jiyg;gpw;f fpno cs;s ypq;if fpspf; nra;j fotpy; ,izatk;! )...sep 12, 2019 · padasalai = fpu\;zh...

$: jiyg;gpw;F fPNo cs;s ypq;if fpspf; nra;J FOtpy; ,izaTk;! )...Sep 12, 2019 · Padasalai = fpU\;zh mfhlkp - 99655 31727 Page 1 ஸ்ரீ கிருஷ்ணா அகாடமி$
( jiyg;gpw;F fPNo cs;s ypq;if fpspf; nra;J FOtpy; ,izaTk;! )

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Padasalai

= fpU\;zh mfhlkp - 99655 31727 Page 1

ஸ்ரீ கிருஷ்ணா அகாடமி NEET , JEE AND X, XI,XII- BOARD EXAM பயிற்சி மையம்,

SBM பள்ளி வளாகம், திருச்சி மையின் ர ாடு, நாைக்கல்.

அலைபேசி: 99655 31727, 94432 31727

fhyhz;Lg; nghJj;Njh;T> nrg;lk;gh; - 2019

TENTATIVE ANSWER KEY (12.09.2019)

tFg;G – 12

nghJj;jkpo; Neuk; : 2.30 kjpg;ngz; :90

t. vz;

tpil MARK TOT.

MARK

gFjp - I

14x1=14

m) midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.

1 <) 2>3>4>1 1

2 ,) ,uhkd;> Rf;hPtd; 1

3 M) fhtpak; 1

4 M) fzpjk; 1

5 M) kzy; ms;Sjy; 1

6 m) tl nrd;idg; gFjpfs; 1

7 ,) fhisapy; G+j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ. 1

8 M) cah;jpiz> m/wpiz 1

9 <) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 1

10 ,) epWj;jw;Fwpfis chpa ,lq;fspy; ,l;L vOJjy; 1

11 m) nrg;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;gNyhir 1

12 ,) fhl;rp 1

13 M) mLf;Fj;njhlh; 1

14 M) G+kzp 1

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Padasalai


gFjp - II

gphpT - 1 vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf.(nra;As;)

12x2=24

15 E}y; - ma;ag;g khjtd; ftpijfs;

Mrphpah; - ma;ag;g khjtd;

1 1 2

16 rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;?

xUth; jd;idj;jhd; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; thuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

fhf;fhtpl;lhy;> rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;.

1 1

2

17 „vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;‟ – ahu;f;F?

fiyj;njhopypy; ty;y midtu;f;Fk; ,t;Tyfpy; vj;jpirapy; nrd;whYk; mj;jpirapy; NrhW> jtwhky; fpl;Lk;.

2

2

18 fyptpoh - vOr;rpkpf;f tpoh

xyptpoh: - Muthu tpoh

1 1

2

gphpT - 2 vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.(ciueil)

19 eil mofpay; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; fUj;J

eilngw;wpaYk;

eiletpd;nwhOFk;

Mrpupa eilj;Nj tQ;rp; Vid ntz;gh eilj;Nj fyp (nra;.107)

½

½

1

2

20 kzypy; vOjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vOJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.

cghj;jpahau; Kjypy; jiuapy;(kzypy;) vOj mjd; Nky; gps;isfs; tpsk;Gthu;fs;. gpwF jhNk vOjp vOjpg; goFthu;fs;.

kzypy; vOjpf; fw;w gof;fk;> gpd; rpNyl;Lf;Fr;rp nfhz;L rpNyl;by; vOJk; gof;fkhfp> ,d;W Ngdh gpbj;J vOJk; gof;fkha; khwpAs;sJ. ,dp tUq;fhyj;jpy; vg;gof;fk; cUntLf;FNkh?

(nghUj;jkhd tpil vOjpapUg;gpd; kjpg;ngz;

KO kjpg;ngz; toq;fyhk;)

1 1

2

21 fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk;:

fhypd; nkf;fd;rpapd; njhFg;Gfisf; nfhz;L 1869,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l E}yfk; fPo;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk;

Xiyr;Rtbfs;> jhs;Rtbfs;> Gj;jfq;fs;

1 1

2


Padasalai


gphpT - 3 vitNaDk; VoDf;F tpil jUf.(nkhopg;gapw;rp)

22 nghUSzh;e;J nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;njOJf. fsk;> fyk; fsk; - Nghh;f;fsk; fyk; - fg;gy;

fsk; nry;tjw;Fg; Nghh; tPuh;fs; fyj;jpy; gazpj;J te;jdh;. (nghUj;jkhd nrhw;nwhlh; vOjpapUg;gpd; KO kjpg;ngz; toq;fyhk;.)

1 1

2

23 jpUtsu;r;nry;td;> jpUtsu; nry;td; - ,tw;wpy; rupahd njhlu; vJ? mjw;fhd ,yf;fz tpjp ahJ?

rhpahd njhlh;:jpUtsu; nry;td;

,yf;fz tpjp: tpidj;njhifr; nrhy;Yf;fpilapy; ty;ypdk; kpff;$lhJ.

1 1

2

24 ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs;:

,aw;rPu; ntz;lis

ntz;rPu; ntz;lis

1 1 2

25 “khe;Njhg;G tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ” - ,jpy; vt;tifg; gbkk; ntspg;gLfpwJ?

,g;ghlybfspy; nka; (tbtg;) gbkk; ntspg;ggLfpwJ.

2 2

26 „G+k;ghtha;‟ - gphpj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp tpjp $Wf.

G+k;ghtha;; = G+ + ghtha;

tpjp : „G+g;ngah;Kd; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk;‟

1 1 2

27 „tpk;Kfpd;w‟ - cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

tpk;Kfpd;w = tpk;K + fpd;W + m tpk;K - gFjp

fpd;W - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy m - nganur;r tpFjp

1 1 2

28 Ngr;Rtof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf tPl;Lf;F mUfpy; tpisahbf;nfhz;bUe;j Foe;ijia mg;gh vq;F mioj;Jf;nfhz;L nrd;whh;.

2 2

29 njhlhpy; cs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf. m) xt;nthU tPl;bYk; E}yfk; cs;sJ. M) ehd; nte;ePhpy; Fspj;Njd;.

1 1 2


Padasalai


30

ty;ypd; nka;fis ,l;L vOJf. m) ghliyg; ghbdhs;. M) NjUf;Fr; nrd;whd;.

1 1

2

gFjp - III

gphpT - 1 vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.(nra;As;)

7x4=28

31 thilf; fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyu;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; Njbdu;?

jho;thd gFjpfspy; ngUfpa nts;sj;ij ntWj;j> tisj;j NfhiyAila Mau; vUik> gR> ML Mfpa epiufis NtW Nklhd epyq;fspy; Nka tpl;ldu;.

jhk; gofpa epyj;ij tpl;Lg; ngaUk; epiyahy; tUj;jk; mile;jdu;.

mf;Fsph; eyptpidg; Nghf;ff; Nfhtyh; gyUk; xd;WNrh;e;jdh;@ jPia %l;bdh;@ mjidr; Rw;wp mkh;e;jdh;@ jPapy; jk; iffisf; fha;j;Jf; fd;dj;jpy; itj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;.

mth;fspd; Nky;thAk; fPo;thAk; mfd;Wk; Nrh;e;Jk; eLq;fpd. mjdhy; Nkw;gw;fSk; fPo;g;gw;fSk; giwabg;gd Nghy Nkhjp xypAz;lhf;fpd.

1

1

1

1

4

32 “%d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;W” – vit? Vd;? tpsf;Ff. %d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;whdit:

vz;zk;> ntspaPL> Nfl;ly; tpsf;fk; :

nrhy;y tpUk;gpa fUj;Jfnsy;yhk; nrhw;fspy; tUtjpy;iy. epidg;gJ xd;Wk; elg;gJ xd;Wkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

vypf;Fg; nghwp itj;jhy; ek; tpuNy nghwpapy; rpf;FtJz;L. ePUf;fhf miyAk;NghJ Rit kpFe;j ,sePUk; fpilf;Fk;.

fdpapd; Rit fdpiag; nghWj;J kl;Lky;y. cz;Nghupd; grpiaAk; ehtpd; Rit nkhl;LfisAk; rhu;e;jJ.

vz;zk;> ntspaPL> Nfl;ly; vd;w %d;Wk; vg;NghJk; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ ,y;iy. jdpj;jdpahfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.

,we;jfhyk; fle;jJ ; vjpu;fhyk; fw;gid ;

epfo;fhyk; kl;Lk; cz;ik. ,e;j %d;W fhyq;fSk; vg;NghJk; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ ,y;iy. fhyk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ kl;Lk; xd;whf ,Uf;Fk;. kw;wgb jdpj;jdpjhd;.

1

½

½

1

1

4


Padasalai


33 ,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jNtsplk; vj;jifNahu; cwT Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;fpwhu;?

mwk; nra;thh; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; nrd;idapd; fe;jNfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;Nfhtpypy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;jNtNs!

Fsph;e;j Kfj;Njhw;wj;ijAila J}a khzpf;f kzpNa! mk;kzpfSs; mUs;epiwe;j irtkzpNa!

vdf;F xU newpg;gl;l kdj;Jld; epd;Dila kyh;Nghd;w jpUtbfis epidf;fpd;w cj;jkh;jk; cwT Ntz;;Lk;.

cs;sj;jpy; xd;Wk; Gwj;jpy; xd;Wkhfg; NgRk; tQ;rfh;jk; cwT vd;idg; gw;whjthW fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ngUik rhd;w epdJ GfioNa ehd; Ngr Ntz;Lk;. ngha; NgrhjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rpwe;j tho;tpay; newpiag; gpd;gw;WkhW vdf;F mUs Ntz;Lk;. kjkhd Nga; vd;id mZfhjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

JwTf;F vjpuhd ngz;zhiria vd; kdk; kwf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;Wk; cd;id kwthjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kjpAk; epd; fUizahfpa epjpAk; Nehaw;w tho;Tk; cilatdhf ehd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

MWKfq;fis cila nja;tkhfpa kzpNa> ,j;jifa rpwg;Gfis eP vdf;F mUs;thahf.

1

½

½

½

½

½

½

4

34 Vq;nfhypePu; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; - ,lQ; Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff. ,lk; : jz;b vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;l jz;bayq;fhu ciu Nkw;Nfhs; ghlypy;; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. nghUs:; flyhy; #og;gl;l ,e;j cyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis mfw;Wk;. tpsf;fk; : kf;fshy; Nghw;wg;gl;L> cah;e;j kiyfSf;F ,ilNa Njhd;wp> flyhy; #og;gl;l cyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis mfw;WtJ xd;W. nghjpif kiyapy; Njhd;wp> rhd;Nwhuhy; njhog;gl;L> kf;fspd; mwpahik vd;Dk; mf ,Uisg; Nghf;FtNjhL xg;Gtik ,y;yhjJkhf ,Ug;gJ ,d;ndhd;W. ,Uisg; Nghf;Fk; ,t;tpuz;by; xd;W xsph;fpd;w fjputd;@ ,d;ndhd;W jdf;F epfupy;yhj jkpo;.

2 1 1

4


Padasalai


gphpT - 2 vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.(ciueil)

35 rq;fg;ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz;ghFk; - tpsf;Ff. nkhopapd; Njhw;wk;:

ve;jj; njhd;ikahd nkhopAk; rkpf;iQapypUe;Jk; ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; njhlq;FfpwJ.

nkhop rhu;e;j ftpijAk; ,irNahLk; ,irf;fUtpNahLk;jhd; gpwf;fpwJ. XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;J fiytbtk; nfhs;fpd;wd.

xypg;gpd;dy;:

,jidNa me;jg; gDtypd; ghlypd; -

xypg;gpd;dy; (sound texture) vd;fpNwhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU ghly; : fle;jL jhid %tpUq;$b (Gwk;.110) vd;Dk; ,g;ghlypy; td;ikahd czu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lfpw tpjj;jpy; f> j> l> w Kjypa ty;ypd nka;fs;> gpw nky;ypd> ,ilapd nka;fisf; fhl;bYk; mjpfkhf tUjiy mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

xypfSk; nrhw;fSk; jpUk;g tuy;:

rpWrpW thf;fpaq;fs;> NgRNthupd; mWjpapl;Lg; NgRk; jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Ee;ij je;ijf;F ,td;je;ij je;ij (Gwk;.290)

capu; xypfs; - Fwpg;ghf neby; xypfspd; tUifAk;> rpy xypfSk; rpy nrhw;fSk; jpUk;gtuy; jd;ik ngw;wpUg;gJk; ,tw;NwhL Nru;e;J epfo;j;jg;ngWk; nrhy; tpisahl;LfSk; ,q;Nf ftdj;jpw;Fupad. ,e;j xypf;Nfhyk; rq;fg;ghly;fspy; Kf;fpakhd xU gz;G MFk;.

1 1 1 1

4

36 ePq;fs;; Mrpupau;fshdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; newpg;gLj;JtPu;?

ehd; Mrpupauhdhy; khzhf;fu;fsplk; md;Gk;>

ghrKk; fhl;b mtu;fis newpg;gLj;JNtd;.

nfhba jz;lidfs; mspf;f khl;Nld;.

mtu;fSld; el;GlDk;> md;GlDk; gofp ey;y

tFg;giw #oiy cUthf;fp> vd; kPJ cs;s

gaj;ijg; Nghf;fp nray;Kiw fw;gpj;jiy

cUthf;FNtd;. fw;wypy; gpd;jq;fpNahiu

fw;Nghiu md;gpdhy; newpgLj;JNtd;.

khztu;fsplk; vt;tpj NtWghLk; ghu;f;fhky;

eLepiyNahL nray;gLNtd;.

mwpTiuAk; topfhl;LjYk; toq;fp

Mw;Wg;gLj;JNtd;.

4


Padasalai


khztu;fsplk; cs;s jdpj;jpwikiaf;

fz;lwpe;J Cf;fg;gLj;JNtd;.

(nghUj;jkhd 4 fUj;Jfs; vOjpapUg;gpd; KO kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fyhk;)

37 kionts;s ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf. msNthL kziy ms;Sf:

epyj;jb ePh;kl;lk; ntFtha;f; FiwAk; tifapy; Fwpg;gpl;l msitAk; fle;J Mw;wpy; kzypid vLj;Jg; gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;bait:

nts;sg;ngUf;if vjph;nfhs;Sk; tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

tbfhy; trjpia Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

#whtsp> Gay;> nts;sk; Fwpj;j Nghjpa tpopg;Gzh;it midj;Jg; nghJkf;fSk; ngUk; tpjj;jpy; Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik Mizak; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nguplu;f; fhyq;fspy; jhq;ff;$baitahfg; Gjpa fl;Lkhdq;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ePu;topg; ghijfSf;fhdj; njspthd tiuglk; cUthf;fg;gl;L mg;ghijfisj; njhlu;e;J guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

r%ff; fhLfs; tsu;g;Gj; jpl;lq;fisr; r%f ,af;fkhf tsu;j;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;

flw;fiu Xuq;fspy; rJg;G epyf;fhLfs; tsu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

1 3

4

38 mwptpd; efuk; nrd;id vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; ehd;F jUf.

18Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa INuhg;gpa Kiwf; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; epWtdk; Njhd;wpd.

1715,y; Gdpj Nkup Njthya ju;kg;gs;sp Mrpahtpy; cUthd Kjy; INuhg;gpaf; fy;tp Kiwapyhd gs;spahFk;.

1812 nrd;idf; Nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}up

1837 ,y; njhlq;fg;gl;l fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp

1840 khepyf; fy;Y}up (gpurpnld;rp fy;Y}up)

1857 nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

1914 ,uhzpNkup fy;Y}up

,it kl;Lky;yhky; Mq;fpNyaupd; cjtpapd;wp ,e;jpau; xUtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fy;Y}upahf gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}up tpsq;FfpwJ. kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up> ftpd;fiyf; fy;Y}up Nghd;w gy;Jiw rhu;e;j fy;Y}upfs; ,q;Fs;sd. (vitNaDk; ehd;F vOjpapUg;gpd; KO kjpg;ngz; toq;fyhk;.)

4


Padasalai


gphpT - 3 vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf.(nkhopg;gapw;rp)

39 VfNjr cUtf mzp

mzp ,yf;fzk;: njhlh;Gila ,U nghUl;fSs;> xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfk; nra;J kw;nwhd;iw cUtfk; nra;ahky; tpLtJ VfNjr cUtf mzp MFk;. rhd;W: rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk; Vkg; Giziar; RLk;. rhd;W tpsf;fk;:

rpdk;> jd;idr; Nrh;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G.

mJ xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;. mzpg;nghUj;jk;: ,q;Fr; Rw;wj;ijj; njg;gkhf cUtfg;gLj;jp> gpwtpiaf; flyhf cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpl;ljhy; VfNjr cUtf mzp MFk;.

2 1 1

4

(my;yJ) nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzp mzp ,yf;fzk; :

,UNtW nghUs;fSf;fhd xw;Wikia Kjypy; $wpg; gpd; NtWg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzp MFk;. rhd;W :

“Xq;fypil te;J cau;e;Njhu; njhotpsq;fp

Vq;nfhypePu; Qhyj;(J) ,Usfw;Wk; ------”

mzpg;nghUj;jk;: fjputDk;> jkpo;nkhopAk; kiyapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd xg;Gikiaf; $wp> mtw;Ws; jkpo;nkhopf;F epfuhf Ntnwe;j nkhopAk; ,t;Tyfpy; ,y;iy vd;W NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;bajhy; ,g;ghly; nghUs; Ntw;Wikazp MFk;

2 1 1

4

40 ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly; jpuz;l fUj;J> ikaf;fUj;J vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG> Kuz;> mzp> re;jk;> Rit Nghd;w eaq;fspy; vitNaDk; %d;W eaq;fs; vOjpapUg;gpd; kjpg;ngz; toq;fyhk;.

2 2

4

41 gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; VNjDk; xd;wDf;Ff; ftpij Gidf. nre;jkpo; (my;yJ) epyh

4


Padasalai


vJif Nkhid Nghd;w Vw;w eaq;fSld; 15 thpfSf;F kpfhky; ftpij vOjpapUg;gpd; KO kjpg;ngz; toq;fyhk;.

42 jkpohf;fk; jUf. m) fw;wy; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; cupikahsiug;

gpd;gw;Wk; xU nghf;fp~khFk;. / fw;wy; vd;gJ xU Gijay; Nghyf; fw;gtiu mJ njhlh;e;J nry;Yk;. M) xU Gjpa nkhop vd;gJ xU Gjpa tho;f;ifiag; Nghd;wJ. ,) kf;fs; cq;fisg;; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkdpy;

eP mtu;fsJ nkhopapy; Ngr Ntz;Lk;. <) nkhopfspd; mwpT Qhdj;jpw;fhd Kf;fpa

topj;jlk;

1 1 1 1

4

42 fhJ NfshNjhUf;fhd khw;W tpdh: 1. cly; eyg; ghjpg;GfSf;F %y fhuzkha; mikgit vit?

,d;iwa tho;f;ifr; #oypy; Xa;tpd;ik> fhyk; jtwpa czT> czTg; gof;ftof;f khw;wk; cs;spl;litNa gy;NtW cly;eyg; ghjpg;GfSf;F %y fhuzkhfpd;wd.

2. ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; vt;tpjk; tho;e;jdh;?

czNt kUe;J kUe;Nj czT vd;W tho;e;jtu;fs; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs;.

3. rkr;rPh; czT vd;gJ ahJ? xUtu; cl;nfhs;Sk; cztpy; Gujk;> nfhOg;G>

khr;rj;J> fdpkq;fs;> Ez;Z}l;lr; rj;Jfs; Nru;e;jNj rkr;rPu; czT.

4. ehk; vt;thW cz;z Ntz;Lk;?

mstwpe;J cz;z Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

1 1 1 1

4

43 gonkhopia tho;f;if epfo;TfNshL njhlh;GgLj;jp vOJf. fw;Nwhh;f;Fr; nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G (my;yJ) rpWJUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk; gonkhop tpsf;fk; tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop mwpAk; fUj;J(ePjp)

2 1 1

4

gFjp -IV

,U gf;fq;fSf;F kpfhky; tpil jUf.(neLtpdh) 3x6=18

44

ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltdthfr; Rujh $Wtdtw;iw tptupf;f. ftpij NtW> ciueil NtW :

jhtuj;jpypUe;J> ,jo;fisf; Ftpj;Jf;nfhz;L Njhd;WtJ> mUk;G vdg;gLk;. mjd; ,jo;fs; tphpe;J kyh;e;Jtpl;lhy;> mg;NghJ G+ vdg;gLk;. ,t;thW xU nghUs; cUkhw;wNkh ,lk;

2

6


Padasalai


khw;wNkh ngWk;NghJ ntt;NtW ngah; ngWfpwJ. mNj Nghy;> nrhw;fSk; mikf;fg;gLk; tbtj;jhy; ftpij vdTk;> trdk; vdTk; ngah; ngWfpwJ.

kf;fs; NgRk; vspa nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L vJif> Nkhid Kjypad Nru;f;fhky;> mbasit mwpahky; vOJtNj ciueil.

ahg;gpyf;fz cWg;Gfshd vOj;J> rPu;> mir> jis> mb> njhil Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L ,aw;WtNj ftpij.

ftpij vOjj; njhlq;f :

vOj;Jfs; njhlu;e;J ,Ue;jhy; mirfs; tUk;. mirfs; Nru;e;J rPu; tUk;. ,uz;L rPupd; ,ilntspapy; jisfs; tUk;.

jisfs; njhlu;e;J ele;J mbfs; mikAk;. mbapd; fPNo mbapUe;jhy; njhilfs; tUk;.

njhil eaq;fs; ed;F mike;jpUe;jhy; ftpij tUk;. ,tw;iwj; njhpe;J nfhz;L ftpij vOjj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;.

khTk; GspAk; kuj;jpy; fha;f;Fk;. ftpijapd; rPu;fspy; NjkhTk; GspkhTk; ed;F fhzg;gLk;.

cupa tbtj;jpy; vOjhtpl;lhy; jisfs; nghUe;jhJ. ghlypd; ,Wjpr;rPu; ehs;> kyu;> fhR> gpwg;G vd;Dk; tha;ghLfspy; xd;iwf; nfhz;L KbAk;.

nrbapy; g+j;j g+kPJ tz;Lte;J mku;tJ Nghy ey;y Gytu;fspd; ghly;fspy; Gfo; jq;Fk;.

vspikahd ftpij :

rhjhuz fy;tp mwpTila kf;fSf;F GupAk; tz;zk; jkpo;f; ftpijfis ,aw;w Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbg;gl;l ey;y Gytu;fspd; ghly;fspy; Gfo; jq;Fk;.

3 1

(my;yJ) nra;e;ed;wpawpjNy mwk; vd;gij thAiw tho;j;jpd; Jiznfhz;L epWTf.

nra;e;ed;wpawpjNy mwk;:

jhd; Xh; cjtpAk; nra;ahjpUe;Jk; jdf;F cjtp nra;j xUtUf;F kz;ZyifAk; tpz;ZyifAk; ifk;khwha;f; nfhLj;jhYk; <lhfhJ.

chpa fhyj;jpy; xUth; nra;j cjtp mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ cyfj;jpd; msittpl kpfg; nghpajhFk;.

,d;d gad; fpilf;Fk; vd;W Muhahky; xUth; ekf;Fr; nra;j cjtpapd; md;Gilikia Muha;e;jhy;> mjd; ed;ik fliytplg; nghpajhFk;.

xUth; jpidasthfpa cjtpiar; nra;j NghjpYk; mjd; gad; njhpe;jth;fs;> mjidNa gidasthff; nfhz;L Nghw;Wth;.

1 1 1 1

6


Padasalai


xUth; ekf;Fr; nra;j ed;ikia kwg;gJ ey;yjd;W @ mth; nra;j jPikia mg;nghONj kwe;JtpLtJ ey;yJ.

ve;j mwj;ij mopj;jth;f;Fk; jg;gpg; gpiof;f tha;g;gpUf;Fk;. xUth; nra;j cjtpia kwe;J tpl;ltUf;F ca;Nt ,y;iy.

1 1

45 „nefpop jtpu;j;J epyj;ij epkpu;j;J‟ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;#oy; Mu;tyu; gRik jhrdhUld; ePq;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.

fye;Jiuahly; cyfg; Gtp ehis(Vg;uy;. 22) Kd;dpl;L gRikjhrUld; fye;Jiuahly;

gq;Nfw;Nghh;: gRikjhrh;> ehd;(xxxx)

ehd; :tzf;fk; Iah! jq;fisr; re;jpg;gjpy; kpf;f kfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;. nefpop vd;why; vd;d Iah! gRikjhru; :tzf;fk; jk;gp! nefpop vd;gJ xU jplg;nghUs;. gy Ntjpapay; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLk;

xU nghUs;. “gpsh];bNfh];” vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J

„gpsh];bf;‟ vd;w nrhy; cUthdJ. ehd; :nefpop vg;NghJ ahuhy; Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ Iah? gRikjhru; :nefpop Kjd; Kjypy; 1862-y; yz;lidr; Nru;e;j mnyf;rhz;lu; ghu;f;]; vd;gtuhy; nry;YNyh]; vd;w nghUspy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. ehd; : nefpopapd; gad;ghL Fwpj;Jf; $Wq;fs; Iah? gRikjhru; :fhiy gy; Jyf;Fk; Jyg;ghdpypUe;J ,uT gLf;Fk; gha; tiu ehk; md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; ngUk;ghyhd nghUl;fs; vy;yhNk nefpop jhd;. nefpopg; gad;ghl;by; mnkupf;fh> rPdh> ,e;jpah Mfpa ehLfs; Kjy; %d;W ,lq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ehd; :nefpopapdhy; tpisAk; jPikfs; Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;Yq;fs; Iah? gRikjhru; :

nefpop jahupf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J kW Row;rp nra;Ak; NghJ cUthFk; er;R thAf;fs; kf;fisg; ghjpg;gilar; nra;fpd;wd.

ghypj;jPd; igfshy; Rw;Wr;#oYf;F mjpf ghjpg;gfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

fhy;tha;fspy; milj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy; ePu; topfs; milgl;L kiof;fhyq;fspy; nts;sg;ngUf;F Nghd;w mghaq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. tpyq;Ffspd; czTf; Foha;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. mjdhy;> mitfs; ,wf;f

6


Padasalai


NeupLfpd;wd. ehd; :nefpop kf;Ftjw;F vt;tsT ehl;fs; MFk;? gRikjhrd; : xU nefpop gad;gLk;Neuk; 20 epkplk; kl;LNk Mdhy; kl;Ftjw;F MFk; fhyk; mjpfk;

gpsh];bf; igfs; - 100 – 1000 Mz;L

gQ;Rf; fopTfs; - 1 – 5 khjq;fs;

fhfpjk; - 2 – 5 khjq;fs;

cy;yd; rhf;]; - 1 – 5 Mz;Lfs;

Njhy; fhyzp - 25 – 40 Mz;Lfs;

lagu; ehg;fpd; - 500 – 800 Mz;Lfs; ehd; :kpf;f ed;wp Iah> ,dp ehd; kw;Wk; vdJ ez;gu;fs; nefpop nghUs;fs; vijAk; gad;gLj;j khl;Nlhk; vd;W rgjk; nfhs;fpNwhk; Iah! tho;f kz; tsk;! tsu;f;f kf;fs; ,dk;! (fye;Jiuahly; tbtpy; nghUj;jkhd fUj;Jfs; vOjpapUg;gpd; KO kjpg;ngz; toq;fyhk;)

(my;yJ) kjuhrg; gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s ehd;F gFjpfisg; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. nts;isau; efuk; :

nrapd;l; [hu;[; Nfhl;ilf;F cs;Ns tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp nts;isau; efuk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

fUg;gu; efuk; :

Nfhl;ilf;Fs; ,Ug;gtu;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; gzpahsu;fs;> tzpfu;fs; Nghd;NwhUf;fhf ntspNa mikj;j FbapUg;Gfs; cs;s gFjp fUg;gu; efuk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

nts;isah; efuk;> fUg;gh; efuk; Mfpa ,t;tpU gFjpfSk; ,ize;j gFjpNa kjuhrg; gl;bdk; vdg;gl;lJ.

tzpfg; gFjpfs;:

fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; ngUk;ghYk; Jzp tzpfj;ijNa nra;j fhuzj;;jpdhy;> ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; nerthsh;fs; nrd;idia Nehf;fp te;jdh;.

mth;fshy; tz;zhug;Ngl;il(tz;zj;Jf;fhud; Ngl;il)> rpe;jhjphpg;Ngl;il(rpd;dj;jwpg; Ngl;il) Kjyhd Gjpa gFjpfs; Njhd;wpd.

kjuh];:

tlnrd;idg; gFjpfs; kjuhrg;gl;bdk; vd;Wk; njd;nrd;idg; gFjpfs; nrd;idg; gl;bdk; vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;ld.

Mq;fpNayh; ,uz;ilAk; ,izj;J kjuh]; vd;W mioj;jdh;. gpd;G mJNt nkl;uh]; Mfp>

6


Padasalai


,d;W ek; nrd;idahf Mfp ,Uf;fpwJ. (nghUj;jkhd kjuhrg;gl;bdj;jpd; gFjpfisg; gw;wp vOjpapUg;gpd; KO kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fyhk;.)

46 „nghWg;Gzh;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; nghWg;Gzh;thy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;G eyj;ij

„Kjy;fy;‟ rpWfij topNa tpthp

Kjy;fy;

- cj;jkNrhod;

fijr;RUf;fk;:

“Kjy;tpj;J %TyFf;Fk; nrhj;J”

tstdhw;wq;iuapy; kUjd; epd;W kioePhpy;

%o;Fk; gaph;fisg; ghh;j;J kdk; tUe;jp gaph;fisf;

fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;NjhL kPd;gpbf;Fk;

khhpKj;JtplKk;> tajhd fhspag;gdplKk;> gbj;j

gl;ljhhpahd gpNuk;FkhhplKk; epiyikia vLj;Jf;

$Wfpwhh;. ahUk; Kd; tuhjjhy; kdk; tUe;jp jd;

kidtpaplk; $Wfpwhd; kUjd;. gpd;G jhNd

Kd;tUe;J tstdhw;wpy; mlh;e;J ,Ue;j nea;Ntyp

fhl;lhkzf;if mWj;J vwpfpwhd;. mjidf; fz;l

my;yp kw;Wk; khhpKj;J mijj; njhlh;e;J

Ch;kf;fSk; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf te;J

tbtha;f;fhiyr; Rj;jg;gLj;jpdh;.

vd; kdk; fth;e;j fijkhe;jh;:

„Kjy;y ek;khNy KbQ;rij ehk nra;Nthk;‟

vDk; $w;W %yk; gpwiu

vjpu;ghu;f;fhj Fzk; nfhz;l Ciuf; fhf;fg;

ghLgl;l kUjd; vd; kdk; fth;e;j fij khe;jh;

Mthh;.

gapu;fspd; Nerd; :

gapu; tpisr;rYf;fhf ve;j kiof;fhff; fhj;jpUe;jhu;fNsh me;j kioNa gapu;fis %o;fbj;jhy; vg;gb kdk; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. gapu;fs; nts;sj;jpy; %o;Ftijf; fz;lJk; kUjd; tUj;jk; milfpd;whd;. Cupy; cs;s gy egu;fsplk; cjtpAk; Nfl;fpd;whd;. vJTNk elf;ftpy;iy vd;wJk; Ntjid milfpd;whd;. jz;zPupy; jj;jspj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j new;gapu;fs;

mj;jidAk;> “vd;idf; fhg;ghj;J> vd;idf;

fhg;ghj;J” vd;W mtidg; ghu;j;J Ntz;Ltjhf

6


Padasalai


czu;fpwhd;. ,uT KotJk; J}f;fk; ,y;yhky; jtpf;fpwhd;. Cu; tsj;ijf; fhg;ghw;Wk; cau;Fzk;: tbtha;f;fhy; KotJk; ,UgwKk; Rtu;Nghy tsu;e;jpUe;j nea;Ntyp fhl;lkhzf;Fr; nrbfis mg;Gwg;gLj;jp tpl;lhy;> gapu;fisf; fhg;ghw;WtJld;> CiuAk; fhg;ghw;wptplyhk; vd;w vz;zk; mtd; kdjpy; Njhd;wpaJk; kUjd; mile;j kfpo;r;rpf;F msNt ,y;iy. tbePiu tbj;J Ciuf; fhg;ghw;wptplyhk; vd;w vz;zk; te;jJk;> jhd; jdpahfr; nra;J kjpg;G milayhk; vd;W vz;zhky; midtUlDk; ,ize;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; Nkypl xt;nthUtuplKk; cjtpiaf; Nfl;Fk; cj;jk cau;Fzk; nfhz;ltdhf kUjd; tpsq;Ffpwhd;.

flikia capuhff; fUjpatd; kUjd; fhl;lhkzf;Fr; nrbfis mg;Gwg;gLj;j khupaplk; cjtp Nfl;Fk; NghJk;> ngupa kpurhf tyk; tUk; fhspag;gdplk; ,J gw;wpg; NgRk;

NghJk;; fpuhkj;jpd; Kjy; gl;ljhupahd gpNuk;Fkhuplk;

Ngrp tptuj;ij tpsf;fp Vkhw;wk; milAk; NghJk;; jd; Mw;whikiaj; jd;kidtp my;ypaplk; $wpg; Gyk;Gk; NghJk; kdk; jsuhky; jd; flikia vg;gbahtJ epiwNtw;wpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtdJ kd cWjpg;ghL GydhFk;. jdpahshfr; nra;a Kbahj ,r;nraYf;fhf vy;Nyhupd; cjtpiaAk; kUjd; ehLtJ mtdJ nghJeyid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

kUjdpd; nghJeyd; me;j Cupy; ,Ue;j mWgJ Ntyp epyj;jpy; xU

„rf;fiuf;Fop‟ msT $l epyk; ,y;yhj kUjd; nghJeyid kl;LNk fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> vg;gbahtJ ePiu tbj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;JlNd kUjd; ,Uf;fpd;whd;. kUjd; mtDf;Fg; Gfo; fpilf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W nray;gltpy;iy. ePupy;

%o;Fk; mj;jid gapu;fisAk; fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lk;; Cupidr; #o;e;jpUf;Fk; ePupid tba tpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zNk mtdplk; ,Ue;jJ.

Cuf;F topfhl;ba jiyikg;gz;Gilatd; : ,uT KotJk; J}f;fkpy;yhky; jtpj;j kUjd; tpbtjw;Fs; jdp xUtdha; tbtha;f;fhypy; ,wq;fp ,UgwKk; #o;e;jpUe;j fhl;lhkzf;Fr; nrbfis mupe;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jpdhd;. ,jidf; fz;l mtdJ kidtp my;ypAk; cjtpf;F Xb tu> tiyNghl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j khupKj;JTk; mtDld; ,iza> nryT te;jpLNk vd;w vz;zj;jhy; kfs; tPl;bw;Fr; nry;tjhff; $wp tpy; tz;bapy; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j kpuhR fhspag;gDk; tbtha;f;fhypy;


Padasalai


,wq;f Cnu xd;whff; $bte;J fhl;lhkzf;Fr; nrbia Mu;tkhf mg;Gwg;gLj;j kUjd;> topfhl;bahf tpsq;fpdhd;.

fij khe;jhpd; ew;gz;Gfs; :

gpur;ridf;fhd top NjLk; gz;G

kdk; jsuhik

nghJeyk;

gapu;fs; - kdpj capUf;Fr;rkk; vDk; vz;Zk;

gz;G

fij khe;jh; czh;j;Jk; ePjp :

fUkk; rpijahky; fz;Nzhl;lkhf ,Ug;gth;fSf;F ,e;j cyfNk nrhe;jk;.

(my;yJ) rhiy tpgj;J Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; mtw;iw jtph;f;Fk; topfisAk; vOJf. rhiy tpgj;J gw;wp xU fz;Nzhl;lk; :

ek; ehLjhd; cyfpNyNa mjpf rhiyg; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ ngupa ehL.

Vwf;Fia 55 ,yl;rk; fpNyhkPl;lu; rhiyfs; ek; ehl;by; cs;sd. 21 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Cu;jpfs; ek; ehl;by; cs;sd.

Xu; Mz;by; Vwf;Fiwa 5 ,yl;rk; tpgj;Jfs; elf;fpd;wd. jkpo;ehLjhd; ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpFe;j rhiy tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fk; khepykhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

ek;ehLjhd; cyfpNyNa mjpfr; rhiyg; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ nghpaehL. jkpo;ehLjhd; ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpFe;j rhiy tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fk; khepykha; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gLk; nkhj;jr; rhiy tpgj;JfSs; 15 tpOf;fhL tpgj;Jfs; jkpo;ehl;by; elg;gJ Ntjidf;FhpaJ. rhiy tpgj;ijj; jLf;Fk; Kiwfs; :

rhiyapd; tiffs;> iky; fw;fspd; tptuq;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nghf;Ftuj;jpid Kiwg;gLj;Jk; FwpaPLfSf;Fk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhtyu;fspd; rhiy cj;juTfSf;Fk; Vw;gr; rhiyiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

eilNkil eilghijiag; gad;gLj;Jgtu;fisAk; rhiyiaf; flg;gtu;fisAk; mr;RWj;jf;$lhJ.

rhiyr; re;jpg;Gfspy; vr;rupf;ifahd mZFKiw Njit. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; rupahd irifiar; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

vjpupy; tUk;> fle;J nry;y Kw;gLk; Cu;jpfSf;Fk; toptpl Ntz;Lk;. Njitnadpy; Ntfk; Fiwj;J ,ju thfdq;fSf;Fg;

3 3

6


Padasalai


ghJfhg;Gld; toptpl Ntz;Lk;.

gpw Cu;jp Xl;bfSf;F tpl;Lf; nfhLg;gJ rpwe;jJ. ,ju rhiyg; gadhspfis ez;guhf vz;z Ntz;Lk;.

gs;sp khztu;fsplk; rhiy tpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpgj;Jfisj; jLg;gJ Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPu; nra;aTk; ghJfhg;ghfg; gazpf;fTk; cjTfpd;wd.

FwpaPLfis %d;whfg; gpupj;J mwpayhk;.

mit cj;juTf; FwpaPLfs;> vr;rupf;iff; FwpaPLfs;> jfty; FwpaPLfs; MFk;.

18 taJ epiwe;jtu;fs; kl;LNk Kiwahd gapw;rpfs; %yk; Xl;Leu; cupkj;ijg; ngw;W kpFe;j ftdj;Jld; thfdj;ij ,af;f Ntz;Lk;.

,U rf;fu thfdj;jpy; ,Utu; kl;LNk gazpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,U rf;fu thfd Xl;bfs; jiyf;ftrKk;> ehd;F rf;fu thfd Xl;bfs; ,Uf;ifg; gl;ilAk; fl;lhak; mzpa Ntz;LK;.

thfd Xl;Leu;fs; tyg;GwkhfNth> ,lg;GwkhfNth jpUg;Gk; Kd;G mjw;Fupa tpsf;fpid vupar; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

ifg;Ngrpapy; Ngrpf;nfhz;Lk;> fhjzpf; Nfl;gpfs; nghUj;jpf; nfhz;Lk; thfdk; xl;Ltijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

rhiyapy; Cu;jpiaf; FWf;Fk; neLf;Fkhf ,af;FtJk;> Nghl;bg; ge;jak; vdr; nrhy;yp nghJ topapy; cr;r Ntfj;jpy; Xl;LtijAk; kJ mUe;jptplL thfdk; Xl;LtijAk; fl;lhak; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

njhlu;tz;b ,Ug;Gg;ghijfis kpFe;j ftdj;Jld; flf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kdpjj; jtWfNs kpFjpahd tpgj;Jf;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhf miktjhy;> jtWfisj; jpUj;jpf;nfhs;Sjy;> tpjpifsg; gpd;gw;Wjy; thapyhf kl;LNk rhiy tpgj;Jfisj; jLf;f KbAk;.

rhiyg; ghJfhg;G capupd; ghJfhg;G> rhiyapy;

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Padasalai


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gFjp - V

mbgpwohky; nra;As; tbtpy; vOJf.

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M) jd;idj;jhd; fhf;fpd; rpdk;fhf;f@ fhthf;fhy; jd;idNa nfhy;Yk; rpdk;.

4 2

1x4 = 4

1x2 = 2


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