john charles chasteen born in blood & fire a concise history of latin america chapter four:...
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John Charles Chasteen
Born in Blood & Fire
A CONCISE HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER FOUR: POSTCOLONIAL BLUES
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Postcolonial Blues
First governments of Latin America:• Few resources and many obstacles • Post-colonial hierarchies• Economic stagnation imperiled idealistic
hopes of American patriots
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Liberal Disappointment
Liberal ideas meet colonial traditions•Strongly traditional societies
− Collective over individual − Religious orthodoxy over freedom− Hierarchy with exploitative labor system
•Promise of legal equality for all races − Caste classifications removed from census forms
and parish records− White leaders still looked at mixed race
populations as a problem
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Liberal Disappointment
Conservative leaders emerge in defense of traditional values•Keep common people in “their place”•Rule by elites•Conservative ideas appealed to many common people•Liberal-Conservative divide shaped Latin America
− Liberal Party/Conservative Party conflict− Centerpiece of electoral debates in new republics
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Liberal Disappointment
Economic devastation •Wars for independence destroyed economies•Little capital available•Lack of transportation infrastructure •Struggle to create governing institutions
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Liberal Disappointment
Fragile republics•Understaffed governments •Difficult to make people pay taxes•Liberals had no resources for sweeping changes •Collapse of republics•Conservative ascendancy by 1830s
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Caudillo Leadership
Many politicians viewed government as means of personal enrichment •Control of government jobs, pensions, public works
− Reward loyalty − Personal relationships replaced political platforms
•“Don Miguel”− Highest patron would be a caudillo
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Caudillo Leadership
Caudillos• Who was a caudillo?
− Highest party or faction leader− Frequently large landowners− Use wealth to maintain private armies− Often war heroes− Cultivated common touch – identity with average
people− Communicate, manipulate followers− Focus on personal leadership
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Caudillo Leadership
• Juan Manuel de Rosas• Antonio López de Santa Anna• Central America
− Rafael Carrera
• José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
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Caudillo Leadership
• Constitution and republic− Constitutions constantly re-written− Most countries ruled by conservative caudillos− Federalism broke up large countries
• Greater Colombia = Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador• Central American Republic = five parts
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Brazil’s Different Path
Maintained colonial institutions•European monarchy•Church-State link•Embrace of slavery
Stable and prosperous •Provincial governors appointed•Army loyal to emperor •Coffee produced revenue
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Brazil’s Different Path
• Liberal hopes and disappointments− Pedro I claimed to be Liberal, ruled authoritarian− Pedro became unpopular, giving Liberals hope− Death of his father made Pedro heir to Portuguese
throne• Renounced throne, left to young son• Regents had to rule for son until he came of age
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Brazil’s Different Path
• Regency years, 1831–40− Liberals quickly sought to regain greater power− Liberals needed support of common people
• Nativist rhetoric• Rebelled in four provinces• Slaves became involved in rebellions
− Some elite Liberals became afraid• Prince Pedro elevated to throne at 14• Rebuilt imperial army• Canceled other liberal reforms
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Continuities in Daily Life
Daily life remained mostly unchanged •Indigenous maintained autonomy
− Subsistence farming− Little contact with republican institutions
•Mixed-race peasants− Outnumbered indigenous in some places− Worked as attached workers, or peons− Many cleared forests to tend own plots
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Continuities in Daily Life
• Africans and African-descended people− Enslaved in Brazil and Cuba− Devoted to cultivating export crops− Brazil had record number of African slaves− Cuba benefitted from outlawing of slavery in other
islands
• Landowners held most power− Eliminated merchant guilds to promote free trade− Reliance on agricultural exports gives landowners
more clout
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Continuities in Daily Life
• Transculturation encouraged by nativist rhetoric and landowner power
− Mestizo cultural forms gain acceptance• Distinction between Americanos and Spanish• Folk dances seen as signifiers of national culture
− Latin American literature• Helped create national identity in mid 1800s• Costumbrismo
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Continuities in Daily Life
• Nativism − Expulsion of Spaniards from Mexico− Rosista publicists created Pancho Lugares
• Lower-class unrest− Few challenges to elite, Creole authority− Caste War of Yucatán− Bahían slave conspiracy, 1835
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Continuities in Daily Life
• Cultural Hegemony− White minority rule− Relied on the idea of “civilization” for control− Writing
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Continuities in Daily Life
• Lives of women− Women excluded from major changes of
independence− Achieved fame by connections to powerful men or
by breaking gender rules — or both• Domitila de Castro• Encarnación Ezcurra• Camila O’Gorman
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Continuities in Daily Life
• Patriarchy remained strong− Women remained largely confined to home life− Poor women worked in homes of elites− Prostitution was standard feature of urban life− Eugenia Castro− Upper class women confined by honor system
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Continuities in Daily Life
• Caste system less rigid− Depended on wealth− Multiple racial categories were collapsing− Two basic class categories
• Mostly white, wealthy at top• “El pueblo” or “o povo,” — the people
− Upper class defended their position harshly• Strict standards of behavior and fashion• Based on European models
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The Power of Outsiders
Latin American republics remained oriented toward England, France, United States •For Liberals, these epitomized progress and civilization
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The Power of Outsiders
• Strong desire for trade with these countries− Peru’s guano boom
• Export of fertilizer – seabird manure• Highly prized by European markets• Created foreign investment in Peru• Enriched the state• Little of the boom reached the sierra beyond Lima
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The Power of Outsiders
• Gunboat diplomacy− Each of these countries sent warships to region
• Defend trade• Punish governments, often for debt-payment delays
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The Power of Outsiders
• U.S. war on Mexico− Mexican government allowed slave-holding U.S.
southerners to settle in Texas− After losing at the Alamo, Texas won independence− Annexed by United States in 1845− Fighting renewed amid Mexican fears of U.S.
expansion− U.S. took half of Mexico’s territory, now the West
and Southwest
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XM 4.2
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XM 4.1
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XP 4.1a
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XP 4.2
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XP 4.1