Jin-An HuangVMRD Beijing

Ø Neonatal Scours Ø BRD Ø SepticemiaØ ParasitesØ ClostridiaØ AnaplasmaØ BabesiaØ FMDV – Different serotypes/subtypes, biosecurity, needs of marker vaccines with

“sterilizing” immunityØ Johne’s Disease – chronical wasting disease, difficult to establish a disease model for

efficacy assessment

• Farm practice/management• Environment (disease epidemiology)/ weather• Stresses – living conditions/herd size/animal density/movements, …• Sensitive to diseases (genetic)• Weaning age• Malnutrition – poor feed sources• Lack of timely/affordable diagnosis for early/quick decisions • Inadequate prevention program

• No vaccine/Poor vaccines/Incorrect vaccination programs • Poor colostrum

• …

Main Causes: Rotavirus (G6/G10; P5/P11) Coronavirus, Norovirus, E. coli, Salmonella, Coccidia, Cryptosporidia

Clinical signs:

-Yellow, discolored, malodorous diarrhea-Severe dehydration-Depression / Lethargy-Inappetance-Weight Loss-Death

Diagnosis

-Observation -Fecal sample -Necropsy

Treatment (supportive)

-Fluids-Electrolytes-Antibiotics

• Multifactorial consideration

• Timely diagnosis and early intervention

• Improved farm management

• Adequate living conditions – controlled density, clean/dry environment, with good ventilation

• Appropriate application of disinfectants

• Good nutrition

• Quality colostrum

• Minimal handling/transportation

• Vaccination of dams during gestation to improve the colostrum quality

6

* At times, a bacterial infection may occur without prior viral infection ** Symptoms could include pneumonia, lung damage, or other infection

Source: Meat and Livestock Australia; team analysis

Stress factors• Pen competition• Pen additions and movements• Handling• Weather extremes• Dust• Feed and water changes

• Weaning• Sale yards• Transport• Injury• Dehydration• CominglingInfectious agents

BacteriaViruses• Pasteurellas

– Mannheimia haemolytica– Pasteurella multocida– Pasteurella trehalose

• Histophilus somni• Mycoplasma bovis

• IBR • BVD• BRSV• PI3• +/- Coronavirus

Stress Lowered Immunity

Viral infection

Damage to respiratory tract

Bacterial proliferation*

BRD complex**

Deng M, Ji S, Fei W, Raza S, He C, et al. (2015) Prevalence Study and Genetic Typing of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in Four Bovine Species in China. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0121718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121718http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121718

Classification• RNA virus in the pestivirus family• CPE/Non-CPE biotypes• Three serotypes (BVDV1, 2 &3) and

many subtypes

Disease• Respiratory disease• Reproductive loss• Immunosuppression• Diarrhoea

Sources of infection• PI (1-2%)• Direct contact with acutely infected

animals• AI/Embryo transfer• Indirect sources

VNT - Pre- and Post-Vaccination and Pre- and Post-Challenge

Treatment Group Pre-vaccination 2 weeks post-second vaccination(VNT Range)

Day 230 (pre- PI challenge)

(VNT Range)

Day 287 (post- PI challenge)

(VNT Range)

Negative Controls (15)

<2 <2 to 4 <2 64 to 768

Ultravac® BVD (8) <2 512 to ≥2048* 8 to 256 1024 to ≥2048*

Bovilis® BVD (15) < 2 to 4 24 to 1024 <2 to 24 ≥2048*

• *VNT were not end pointed, BVDV1a was used in the assay• Ultravac® BVD (Zoetis) - Containing 2 Australian strains of BVDV Type 1c antigens• Bovilis® BVD (MSD Animal Health) - Containing BVDV Type 1a antigens• Challenge was performed using PI animal carrying BVDV1a

VNT

Treatment Groups/Heifer IDs

VNT not end pointed = ≥ 2048

Responses to natural challenge

Memory responses to vaccination

IBR1.1

IBR1.2a

IBR1.2b

J. Rola and J. F. Żmudzinski , Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 54, 457-460, 2010

Classification• DNA virus in Herpesviridae family• One serotype further classified into 3 subtypes

Diseases• Respiratory disease• Reproductive loss• Immunosuppression

Sources of infection• Latently infected animals• Direct contact with acutely infected animals• Indirect sources

T01 – ControlsT02 – 104.0 TCID50 IBR T03 - 104.5 TCID50 IBRT04 - 105.0 TCID50 IBR

VaccinationSingle dose by SQ

ChallengeIntranasal (3 wks post vaccination)

T01 – ControlsT02 – 104.0 TCID50 IBR T03 - 104.5 TCID50 IBRT04 - 105.0 TCID50 IBR

VaccinationSingle dose by SQ

ChallengeIntranasal (3 wks post vaccination)

Serum Antibody Total Sample Number % +ve

IBR 2837 32.1

BVDV 3538 57.5

PI3 2489 77.6

Data source: Zoetis/Sinovet collaboration

Clinical signs: (CAN HAVE ACUTE ONSET) - Fever- Depression / Lethargy- Dyspnea- Nasal discharge- Ocular discharge- Inappetance- Coughing- Weight LossDeath

Diagnosis - Observation - Nasal swabs- Necropsy

Treatment - Fluids- Antibiotics- Anti-inflammatories

• Multifactorial consideration

• Improved farm management

• Reduce stresses

• Adequate living conditions – controlled density, clean/dry/WARM environment, with good ventilation

• Minimal handling/transportation

• Good nutrition

• Elimination of infection sources

• Quick/affordable diagnostic tests

• Removal of latently infected or PI animals

• Appropriate application of disinfectants

• Controlled movements

• Biosecurity

• Vaccination Program - Vaccination of dams to improve the colostrum quality

• Verification (Surveillance)

Herd history– Disease epidemiology outbreaks– Farm performance

Diseases prevalence:– Seasonal– Viral or bacterial – Genotypes and subtypes

Types of vaccines to use– Inactivated (killed)– MLV (modified-live virus)– Combination vaccines– Marker vaccines– OOI and DOI– Safety and cross-protection

Timing of vaccination– Gestation– Maternal antibodies

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 00

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