job analysis 4
TRANSCRIPT
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JOB ANALYSISChapter 4
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WHAT IS TALENT MANAGEMENT?
We can define talent management as the goal-oriented and integrated process of planning, recruiting, developing, managing, and compensating employees.
Talent management means getting the right people (in terms of competencies) in the right jobs, at the right time, doing their jobs correctly.Effectively managing talent means that managers:- Tasks- Goal-directed- Uses the same “profile” - Segments and manages employees- Integrates/coordinates all talent management functions
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THE BASICS OF JOB ANALYSIS: TERMS
• Job Analysis• The procedure for determining the duties and skill requirements of a job and
the kind of person who should be hired for it.• Job Description
• A list of a job’s duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities—one product of a job analysis.
• Job Specifications• A list of a job’s “human requirements,” that is, the requisite education, skills,
personality, and so on—another product of a job analysis.
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4–4TYPES OF INFORMATION COLLECTEDWork
activities
Human behaviors
Human requirements
Job context
Machines, tools, equipment, and
work aids
Performance standards
Information Collected Via Job Analysis
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4–5USES OF JOB ANALYSIS INFORMATIONRecruitmentand selection
CompensationEEO compliance
Discovering unassigned
dutiesPerformance
appraisal
Training
Information Collected via Job Analysis
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4–6FIGURE 4–1 Uses of Job Analysis Information
Job analysis
Job descriptionand specification
Recruiting and selection
decisions
Performance appraisal
Job evaluation—wage and salary
decisions (compensation)
Training requirements
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4–7STEPS IN JOB ANALYSIS
1
2
3
4
5
Steps in doing a job analysis:
Review relevant background information.
Decide how you’ll use the information.
Select representative positions.
Actually analyze the job.
Verify the job analysis information.
6 Develop a job description and job specification.
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4–8FIGURE 4–2 Process Chart for Analyzing a Job’s Workflow
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COLLECTING JOB ANALYSIS INFORMATION
Interviews Questionnaires Observations
Methods for Collecting Job Analysis Information
Diaries/Logs
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JOB ANALYSIS: INTERVIEWING GUIDELINES
• The job analyst and supervisor should work together to identify the workers who know the job best.
• Quickly establish rapport with the interviewee.• Follow a structured guide or checklist, one that lists open-ended
questions and provides space for answers.• Ask the worker to list his or her duties in order
of importance and frequency of occurrence.• After completing the interview, review and verify
the data.
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4–11METHODS FOR COLLECTING JOB ANALYSIS INFORMATION: THE INTERVIEW
• Information Sources• Individual employees• Groups of employees• Supervisors with
knowledge of the job• Advantages
• Quick, direct way to find overlooked information
• Disadvantage• Distorted information
• Interview Formats• Structured (Checklist)• Unstructured
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4–12METHODS FOR COLLECTING JOB ANALYSIS INFORMATION: QUESTIONNAIRES
• Information Source• Have employees fill out
questionnaires to describe their job-related duties and responsibilities
• Questionnaire Formats• Structured checklists• Open-ended questions
• Advantages• Quick and efficient way
to gather information from large numbers of employees
• Disadvantages• Expense and time
consumed in preparing and testing the questionnaire
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4–13FIGURE 4–3 Job Analysis Questionnaire for Developing Job Descriptions
Note: Use a questionnaire like this to interview job incumbents, or have them fill it out.
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4–14FIGURE 4–3 Job Analysis Questionnaire for Developing Job Descriptions
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4–15FIGURE 4–4 Example of Position/Job Description Intended for Use Online
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4–16FIGURE 4–4 Example of Position/Job Description Intended for Use Online
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4–17METHODS FOR COLLECTING JOB ANALYSIS INFORMATION: OBSERVATION
• Information Source• Observing and noting
the physical activities of employees as they go about their jobs by managers.
• Advantages• Provides first-hand
information• Reduces distortion
of information• Disadvantages
• Time consuming• Reactivity response
distorts employee behavior
• Difficulty in capturing entire job cycle
• Of little use if job involves a high level of mental activity
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METHODS FOR COLLECTING JOB ANALYSIS INFORMATION: PARTICIPANT DIARIES/LOGS
• Information Source• Workers keep a
chronological diary or log of what they do and the time spent on each activity
• Advantages• Produces a more
complete picture of the job
• Employee participation• Disadvantages
• Distortion of information
• Depends upon employees to accurately recall their activities
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QUANTITATIVE JOB ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Position Analysis Questionnaire
Functional Job Analysis
Quantitative Job Analysis
Department of Labor (DOL) Procedure
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4–20FIGURE 4–5 Portion of a Completed Page from the Position Analysis Questionnaire
The 194 PAQ elements are grouped into six dimensions. This exhibit lists 11 of the “information input” questions or elements. Other PAQ pages contain questions regarding mental processes, work output, relationships with others, job context, and other job characteristics.
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TABLE 4–1 Basic Department of Labor Worker Functions
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4–22FIGURE 4–6 Sample Report Based on Department of Labor Job Analysis Technique
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INTERNET-BASED JOB ANALYSIS• Advantages
• Collects information in a standardized format from geographically dispersed employees
• Requires less time than face-to-face interviews• Collects information with minimal intervention or guidance
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4–24FIGURE 4–7 Selected O*NET General Work Activities Categories
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4–25WRITING JOB DESCRIPTIONSJob
identification
Jobsummary
Responsibilities and duties
Authority of the incumbent
Standards of performance
Working conditions
Jobspecifications
Sections of a Typical Job Description
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THE JOB DESCRIPTION• Job Identification
• Job title• FLSA status section• Preparation date• Preparer
• Job Summary• General nature of the job• Major functions/activities
• Relationships • Reports to:• Supervises:• Works with: • Outside the company:
• Responsibilities and Duties
• Major responsibilities and duties (essential functions)
• Decision-making authority
• Direct supervision• Budgetary limitations
• Standards of Performance and Working Conditions
• What it takes to do the job successfully
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4–27FIGURE 4–8 Sample Job Description, Pearson Education
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4–28FIGURE 4–8 Sample Job Description, Pearson Education
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4–29FIGURE 4–9 Marketing Manager Description from Standard Occupational Classification
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4–30USING THE INTERNET FOR WRITING JOB DESCRIPTIONS
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4–31FIGURE 4–10 Preliminary Job Description Questionnaire
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4–32USING O*NET FOR WRITING JOB DESCRIPTIONS
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4–33USING O*NET FOR WRITING JOB DESCRIPTIONS (CONT’D)
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4–34USING O*NET FOR WRITING JOB DESCRIPTIONS (CONT’D)
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WRITING JOB SPECIFICATIONS
Job specificationsfor trained versus
untrained personnel
Job specifications based on
statistical analysis
“What human traits and experience are
required to do this job well?”
Job specifications based on judgment
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WRITING JOB SPECIFICATIONS (CONT’D)
• Steps in the Statistical Approach1. Analyze the job and decide how to measure job performance.2. Select personal traits that you believe should predict
successful performance.3. Test candidates for these traits.4. Measure the candidates’ subsequent job performance.5. Statistically analyze the relationship between the human traits
and job performance.
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4–37JOB ANALYSIS IN A WORKER-EMPOWERED WORLD
JobEnlargement
Job Enrichment
Job Design:From Specialized to Enriched Jobs
Job Rotation
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OTHER CHANGES AT WORK
Flattening the organization
Reengineering business processes
Changing the Organization and
Its Structure
Using self-managed work
teams
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COMPETENCY-BASED JOB ANALYSIS
• Competencies• Demonstrable characteristics of a person that enable performance of a job.
• Reasons for Competency-Based Job Analysis• To support a high-performance work system (HPWS).• To create strategically-focused job descriptions.• To support the performance management process in fostering, measuring,
and rewarding:• General competencies• Leadership competencies• Technical competencies
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4–40HOW TO WRITE JOB COMPETENCIES-BASED JOB
DESCRIPTIONS• Interview job incumbents and their supervisors
• Ask open-ended questions about job responsibilities and activities.
• Identify critical incidents that pinpoint success on the job.
• Use off-the-shelf competencies databanks
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FIGURE 4–11 The Skills Matrix for One Job at BP
Note: The lighter color boxes within the individual columns indicate the minimum level of skill required for the job.