john anderson - engineers australia · combinations to produce high quality recycled water ......

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Engineers Australia 29 November 2007

John AndersonAfton Water Solutions

Australia

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The Growth in Water Recycling Worldwide

The Drivers – Climate Change and the Environment

Adaptation Case Study – 2006 Metropolitan Water Plan

The Growth in Water Recycling Overseas

The Growth in Water Reuse in Australia

Afton Water Solutions

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Australia’s Water Resources

“Anyone who has a stake in water … is having to face up to the fact that there is only so much to go around.”(Fullerton 2001)

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Climate Change NSW Impacts (Hennessey et al 2004)


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Living with a Variable Climate


New South Wales Annual Rainfall

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Rain

fall (

mm

)

Dry Period: 1900 - 1946

Average Rainfall: 477.7mm

*Dry conditions commenced 1890

Standard Deviation: 90.4

Wet Period: 1947 - 2000


20.1% increase

Standard Deviation: 127.0

New

Dry

2001/06

439.5mm

23.4%

decline

B.Hanstrum, Bureau of Meteorology, 2007

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Living with a Variable Climate


Murray Darling Basin Annual Rainfall

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Ra

infa

ll (

mm

)

Dry Period: 1900 - 1946


*Dry conditions commence

1890

Standard deviation: 94.8

Wet Period: 1947 - 2000


17.1% increase

Standard deviation: 114.3

New Dry

2001/06

394.3mm

30.9%

decline

B.Hanstrum, Bureau of Meteorology, 2007

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Water Reuse and Recycling April 2005

Living with a Variable ClimateCentral Coast Streamflows

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000

1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

An

nu

al

Flo

w M

L

Annual Flow 7 Yr Moving Average 10 Yr Moving Average Average Annual Flow 1900-1949 1950-1990 1991-2004

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Restoring River Health


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New Water Sharing PlansLower Wyong Weir Water Sharing Options

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Average Number of Days per Year Flow Exceeds Flow Rate

Flo

w R

ate

ML

/d Flow

A 60%/95th

C 40%/95th

C' 60%/80th

D/E 30%/95th

Existing

Class AClass BClass CClass DClass E

Greater protection of low flows

= longer time between drinks

= greater dependence on storing water from high flows

= likely to need storage and transfer system improvements

= greater drought management risks

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Adapting to Climate Change Impacts- Generalised modelling of impacts and responses


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 200%

Ca

pa

cit

y D

/Qm

Storage S/Qm

A.Existing 0%/95th B.EF 20%/80th C.GW3.0deg D.25% New Water E.50% New Water

ExistingCapacity

EnvironmentalFlows 20%/80th

Global Warming3.0 deg C

25% New Water

50% New Water

Water Savings

Environmental Flows and Global Warming CauseLarge Yield Reduction

Large Commitment to Water Savings and New Water

Needed to Re-Balance Supply and Demand

A

B

C

D

E

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Adaptation Case Study - Sydney 2000-2050Traditional Demand and Supply Balance


Percentages of Year 2000 Demand

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Adaptation Case Study- Sydney 2006 Metropolitan Water Plan

Water Savings

Upto 40% water savings in new houses through BASIX

120GL/a to 140GL/a water savings by existing consumers Water efficiency plans and audits

Water efficient appliances

Rainwater tanks and stormwater harvesting

Leakage reduction


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 200%

Ca

pa

cit

y D

/Qm

Storage S/Qm


ExistingCapacity



25% New Water

50% New Water

Water Savings




A

B

C

D

E

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Water Reuse

Upto 70GL/a reuse in Western Sydney Residential reuse in new development areas

Agricultural reuse

Environmental flow replacement

Upto 30GL/a reuse through a water recycling grid


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 200%

Ca

pa

cit

y D

/Qm

Storage S/Qm


ExistingCapacity



25% New Water

50% New Water

Water Savings




A

B

C

D

E

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Western Sydney Water Reuse

Upto 70GL/a reuse in Western Sydney Residential reuse in new development areas

Agricultural reuse

Environmental flow replacement

Water Recycling Grid -upto 30GL/a Camellia industrial reuse project

Georges River pipeline

WRAMS extension

Illawarra Water Reuse 7GL/a

Local water reuse projects e.g. Ku-ring-gai golf courses


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New Supplies

Stormwater harvesting (Prospect roofwater 12GL/a)

Extra pumping from Shoalhaven high flows (about 30GL/a average)

Desalination (upto 90GL/a)

Drought Contingencies

Groundwater

Deep water access


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 200%

Ca

pa

cit

y D

/Qm

Storage S/Qm


ExistingCapacity



25% New Water

50% New Water

Water Savings




A

B

C

D

E

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Case Study - Sydney 2000-2050New Demand and Supply Balance


Percentages of Year 2000 Demand

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Managing Drought Risks- Lessons from the Current Drought

Benefits of Building Diverse Portfolios

Benefits in using less volatile supply sources eg water reuse

desalination

Adapting Financial Portfolio Theory


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Growth in Water Recycling Worldwide Water Reclamation

Water Recycling for Agriculture and Industry

Water Recycling for Urban Use

Water Recycling to Supplement Water Sources


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Water Reclamation Trends Growth in use of MBR in Europe

Growth in use of MF/RO, UF/RO and MBR/RO combinations to produce high quality recycled water

Advanced oxidation methods to remove trace organics.


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Water Reuse in Agriculture Monterey California

12,000 acres of vegetable crops

Mezquital Valley, Mexico

Wastewater from Mexico City 60m3/s

6m dia tunnel to Mezquital Valley

Irrigation of 90,000 ha

25m3/s recharge to groundwater sources


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Urban Reuse California


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Water Recycling to Supplement Water Sources


Supplementing Supplies - Windhoek

Operating since 1968

Recently expanded to 21ML/d

Average 12% of the Windhoek supply

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Supplementing Supplies - SingaporeSingapore New Water


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Supplementing Supplies – Singapore NEWater www.pub.gov.sg/NEWater

Ulu Pandan 2005

Selestar 2004

Kranji 2003

Changi 2007

Bedok 2002

Tuas Desal 2005

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Supplementing Supplies - Singapore NEWATER - Kranji Dual Membrane Plant CMF-S foreground & RO background

Water Reuse

and Recycling

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Supplementing Supplies – Singapore NEWater

NEWater Education Centre - Bedok


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Supplementing Supplies – Singapore NEWater

NEWater Education Centre - Bedok


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Supplementing Supplies - Berlin


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Supplementing Supplies - Berlin


Lake Tegel Nutrient Reduction Plant 6m3/s

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Groundwater Recharge - Belgium


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Groundwater Recharge - Belgium


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Groundwater Recharge California

Seawater

Fresh water

20% saline ingress control

80% indirect potable (12-24 months)

Mixing zone sampling

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Groundwater Recharge - CaliforniaWater Factory 21, California 330ML/d @ 1.19 MWh/ML

(versus 1.8 - 2.6 MWh/ML imported water)

Plan to expand to 494ML/d over 20 years.

West Basin, California 4 CMF/RO Plants 64ML/d

10.5 MLD to aquifer 1997

12.5 MLD to Mobil 1998

22.4 MLD to Arco 1999

15.9 MLD to Chevron 2001

Ultimate capacity 334 ML/d “Title 22” water for industry & irrigation

“Barrier Water” to control seawater intrusion

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Growth in Water Recycling in AustraliaAgricultural Reuse

Werribee Pasture

Shoalhaven Dairy Farms

Virginia Vegetables, SA

McLaren Vale Vineyard, SA

Hervey Bay, Qld

Mackay, Qld


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Urban ReuseSydney Olympics Water Recycling

Treated stormwater & wastewater. 7 ML/d CMF + 2 ML/d RO Landscape, Toilet Flushing, Laundry 2000 houses 850 ML/year (1300ML in a dry year)

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Urban Reuse

Dual Reticulation Water Recycling

Rouse Hill Water Recycling, Sydney Reclaimed water, Rouse Hill STP. NSW Urban & Residential Grade Sand Filtration, CMF and ozone Landscape & Toilet Flushing 10000 houses Stage 1 35000 houses Stage 2 11ML/day

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Coomera-Pimpama Project

Prediction: 83% reduction

Source: Gold Coast Water

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Eraring Power Station NSWDual Membranes 4ML/d reclaimed water for boiler feed

Capital cost A$5M

Deferred effluent pipeline A$2.4M

Deferred potable distribution A$2.6M

3 x 90M10C CMF feeds

2x 2 stage RO (10xstage1, 4xstage 2)

$900,000/year water & chemical savings

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Luggage Point, Brisbane 14ML/d

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Kwinana Water Factory WA 16ML/d

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Growth in Water Recycling in Australia Brisbane Western Corridor Water Recycling Project

Advanced water recycling – upto 350ML/d


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From Large Store/Use/Treat/Discharge Systems

Sewage

Freshwater

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To Integrated Power/Water/Recycling Systems

Sewage

Seawater

Reclaimed Water

Recycled Water

Fresh Water

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Conclusions

Climate change and environmental flows will have big impacts on reliability and security of water supplies

Adaptation strategies include large commitments to water efficiency and water savings

Benefits in building diverse portfolios including less volatile sources e.g. water reuse and desalination

There is rapid growth in water recycling worldwide

Water recycling to supplement drinking water sources is growing rapidly.


john anderson - engineers australia · combinations to produce high quality recycled water ......

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