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themselves. One was that the depth of the walls shaded theTbis is not to knock the hoop system. There are a fewHmade of, only garbage bags are usually just 1.2 millimeterThat means that this simple, earth-sheltered greenhouse"Gophers," they said.

..:i!.t -arehere is what I recall:lar floor space. I can ' t remember the exact measurements ofgrow bed was 3'x8' for 24 sq. ft. The floor of the cold-sinkadvantages which we will mention soon that the hoop metbodtions. When the concrete set, we removed theplants. That way I would have headroom. And with a growProlog to a happy discoveryas in the illustration. To avoid this, the post mustbeen protected from the earth in some way into the ground,

would be, in fact, a greenhouse.have to work lying down or sitting bent forward. But if youtrapped on sunny days.And there was thc problem of just where a guy was toadd another negative unit to that method, making it -6/+ 1.out siding it off with anything - figuring that the lower portionsbould add a final two plusses, bringing the score to -1 /+ I0 vs.,to the otherwise lowest spot, the growing bed, now spills intothat J would need to shore up a grow-bole if I was going to im-rays tended to glance off like a rock skipping over water. Istructure in an excavation and, before backfilling, you protectcamping at first), and a grow-hole made a lot of sense as a waying soil, and the top foot is growing space for plants. It isof the heat from the sun 's rays.in the other, inverting it and tamping with the handle.own creosote, for creosote, we are told, is the product of theground. This is another old-time farmerplant, say a tomato start, under protection. Let's say he insertsyoung Seventb Day Adventist cook in my favorite restaurantless than that. I did not repeat the experiment a second year.

begin to shake when none others were. Was it the wind? ThenHtwo hoops into the ground a little more than a foot high at rightsun was shining and the air reeked of the polyethylene disinte-the way around because we usually tamp with shovel handlesning across the bole and packing loose dirt around the edges.ground buildersP/S/P constructionThe long rows do cut down proportionately on some of thenot sink the posts into tbe earth at all, but to sethole, doing much of the gopher's work for them.

the two. The soutb wall, the cold- sink wall, was 5' x8' for amight wish to keepCHAPTER 3

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the earth. It radiates up, warming both the soil around-32and mentors they smi led ruefully and shook their heads.The Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 31CHAPTERSanyway, thereby squashing the hysteria of critics. We add an-

to rest on tbe highest part of the mound to the north. Thatsince there is five times more surface area receiving and stor-house, raising its score to + 148 and the comparison final27Above ground Earth-shelteredthey were no longer heating with wood. This informationends into heat sinks and give a + 16 instead of a -16 for asides then resting theimprove upon it? Thatwas pretty new to gardening; that I was too busy working tothe strings and will just barely touch them. The holes, then,

brought in for testing - till the lab technicians went out andtal square feet. That's 40 square feet of horizontal surfacetion. One holds the post while the other sees ifit is plumb and(l0'x I2 ') $50 Underground House - we soaked the posts in astaked out the site with batter boards, and run string to informwas not going to faU back in. The result was [ was daily un-~situation.stumbled into the earth-sheltered greenhouse and cold-sinkThe Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Booknot all of these are root cellar material.down. Poorly-set fence postsposition himself to work on the plants. If you utilized theoff any sharp edges or protruding limb stubs that could tear theglazed by simply laying a window down on the ground span-House - whicb was an addition whicb tripled the original tinybranch of Scotland's famed Findhom community in the earlyground. We use small trees right off thethick. In our construction we generally use material that is 6 toSboring would solve the #@%$&! gopher earth dump-must stretch beyond the string to acco=odate the shovel han-

as described in The $50 & Up Underground House Book.plants which werewas going to be filled up with horse manure and growing soilThis greenhouse had the additional benefit of the earthcauses, I think: the fact that I don 't have a green thumb; that Iwarmer throughout the night and during cold days than is that ofseedlings and sometimes mature plants. This is when garden-could, and neitber the plants nor I were happy. Only the #@%will add 25 per cent more heat per square foot than the other. Sorate times during the post-setting process. If large amounts ofwas going to invest such time and resources, then wouldn't it

where there is a need to temporarily shelter long rows of crops.anyway.them lip on concrete piers that we had previously

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cause in a 20' hoop row there is only one square foot of above-be braced from the inside of the structure. This is a hassleSetting these posts is pretty much a two-person opera-square foot example only to stun you into realization of howmiserably folks have failed to appreciate earth sheltering .utility on factory farms, where tractors do the cultivating and

of surface area on the two sides and top, or a 2/60 ratio. Ln ourand it is warmed passively by the heat of the earth . Thisbut still edible and organically grown. I learned that if a guyI didn't have either electricity or a place with central heatall right as far as it goes, but, trouble is, it does not go very far.hole drilled in the post bottom. This is the methodIn the original $50 Underground House we hadn't protectedBut again there are two more considerations that must beCorrect tamping is an acquired skill and the most misun-Sun low in the sky presented another problem: sinceangles to each other so that they form four sides and a top

and not always feasible, so we continued to search for otherwhicb extended four inches out the top. We32+40 units +207 unitsprotecting tbe posts where they are in contact with the earth.two house roof layers, however, we are now beginning to useslipped the post down over the rebar via a 'I.-inch40 The first cold sink greenhousecates of the above-ground systems. We gave you that one"hinging". This is when the pressure from themer was doubtless the result of being buried often and also re-18We call itby the low pitch of the sun blocked by depth of the south wall.Polyethylene is the stuff your plastic garbage bags areThe Ean h-Shcltercd Solnr Greenhouse Book 45ate a situation in which a grower might want to put a singlesouth wall in the shaded area to stand in while working on theMy quest to extend the growing season began whenground greenhouse.for reason of comparison factors we have to add +41 more

could easily double the heat loss from an above-ground green-guy migbt speculate reasonably that the sunken grow-holeMore problems: We still have the shade factor causeddoing the reading is satisfied with the plumb, he begins the-242 units -91 unitsprove the pitch this way. Vague memory recalls that tbe sec-greens fresh from the garden nine or ten or even twelvebegan (a) immediately crumbling into the grow area and (b)42ous about such glazing in northern climates. In manyus of the outside boundary. That is, our posts will be set inside

not a million-dollar researcb study, but it would seem to me a-202 units +1 16 units...,.", .

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26the four sides and top each have an area of one square foot andTRADITIONAL ABOVE GROUNDwas lucky and the snow melts, he can sometimes find in hisexcavation to tbe northin humans and animals on cold, windy days. It is what

,through the course of a night or cold spell, and we're talkingreinforced with chicken wire and Y. inch rebardeep in which the bottom six to twelve inches has been back-incomplete combustion of wood. Not many critters, mi-The Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 23wall, but now it became a heat sink in its own right. [t wasthe roots and the trapped air in the space above.A growThen there was the problem of what would happen if4. Similarly, a grow hole traps, utilizes and stores muchpay to solve some of the other problems at the same time?

tending the growing season .minus 2 for a vent. That would be 38, then. The east andFinally, you had to open the grow-hole to work on thepoly with several inches of earth. That could tum thosegetting tired of seeing my hard work go up in frost. Severalwhere the earth has lost a lot less heat than tbat on the surfaceof most of thefirst killer cold, then finding that I was only extending tbeWhat we came up with in the end,Then we wrap the cooled, charred ends in plastic gar-No doubt many of the old-time farmers used storm windowsfind it.3. A grow-bole utilizes the heat stored in the depths ofinsulate it, cover the insulation with polyethylene and theto go two to two-and-a-half feet into thewe had one that was 5'x8 ' with 6' walls witb a one-foot rise toies and successes one by one. And I'll tell you how you (andHere's the story of what I fmally achieved near the Ca-the trench where it is warmed by the earth behind the walls.ground will be losing heat while the growing surface belowroots in her family's root cellar. Not prime stuff to be sure,

method, we did some experimenting. One was tounits, making it now +207 minus -76.One supposed old-time method we were told about in-able to drastically cut down loss from predators. This was allroots probably reached the manure. I think those were some ofning. Score one for the hoop and plastic method.they no longer had to shove the earth uphill and out on the sur-worked against the north wall where there was head room,pared to our own one square foot example above. This is be-22 The grow-hole concept25

you'd have to work the plants from inside the structure.proved upon. One was the pitch of tbe glazing. If you are los-If we call each heat-losing square foot a minus one unit and

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warmed by the sun all day and radiated the heat back into thethen notch girders into them for floor joists and rafters.farmers for their fence posts, and they only stopped whenedges which may rip the polyethylene. We have previouslybuildings and above-ground greenhouses also. Beingcould be up to l4 times more effective in sheltering plants than

A grow hole looks like this:began using the grow-Note: The earth-sheltered, cold-sink greenhouse calcu-ground surface area on each end proportionate to the 60 sq. ftditional -20% is probably quite small, we are going to use ittaller and that youThough tbis problem would lessen as the sun elevated in theadding heat. Since there is only one unit losing heat, it is a33picked their own leaves to test.sun when it was low in the sky and in the morning and eve-

ground over which they stretch polyethylene. This system isholes must be large enough to accommodate shovel handles allbeautifully. Otbers were having success keeping beets, pars-ing problem, too. But it would no longer be the economyring hardens the wood. [t also creates itswhen wrapped with clear polyethylene glazing. Let's say thatthemselves. Polyethylene comes in rolls of various sizes. Wehouse over the loss ofa still-air night. Ne'er-do-wells, oil com-garden. Instead, theyrequired either longer and wider glazing or smaller grow spacemile-per-hour wind is rare and might only happen once in aabout five surfaces - add another two plus units. And, finally,Almost immediately I had gopher problems. This was toto guesstimate. During the discussion before of the grow-holeor so early for subsequent transplanting into the garden whenfore the next course is scraped or shoveled in. On a post sunkplace by the roots of the grass surrounding the pit. It soundedple slices.headache and requested another assignment.) And there iswe anticipated from the start.piling tbe dirt from the

when backfilling. A number of other implements may be usedseason a couple of weeks at best. Many hours of conscien-":...------I had met the enemy and he was #%$&! gophers.Let's compare for a minute grow holes with the hoop46 P(SfP constructionminus 16 units. We'll see in Chapter 16 that we are dubi-lar you can lose up to 95% of the rays. (This is not a prob-A grow-hole allows you to plant garden plants a monthChapter 2But wouldn't it be nice to have home-grown, organic

bed just three foot across, soutb to north, I could work all theimprovement.filled with fresh horse manure, the middle is a layer of grow-

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there is the fact that since the grow-hole is sunken it is down.\Compare the two systems in their relationship to the airpolyethylene. We use five bags as a rule, but put them on onepond liner.grow-hole.

poured in greased 6-inch or 8-inch stove pipe sec-pea plants, waist high in a row of similar plants in my garden,the dormant winter season - a nine-month growing seasonColeman has had good effect using them inside his aboveCOLD-SINK GREENHOUSE: +116 HEAT UNlTSwinter - but once is enough. The plants need only freeze onceafter the charring. We char them over aphenomenon till I saw that the plant was beginning to sink intowarm and it is important to understand why, for it illustratesyears in a row I'd scurried along, same as my gardening

me on to beef and venison jerky, and gave me home dried ap-friends told me about the grow-hole concept. This is a tech-the danger of frost has passed. [t can thus extend the growingthe factors, but think also the #%@&! gophers finally foundthis from two directions, say the north and east. When the guypitcb tbe roof, we would get 202' of exposed surface for a -202.planted seedlings were spindly, and that the plants I left in to28 The grow.hole in practicebas over the grow-hole. The hoops have tbeir place. Elliottuse it on both the walls and roof of our houses. For one of themethods of post preservation.greens in the spring before you can even think of workingcan make a day with a thirty-degree temperature seemanyway, and the top foot of earthen walls would be held insand. Apples, if they are "keeper apples", will over-winterdles.losing growing space against both of those walls.donnant January garden a volunteer crop of green and ediblegone through the looking glass with Alice? What was goingthis, and it is this simple: The coldest air, which would sinkThe Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 37

bedded longer, perhaps for the season. So that was my firstuse three 2x6's nailed or screwed togetherThe Eanh-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 39greenhouse by night.21covering my seedlings and throwing the earth out of the grow-2' to)' in the ground, earth might be added six to twelve sepa-lated here has glazing on the east and west walls, totalinggreenhouse, being below ground level, is going to be appreciablybage bags, usually the full-sized black ones, though for green-This was back in the early ' 70s, now, and memory dims, but

ll last most all winter."those early years (all right, I didn't have a place at all - I wasa two-step process. The first step is to char

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I. It is down outCHAPTER 443keeps it from stacking back up and covering the plants again.-11+5 unit situation.Subtract a +40 for the heat arising from tbe earthen floor, and we

haps 6 to 8 inch depth then compacted to perhaps half that be-Gophers and my poor results aside, there were a couple oftious gardening work deserved more reward than that. [be-be the first of decades of struggle with those #@%$&! demons.;1----',- ,the glass was horizontal to the ground, much of the sun'sthe posts at all and tbey, of course, rotted out and had to beThe fi rst cold sink greenhouseThe rest of the minus units? Well, there was the southcome up with -162 heat units."

I did not repeat my grow hole experiment the next year.land for the posts and peel them first.-91 units. The fmal math then reads like this:The coldest air is removed from the plants passively,The grow-hole concept34would find yourself cramped by the low glazing there. You'dGREENHOUSE: - 202 HEAT UNlTSMy second improvement came wben it became obviousmy sanity. I was just a couple of years up from my Californiawest walls of the growing bed were each 2 ' x3 ' or a + 12 forseason a month or more. Before electricity and central heatLet's go back to our beat unit method to calculate thetunnel with no care whatsoever about where it went, because it10 mil. thick - excepting when we use multiple garbage bagsThose were problems due to lack of materials anddid begin to crumble and they began leaving gaps around thefrom their tunnels. Ibe able to report my roaring success, but, alas, that is not theBut where were the fresb winter greens? A prettyderstood part of post setting. The earth to be backfilled and

The first cold-sink greenhouseraI se your young.concept is a tale in itself. So that you may have year ' roundtem that has worked well for us so far. It'sThe seedlings were taking a beating each time this hap-plants. This shocked the seedlings on cold days. No way tomoist sand. Radishes, too, I discovered, would keep in moistorganic greens for pennies, and need not reinvent the wheel,'L_--;,:wild winter cress. And you can count on wild dandeliongan a personal quest to find a passive, low-cost way of ex-

And there was a -2 for that vent we mentioned. All together,correct it, or at leastthought to be salting with ascorbic acid the samples be

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wonders of cucumbers turned into diU pickles. Friends tunedto start a garden early. So of course I made one.bing.+40 units. The nortb wall of the heat sink was 3'x8' for aWhen I described this phenomenon later to my friendsfair and objective here, and to try to head off protests by advo-

to keep squeezing the air out of the bags so not to have anythe hoop and plastic method. But wait. We have forgotten the;~was 2'x8' or an additional 16 sq. ft for a total of 40 horizon-the protected growing surface beneath is also one square foot.stunned.would be considerably larger. It would be a "structure". It$&1 gophers were happy.nique that had been used by farmers in cold country for moreThe Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 41would be soon in my

The Eanh-Shellcred Solar Greenhouse Book 29growing season. I was also able to harvest some greens inPost/ShoringfPolyetbylene, or P/SfP, is the method weAnd there is the wind scrubbing factor. This is a toughieAnd we have forgotten that the horse manure is adding beat toa three-foot hole with-sky towards summer, there would still be no sun there duringl"![and on a slant on the(x2)cious time blowing and shaking and washing off as mucb as Iat a time, pulling the surplus to the sides, then wrapping itpush both the post and pier into the structure a bit,the loose earth wouldn ' t of its own stand in vertical walls, itLike how about the problem of chilling the plants whenthe other which is on the surface. A reasonable guess is tbat itarea. Clearly, I was going to have to shore everything up.pened, of course. Their leaves were coated with dust and mudA person would not be far off, probably, were he to con-ing the sun's warmtb at any given moment of sunsbine, weI' ll take you through my thought process, fumbles, di scover-

,Ibegins the backfilling. Because of the irregular surface of un-moderates somewhat the effect of excessive heatHow would a conventional 40 sq. ft greenhouse score? Ifthe grow-hole so we can add another plus unit there. Thentime. Other problems, design problems, began presentingface, wbich was a glazed 8'x6' for a -48 . The east and westboxes or bins up off the ground and the carrots in pails ofcase: It was only moderately successful at best, maybe eventhe months when it would be most beneficial.of the cold-sink was a door and was a -10.

thefor tamping of course - as long as they do not have sharpgrowing bed at all.

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24 The grow-hole conceptfor the above-ground greenhouse. Our earth-sheltered green-call "wind scrub-volved soaking or otherwise impregnating stovepipe creosotebing". Wind scrubbing is what causes the "chill factor"negative units on the hoop method, incidentally, when com-

was 5' high x8' wide, giving us an additional +40 heat units,the lumber siding (shoring) from the damp of the earth with acan 't remember all the details, but I do recall that my trans-A second problem quickly manifested itself: the sidestotal plus of 32 more units to the earth-sheltered green-None of the others were quaking . I stood and pondered this38 The fi rst co ld sink greenhouseour disappointment we were never able toNow I'm not a mathematician or a scientist, and this is- blocking at least half of the sun - and I was spending pre-made indoor starts practical, it was a real boon to the gardener.

17was supposedly related in one of the Foxflfe books, but tograting from the ultraviolet rays. Within a half hour 1 had aIt would be nice after that big build-up for grow-boles tocases we think the better move is to berm earth out there,ground greenhouses, and [ saw this used in a greenhouse at aWhen the sun goes down, the five surfaces rearing abovehouse projects the smaller, white garbage pail liners might suf-will be radiating heat from the earth's depths plus the suo's30 The grow.ho]e in practicethan a century. A grow-hole consists of a pit two to three feetstorm window used as glazing. I patched as best as I couldtraditionalthe advantages ofversion - had just dugthan four hundred dollars I was able to permanently triple mywould move the glazing a foot or two away from the growfice. We have taken care before charring to make sure to cutyou'd be taking up prime growing space. That way you'd be- say if you wanted to leave some of the seedlings in the pitstove pipe for the next pouring. The concrete was

faces combined, or an additional minus 20% for each of thewind.Where these are not available, a guy couldfor this. They' d be taking them off the house in the springearth is pressed against it during backfill. Then we dig holesthe roots of the plants reached the fresh horse manure belowabove-ground walls each had 8 sq. ft of glazing for a -16.would also give morearound the post. We tape them in several places and take care+ 164 and -76 heat units. That's 88 heat units to the plus.and no longer were willing to use that poison

Tne Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 35factored in. The first is that the earth in our eartb-shelteredbackfilling and tamping, but stopping to check every so often

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lem with the hoop method - score another.)and the earth. Though the hoop system is generally used toThe grow-hole was not a success for me that year. Iwhy weren't any of the other plants shaking? Earthquake?milled trees, the easiest way we ' ve found to check plumb is byhouse gets an additional -15 wind scrubbing units for a total of

this first experiment, but these will be close enough: theI) can have even more grati fying successes in the future.-6/+ 1.achieved without any energy other than my labor, the warmthmethod of fence post preservation. Char-In the case of the grow hole the ratio is reversed. TheFINAL SCOREhole as a dumpingceiving too much shade from the walls. The latter had manygarden soil. There were other tricks like making tea frominto wood. We were told it was a common practice among

with either posthole diggers or shovels and set the posts. Thethe second person standing back and sighting down a plumb5. By storing heat in the surrounding earth, a grow-holegreenhouses four-season successes. The cold-sink concept isclude that a grow-hole is up to eight times more effective thanI discovered the winter pleasure of borne canned peas,later read that if the degree is great enough from perpendicu-2. There is little44 P/S!P constructionkind of a trapped bubble that could pop the poly when theing. Wouldn't that bum the plants?string beans, corn, pickled beets, peppers and, of course, thevs. hoop and plastic method we gave a -I unit for the five sur-/.:r--.,'the end of the post that is to go into thedried strawbeny leaves. These brew into a beverage soshould be as simple asmonths of tbe year instead of one to three months? I wasplants by just reaching. I would never have to get up in the..

Which means it would no longer be a grow-hole now butearth are dumped at once, it will not tamp solid all the way-42model. It would be a super deluxe grow-bole. And if a guywe used on the hillside greenhouse.shaded area against the south wall - the logical place - youscore to a win of + 350.stumbled upon the "cold-sink" concept which was to make mytamped around the post must go in small increments, of per-+40like ten degrees. What that wind does to you it does to

on? I watched with alarmed fascination as the rate of descenteach heat-adding a plus one unit, we see we have a -5/+ I unitr did and it worked. I put the potatoes in sacks or in

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is 318 heat units to the better compared to a similar above-this has you confused, skip over it. We're merely trying to bethe above-ground system.So that's what I built. 1 didn' t realize at the time that I'dthe plants. That may have been the year that I saw one of mythings about the concept that looked like they could be im-

five -I units. That is probably quite low. Seems to me a 20-growing space forhad pulled up months before and hung upside down by itsto see if the plumb is off. If a person is using milled lumber,No, they weren't eat-good in theory. But the end result was the gophers discoveredgrowing surface adding heat is joined by the four walls alsoNot only did it eliminate any wind scrubbing against thatface. They could instead just shove it horizontally out theirdeveloped when we built my original $50 underground house,+24, while its west wall was 2'x5' for a + 10. The east wall

COLD-SINK GREENHOUSEA grow-hole is far more efficient at keeping the seedlingssay 6x6s, he might be able to tape two levels to the post andsince, for the glazing to have a reasonable pitcb, it would haveThe grow-hole in practice36 The first cold sink greenhousetle perhaps, but a descriptive one for a sys-Hereout of most of the wind avoids most of the wind scrub-efficiency of tbis earth-sheltered, solar greenhouse and com-nips turnips, onions, garlic, squash, and pumpkins, tbougbmature did not produce and, in fact, did not survive. The for-of the sun and the warmth of the earth. How I pondered andeffect of wind scrubbing on the hoop unit so we can probablynadian border in a North Idaho mountain valley. For lesster-inch of charcoal over all the area that ispoured concrete footings.for a greenhouse catastrophe. Now despite the fact that the ad-Among several other advantages, this eliminates the need for20The pier method bas a built-in flaw whicb

ing significant growth rays because of the pitch, then why notadding heat or +40 energy units. The back, or north, wallother additional -40 units to the -202 for a total of -242 thenWe have progressed througb a number of methods forand plastic system, a common method today of protecting"pany executives and other rascals may protest that a lengthy 20-campfire till they have an eighth to a quar-astounded me by making coleslaw from garden cabbage shemake my land payments to weed and water properly; that theglazing on it. This

theless.cover long rows of plants, for the sake of illustration let's cre-mile-per-hour wind for any length of time on a 25-degree night

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ing the plants as tbey1980's. (In fact [ was put to work in that greenhouse when thefrom the excavation which we piled behind the north wall.increased till the entire plant disappeared into the earth! I wasWINS BY 318 HEAT UNITSdecomposition of the fresh horse manure.

then, this first earth-sheltered greenhouse had a score ofground for tbe earthond year I actually got a new bole dug and the earth piled toand what we are using on our structurespenta and diesel oil solution. When we came to our sensesopening the hole to work on them? If you were to avoid that,heat which has been absorbed near the surface during the day.layer of polyethylene.the principle upon which this book is based.one square foot example above the ratio was 2/3 or 40/60. Ifhole traps, utilizes and stores the heat generated by the

garbage bag system" - not an intriguing ti-crobes included, want to eat creosote-laced charcoal.of what under-earth behind the wall pushes in hard enough tothe ground. I stood there, mouth agape. I began to questionThe concept is simple: you construct a post and beamto grow after transplanting. Or if you were late in transplant-with boards and earth, but cold air was seeping through none-bad built the economyPost and beam itself is simple. You set posts that haveers and farmers straddle the plants with hoops stuck in theneighbors, to cover tbe tomato plants at nigbt in dread of thereplaced after ten or twelve years. In the $500 Undergroundpare it to that of a typical above-ground greenhouse of simi-now, is what could be called the "ChariThe Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 19

jthe north and slanted on the east and west sides and that, sincestrong in natural vitamin C tbat autbor Ewell Gibbons washold it with one hand while scraping in the earth with a shovelhippy days. Cold this be an acid flashback? Had I suddenly

bob string visually aligned with the edge of the post. We dowith a twelve-month fresh harvest. Simultaneously I wasWhat I finally decided was to dig a trencb along theEPDM, the artificial rubber swimming pool and containment