investors.

To obtain large amounts of long-term capital, corporate management usually must decide whether to issue bonds or to use equity financing (common stock).

Why Issue Bonds?

From the standpoint of the corporation seeking long-term financing, bonds offer the following advantages over common stock:

1)Stockholder control is not affected.

2)Tax savings result.3)Earnings per share may be

higher.

Disadvantages of Bonds

The major disadvantages resulting from the use of bonds are:

1)Interest must be paid on a periodic basis, and

2)Principal (face value) of the bonds must be paid at maturity.

1) Secured bonds have specific assets of the issuer pledged as collateral for the bonds. A mortgage bond is secured by real estate.

2) Unsecured bonds are issued against the general credit of the borrower; they are also called debenture bonds.

Types of Bonds:Secured and Unsecured

No ASSET as Collateral

Registered

Registered

3) Bonds that mature at a single specified future date are called term bonds.

4) In contrast, bonds that mature in installments are called serial bonds.

Types of Bonds: Term and Serial Bonds

1999 2000 2001 2002

1999 2000 2001 2002Registered

Registered

Registered

Types of Bonds:Registered and Bearer

5)Registered bonds are issued in the name of the owner and have interest payments made by check to bondholders of record.

6)Bearer or coupon bonds are not registered; thus bondholders must send in coupons to receive interest payments.

Pay to: Bearer

Registered

Pay to: Joe Smith

Types of Bonds:Convertible and Callable

7)Convertible bonds permit bondholders to convert the bonds into common stock at their option.

8)Callable bonds are subject to call and retirement at a stated dollar amount prior to maturity at the option of the issuer.

Stock

Registered

Registered

Issuing Procedures

State laws grant corporations the power to issue bonds.

Within the corporation, approval by both the board of directors and stockholders is usually required.

In authorizing a bond issue, the board of directors must stipulate the number of bonds to be authorized, total face value, and contractual interest rate.

Issuing Procedures

The face value is the amount of principal the issuer must pay at the maturity date.

The contractual interest rate, often referred to as the stated rate, is the rate used to determine the amount of cash interest the borrower pays and the investor receives.

The terms of the bond issue are set forth in a formal legal document called a bond indenture.

After the bond indenture is prepared, bond certificates, which provide information such as name of issuer and maturity date, are printed.

Bond Trading

Corporate bonds, like capital stock, are traded on national securities exchanges. Thus, bondholders have the opportunity to convert their holdings into cash at any time by selling the bonds at the current market price.

Bond prices are quoted as a percentage of the face value of the bond (usually $1,000).

Transactions between a bondholder and other investors are not journalized by the issuing corporation.

A corporation only makes journal entries when it issues or buys back bonds, and when bondholders convert bonds into common stock.

Determining the Market Value of Bonds

The market value (present value) of a bond is a function of three factors:

1) the dollar amounts to be received2) the length of time until the amounts are

received, and 3) the market rate of interest, which is the rate

investors demand for loaning funds. The process of finding the present value is

referred to as discounting the future amounts.

Illustration 16-5Time diagram depicting cash

flows

$100,000 Principal

$9,000 $9,000 $9,000 $9,000 $9,000 Interest

0 1 2 3 4 5 5 year period

Assume that Kell Company on January 1, 2002, issues $100,000 of 9% bonds, due in 5 years, with interest payable annually at year-end. The purchaser of the bonds would receive two cash payments: 1) principal of $100,000 to be paid at maturity, and 2) five $9,000 interest payments ($100,000 x 9%) over the term of the bond.

The market value of a bond is equal to the present value of all the future cash payments promised by the bond. The present values of these amounts are shown below:

Illustration 16-6Computing the market price of

bonds

Market price of bonds $100,000

STUDY OBJECTIVE 2

................................

2 Prepare the entries for the issuance

of bonds and interest expense.

Accounting for Bond IssuesIssuing Bonds at Face Value

1,000,000 1,000,000

Bonds payable are reported in the long-term liability section of the balance sheet because the maturity date is more than one year away.

Bonds may be issued at face value, below face value (at a discount), or above face value (at a premium). They also are sometimes issued between interest dates. Assume that Devor Corporation issues 1,000, 10-year, 9% $1,000 bonds dated January 1, 2002, at 100 (100% of face value). The entry to record the sale is:

Accounting for Bond IssuesIssuing Bonds at Face Value

45,000

45,000

Assume that interest is payable semiannually on January 1 and July 1 on the bonds, interest of $45,000 ($1,000,000 x 9% x 6/12)must be paid on July 1, 2002. The entry for the payment is:

Accounting for Bond IssuesIssuing Bonds at Face Value

45,000 45,000

At December 31, an adjusting entry is required to recognizethe $45,000 of interest expense incurred since July 1.The entry is:

Bond interest payable is classified as a current liability, because it is scheduled for payment within the next year. When interest is paid on January 1, 2003, Bond Interest Payable is debited, and Cash is credited for $45,000 in order to eliminate the liability.

Accounting for Bond IssuesDiscount or Premium on Bonds

Bonds may be issued below or above face value.

If the market (effective) rate of interest is higher than the contractual (stated) rate, the bonds will sell at less than face value, or at a discount.

If the market rate of interest is less than the contractual rate on the bonds, the bonds will sell above face value, or at a premium.

Illustration 16-7Interest rates and bond prices

BONDCONTRACTUAL

INTERESTRATE 10%

Issuedwhen:

8%

10%

12%

Premium

Face Value

Discount

Market Rates Bonds Sell at:

Issuing Bonds at a Discount

Assume that on January 1, 2002, Candlestick, Inc. sells$100,000, 5-year, 10% bonds for 92,639 (92.639% of face value) with interest payable on July 1 and January 1. The entry to record the issuance is:

92,639 7,361

100,000

The $92,639 represents the carrying (or book) value of the bonds. On the date of issue this amount equals the market price of the bonds.

Illustration 16-8Statement presentation of

discount on bonds payable

Although Discount on Bonds Payable has a debit balance, it is NOT an asset. Rather, it is a contra account, whichis deducted from bonds payable on the balance sheet, as illustrated below:

Illustration 16-9 Total cost of borrowing - bonds

issued at discountThe difference between the issuance price and face

value of the bonds-the discount-is an additional cost of borrowing that should be recorded as bond interest expense over the life of the bonds.

The total cost of borrowing, $92,639 for Candlestick, Inc., is $57,361, as computed as follows:

Semiannual Interest Payments ($100,000*10%*.5=$5,000; $5,000*10) $50,000Add: Bond Discount ($100,000-$92,639) $7,361 Total Cost of Borrowing $57,361

Bonds Issued at a Discount

Illustration 16-10Alternative computation of total cost of borrowing - bonds issued at discount

Alternatively, the total cost of borrowing can be computed as follows:

Total cost of borrowing $57,361

Principal at maturity $100,000Semiannual interest payments ($5,000*10) $50,000Cash to be paid to bondholders $150,000Cash received from bondholders $92,639

Bonds Issued at a Discount

Illustration 16-11Formula for straight-line method

of bond discount amortizationTo comply with the matching principle, bond

discount should be allocated systematically to each accounting period that benefits from the use of the cash proceeds.

One method is the straight-line method of amortization. It allocates the same amount to interest expense each interest period.

The amount is determined as follows:

Numberof Interest

Periods

BondDiscount

Amortization

BondDiscount / =

5,736

736 5,000

Amortizing Bond Discount

In the previous example, the bond discount amortizationis $736 ($7,361 /10 periods). The entry to record thepayment of bond interest and the amortization of bond discount on the first interest date (July 1, 2002) is:

Amortizing Bond Discount - Entries

5,736 736

5,000

At December 31, the adjusting entry is:

Over the term of the bonds, the balance in Discount on Bonds Payable will decrease annually by the same amount until it has a zero balance at maturity. Thus, the carrying value of the bonds at maturity will be equal to the face value.

Issuing Bonds at a Premium

The issuance of bonds at a premium we now assume the Candlestick, Inc. bonds described above are sold for $108,111 (108.111% of face value) rather than for $ 92.639.

108,111 100,000

8,111

Illustration 16-13Statement presentation of

bond premium

Premium on bonds payable is added to bonds payable on the balance sheet, as shown below:

Add: Premium on bonds payable

The sale of bonds above face value causes the total cost of borrowing to be less than the bond interest paid. The premium is considered to be a reduction in the cost of borrowing that should be credited to Bond Interest Expense over the life of the bonds.

Illustration 16-14Total cost of borrowing-bonds

issued at a premium

Semiannual Interest Payments ($100,000*10%*.5=$5,000; $5,000*10) $50,000Less: Bond Premium ($108,111-$100,000) $8,111 Total Cost of Borrowing $41,889

Bonds Issued at a Premium

Illustration 16-15Alternative computation of total cost of borrowing-bonds issued at a premium

Alternatively, the total cost of borrowing can be determined as follows:

Total cost of borrowing $41,889

Principal at maturity $100,000Semiannual interest payments ($5,000*10) $50,000Cash to be paid to bondholders $150,000Cash received from bondholders $108,111

Bonds Issued at a Premium

Illustration 16-16Formula for straight-line method of bond premium amortization

The formula for determining bond premium amortization under the straight-line method is:

Numberof Interest

Periods

BondPremium

Amortization

BondPremium / =

Amortizing Bond Premium

The premium amortization for each interest periodis $811 ($8,111 / 10). The entry to record thefirst payment of interest on July 1 is:

4,189 811

5,000

Amortizing Bond Premium

At December 31, the adjusting entry is:

Over the term of the bonds, the balance in Premium on Bonds Payable will decrease annually by the same amount until it has a zero balance at maturity date of the bonds.

4,189 811

5,000

Issuing Bonds between Interest Dates

1,015,000 1,000,000 15,000

To illustrate, assume that Deer Corporation sells $1,000,000, 9% bonds at face value plus accrued interest on March 1. Interest is payable semiannually on July 1 and January 1. The accrued interest is $15,000 ($1,000,000 x 9% x 2/12). The totalproceeds on the sale of the bonds, therefore, are $1,015,000. The entry to record the sale is:

When bonds are issued between interest payment dates, the issuer requires the investor to pay the market price for the bonds plus accrued interest since the last interest date.

Issuing Bonds between Interest Dates

15,000 30,000

45,000

At the first interest date, it is necessary to (1) eliminate the bond interest payable balance and (2) recognize interest expense for the 4 months (March 1 - June 30) the bonds have been outstanding. Interest expense is $30,000 ($1,000,000 x 9% x 4/12). The entry on July 1 for the $45,000 interest payment is:

STUDY OBJECTIVE 3

................................

3 Describe the entries when bonds are redeemed or converted.

Redeeming Bonds at Maturity

1,000,000 1,000,000

Regardless of the issue price of bonds, the book valueof the bonds at maturity will equal their face value.Assuming that the interest for the last interest periodis paid and recorded separately, the entry to record the redemption of the Candlestick bonds at maturity is:

Bond RetirementsBonds may be redeemed before maturity because

a company may decide to reduce interest cost and remove debt from its balance sheet.

When bonds are retired before maturity it is necessary to:

1)Eliminate the carrying value of the bonds at the redemption date,

2)Record the cash paid, and 3)Recognize the gain or loss on redemption. A gain (loss) is reported as an extraordinary item

in the income statement.

Redeeming Bonds before Maturity

Assume that at the end of the eighth period, Candlestick, Inc.retires its bonds at 103 after paying the semiannual interest. The carrying value of the bonds at the redemption date is$1,004,000. The entry to record the redemption at the endof the eighth interest period (January 1, 2006) is:

1,000,000 4,000

26,000

1,030,000

Converting Bonds into Common Stock

100,000

20,000 80,000

In recording the conversion of bonds into common stock the current market prices of the bonds and the stock are ignored. Instead, the carrying value of the bonds is transferred to paid-in capital accounts. No gain or loss is recognized.

Assume that on July 1 Saunders Associates converts $100,000 bonds sold at face value into 2,000 shares of $10 par value common stock. Both the bonds and the common stock have a market value of $130,000. The entry to record the conversion is:

STUDY OBJECTIVE 4

................................

4 Describe a bond-sinking fund.

Bond Sinking FundsA sinking fund is cash or other assets set aside

to retire debt. A sinking fund makes the bonds more attractive

to investors, because it enhances the likelihood that the bonds will be redeemed at maturity.

A trustee, such as a bank or trust company, usually controls the funds and invests them.

A bond sinking fund is reported as a single amount in the investment section of the balance sheet.

STUDY OBJECTIVE 5

................................

5 Describe the accounting for long-term notes payable.

Accounting for Other Long-Term Liabilities

Long-term notes payable are similar to short-term interest-bearing notes payable except that the term of the note exceeds one year.

A long-term note may be secured by a mortgage that pledges title to specific assets as security for a loan.

Mortgage notes payable are widely used by individuals to purchase homes and to acquire plant assets by many small and some large companies.

Mortgage notes payable are recorded initially at face value. Subsequent entries are required for each installment payment.

Illustration 16-18Mortgage installment payment

scheduleTo illustrate, assume that Porter Technology Inc. issues a $500,000, 12%, 20-year mortgage note on December 31, 2002, to obtain needed financing for the construction of a new research laboratory. The terms provide for semiannual installment payment of $33,231. The installment payment schedule for the first year is shown below:

Issue date $500,000

1 $33,231 $30,000 $3,231 496,769

2 $33,231 29,806 3,425 493,344

Long-term Notes PayableEntries

The entries to record the mortgage loan and firstinstallment payment (per schedule on previous slide) are as follows:

500,000 500,000

30,000 3,231

33,231

STUDY OBJECTIVE 6

................................

6 Contrast the accounting for operating and capital leases.

Operating Leases

In an operating lease the intent is temporary use of the property by the lessee. The lessor continues to own the property.

The lease (or rental) payments are recorded as an expense by the lessee and as revenue by the lessor.

Car rentalis an exampleof an operatinglease

Car rentalis an exampleof an operatinglease

Capital Leases

In a capital lease the present value of the cash payments for the lease are capitalized and recorded as an asset. A capital lease is in substance an installment purchase by the lessee.

The lessee must record the lease as an asset (a capital lease) if any one of the following conditions exist:

a) The lease transfers ownership of the property to the lessee.

b) The lease contains a bargain purchase option.c) The lease term is equal to 75% or more of the economic

life of the leased property.d) The present value of the lease payments equals or

exceeds 90% of the fair market value of the leased property.

Capital Lease Entries

190,000 190,000

Assume that Gonzalez Company decides to lease new equipment.The lease period is 4 years; the economic life of the leased equipment is estimated to be 5 years. The present value of the lease payments is $190,000, which is equal to the fair market value of the equipment. There is no transfer of ownership during the lease term, nor is there any bargain purchase option.

IN THIS EXAMPLE, GONZALEZ HAS ESSENTIALLY PURCHASEDTHE EQUIPMENT BECAUSE CONDITIONS (3) AND (4) HAVE BEEN MET (SEE PREVIOUS SLIDE).

7 Identify the methods for the presentation and analysis of long-term liabilities.

STUDY OBJECTIVE 7

................................

Presentation and Analysis of Long-Term Liabilities

The nature and amount of each long-term debt should be reported in the balance sheet or in schedules in the notes accompanying the statements.

The current maturities of long-term debt should be reported under current liabilities if they are to be paid from current assets.

Long-term liabilities are reported in a separate section of the balance sheet immediately following current liabilities.

The nature and amount of each long-term debt should be reported in the balance sheet or in schedules in the notes accompanying the statements.

The current maturities of long-term debt should be reported under current liabilities if they are to be paid from current assets.

Long-term liabilities are reported in a separate section of the balance sheet immediately following current liabilities.

The long-term liabilities for LAX Corporation are shown below:

Illustration 16-20Balance sheet presentation of

long-term liabilities

Illustration 16-21Debt to total assets

35% = 160 / 456

TOTAL DEBT DEBT TO TOTAL ASSETS = ———————— TOTAL ASSETS

The debt to total assets ratio measures the percentage of total assets provided by creditors, indicating the degree of leveraging. It is calculated by dividing total debt by total assets. Lands End’s annual report disclosed total liabilities of $160 million and total assets of $456 million. Their debt to total assets ratio is calculated below:

The debt to total assets ratio measures the percentage of total assets provided by creditors, indicating the degree of leveraging. It is calculated by dividing total debt by total assets. Lands End’s annual report disclosed total liabilities of $160 million and total assets of $456 million. Their debt to total assets ratio is calculated below:

Illustration 16-21Times Interest Earned Ratio

55.9 times = ($76.2 + $28.2 + $1.9) / $1.9

TIMES INTEREST INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES AND INTEREST EXPENSE EARNED = —————————————————————————————

INTEREST EXPENSE

The times interest earned ratio indicates the company’s ability to meet interest payments as they come due. It is computed by dividing income before income taxes and interest expense by interest expense. Lands End’s annual report disclosed interest expense of $1.9 million, income taxes of $28.2 million, and net income of $48 million. The times interest earned ratio is computed below.

The times interest earned ratio indicates the company’s ability to meet interest payments as they come due. It is computed by dividing income before income taxes and interest expense by interest expense. Lands End’s annual report disclosed interest expense of $1.9 million, income taxes of $28.2 million, and net income of $48 million. The times interest earned ratio is computed below.

7 Contrast the effects of the straight-line and effective-interest methods of amortizing bond discount and bond premium.

STUDY OBJECTIVE 8

................................

APPENDIX:Effective-Interest Amortization

The effective-interest method of amortization is an alternative to straight-line amortization.

Both amortization methods result in the same total amount of interest expense over the term of the bonds.

When the amounts are materially different, the effective-interest method is required under GAAP.

Illustration 16A-2Computation of amortization-

effective-interest method Bond interest expense is computed by multiplying the

carrying value of the bonds at the beginning of the interest period by the effective-interest rate.

The bond discount or premium amortization is computed by determining the difference between the bond interest expense and the bond interest paid.

(1)Bond Interest Expense

Carrying valueof Bonds Effectiveat Beginning Interestof Period Rate

x

(2)Bond Interest Paid

Face ContractualAmount Interestof Bonds Rate

xAmortizationAmount

Candlestick Inc. issues $100,000 of 10%, 5-year bonds on January 1 2002 with interest payable each July 1 and January 1. The bonds will sell for $92,639 with an effective interest rate of 12%; Therefore, the bond discount is $7,361 ($100,000 - $92,639). The schedule below facilitates recording of interest expense and discount amortization.

Illustration 16A-3Bond discount amortization

schedule

Issue date $7,361 $92,639

1 $5,000 $5,558 $ 558 6,803 93,197

2 $5,000 5,592 592 6,211 93,789

NOTE: TABLE WILL CONTINUE FOR 10 SEMIANNUAL PERIODS

Illustration 16A-5Bond premium amortization

schedule

Issue date $8,111 $108,111

1 $5,000 $4,324 $676 $7,435 107,435

2 5,000 4,297 703 6,732 106,732

Candlestick Inc. issues $100,000 of 10%, 5-year bonds on January 1 2002 with interest payable each July 1 and January 1. The bonds will sell for $108,111 with an effective interest rate of 8%; therefore, the bond premium is $8,111 ($108,111-$100,000). The schedule below facilitates recording of interest expense and premium amortization.

Candlestick Inc. issues $100,000 of 10%, 5-year bonds on January 1 2002 with interest payable each July 1 and January 1. The bonds will sell for $108,111 with an effective interest rate of 8%; therefore, the bond premium is $8,111 ($108,111-$100,000). The schedule below facilitates recording of interest expense and premium amortization.

NOTE: TABLE WILL CONTINUE FOR 10 SEMIANNUAL PERIODS

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CHAPTER 16 LONG-TERM LIABILITIES

CHAPTER 16 LONG-TERM LIABILITIES