John Doe Premium Male DNA Ancestry Report Dxxxx – xxxxxxx A sample of the Y-chromosome DNA was extracted, amplified and genotyped DNA Diagnostics Center. Chromosomes are the double-helix genetic structures by which hereditary information is physically transmitted from one generation to the next. The Y chromosome is passed only from a father to sons; its entire purpose is to determine maleness. Because of its stability over time, it is useful in tracing paternal ancestry (Jobling and Smith 2003). The allele values or STR markers for 16 loci or specific regions on your DNA were reported as follows on a separate page. In YHRD, a search found 1 match in 160, 693 Haplotypes emerging mostly from the Eurasian - European - Western European Metapopulation. According to haplotype prediction, the haplogroup is R1b. The haplotype is most commonly reported as Western European, with matches in Spain (highest frequency occurrence), Brazil, and Germany. A map of its distribution is on a following page of this report. In Ysearch, there were no exact matches, and six close matches, as follows. Click on the User ID to contact and compare genealogies.

User ID Name Origin Haplogroup Markers Compared

Genetic Distance

A2F2T Jackson Virginia, USA Unknown 13 1 NYWHR Jackson Nottoway, Virginia, USA R (tested) 13 1 TWF9G Plowman Yorkshire, England Unknown 13 1 UJVVG Jackson Unknown Unknown 13 1 W2ZHG Jackson Ireland R1b1 (tested) 13 1 YKCJ8 Jackson England R1b1a2 (tested) 13 1

Since none of these had the surname Robinson, no male-linked cousin could be identified. A surname search was run with no matches to Robinson in Haplogroup R1b. 443 matches were found- a sample is below:

2

User ID Last Name Ancestor Origin Haplogroup 2PSDW Bates Robinson Unknown R1b* TMBRV bates robinson Unknown R1b* FB8T3 Blackwood Robinson Unknown Unknown 6UZBQ Burks Robinson Shepherdstown, USA Unknown 4S58Y Chitwood Robinson Michigan, USA Unknown 644F9 Cowan Cowan Smith County Tn, Tennessee, USA Unknown 5DJ4D Davis Robinson Unknown Unknown GUV7X Dawkins RAGSTER FISH DAM TOWNSHIP, SC, USA Unknown E7BWS Griffin Robinson Tennessee, USA Unknown aapdw High Robinson Henrico County, Virginia, USA R1b1a2 (tested) GG73T Jobe Robinson Lincolnshire, England R1b1a2 (tested) DY74F Martin Esmont, America Unknown 4QCGM Massara Robinson Virginia?, United Kingdom Unknown 2V2TC Neff Robinson Pennsylvania, USA Unknown CBWP6 Neff Robinson Unknown Unknown EFQXC Neff Robinson Unknown Unknown QZY9T Pate Pate England R1b1a2 (tested) 8NHF6 Robbins Robbins Galway, Ireland Unknown HZMQ7 Robbins Robertson Blair Atholl, Highland, Scotland R1b1a2a (tested) S7ESB Robbins Robbins New Jersey, USA Unknown THP9N Robbins Robbins Unknown R1b1a2 (tested) VZH36 Robbins Robertson Blair Athole, Perthshire, Scotland R1b1a2a* WYUMS Robbins Unknown Unknown A5PMY roberson robinson North Carolina, USA Unknown

Surname History Robinson is an English surname, meaning “son of Robin” and was first recorded in Yorkshire, England in the early 1300s.

Analysis and Conclusion On his father’s side, the subject descends from a male ancestor who belonged to haplogroup R1b, sometimes (although somewhat misleadingly) called the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH, Wilson). Hispanic matches suggest that the progenitor of this mega-lineage might have lived in Spain. The subject’s haplotype, R1b1a, probably also came in remote times from Spain.

3

It reaches its highest frequency on the Atlantic Fringe, in Connacht, Ireland. Bryan Sykes in his book Blood of the Isles (in America, Saxons, Vikings and Celts) gives the populations associated with R1b the name of Oisín for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in his work The Seven Daughters of Eve. Stephen Oppenheimer in his book The Origins of the British calls this type Ruiz and maintains Ruiz was the first and most numerous male type to populate the British Isles following the last Ice Age (pp. 188f.). He theorized that the vast majority of British ancestry originated in a paleolithic Iberian people, traced to modern-day Basque populations, represented by the predominance of Haplogroup R1b in the United Kingdom today. Haplogroup R1b is the most common male type in modern-day Europe, found in approximately 40% of all males. The mutations characterizing it are M173 and M343 (Y Chromosome Consortium; Karafet et al.). The subject’s particular male lineage probably originated in Greece and more recently the British Isles (to judge from the surname history). R1b was formerly viewed as the lineage of the Niall of the Nine Hostages. More recent studies of its high concentrations in Belfast (44%) and County Mayo (43%), however, suggest that the pattern more generally "hints at La Tène movements into Ireland" (Manco, pp. 189-90). The oldest forms of R1b (M343, P25, L389) are found dispersed at very low frequencies from Western Europe to India, a vast region where could have roamed the nomadic R1b

4

hunter-gatherers during the Ice Age. The three main branches of R1b1 (R1b1a, R1b1b, R1b1c) all seem to have stemmed from the Middle East. The southern branch, R1b1c (V88), is found mostly in the Levant and Africa. The northern branch, R1b1a (P297), seems to have originated around the Caucasus, eastern Anatolia or northern Mesopotamia, then to have crossed over the Caucasus, from where they would have invaded Europe and Central Asia. According to Eupedia, the following men are famous examples of R1b:

Bogdanowicza et al. (2009) tested the Y-chromosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA of the exhumed remains of the Prussian Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. They established that he belonged to Y-haplogroup R1b and mt-haplogroup H.

Rogaev et al. (2009) tested the DNA of the presumed grave of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and all his five children, and compared them against archival blood specimens from Nicholas II as well as against samples from descendants of both paternal and maternal lineages. The results unequivocally confirmed that the grave was the one of the last Russian Royal family. Nicholas II belonged to Y-haplogroup R1b and mt-haplogroup T2. Consequently, all Russian emperors of

the Romanov dynasty since Peter III (1728-1762) also belonged to haplogroup R1b. This paternal lineage ultimately descends from the House of Oldenburg, which includes all the Kings of Denmark since Christian I (reigned from 1448) as well as several Kings of Norway, Sweden and Greece, and the current heirs to the British throne (Prince Charles and his son Prince William).

Quite a few U.S. Presidents had their haplogroups deduced from descendant testing. Among those whose R1b subclade remains to be determined, we find Zachary Taylor (12th), Franklin Pierce(14th), William McKinley (25th), and Woodrow Wilson (28th).

The great English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882), who proposed the scientific theory of evolution and the process of natural selection, was a member of haplogroup R1b according to the test results from his great-great-grandson.

5

Judging from modal matches and surname history, the subject’s male ancestors probably came from Ireland or Germany.

Susan Levin Assistant Investigator DNA Consultants August 31, 2016

Disclaimers This DNA Test is a probabilistic prediction of ancestry for personal knowledge only. It is a non-chain of custody form of testing and is not intended for legal or official purposes. Its results may or may not confirm expected ethnic composition, family history or genealogical determinations. Alone, it may not be used to prove identity, biological relationships, nationality, citizenship, immigration or tribal enrollment. References and Suggestions for Further Reading

1. Capelli, C. et al. (2003). “A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles.” Current Biology 13:979–984.

2. Jobling, M. A. & Tyler-Smith, C. (2003). “The Human Y Chromosome: An Evolutionary Marker Comes of Age.” Nature Rev. Genet. 4:598-612.

3. Karafet T. M. et al. (2008). "New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree." Gen. Res. 18:830-8.

4. Manco, Jean (2014). Ancestral Journeys. The Peopling of Europe from the First Venturers to the Vikings. London: Thames & Hudson.

5. Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). The Origins of the British. A Genetic Detective Story. New York: Carroll & Graf. ----------(2005). The Real Eve. New York: Carroll & Graf. --------- (1999). Eden in the East: The Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia. New York: Orion. Brilliant Oxford professor’s books.

6. Semino, O. et al. (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Science 290 (5494): 1155–9.

7. Sykes, Bryan (2013). (2013). DNA USA: A Genetic Portrait of America. New York: Liveright. ----------- (2001). Saxons, Vikings and Celts. New York: Norton. -------- (2001). The Seven Daughters of Eve. The Science that Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry. New York, Norton. Names the founders of Europe’s major female haplogroups Helena, Jasmine, Katrine, Tara, Velda, Xenia, and Ursula.

8. Wells, Spencer (2006). Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project. Washington: National Geographic.

9. Willuweit S. and L. Roewer on behalf of the International Forensic Y Chromosome User Group, Y chromosome haplotype reference database (YHRD): “Update.” Forensic Science International: Genetics (2007) 2. Abstract. YHRD 3.0 Release 46 with 126,931 haplotypes within 868 populations worldwide. About 90% have been analyzed for the loci DYS438 and DYS439. Available online at http://www.yhrd.org.

10. Wilson, J.F. et al. (2001). "Genetic Evidence for Different Male and Female Roles during Cultural Transitions in the British Isles." PNAS 98/9:5078-83.

6

11. Y Chromosome Consortium (February 2002). "A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups." Genome Res. 12 (2): 339–48.

Understanding Your Male Lineage Your haplogroup (R1b, R1a, I, G etc.) represents the broad family of male lineages to which you belong. These genetic super-tribes have been traced back about 10,000 years to different areas of origin such as Western Europe, Northern Europe, the Middle East, Africa or the Americas. Geneticists believe all people on earth are descended directly or indirectly from a man who lived in Africa 200,000 to 300,000 years ago (Y-chromosomal Adam). Your haplotype, as defined in your Y chromosome lab report, is a specific lineage within that haplogroup. It reflects your direct line of father-to-son descent from a common founder who lived perhaps 500-1000 years ago, when surnames first appeared. Your lab report lists the allele values or STR markers for 26 loci or specific regions on your Y chromosome DNA. This is your genetic profile. You received this male signature from your father, your father from his father, and so forth, unchanged or only slightly modified from generation to generation. Variations over time are called mutations. Many males exhibit an across-the-board match with another male of the same surname. Both are descended without question from a common male ancestor. They are male-linked cousins bearing the same original family name, and a strict pedigree can be constructed. Others, however, match on most markers but not all. A great deal of expertise is required to judge whether a close match is due to mutations within the same lineage, or whether it represents a different lineage and surname altogether. If no perfect match is found, your male lineage may be extremely rare. It may not be reported in the databases, and no comparisons or conclusions can be made. Evaluating a Possible Non-Paternity Event A “non-paternity event” indicates a break in the link between the Y-chromosome and the surname. Such a misalignment may happen in any generation. The chance of a non-paternity event occurring accumulates as you go back in time through numerous generations. Its incidence is smallest in aristocratic lines and highest in groups of low social status. An unfamiliar surname in your male line might come from a distant adoption, illegitimacy, child known by other surname (mother's maiden name, stepfather's name), the use of an alias or a deliberate change of surname. Moreover, it may point to a time before settled surnames came into use. In the British Isles, the

7

transition to fixed surnames handed down in patrilineal fashion began about 1100 and was not complete until after 1600. [

Instructions for Putting Your Haplotype into Ysearch.org Ysearch.org is a public database of Y chromosome records in which you can search for matches with your own type. The current state of the database contains over 120,000 unique haplotypes tied to over 100,000

different surnames. Once you have put your lab scores or STRs into the system, you can easily search for matches using either your Y-STR profile or surname. You can also contact others users to compare genealogical notes and find male-linked cousins bearing either your haplotype or surname.

1. Start with Create New User 2. Disregard the notes on other labs; your scores are already standardized. 3. You will see a chart of Genetic Markers—not in the same order as on your lab

report, and covering a broader range. Use the drop down feature and enter your scores, marker by marker.

4. Fill in the requested information (as much as you know or want to share), and select a username (email address) and password. You must enter a Last Name

8

(the surname you are interested in). For “Tested with,” select Other (since your lab is DNA Diagnostics Center and it is not listed). For Tested With (not listed), enter DNA Diagnostics Center or DNA Consultants.

Click on Save Information. You have now created a Ysearch account and should receive a confirmation email with your new Ysearch User ID. (If you check the box “Please tell me about new advances in genetics by genealogy” you will receive marketing communications from the sponsor of Ysearch, Family Tree DNA.)

5. You have now created a Ysearch User ID or account. You may then login with your Ysearch User ID to search for genetic matches, conduct surname research, revise your user account, add notes to your ancestry and contact others in the system.

Once your Y haplotype profile is on record and visible to others in Ysearch, you may receive occasional requests from another researcher to contact you. You may choose to share information or not. Your Premium Male DNA Ancestry Report includes a search for exact matches on the best possible multi-marker basis. Our analysis uses 13-25 markers, takes maximum coverage into account and discounts rapidly mutating sites such as Y GATA H4. If you have an exact match, or a very close match in your report, search no further—this is your patriline and it usually corresponds to your surname. You have hit pay dirt! To find wider matches, you can set your search results to allow a maximum genetic distance of 1, or 2, or 3 (higher is probably not desired). These are genetic cousins to whom you are related in a deeper time frame. It is perhaps helpful to remember that the value of an STR at any given locus (DYS 393, DYS 390 etc.) can mutate up or down one unit about every 500 years. Since they can change in either direction, however, the effect tends to cancel out. The phenomenon of convergence occurs when a configuration of scores randomly mutates to correspond to an unrelated haplotype, but this statistical event appears to be extremely rare and can be ignored. Your Surname History has been researched for you in your report. Variants and translations of a surname can often unlock mysteries. Another feature of Ysearch is the search by surname. This approach is a good means to see how your surname corresponds to your haplotype. Surnames can have several valid haplotypes, and a haplotype can be borne by males of different surnames. Ysearch has an astounding record of success in revealing the true surname of adoptees as well as previously unsuspected family origins. You may wish to join a Surname Project. A list is maintained at WorldFamilies.Net. Almost all are sponsored by Family Tree DNA but are free and open.

9

The number of users and unique records in Ysearch is constantly increasing. Having an account where others can see your results is very important for completing the picture of your male ancestry and connecting you to relatives. Some Reading and References

1. Eupedia, “Distribution of Y Chromosome DNA Haplogroups” (major guide to European types), Europe Forum (and other free forums).

2. Hirschman, Elizabeth C. and Donald N. Yates (2012). Jews and Muslims in British Colonial America: A Genealogical History. Jefferson: McFarland. Exhaustive listings of British Hebrew and Arabic surnames from records. -------------- (2004). “DNA Haplotyping and Diversity: An Anthropogenealogical Method for Researching Lineages and Family Ethnicity.” Paper published in the Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, Los Angeles, Calif., July 6-9, 2004. International Journal of the Humanities 2:2043-55.

3. King, T. E. and M. A. Jobling (2009). “What’s in a Name? Y Chromosomes, Surnames and the Genetic Genealogy Revolution.” Traces in Genetics 25/8:351-60. Authors’ revised version. --------------- (2009). “Founders, Drift, and Infidelity: the Relationship between Y Chromosome Diversity and Patrilineal Surnames.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26/5:1093-1102.

4. Manco, Jean (2014). Ancestral Journeys. The Peopling of Europe from the First Venturers to the Vikings. London: Thames & Hudson.

5. Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). The Origins of the British. A Genetic Detective Story. New York: Carroll & Graf.

6. Surname Studies (bibliography). Comprehensive list, good for rare surnames and foreign languages and cultures.

7. Sykes, Bryan (2013). DNA USA: A Genetic Portrait of America. New York: Liveright. ----------- (2001). Saxons, Vikings and Celts. New York: Norton.

8. Sykes, B. & C. Irven (2000). “Surnames and the Y Chromosome.” American Journal of Human Genetics 66:1417-19. The article that spawned an industry.

For help in putting your haplotype into Ysearch or evaluating your matches, contact us at dpy@dnaconsultants.com or call DNA Consultants at 888-806-2588 Monday through Friday 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Mountain Time. We pride ourselves on customized service and will be glad to walk you through your report and answer all your questions personally.

DNA Typing Report

For Personal Knowledge Only Dxxxx

DDC is accredited/certified by AABB, CAP, ISO/IEC 17025 by ANAB, CLIA & NYSDOH.

Case 83xxxxx

Patient Name John Doe

Sample Number

Date Collected

Collected by

83xxxxx-50

Locus Allele Sizes

Locus Allele Sizes

DYS456 DYS389 I DYS390 DYS389 II DYS458 DYS19 DYS385 a/b DYS393 DYS391 DYS439 DYS635 DYS392 Y GATA H4

15 13 24 29 19 14

11 14 13 11 13 23 13 13

DYS437 DYS438 DYS448 DYS426 DYS576 DYS570 DYS449 DYS388 DYS455 DYS454 DYS459 a/b DYS447 DYS464 a/b/c/d

16 12 18 12 16 18 32 12 11 11

9 25 15 10

17

RN: 1757725

Report Date: 8/25/2016

Note: Since the samples were not collected under a strict chain of custody by a third neutral party, and the Laboratory cannot verify the origin of the samples, this test result may not be defensible in a court of law for the establishment of paternity and other legally related issues. The tested parties expressly understand that the result from this test is only for personal knowledge and curiosity.

John Doe Haplotype Distribution

T H I S D O C U M E N T C E R T I F I E S T H A T

John Doe

O r d e r e d a P r e m i u m M a l e D N A A n c e s t r y T e s t

I n d i c a t i n g t h e F o l l o w i n g A n c e s t r a l L i n e

European Male Haplogroup R1b

Principal Investigator, DNA Consultants, P.O. Box 2477, Longmont, CO 80502 August 29, 2016