john a. litvaitis - case study from our neighbors in the eastern u.s
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John A. Litvaitis - Case Study From Our Neighbors in the Eastern U.S.TRANSCRIPT
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Do natural disturbance
regimes provide realistic guidelines for
managing early-successional
habitats in New England
forests?
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Major forest types in northern U.S.
Lull (1968)
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~1880
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~1930
>50% of forest vertebrates utilizeearly-successional stands
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Obligate users
RELA
TIV
E
US
E
0
1.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
AGE OF STAND
0.5
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Golden-wingedwarbler
USGS
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FOREST CLEARING
FARMABANDONMENT
FORESTMATURATION
Rela
tive a
bu
nd
an
ce o
fearl
y-s
ucc
ess
ion
al h
ab
itats
RETURN TO PRE-COLUMBIAN CONDITIONS ?
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How much was there?
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source: Harvard Forest
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Methods to Estimate Natural Disturbance Regimes
Lorimer and White (2003)
• Sedimentary pollen and charcoal• Presettlement land surveys• Descriptions by early naturalists• Reconstruction of disturbance history in
old-growth stands• Modern records and aerial photos• Computer models
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Large-scale fires infrequent in New England, ~800-1,200 years 1790 survey in NY found that 1% of landscape burned or open.
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Small-scale wind storms: kill one to several trees. In eastern U. S., 0.2- 2%/year of all forests are affected by wind throw. At any time, 5-50% of a forest may be affected.
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Large-scale wind storms: hurricanes or tornadoes at irregular intervals (1635, 1788, 1815, 1938, and 1944).
1938 hurricane affected >240,000 ha
in New England
Boose et al. (2001)
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85 yr
150 yr
380 yr
>380 yr
Approximate returninterval of damaging(F2) hurricanes in New England.
Boose et al. (2001)
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Wilson 2005
Lumber Exports (Wilson 2005) vs Witness Trees Projections (Lorimer 1977): very different estimates of the prominence of white pine (>10x), indicating a large difference in the frequency and scale of disturbance in these forests.
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Northern Hardwoods
seedling/sapling (1-15 yrs): 1-3%young pole (15-30 yrs): 1-3%
2-6%
Pitch Pine- Scrub Oakseedling/sapling: 10-30%young pole: 10-30%
20-60%
(Lorimer and White 2003)
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Trani et al. (2001)
9%
4%
Early-successional forests in the eastern U.S.
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What AboutBiotic Disturbances?
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Contemporary Herbivores
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flooded forest pond wet meadow shrubs forest
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Open water areas created by beaver dams on the Kabetogama Peninsula, northern MN.
1940: 1% of area
1986: 13% of area
Johnston and Naiman (1990)
How large an area affected?
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Northern Hardwoods
seedling/sapling 1-3%young pole 1-3%
beaver flowages ~3.5% (Gotie and Jenks 1982) 5-11%
(Lorimer and White 2003)
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Even if we can accurately estimate HRNV,are these values relevant
in contemporary landscapes?
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40/mi2
1100/mi2
POPULATION DENSITY
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Hoving (2001)
Road Density in the Northeast
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0
20
40
60
80
100C
OM
PO
SIT
ION
(%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 RA
CC
OO
N/C
AN
ID T
RA
CK
S
CANIDS
RACCOONS
LA
ND
SC
AP
E
FO
R
DE
VAG
R
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2.5 ha 5 haWinter
mortality: 69% 35%
Patches
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OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY
FO
OD
QU
ALI
TY LARGE
PATCHESSMALL PATCHES
THRESHOLD?
CONDITION-SENSITIVE PREDATION
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9 JA
N
16 J
AN
23 J
AN
30 J
AN
6 F
EB
13 F
EB
20 F
EB
27 F
EB
6 M
AR
13 M
AR
20 M
AR
27 M
AR
3 A
PR
10 A
PR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
UN
:C R
AT
IO
4
3 3
34 5
6
3
2
5
13
11
13
13
12
6
2
9 7 7 8 5
5
5
8
544
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New approaches needed to provide habitat
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Parcelization or Fragmentation
potential to mimic natural
disturbances
restoration of shrublands/modified disturbance regime
(“sliding scale”)
modified disturbances (large and
clustered/connected)
limited extreme
Fore
st A
ge
you
ng
old
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MANAGING INDUCED METAPOPULATIONS:may require deviating from HRNV
ME
NHVT
NYMA
CT
RI
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DESCRIBING HABITAT DISTURBANCES
Size FrequencyIntensity
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Do natural disturbance regimes provide realistic guidelines for
managing early-successional habitats in New England forests?
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Human-generated disturbances
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Pisgah Forest in southwestern New Hampshire three years after 1938 hurricane.