JIAP&ii u. !Af!Z!\i 9l AOJlW&J! ,S§l'm::l§&

''

AgJ'ariaD dleputes: were prlaaJ'111 tbe result ot

c:ton.tlt.ct ove~ the approprlatioa or distr.t.botlou ot &tlrplu ..

A.ltbougb tbere are _so• 41ai'Utea tbat cannot be str1ot1J

cateson..- 4ue to their oom,plalt)', we bave attemptG4 a

aub.eatogoneat1on ot rcranaa 41aputea baaed on tba ~or

a.naa ot tenaS.on1 V1-. 1

At Di.a.-ut•a OVOl' lancl

B. D1a~tea nua..nilt~~f

1) Jori.a4lcU01a over revema• aasipaent an4

aruta;

11) Jui'S.a<U.ot1on over bertd1ta.fl Ullage 1eve1

ott14•h

c. DlaiUte; O'fVJ

S.) rate ot lana :revenue 4aaaa4f

ill 1u.ct.ciece ot ottuar taxes aD4 ceaaea.

D~t D1al}utea betwec YJ.llac•s Oll d-.rcat10n ot

bouftdarle• aD4 &nzi'DI t1sbt•• an the baaa ot tbe aboVe categoJ"leaUon o£ tbe

ma.aol' anu ot td.ct1o1l ln nra.l soc1e't7t in tb1a cbnpter1

we propose to uadel'tak• a 4eaor1.Ptl ¥e-c~U~-ealyt1oal atu4J'

ol asl'al'l&D 41a.PU'••• we bave &COo~DilJ d1V14e4 tile

Obapte" into two aectlODsa

Section 1 oomg:J.aea a aaalJtlcal J.nveat1gat1on ol

the vt!U'loua tJ»ea ot agran.an dla,putea.

seott.onll• 111 tilts ecct1o~, we ~ball attempt to 1llter

the treli4a tb!lt emerge over tbe geft.od baaed. oa a qatalltltati'le

oa.tegod.u.tt.on ot ~ aa.r.t.aa cllagutea 1u • tt.• sel'lea

etudl•

1s1sm •• ( A) J&&RYD§ PQY.il} Ld»&

Dle,putee ove~" laud were ot two d18t1not trpea,

a) dlspatea over tbe ownenlll» ot 1c4 Udf b) torclble

occgpat1.on ot land..

J>1aPGte4 owerlblp, at CO\mterpodfl to toJ'01ble

occupation, lnvolvee 1nd1vS.dual conteadero wbo ente.- i.Dto

11tlaat1oa 111 oi'Clor to deto:nd.ne tbe leaa.UtJ ot the17

reapect1ve olalu to pro,pnekly rLgbts ove~ a particular

portion ot 1~ toroi.ble oocu,at1oa1 oa tbe otbor ba4.,

lm"l1es tbe 4la,possualn ot tile rJ.gbttul .IJJ'OPrletora ML\

the establ.latuncnt ot r.S.i:bto wbicb were b1tberto non­

wetent. co:as14ei"1Jll the favourable ludJ t1a atlo 111

aecU..val t1l4la, it 11 not •urpnaac tbat tbe »a•bd' of

ti.iO_putoa over O".n1tlCI'whip o•· l!ind are 1U4tocl.1 LJ.tt.ga.tlor.

of tb1s n::.ttw:o uero restricted to ~easMt propJtietors,

no.mel.1 the flb£tJl1il,g,g ana tbe RIJ.~H• Diaputes botween tbe

a&U&I Wei'O 'by a.ed lnree, intra-class and in tbe majority of

coaea were rotcrroo bo.ck to tba villose ott1c1als or the

.r.umetug;a.S tor a.rb1tro.tlon. Q

lfbe maJorlty ot tbe Qis;;utes over lan4 fall within

''\f) oatego17' of torcl.olu ocuu~ioa.2 C:.:b~e t.U.sguteo

Ohould. bo rcv1ellfed ~ ottemvts by the so.ver1or soctloxuJ ot

rurel aoc1ot7 to extend tbeu ,to.,rlet3.r:f rtgbte over land

· tbro~ tho &sgoasoss1on ol tbe c»eaeant l#OJWJ..ctors cm(i/or

the imp:,:Jsition of B!llai£1. ~rquia1tea. B:roadl.J ~u.a9Qteo

oZ tnie nature can be C"ltogoriaeu into two t711t81

II J FUP1M, U Ct P l I J rq 1r lf Jt.fl. I

a) ~el'e \be AMirttf a.oouse4 tbe 111_,.11.& oultl'fator•

of lote1blr ooooP.rtac tbe pe&taDta 1an4t. tbe

a.bHRJ!I\1 oultl~ator• ill tbele oun vere ot the­

v111ace ad the sue Balpat •ub-clu aa .tb• ~M&Dlat.,

ln tbe ~orlty ot oun tbe lmul ocoup.t.ed. waa tbat

ot tbe ll~U.ila: a o

., ) when tllfl traqresacn:, in addition to occow1fta lu4

ln the '11Ue&e1 alao aoqbt to llle&allf eatablS.Ib

'lldd' l'i&btl ad tbenbJ aoqUln tbe pri91le;ed

at.atua ol ._... ln IUOb 4ooUiets, the pldllU.ft

&114 tbe aoouae4 ven al.ma~ i.Dvad..:bl.J ot 4Ut ... eat

R.SPGt aot-.c1au. 4

ia 4lQQtes S.nvolvlq torolble ocoo9a~icm ot land. bJ

tbe i&II!SiiUtlt cultl-laiorlt tbe 110at Yltel eltl\ent wu tbat

tbe ot:u&Unge to the ~lll£AM•.a acttlol'lt7 caae troaa R~tber•

ot tbe aaae tab-clan naltias w1thla tbe ~llll 'flltec•• lll

all aucb. docuaentt, it la •PUclt1J atate4 tbat tbe

ocoo,pe.Uon of lan4 bad. ben effected through tore• u4 b

a, 1 of tbe f 4ocutmta 011 tomble occupation of Plllil ld tell witl'lb tblca oatcon.

4. With tbe acept.lon ot osw laatuce where tbe conte.n4en. ""~· CbS.tbS. 4t. Aaad. swU. 1 a v s taw

41

two documents ~"'8 are told that the aatt&l wore ,vby&1cally

o.esaulted. 8 ln village 14olroni, Bi!lilll t-.talpura, Hob.vnt

Singh Sultonot bad to.roibly oceuvt.ctl the lands ot tbe aQt!},

e.nd :r.!dltt.t1. under tbe J.g&&nlg£& ot one P-een t;!ngll Cultanot. 6

Similarly, 1n twa set)a.rate comgla1nts, Ja1t G1n,gb solankl

cbargod S-uJon Singb vltb seiz1ng the 2n$el,s bouse and ,raiD~

lo.n4. '1 Aacl.n, tho J9t'11fdf!J&, Daula.t Singh Pura.nmalot, complained

that bla Jsl&r, V1llaco had been mined by one Aata:r Singb

Puranmalot~ t::h1le 1n v1lloge Sada1 R.i.miJlA 1'onk, wben tbe

ll a.ruka.s ot the village lore1bly occu,Pled the .i!l t1.; land cmd

wells and began cult1vnt1on, the a1J.t1s deserted the village. 9

Inotenoee of forcible occuv~tion of lond by tho loeol R~puts

o.ro alao totmd 1n !l,i.ya villages. 10

,, " 0 4------ \ - r=-= ~ • 5 •... "'S"i'Ylt~;\\e ~'~II ~C'IC!C' di\T ~~~ ~ ~\\C:::, ~. l..q 41 C"' C'i{\ i_ '..i. "~' ~ ¢\~ ..$~ .r~ "rr~ L"-l ,, 2\. ..•••

eJl~t.ta at. J,emt vaQ1 2 vs 1BW174'1 awa.nt c'as!f a:n4 ~ •, • • »\ ~\ l..\(~ 2t{\ ~ 'Y\\~ "1.\\ •. • 11

~91 at. En'!.f3.D. v .J.d1 b v u 1'1'12/1?.15 ..aar&ant fljo.lpora.

G. Q~ dt. t.oad Cud1 3 VS 1804/1'74'1 .Rf!!ZS!!Q Hclpura.

'• <.tili~ ut. Magb VG.di 1 'tJ'S 1'195/173il; ~h,t~~ dt. H~h Vad1 tfv.T1?95/1'738; t;n1t!!.1 at. asoJ vau1 1 Vd 1796/17SO a11 porto.ining to v1Ilac;e DbUV-:'\1 61H'..S&i Tonk.

u. 9'•\&tbi tit. Josnt Vnti1 2 vu 1 604/174'1 a~ar~~Jl FC{Ji.

9• · .. 9l&til1: dt. Hagb Rud1 8 VO 1?98/1'741 ~a.n.J) tonk.

1 o. ,4\l!:Jit~ ut. i?al.gun Vadl 3 v~ 1771/1'714 ifjimli Malpura and ,·\1itJ)l; ot. Falaun sudi 11 vs 1819/ • 2ift~ri Cavai Jtd..p"'5r: in ~tb cases tbe ;urob1ts com;latiiliil the E• .. 1 f)UtO•' ' n __a._ ' ~ ,.., .. ~ ,, ~ . . .. )""l\ 0'\ .)"COl ~ d1 V\\.-{•••.$''1\~\~ \ ~ ~· •••

l>laputea ot tbe aecoml ca,eJOI'J 1 lloveve~, 41fte:r

aiall1f1caatlr tram tbe one dlacutJaed above. In tbeae casea

tn• ~or ob~eot1~ea of tbe aas.ressor wa• not merelf to

torolblJ Mire 1an4 in the VS.llaae, but to establlab b1•

•astSd • or ,li.2fs J'igbta. fhus tbe B&Nka ot Batheli. wae

aocuse4 tvJ.oe • cme 1n 1'148 bJ tbe ~MlllW ot aub-c1aa

Baabirpote. anc1 Kacbbwabu ot DaQ•aJ and ln 1700 b)' tbe

.\Ml&Uf Fattb Slasb S01ankl • ot torot.blJ e&tabllstd.q blf

• Mli' and oul t1YaUDi land 1a tbe ~ &l 'f111age• t 1 ID

v111&~• ~a4b1raJpura1 Jm& Sawat. Ja1J,ltlr, tbe et\tll torwaJI(led a oompl.alnt against S.bal S1.rcb an4 Ro4bhttl Sl.qb

Ba.jawata, ot 'd.lla&e Gabgatu•• ot tomblf oonatl'Gottq the1:r

JiQtt& 1n tbe vlllaae, occpP:;1q ~PIJ.l' land an4 4..-mU.ns

excess1ve 1!11~•12 WhUe iD Yilla&e llaV4Jat a1Jat l'ecit

wben B~S.daa Raruta, ot 'ftltaae SURQ81a, 1184e a attempt

to eetablllb bli ~ol~ and oult1vate1GD4 1n tb& V111ase,

tbe il¥Jt11D.Stwote4 the .J!I!O to •rutare tba.t be could not

estab11f!lh a. USE& tn tbe tillage. Bowever1 "b.e a~sresaol'

vas gl'$.1\t«i Jeaal&~1oa to ctalUvate the RI\M la4• whlcb

~ t m 10 trr• ••ti 1 u 11

43

bad been mortsaaed to the .tK&EQQ.t on payment ot the 13 mortgage dues. S1.mUarl.y, a dis,vute between illk1r Oingb

.Gola.uki cttd !ad Singh llla.malwat over .-n~l:£6 rights ot

village Eeevlo, .Q&mfmi Tonk, was resolved by the 1!&1. w1tb

assistance trom tho ,cbg,y®uri;, QM9J!IO and .aa.~eJ. ot the

v11loge.1•

In addition to the above mentioned instances ot

a.ttcmpted or forcible eatab11slllle1:lt of ~o"t rights ey the

dominant RaJpUta from the a.dJo1n1ng villages, there al'e a.

f cw cases wore the Jag1rdnr of tne Village too attempte4 to

osto.bllsb tqoa& r:Lgbts over tbe .1¥1=~ In sttcb 1natancee

tbe vla1nt1tta wero the attl! o£ tlle vUloco. !bus,11atebram

o.nd Ramld.sbon Ahir, 2:&961 ot vlll_ago Cbandpura. ,comgloined

t~at tb.e Jga&rdQ£• Ra.1 S1ngb Naruka, had forcibly taken over 16 tbolr &~SA.!& and tbe rigbt to collect the am cues.

,, \ ,., r) ' ~ ll 13. "'""'' -""-'=l5\ 'tt\ (ct?c:t.\!i\'Y)) Gn ~H::t>\\i c.......( ~ Cflc-\"Yl\~' '21.1~

<'\\.\~\ ~ ~ ~- ~c''l ~\.\~\ -4\ ~ ,J~,'4 ~ "'-l~c'1 ~ ~ C'l\~~' \

""~'~ 4.~ ... ,, . .£eir~.& dt. AaM SUd1 1S VS 1804/174"1 e?MSI i?ag1.

14. qtJ1th& dt. Magbsbr1 SucU. 1 t VS 1790/1'738 .ea.mana D'og1.

16. Cb~tb1 dt., Vaisbakh SUdS. 14 VO 1'796/1741 eam,ant RbOfil"":f". .

4' S1m11ntJ..y, tbe GuJar £QtOl cb.-lrgcd the .1wt&E4Btt Bakht

Singb 01kanJeJ. 1 ot village ajabgum, .29!1Nli sawa1 Ja1pur,

v1th illogal establishment of J\2tt& r1gbts in the Village

and oubso~uently tbe eV1ot1on of tbe ,s1a\yj. .·.1om tbe v111age.16

t::b1lo tho Jaa1r4or o£ Villog es Pi. ... >lu and fun.St'lam, 1n R.€\!!'119.

~onlr, wbo was a Bn.ta.wat, tr1eu t..o .l'orc1bly oust tbt:. tha.kurs

ot tb o Village and attemgtod to establleb biB 0\d'l !ill on

tbotr G'lG.£9 ond DS la.Dds.17 Ues4,11te tllo 1nstruct1ons by

tb.e oto.to to tho oontrar.~; tile ,tgi,Jllit e,p~arent]Jr succeeded

in occuwlnS the B-3l.bba.drota 4PlliiJC!J.) land l)ecause in a

subsequent document, in accordance witb an of.f1o1ol mm!ll. tbe

Qi1:1 uss 1nstruoted to c.onf1sca.to tho Jag&;rarg•,g !%\Bt

bouoet land, uellt etc. and retum it to tbo Baibbndtots. 1S

In a441t1on• thoro are a number ot dOoumonts where

tllo peasants - &b9Dbili9 ond tba ,2;\\SU • cam;;lainect aoainst

tbo Jogiraar. ln one case the ,eat;,JI.rt&zG!l o·f tbirtoeD

Villages in Rflllillt Tonk S.n1t1o.ted e comploS.nt aga1nst tb.e

nevlr appointed Jmslrdi£, Babadur stngb lloruk.a. !bey alleged

16. Chi,ll& <it. Bbadon Vo.di 1 vs 1&00/t'743 .aa.mrmt &o.wal Joipur.

17. ttbl$9& dt. Jesbt ou.d1 12 vo 1'704/1'12? ,25l!n9Dt ionh.

18 • .2!l,1~ dt. AsoJ Sud1 15 VS 1791/1'134 Ri:aDUilJA,fonlt.

45

ttlat tbe .ter,irdat was demanding excessive btdlt bad .to-rc1bly

occupied thoir bonae ancl land end bad eontJcrted it into b1s

,ye.s~ lcndo; Ol'ld lastly, he \:JO.S demanding the· payment ot

Jmoe& to bim in o<lditton to tho.t o.ppropr1Gted by tbc ..D!fbt}Z

in lieu of Jtoe.19 cucb documents concerning tbe forcible

occu4-.ct1on ot cttar\lbf:li or l'Ql£1 lo.nd by tbe J¥1£4a£ Qre

numatous,.20 In ·:each ..:c.se• iicwover, tne oceu»at1on ot 'Lend was

.t>reecdod. by ~osa1ve harassment ol: the cult1V.l.tors on tbe

sco.~o of iJc,ymant ot land revenue uues. Tbe peasants 1n!lb1l1ty

to pay tho excesSive revenue demand or the1r desertion in

rast?otu:so to tho 3Ct11rcl~op~resa1on, :esulte<i1n tbe

oonf1scot1on of tbo1r land and ~ropcrty by tbe latter,

on closer ex~ation ot the d1sttnet forms of

occui)o.ts.on ot land wo detect qutllit!lt1Ye dit.fereneos 1n tllo

nature or tbo3o cU.oputes. In disPUtes Where the Ra3puts were

of tbo same v111one and tbe same sub-clr:ut as the JM'~~

1t 1s .,lOsS1b1e tho.t tbc latent tension between tbem stemmed

!rom tho a1spa.rlty 1n 1ncor.oo and a.utborJ.ty botwoen tlle

3 o.g1r:lt:ir a~d b1s k1nemen 1n tho villose. Poas1 bly , tbe state

pol1oy to COI.Db1no tbo ~!C1rf:iarJ. and &¥4D41rA rights 1n tho

19. ptl&teJ> dt. Falgun Bud1 1 va 1820/1?63 Bi!llmll i'onlt.

20. .For deta1ls refer aootlon on DJ.s~utos- ovo;r land nevenue otc.- PP• Gq -1'!»

porson ot most powerfUl aami!!tla!i ot tbo 4omlnnnt RaJput 21 clon in tbo Vlllage, result• 1n tbe olevat1on ot one

segment ot tb o olaft to tb.e statu• of JtlU.F.aa~t-cum.&a;inClrt£8 •

wb1le rouucing tho poe1t1ou ot: other o;ombore ot the clan

to tbat of Gbil£Ub9&i cultivators. ln til1s context, lt 1s

vertlnont to note tbut bca1des tne P.aJ.l]uts, there 1o no

ov1uenee to sQJgos't that land was l7orc1blJ oecuiJied by otbcr

attarJ!!Q:li ca.stos like tbe Brat.U.Dt.-.ua· and Banias. Theso d1sputes

o..~ou14 tbo:rGtore be V1$We4 as tbe manitestat1ons of tntra-olan

r1v:llrtes between aambers of tbo dominant RaJpU,t clan for

domtn~t1on over tbe V1llage.22

On tho otber band, forcible occupation of land

o.ccoop:m1ed by the eata.bl1sbmant of a Jf~rJ. 1mp11ed the

establ.t.mmcnt of !flo!\' or am&,ndiFJ. rtghts. !be tranagreooor

in sucb casoa, Gltbou.gll 1nva.d.abl.)' a Rajput, could be of

the same v111aao or the adjoining Village, a.~ or a

21.

~ISidU. ~bese Uepatea npreaente4 tbe att•P'• 'br tbe

. auper.t.or sect1ona of tbe VS.Uage coiBIUn1ty to utablim

aal'KJJ:'ior, peraaaaent sigbta on 1-a. fbla waa acb1eYe4 b1

forcible usor.,o.tlon ot a ol481' ••m ft&bt, or ~

the ez.tenalo.rl ot tbelr JUiaUetional boun4tU'lea to ar­

cont:.&gooue to their bold1ng• ~hea«J 41t.Patea vue, bJ 8ld

lo.J~~e, between members ot 4Uterent ~pot-ctau. -Laetl1, disputes betwen tbe JM&dar aa4 tbe peaaant••

reaottS.ag tre~uent17 1n MIS eoale 4ese:rt1oa 1.1' tbe latter,

were tile nsult of· aoute lnter-claaa tw.ud.ou. 1D all catUt

the oocugatlon ot tbe peasant laad vae preceded tw nfeteace

to acessa..-e bara•JDe!lt ad t.Dteulticatlon ol •oloS.to.tlon

b1 tbe .11ildiE • eltber 111 tbt tos ot lncreaaed reveru»

4uea. or 1nc14eate1 tuatlon, Ol* aceS51Ye lilt£•( !ll.U 11

t ettltied to ~ the re,_ate4 coaplaS.nta bt the .Peasant a of 1 sm<J.ae stdotaest' ot tbe .111idtrt11 ed tbe ttatn

lDJaDOtton to the am11 to let the .tlddU 4-.d more tl'um

the pl'eacabed 4uet.14 --,be occupatlort. ot tile ,peaaa••'

proport7 u4 1an4 tr tbe .tMI.dK cout4 lmlloate tllat he

ldant• to either•

a) COJ.'l'Ve:rt tbe lan4 1nto b1s .&t.H!!'Yt!alt bolding and

eu1t1vo.te tt tbroagb tenants etc. or

b) resettle other ai\t&J who would be prepared to

Pt\Y moro 4ues or perform lnboar services gratia,

Ttu1s we observe tho.t toro1'ble ocettpat1on or land bJ

members ot the. su,pcrior sect1o:na 1n rural soc1oty emorgecl

in throe d1st1.~ct forms. In all three torma bowovor it

sb.oUld be noted tbat tbe -JtOt1 vnt1na tactor wo.s the deslre by

tbe dominant aeet1ons ot rural soc1etr • tb.o .3y1rdp.£§ o.nd

the !l!!na!P'I - to extend their proprietary ngbto o.t tbe

expense ot tbe pee.so.nt¥7 specially tbe .e2J.ty.\ The trend

towo.rde occupat1on ot aQltl land by torce or through mortgage

would ba.ve 1ntroo.u.ood e new set ot aociol relations v1th1n

tbo v111Q6a com:un1ty • ntUOOly thoae between tile new . ' proprleto:s, tbeir tc~ts, stlare-crog~rs or l«ndlea&

labourprs•2 & '-Such a. tendency bowover could only be PGaaible

ln tbe race Qt decllnl.ng central control ~ereS.n tbc

smaller Jaglrdarsjzard.ndarS would attempt to extcmd tbe

ettoctivo Ol!'Oa undor their dood.llo,t1on, tbrougb tbc ostnbl1sbment

ot suvon.or l'!gbt~

llisputoa ovor Jur1sd1ctlonal fights were esaent1ally

the result of 1nt~clnss tensions both between and wltbtn

tho van.oue constituents of the ruling class over the

d1str1button o£ surplus expressed in tbe !otm o! tbe quanta

ot lond revenue or various ceases an4 taxes to be appropriated

botween the. VoriOUD Claimants. 'lhose d18J!Ut.08t wbetber between

tbe crantees, a.ssJ.gDoea or boredita.ry revenue ottlcials were

primo.r11J of two \f.vos vt.e.,

al were tbe J"esnect1va Jur1sdiot1onal dents ot

tile conten4ers wore 1 cco.111 sgoc1f1ed bot an

a,p_peol vas made demar.u:11ng stato i~terventioll in

ontzLso tor no demarcation of the roopcct1ve

sho.re3 1n tel'm& of temtor1al Jt.u1.scl1ct1onat and

b) were a clear attempt was made to extend rlebts

c.t the ,ex.perase of the co-partaer ather tbrougb

uau.rpGtlon, J1)£asG1 to surrender tbe dlaro ot the

rightful claimant or oncroactusent into tbe

Jurisd1ct1ontll l1lllits of tbe co-shnrer,

In this sect1on we propose studying conn1ots over

Jur1G41ct1onol nabts under tho sub-headsa

t. D1enutos ovor 3ur1ad1et1onal nsnts o£ rovcaue

noslaneoD ona·grantoes.

60

a. Ulo.,;ntca ovor .tuneuictional rights ot bcrt'Ci1tor.;

1'011Cnuo ofl1c1ola 1.c. tbo .4i\dt R4Sit!lr&t

C~fdd!l&A en4 .~JI!Lmil&

~ 1 ) llmiiB~ .J!td~dlPrtl9111\ ,.Dflb~I,.Ql, D!DDI.IP~G!Q!

~b.e ~ori.tJ of tho dis;~:utel bct~ecn the ~;L;;&rgm at.oo trom tcnoicm ovor tba alstr:Lwt1on o£ tile 1Q!d revenue

ot tb.c Jointly bold ,.tfi11ta in nccoruOJ'loo ~1t11 tbeit." ~o~cctlve

altaros.. ft.to mo,Jont:~ of tbsso uoou:;:;;;unta contdc o similar

torbt whiCh c,naiotod o£ o com;1a1nt lo<l3od bi 01'10 or core

onrtnors, elt..i.>roanna tbolr 1n:tbll1ty to eoo.i;)cr.::ite duo to.

mo.tu:ll d1sc,rd oa a %9sult ot \lilicb: tbo villoeo ~o• unablo to

yrosyorJ!O ln coDt cases tbo t~t was oont tr; tbo UWill to 4ema.rc:lto tile proport1on:1to shares or 1 at$tiJ!' of tlle

Ct>-tUlfl16noes. i'bo mo..1l!'lor oc o1v1sion botJc1JOr led to dls_va;tca

1n o £ct4 c~scs. fbus,on tne :IJ11t1at1va of one AD.tlro.o Vate.XJta,

ttlo .JOOl£ Vlllnso ot Uu!lena.a,1n ,2:J.Ui§.l!~ e&wa1 Jali;ur,t:o.s

61

d1v1ded between b1tn and Bakara.m Nathewo.t S.n accol'denoo wltb

tbe1 r resgoct1 ve sbares.2' Untortua.atelJ', however, tbe

division took k?l&eo uben tho PlaintU£ was a.t attendance 1n

court. Subsequently, Androm forwarded o. second petition

com,pla1n1ng that b1s co-sbarer,'Wbo stayed 1n tho v1llage,ba4

.tra<lulentlJ delltll'C1lted tbe shares ln such a we:s tba.t be bad

beoD ass1gne4 only tbe uncul tl vo.ted land or tbat y1eld1ag a a onl.r one cmp. Similarly ,tb:ee ot tbo .co.:-Jaa&maa 1n1t1ated

o. complolnt against the Q~t!Q, ot the v11lo.ge wo unfairly

del.S.mited the most fertile land and that cultivated b1 the

a9J.1i&'.~ eJtC1us1vcl.J to tbe fourth .co-ihsror.~ Besid.os tbe above dis)>utea reaul tJ.ng 1n tbo 4cmaroat1on

ol territor'lal Jur1s<U.et1on, there are a taw docwnonts

ragord1ng extension ot rights. 'l'nus ,one :Jalel Khan PatbaD

1n1t1ated a eomJt>la1nt nga1nst suraJmal PuranMlwat,vno held

two-tllil\is ot the Jointly held ~MW: of v1llage ns.nonJa.1

Ri!'CSl!A Sawoi Ja1gur1 sta.tJ.11g tbat tb.o la.tte:r bad UlcgallJ

2'1. CJl1ttb..1 dt,. aa..a Vadl 11 vs 1a0111'" .aame aawat Jalpur.

as. cb&\b& dt. Aso3 Ve.dl 4 vs 1&01/1744 am&~ sawas. laS.PaJ'.

29. Sb&tb& at. Dba4on Va<ii 1 o vs 1800/1143 RlmQ!li sawal Jaipur.

• collected tbo Vi.llase <lues lm~~ tbe culUvatora &mde:r blt

.t•u ~od.ICU.ctl<m 81'ld ba4t aoreo••• retoaed. to allow Dalel

.lbaa to coUect tlleae ®ea t~ 'be ct4Uvaton.aO ID c:motbe:r

4ctCGmat, tile ,lfla!Y!lllt1an4 cultivated t:rr tbel'll&il£8 ot

tile ~ll&dar tell wltbla tbe Jor18Cliot1on ot bia co-fllan~

1n tbe v111age. fbe latter retoatd to pend.t hS. to

ounUIU1e cultivation on bia lbsutlllllaad ad toHiblJ

..,_ote4 b1e ,IIJ&QI£1 on aocout of a 41e~te betweea tbe . •.··· . ~iiiEW ove~ the rate o!- ,.,. ... to be cbaraeClt. Another

form ot utna1011 of tlgbt.e wu ttarousb tbe a,ppropnaUoa

ot tbt at1re reread ti'O• a Joln\11 tle14 .tlllE •111ase lr/ one ot the co-sbaa.Q,fr

D1apatea reaa.Ni.DS ~QJ'l.sUcUonal tlghta over

reUcioua 81'aJ'l1Hlt oa the other baaclr vere treqaontli amorc taJd.ll •••~"• boldS.aa CO.P&NellUY J'lgbte over tb• gamt. aa

ao. .cnUl!~ ft. Kecb Vad.l 'va tete/1tee ara• sawat Jat..~.-. at. ~ <lt. Poab Va.U 1' ve 1823/1,Gt autat sawa;s.

'Ta'I'Piii· .

aa. ~ ."t• M&~h v...u. '.a va 1'790/1f31 R'fl!ftaawal 7i1Pifl 8fA1fi 4t. Yallhakb SU4l 11 Vs . '1-H Rtlllll ..••

as. lateJreatlnstr dlaputee o••r aaceatrat propertr 1 vblob va w111 diacuas 111 a later cbo.pter1 were 110at11 VJ.tb1Jl Brahman tamllS.e• Altboagb tbeo• 4ocumenta 4o cot upUc1tl1 state 111b.etbar the 41f.Pttte4 propettJ vas be14 in tbe form of a n1111oua ctaDt, .uob a posA.b1Ut7 cannot be mn out.

Tboue dlsputea were ~ore 1n tbe noture o£ ,t)ropo:tr contl.1cts

betwoen the be1ra ot the reUgioua grantee. lu one case, a

disgute over the 41V1s1on ot tbe grant between tbo th1rd

gODoro.tion t.\oseendants ot one eurobit Konll1ram was resolved

on tbe basis of tbo or.lg1nal fill prepared tt' tbe sa14

Parob.tt.N Gtm11arly, the adopted son of a c;o.sharor 1n an

.s!U:lt a rant entered lnto 11t1go.t1on with bls uncle, wb.en the

latter oo:afiscated bis proJ:1el't1 after tllo death ot bis tatber. S&

Appa;reutl.y 1 a portlon of the .vroceod& £rom the ·

rovenue grant could. also be 1nhcrtte4 by temate 4escondanta

1n tbe tom ot a retainer. Tb1s 1s ap.vazrent trom tbe :..f.ew ·

doCUCX)Dts regnNtng disputes between the daughter of tbe

crantee aacl the a.cloPted son;l6an4 between tbo second WS.te ot.

tho a rnntee and tbe son ot tbe .C1rst wife•" In both cases

a fixed sum ot tb.e Shllt was apportioned to tbe 'Wife/

claugbter c.nd ber '•en' (probabl1 retatners), wb1cb the principal

1nhoritor rotuecci to bonour. 36 ·

:S4. ,9hi.~! dt" Cbaitl'a sudi 6 vs 1837/1780 .2im&t Sa.wa1 Jcd.pur.

ZO. .f.:Q1'tf!\~ dt• Clla1tra Cudi 1 VG 180(f'1'143 .SIXRSDG Snwal Jcd..Pllr•

36 •• ~~ dt. Asa.d Sudl 11 VS 1815/1'756 ii!nmll &awal Jaipur.

3'1. ~S. .. Ql dt. Kartlk Va.dl 10 vs 1798/1'741 Rarrusm cattni Ja1pur.

3e•''···~s -Qr8 ~~. ""'e"~:1 '-c.&-~' J.. ol_q'q' ~ ~ ... ,,

"· .. ~ {-.Cn.q ~~oJ cii1 3~~' ~ ..,.,n't ~r~\ atz.'E cJ}- , .. ~ cc.&a ll'fS ~~ ail ~G II~ ~ Z..~ ~ ... ''

54

Tbere aro a few other 1nstcces wbere one of tbe

pr:Lne1pal inhed.tors appropriated tbo entire proceedS from

tbe Jldil$ grant to the detr1ment ot the other be1ra wb.o

sabse(!oently tilo pet1t1ona claiming thc1r establ1sbed lbare

1n tho duea collected. 39 In one case, tbo co-grantee !)roceeded

to d1sgossefJ& n1s co-nna.ror by seiZing tbo ent1~ revenue

dues for o. per1od of slx )'ears, demo11sblng tbe bouse and.

cutting the tr-ees ot the latter. Subsequently tbe dispute

was oottle4 1n tbo $1f.I!17..! sattlt.,1n favour ot the plalntU.f • 40

Bes1(1os cU.sputes over BMM r.l.gbts, tbere are a tw

docwnents on disputes between various claimants tor .!i!9s• . I

»Jlo& cront appears to bnve been 1n tbe torm ot a.nendowment

for tbo maintenance ot rel:t.g1oua 1nst1tut1ons, 11ke temples

and s1lr1nes.. .uts;puto s over ltl91, were a.oco t41ngly, between

tho au3¢.J! or tom,vlo 9rl~sts, ov-er. tbe1r ·nsvoct1ve sbarea, 41

or between r.\Vol contenders tor the position ot ~or

39. Chi. dt. Va1sbakb Sudi 9 .VS 1816/1'159 tlnd ~3:!f!1J, dt. J'\.tsn ·. Va41 ? vs 1811/1760 beth pel'toi-nina to 21Jli9l11 Sa.wal Ja1par.

40. .C.!!!!~! dt. emmn Vad1 ? vs 1800/1'745 Jli\mill!J l"lol_pum.

41• C%1."'~1 dt •. Asa4 Vad1 5 VG 1626/1'168 pargana i'a&:l; .¥hAth' 'u • l1isb SOOi 8 VC 1808/1?51 2i!Km!i i'onk,.

1lea4 pr.Lost. 42

Conll1cts between rel1g1ous grantees o.nd otbor ..

sections ol tbo village society normally cent red around tbe

oxtent ot the QUlsl holding. In moat cases tbe 994tb.iP! corngla1nc4 of haraasment by the newly avll01nte4 JIDe&£.1 or &a\G£94!! on the plea that tbo Jl1l;k& bad llle;JallJ

encroacne4 on tile1r assJ.gned !ll'eas.. In one oase 'When tbo

&s,~t\!~ &Jab!la:t. compla1ne4 tba.t the Fa,Jlbabad ~

be4 tllegallJ tmcroacbed on tbe land o: the tletmaa in b1s

V1lloae, tbe d1s.pute \lrul rotorro(l to tbe ppsJ); QnteJ 1

ctu;eudl'u~r& and SJP9W!i2 for arb1trat1ou. 43 In the maJonty ot

tbo 41sputca between tbe ,u~}iU and tbe newl:y e.ppo1nte4

revenue assignt~e, tbe claim ot the .gg&JFJ. tbat be bad. a long

o stabllsbed .r.tgbt over the d1sputed tract and tnat 1t tell

w1 tb1n bis jur1sd1ct1on W!lS u,tiDald by the D1•0l1g.n. 44 In only

~

40. ~.t.. dt. Posh Sud1 11 VD 180fV1743 l!!mfPI Sawed Ja1ptlrf ·~ ut. Sawan su<l1 7 VS 18C»/17fa ,QQ,f.€Hfll Gawa1 Jalpur.

fhere are tw documont.s conoa1"1Wl.!J dispates between Brahmans over T&Dldo (o~) dues. Unfortunately we have not beCD able to ascertain tile exact Dature and incidence ot those d.ucs.

43~ £!li.ll!L at. va1sllakb. Vad1. 4 vs 1a19/176a sama IU.ndatm.

44. £h11;Jl& dt. Cba.ltra Vadl 11 VB 1799/1?~ flilftl Sawal atpnr; · tb dt. Maghsbrt Vadi 3 VS 16 · R~rm1.

Fog1J en t. M(lgb sad1 4 vs 1819/t?oa AllNEi ohkt C • l't1k Vad:114 VS 1626/1?69 iNn!!!~ Sawai

J1tu'·

ono 1~otaaco, the .E!JQ • in COMi YUCG wi tb tJie ,ialfi of tbe

Village, got tbo cultivated land of a S:bl!!!ll\1 c\lltl.vo.tor

included. in his .um srcmt. In tn1s case, the R&Wi! 1ssue4

stnot instructions tllo.t tbe cultlva.ted ibatB land be retamed

to tbe a!\MR!H!\i, and en equ1val.&nt area. ot Cultivable waste

be g1 ven to tbe J?AS.k&• 4&

t1lth tbe exception ot the oase o1ted. a.bove,wboro tbe

gsU.fa mad.e an attempt to fraudentl)' occupy tb.e cultivated

land 1n tbe village, tbe maJort.ty ot tbo disputes involve

sfJ&iJ.s and nowlJ a.gpolnteu revenue Gsstgmes • e1tber dtSI:rdara

or ,&JsU'QFlan!• 46 A tresb appointment probably meant tbat tbe

e.xnct &Ra ot the grant would be reaaeertatncd by tbo new

1ncu.mbant to verlty wether it cornusgonded w1tb the terms ot

tile ong1nal grant. Altbougb 1n eacb case the J!$!;J.kl protested

tba\ he bad been cl.ll.t1vat1ng tbe area ot old, 1t is poss1ble

thct over tbe roars the 9Sl~A& QJ.'antoe gradoall,J encroa.eb.ed on

tbe nelgbbounng land and benoo tb1s tl'lCrea.sed area, bowevor

ct. sectlon c.p~-.-301tlbere s1m1latly the Jt.JUJti and the new11 G.P.POinted ~m&J.F4ff'&Jaeif'E cnter-uto cont11et either due to tbe new eumoon a attempt to termlnate the grant, spec1BllJ wben the endoWJaent was mqtte 11' the previous assignee,. or over the 41atnbut1on or tbe revenue proceeds between 'ttl ..

&7

D1soutes over ellttl& rights constitute the major1tr

ot tbo disgutes 1n tb1s section, witb a tew 1nstan,ces ot

cont11cts betwoer~ tbe ac.twA£U1 S!l19<!l!9£&• and SMUIW2• over

tbelr respoctlve Jur1s41ct1onal r1gbts.

As 1n d1 spates between . .1i11£4il:! resul t1ng in the

demucat1on ot s,pecS.tlc. terntor1al Jtu.1.ad1ctions, exp:reoaod

1n tba torm of. aa£UI or shares, tbe S!Gsil. ngllt too was ~

Slm11arly demarcated when the V1llage was unable to f1"0SpeJ'

dQo to mutual U1scon\ between tbe co-patels. fl1 In such ca.see,

tbe ~- iB&t~cted tbe 51 to o1tber resolve the 41spute

b1msolt, or enlist tbe services of the ,ttRR@41E to make out

tbo ree;ect1ve patt~;48 or to verU'y tbo ltlOta ln consalta.tton

w1tb tbe aatels of the nd3c1nins Villages cmd accord1ngl7 '-

4a~U"Cate tile fcfpeotlw. patt1a ot tbe oo-lbueu. • la

1n~ocee 'lllbere OWin& to t..S.on between tb.e eat!At· tbe

lad 1a tbe V111ap rualll84 uncult1vated, tile ataa4ar4

1natroc\1ona 1saae4 1ft tbe Qil• state tbat tbe idS&I ot tbe

Rl\sA14 be mmd out ln. accont'l.'ftce w1tb \bell' napeot1w

ab.aree, eD4 a &Stl.Mt or oJS4ettMtq1 Gtft.Ct.t troa eaeb

blll atating tbat tbe eatJ.re arable vltb1n bl• Jun.U.cUo• ftl

to be cul.Uvatc, falling w1ob tu .iii& wot44 be obUsed to

P«t tbe revetlQe on lt. 00,...

A ae1et ot three docaenta, naamlns a 41apot•

between tbe co-dlaftl'a over tbe ~·11 1'1ibt ot tbe 1'l11aaea

61taJ'aiiPOI' 8b4 Gl~bada, i~S RJI.III!I H41pon, gftnat tbe ao1e

example when the ata.te ezoel'01Ma its pnroaatt. ve to caaoel

tbe bend1ta17 &lltl& r1Sbt. WhtD llli'Oltm .~, b0141121

11t lf'DI aue J.n tbe P.at•U of tbe atovo atmt101184 vt.Uec••• C%14 ltUJ817a end Mapa ouau, ~o1at1J' bolc.\1. at .W.•II ot U..

.Ril!Ut ea\eS'e4 1nto • tlol•Dt coutmataUon 1140b 1•4 to a

9hreioal aeaault ly ibe GGJan' <nl Biroltm .RtS•J., tb• J.a.tt•

t.mme41atelr ee.pea.\ed tor state-uastaaoe. ao~t17t

•• e • r u n t• : 1 · r n

59

tbe Ou30l's looted t~e village and fled, provoking tbe Dlra

to order the conl1SC3t1on ot tbeir 2!l·t.~&. tbelr bouse, land

ctnd well, end resum,pt1on ot these into lt!l!\J.1!j. 51 Tbereatter1

tbe D!t:an iss~ecl 1nat:ntct1ons tbat the ouJa.rs ',ait!llc& r1gbts

bo tronstorrod to B1rolun on .Pt\)'rnont ot on acceptance 1: ee

ot Cl.1001/• and tile i~illsYb,whlOb eoul.u be rlmitted 1n

tnatal.mente. aa nowewr, 1n e later uoceent we a~ told tbat

B1rolan bad retaaed tbe ofte:r and tbat tbe ,aaltl& ot v11lage

GS.Jbo.da,on be1ng reqttls1t1onod by Bi.Ja. GQJar,llad b ... 'W

ormctionod to btm on .vevment o.r 13w 601/• as i!!Blllillb• 63

ln o.d41tiof) eVidence o.t' tbe sale of .iiti~IJ. rights

OJ'id tbe di.spute& mains tnereot, are also reoordoa. ln on

1ntorost1na oaso, o.ne- Chaitra· Meena aDC1 Akba,yrrun !11rwan

pleaded that Since tbe Village ba4 beeD. settled the QQ'e\' bad been d1 v1de4 tbus between the various co-sharerau

!lalllra t~oena excerc1se4 uta11 rights over 11; plougbs,

Drabman 'Nirvan) over et ploughs an<l Cba&sb.ya Meenn over -

5t ploughs. Gubsoqueo.tly, Cb.a.CbJe. Meena told Gqaal Gtla.res

51. 'g1~ 4t. Pom sut12. eva taou/1?61 ama y.at.r;ura. 52. pb1S\~ 4t. llngb Eud1 6 VS 1&09/1'752 aamma 1-tolpu:ra. • &3. £\laaHI& dt. t-togb oudi 1& vs 180"1/t'lce 2i!lat t-~olpura.

GO

of b1s .,RntcJ,A right to ttabira Ueena and tbe B:rabman 1n

1661 A.D. and 1694 A.D.,rea,£lact1velJ• Sine& tben,Jbe s .

L>UX\1bcsers and thoi.r de&ndent:s b.o.d been paying R!!'iblsiih

on tbo1r respective sbo.res bougbt trom Cb.aahye Moena.

However, tbo1r cla.tm to Chachya• s Jaat.el;! share wns ch.ll.lenged

b)t tho latter' a :relatives 1n 1?24 A.iJ • .and again in 1751 A.D.,

on tho plea tba.t tbe u~eu had boon illegally acqalred.

the dispute wa& tben ret' erred to tho !Jlii'.l sa~a .tor

a:rb1trat1on and t1nallJ settled 1n favour of tbe pla1nt1fts. 5'

In anotber 1nstanco, followlng the sale of portion of the

coptll"cenal'J i!!t!l& l"J.gnt, the brothers entered 1nto litigation !·

over tbe distribution ot: thQ proceeds from tbe sale.-fi5

Incidentally doOU1llfinlt& on diaJ~~utes between .iil!lal thX'OW

11cbt on tbe fragmented nature ot tbe et1ttlt. r1nnt. fbus

we t1nd one ~ucb1rem Abir held 1/Srd or 1/-ttU o: tbe a~e'U

of gyJ!j. Tonk ,wil1le 1n v1llagea auraJJ~ura. and Sbcq~uro

sad1,1.n eliSE Feg1 there wore 6 patel$.-2~Mal1s, 2 Jats

a!l<l 1 J;i!JEtlS• 56

1».eoutea rosult111f from an a.tteGpt to e.xtend the

ap.toli1 right are expressed iJl 'v:>.rit.nu~ to:rcs 1n tbe documents.

54. ihl~l ut •. Asad Vadi v s 1aOO/l?fJ2 ,3£&21 Ramgam .Rtmrmt saw J a.i,pur.

55. Pll!tQ! dt. Aso~ Va.di 2 vs t812/17&ti atm:ma Fag1.

66. ~ dt. Bawart Va41. 7 ~'IS 1'796/1739 lti.J:lUi'JI Fag1J ~ dt. AaoJ Vad110 VS 1'195/1?38 lHHlliM Tonk.

61

EXtens1on ot r.Lshts was contrived oitber tllcugb illegal

extension ot JU11.sdiot1onal1J defined l1.111ts • 1.e. tb.rougb.

oocoJ~at1oll of lcm4 1n tb.e co-sba.J.'ers Riltl&t or :real.S.zo.tion

ot tbo co-sba.rer dues trom bts aatM ·or through the

usu~o.t1on ot tbe rt.rJlta, or terrS.tones, of the legal cloimant.

Thus, the !·lema pa.tels ot v1Uage SsnJoU, in lMRt na.maam, wbo bold 12 M!l!l! ol the patea contended th·at

th.o1r co-sharers, Deep S1ngb ab4 Sabat S1ngb. HBid.rde1 whose

reetoJ.& bad been conft.scated by tbe state fluo to non-p~ment

ot tbe raelhruuib& dues, bett forctblJ occuVS.od lanu 1n tbe1r

S!1£S&:t.....q,ln a s1mUa.J" Qaae, when the co•abarer rotused to allow , ..

b1s p~ner to outts.vate b1s tnare ot the at"~.& uSt,., tbe /'

dis pate was :retene4 to the RASilll ot tbe nelghbourln,g f 1 ve

v111acea tor a.rb1t:ro.t1on.t58 SlmUarl.J 1a instGDces t:.bore

tb o adtl'! of tho arattll were cleerl)' detlned but one of

tho co-ebarer conts.scated tho entire ,Q~te\&, does, the dl.sgut&

was otten arb1tl'O.tod by the. e9ltll of the neSghbourtng

Villages.~

57. C!\!;;tbl <lt. Asad sudi 3 vs 16011/1'1& Rlml!l Sawal Jelpur.

oa. GIU;t;b&. dt. Sawan Vad1 vs 1'789/1'732 amum5fo SavaS. Ja1pur. '

59. ~b& dt •. J esbt. su41 1 o v s 1?95/1738 ffo-Sm-1ai pur Cb1tfl& at. Cbaitra. Vo.dl S V S 1 . . ja~a

. Oad. K~ !fianaJ fd11tbla dt. Valsbakh Va41 3 VS 18ffT ! aamg !onk. . .

62

( Documcnto eo:neemins o.ttem.vt.s at osta.bl.lstuaent ot

..Si$.~& l'iChts b7 ouattna tile leaol claimo.ttt are tew. fbe

,SGttA& t~as amerolly aQqu1red cS.tlter through depos1t1ng a

sobatant1al RQ!blf.Mb and therebf obta1n1ng a saaot1on order,

or tbrough torce. In tv43 A.P, one Mqaram Brahman, 2~1!1

ot village namratanpur vo.s t,:alput' 1n RUZG S3Wai Ja1l».U't

'Who na.4 o.cquito4 b~s .eateU, by :right of scttl1ng a new

v1.1le.go • came 1Dto oont11<St witb tbe s1kaNal RaJ puts. the

41spute vo.s dac1ded in tho Dl!IA altl...a 1n favour of tho

Br~man)aftd tbe .as~ degosltcd by tbo Ba~puta returned.60

In another cn.se, tlohdllwal ::ma Ktsan tel1 claimed that tbor

bad e.equtroa po.telS. rtghts 1n .SliiZ Jawai lrd._var s1nce tbe ...

ttm tbe lslc&l (or o11· pressors) o£ 1u1bor bad settled 1n

Ramobawk. Gubse(!uentlJ, one Nnnlg Se11 bad made e attempt

to foro1'b17 take over tbe pate1i rights. Gt

( In o4ditlont tbore arc a number ot 1Jlstanees where

en o.ttemut vas ma4e to o.oqW.re ii~Mm ngbta b7 ousting

tbe legal Clcl.~t. ~bus, a GoJar RISiili was torclb17

evicted tu ono D=milto t~g::1r-~, in eonftlvonce \ii.tb tho .RU,,

d.oo to tho Cu3ars'1nab111ty to &>"Y tbe ,gefbJiail uuos. 62

ln cnotllcl:' inutaacc, tbe c!lb!Jaa secured tbe Qtl$lm£1 11.-:-;bts

bela by G\ ·cl,1Jar, DJ.noo. tbe eato.bl18bment or the Yillace,

tbJtOQCb an off1o1al s:-mctlon. 63 b.bi.le ln another case • the

.mG!l9J.sm i.ne1tet1 tb~ . :ealt1s ot the v111:100 to nbel ouoS.oat

t11o ii~\\afl• tborotw tloJJ.na to uoquire tile 4lil1W'Al1 dents. G4

In cl.l o::u;.es tho state u,41he14 tnc rJ..!;bt ol: the olaer

eotobl18bc11 claimant. Irut.tGDoos ot eatorud.on ot !'1gbta tbrounb

o&)ropnats.on ol tho co-dlororo iihlll dues ~ also rt.'imroed)06

l\ ntm'bol' ot v, f~ axam.vlea fJS.teCl .:tbove suggest tile

com;)Uc1ty1 or 1n sor:1J o=:_aoe tbe actual conn1vtmeet' of tbe ·•

._.Tal ••r • • J •••• uulilfllt · .r s.niJta ttr •a••

0.

64

a.clm1n1.strot1ve otf1C1als in tb.e illegal ao(lu1sit1on of

debts by tbo vario\ts powerful or moneJed sect1ons of the

V111aco soc1oty. A sole document on a dlavute over Sbi~Q~

dues al.oo retl.octo ugon tnia asgect. iiero, tlle ill&WQQY£6

ot qasba Tonk com.lllld.ne4 tbe.t a cortaS..n Bbola., \4bo tlo.d alw:qe

roocivecl 1/4tb ot tbe ..S!YSV.W£1\ uues of tho .Sliib had now

cot a l&ltlli!B clG.imiq: t/3rd dlare. tllo pla:lt'1t1f£ ~pealed

to tile Ba£l&£ on the baa1s of a .9Jib~:.l£,60S1Gned by tbe ,ei!!Qb

2M'!b!!DH:t St1119!!9• PtusS!lsrJ. abd boarlnll tbe seal of the

.an~&- ln tbe Qi!ifl £~the pla1nt1tt W3S verb:llly cross

(laostlonod ald hi.e ropresonta.tion of the case u~olcl.

on tbe otbar hcncl, ciisputen over se;au~ dues

centre a=und tbe 1llECal appropr1at1on of tbo cnt1ro p'fOCeeds

by one of tbo co-sharers. 68 In one sucb dlapute between two

brothers, who bad equal sb.a~e 1n tbe 9i!!9!J&01 dues, tbe state

1nstntete4 that 1f they were unable to resol vo tbe oonntct

66. ~ wo.s a representat1on,or st3.tement laid botore tbe Juua-;J-or a. document e1gno4 by a numbe~ ot persons protessJ.na to be cognisant ot tna cs.rcumstances of tbc case and aubm1tte4 wttb tbc1r signs to tba cou.rttJ. t:1lsons Clossary Pi• sao-aa1.

6'1. SQ&~ dtt Bladon SUC11 9 vs 1620/1'763 SJMD Tonk.

68. ~ttlftf1dt. Falgun t.udi 12 Vtl 181'1/1760 ,2iUlU!!t Malpura an Ji l$b& dt. Aso3 Vadl 1 VS 1600/1?51 .il$*!8 S~ltU.\rl•

ttte Q.Q!!l!'!C01 rtab.ts ot tbo violator be ocoelled. 09

fbtll.lt u1s,11utcs over Jurlsdioti.onol rJ.ebta bctvOOI'l

tUo re,fl)reacntutlves ot tbe st::1to or tlle norudltorg revenge

off1c1ol.a, conot1tuteu tbe onJor l:oru of uonll1ct bot\feen

tno m(u:lboro oC tbe rt.41Dc class. fbaae Colltl~luto wEre by

a:ld lG!'ge 1nt:ra-sect1onal. 1. e. between c~e ot tbo same

ooo1r4 nroui .... over tile d~co:tlon ot tbolr l"l$ii)e~~tt'tivo

aJ~toras ot Juna<a1ctlon. .nuctt cont11cta tbet-cfote ro;pesent

the 1ntra-Clo.ss teasione .vlthtn tile vartous aect~tano of the

ruling C1Q.Sa ovor tile c.a.atrt.butlon o~· su~,tllU:S• ' .

l Loa<l rovenco :m<l tile 'lori~oo taxes on<i ceooOD lsvi.od

on tbo V'arlooo cu'lt1vat1nc sections ot rural society rormoo

tbo meobtm!.om ot aurpluo QP;>ropno.t1on b:l the ruling elaas.

Uontl1cts • both OD tbo Q1utrib\lt10D Of th10 OQJ.-i)lUQ bct•JGen

vcr1ouo co~mu oE the l"UllnG clasa, as well o.s on tbe

qco.ntuc ot ourvlas a;.~.~Ni)rbtoo l1"0m tile .vleaoantq .. wou14

tborofore be numcroua. ~bose conflictt \tJoulu omor.no

~s-::>.ldl1 eDt

66

v::a.-J tl1s.&.Jutcs over tno mare of aurJltlt to be

a,p:.ropr1ate4 by tbe v:.u1.ous sections ~~ tb.e ruling

class. 'lbcso Usputes would tborofore be tntrn­

OlelGOtt

v-bJ «isgutes resulting tro-o tbe 1m.i)Gdt1on. of an

o.<ld1t1onal tJ.scal burde on tllo cultivators

tbrougb att increase 1n tbo r:lte of revenue \ietnand1

tbrougb tllo exaction of (lues denied by custom

or la.stl,J tbro~~ tbe tranofe:rence o£ does by tbe

suverlo:r aect1on to tbe GOre vulnerable sectlona.)

~boso Us.t~atcs are by cm4 largo iator-olacs.

t:J.tbill tb1& tral'.lleWorit tJO .vrogose t, otaq tb.cso

confl1cts un\ioJ' t,bo uub-sect1ona•

(a) .U1sguteo over lead revonae

<b) DS.nputes over oesues on4 t~.

Rli~¢9\~a QJI£.\YA Efl!SlBAl

( t .. ltno~.tu"''l tile rateo ot revenue demand opv11cable to

CQ.Cb co.tczo:17 ol:' the cutt1v~t1~?a soctS.onu o.t tur3l aoc1etr

t1CrG dc..tom!.Dod in o.cooru:.:.nce witb tile various 'Mdt!a• o,>oi.!Ul$d bi tb o rGVonae a4aJ:n1stratm, t:e fS.:n.d o. consistentl$r

tlJ.cb 1nc1dcnca of contl1cts during tho i)od.ot\ ovor the

payment of rovcmue. Tbo~ti nwsortcall)' tbe number of

coo~loJ.nto o~ ll:J7!3SS0CJ!t by the vuioas :1ppropr1ators o£

fll

tho 1tat~ sbo.re ot tho rovanno \lemand s.. e. tho ·~~~&.ma£1/

AA:it~~y • ose to.r creater i"<u· tbc .abl£!.1~&\lQ.

caltS.vators ti:um for tb.o ~o.J:t1£h tbo fact tb~t lD a number of

1Datoncos tba lo.tte:r N&Ortcd to mass dcsel'tioD 1a an

indicator of tbo &ovortty ol OXJloitct"on tbe:~ nu.tteroo,) j

( ~n tliaputas between tbe &tlFAJ:IiU!\i cultivator tl.!~:i .lM~nlt~i• tboy nlloncd tbot the ..tK1£Ss.u: bad arb1tO!'il.i

1Dcreo.oo4 tbe rQ.te ot revenue 1ro,tX)ceU. on thee ues4,)i.te the

fn.Ct ~ot tlle:f botl boeD cult1vat1DtJ lo:Dd 1n tho v1llilgo for

o lot'~{; Ua, m pojTiftg roven.ue 1rl QOcoroance w1 tb tile

concoco1on.Ql. 699£\!bQ&a $.lY1-YJ: >.~ateslO ) , Simllor compl.alnta

ty tbe J1Q9£!il~ nre d1roctc4 a;::eJ.not tbe !J.~Itl (who in

oa.Cb ooae bed boea rooently QPJ)Ointedl,'' tile N\.1slouo

D rcmtcoo, 12 M~ in one Crule agta,nst the QGlll. Mel P.G~ .to~ ovo:-o.osoanoent.'i3 A tJv1o.ll o.:,se 1s tbo.t of Ch!mno Ja,t,

Ill •• , I ·a 1 I P IU I R ... , -· •• , .. I •

' GB

a~,~·~ of '-ao~!a Qordf~ora~ura, la~:£!1911 ~onk. llere the aateJ. l

cs. teo ttl o .j2c.£ttl t dooumonts iJtat1nt; o.saesaca rovenuo) ot

170'1 A.D. end t715 A.u. 1saued to ills Grand fJ.tber ond father

reu~.>CCt1voJ.y cont1rm1na tbo revenue rate ot 1/3n1 agvlioable

on tno 4ta!toll lena. U D1n3 tus.s ev14cnce ne obollonged tbe

incroaoc<t roto 4emandw b]' ~- a.til£19i.£ 1o court 31'14 thereafter

o~o.lnoa o ,a~~,gng 11'1 aooord,~noo ~;.,ttb tbe eat.ab11$l\~::.d :~e

of otsoeaoont. '1 4) ( ~n e.dUltt.oa, there wOl'e UisJAJte.t botvoon tho ..---

tlbil~ and tho .tas&Jlli.t on tbo rate ot revetule nsoo$-Seent

oa ISZ~a or irrlaoted lon4.75

Imr;::.ted 1• not only involved

tl cli.t.ferent fixed rato of QUee&Clet!.t but -wno 1B .o~:>.m:t'J oaecs

cEo~t £rom v~nous ceascs1 Tuus t.n <'mgag .Vag1, 1n t'WO

d1£.forcnt V1lle;;oa tbo rata ot assessment on JmB!i. lrcn;;.

ttas a~oo1t1cd :ee r.a-1/• per ~Hilt nnd in tbo otbor v111o.za

co r e.1 Jt vor l.!rahA-?G Ir. v111ng e cboru • tbe gf!1 1G1til ·

69

"'cw cxem~ fl-oc ~&tram o.nu lllm9SJ. a.uus wil1cb the .19i1lrdA£

bo.4 1ll~all1 attcw~teu to 1wJOse on tbtJ EdJ9MtJ.• 7'

( ~;; n n ruambor ot J.notanco:.l ows.nt: to tbo oon£11ct

b~t~ tilo rtbiltl!ilMI ant.1 tbe ,~.;u:J;mu; ovo:r tbo rate of

revenao «onana., the lattGr rofu~Gi to al .. low tbc ,abaFJilw

-

to cultivate his land. 70tn oncn c:1ae tno otste tajjbeld tho

rtcbt o;: tbo ~~~itfili\1 t::) t111. illS land ~ 1&saQd ot~iot

i.nctruotlons to tbe ,iQa&~i~' not to ueroa.."'l.t\ rc:venao in exoens

ot tllha.t tho .£l.J.ir.l:£Wl~ bad boon ~ln:;J:nn provlouslzr.' t:.<Jeetiae s

tbo Jri&l.!l!i~ not onl.y did not oll~A tile r;h9l!lll:ia to cultivnte

tho lcnfl but al63 toccibly occu.,;iod 1t'))Tllua t~~ f\aj,}ut

cultivators :JllCGe~ ttt.at tbe ~gc&rslar bau forcibly toketl

voooocs1on o: the1r 1and1 bouso :;;Dei vell. ?9 €1m11arly 0";311

Clncrll tb1l'a~3.t ~as accuset.l of torclbl.y tntts.na control ot

Roo G1.ngb .,orob1t1 s SJljty lt:mu1 uoll t:JlU trees. SO In Village

no.moo.~, tilo JG?lwa.r uc,t.tloo ll1o c>wn .I.?J&S!o.E.Q on land

toro1bl;; oocu.J.1t:u £~m tbe cbarubala cult1v.J.tor.01 In GlU .. MJ l R ,II t l I tll f I P Ill ••••

/

?0

. sudl instanoos tbo etato ;rotectw ~"le ,~n:o;urty r1shts of

ttle ll~~;i,Q.fh relnato.tec.l thetit o.ncl instructed tbat tbe1

bo Obrutod rovonuo on the s~ rates, ns before~

( (~s14oa tho GhilibrAt cl4tlva.tora, tbe ,Ji!·i\Slti too

woro b.artlnooo tw acesti vo revenue demands m.'lde • them by

tbe .J.e&&tSQU Ql1d· &Jgrg4qg. In the maJor1ty ot tbe d!apatea

ro,flnn:tcd 1 tbe JISI.r.di£ and tbe UIJ:Id•r& wero newly ap;Jo1ftted

and retuoo4 to bonour tbe old aauu accoMS.ng to 'Whicb

tho iiJ.~Iti bad bcm ~1ng the land rcvcmue.) In one case tbe

,aa.tQl and raiiaU ot tbJ.rte• v1tta~es in umma font

1n1t1atoo n com.tllaint aaalnat tile now~ ai.P01nted .~oo&r:4.Vt

IJaba<lur tJ1nt;b naruka. ~he; alloc;o4 tbet tbo ,act1&t4Gi wo.s

c.teeandins aoese1vo bUUt bad torc1bly ocou,~J1eU tlli!P &9Qi8

.and 1a.n4 and at.ven t.t to t11e .JIIlSliEI ami wns 4~1ns

~QI lluee vh1Ch were cloJ.ecil lf; tbe .US~U* 82 l n cm.otber

1nstaneo td.tb tbo allocation of tbe lbi'Uta vlll~o to JOO&lt tbo ,1.9Jl11.'$lil' aemo<ied revenuo 1n excess of tbe previous

ro· a·~UJ. Clcilarl.J when a DGWlJ' CG1on1zcd Y1llaeo, granted

rocit.i~• .mtoo ot revenue p"aet tor tho tint tw 1cars, was

cs.. ve 1ft JJ,m, tbe cbaadburt. col'i.i)lalaed tbat tile i~A£:adil

aa. Wlb,1 at. FGlean ~udi 1 vs 1820/t"'GS ,m.taQD.I Tor..::.

03. !Jl&V!It ut. Atl'lfl Va41 2 VO 1821/1?64 idli!li -xonk.

.,, llo.4 collected revenue at a rate iD et:.eess of the .~\\l

ap_vlS.c!lbl& and therobf oeuscl undue ll:.ll'a.ssment ot tbe nat4J

octtl® cult1vatoro • .'l4 ~:ne ot3to uJ.roctecl tb.:lt. tbo rc.Yonue

tate 1n ozi.locs bo rott.n-n.ed to t110 JIQ$§\ Qlul •• Dd-J.iU•) C1mUar'b' 1r:bt!l tbe sbU!!ltaE& ot v111seo P-atonpur ~clertooll

tho &~mta tot'" tbo ro•enue, tllo R.3S!l/.~9!il, complained tbnt

uuo to losses sustdbed tu tbc ~~llmA9li ho b!\tl arblt:lr.lly

tilted an amount wb1ob ~as tar 1n excess ot tbo rcsulo.r revenue . dom:ma.ao

(Two 1ntorest1nc oote of documents concem1ne two

vl.l.lacoa, ono 1n M.n.mitll t:olpora cmt.1 tbo otbcr o..: QillVJIA

.,'031• proviU.o on 1n31sbt 1nto tllo ucuroe of op.t,Jroaslon

C£ the &~lt tQ tho .lJcipli£1 OVOJ' ~le ;1Q1GHmt Of' .:Lncreaaed

reVCnQ¢l 4ucra. nero tbe ,,i&J.ty, unl1kc tl1e J!Ui·$UWWi.l c~lti.'\1Gtoftl 1 woro not :otc1b17 O'dote<A tram theif' land but

<lao to tha 0400GS1VO eltglo1tut10D tc; tbe £•'1-&l'lAat they

ucaoet:e4 too V!.llcao followl:nB t411cb tfle J.aa4dar coatlsccted

tholr .LJl'Opesty. tbo i:"alell.• .&51<112. and .l!Liti!il o£ v1Uago

t~cd.a.t ~.a t~nl.Pttrtl co~,;B.ninod tbat tile)" dooo:rted the

village tiuo to aces31vo cont11ct 'ti1tb tho "'B'.d~S•

lobscq,uontly tilo ,.1r";1&r4s c..~ntlscated t:b.s.r p:roJerty. In

rcs,iiOnse to tbo Pct1t1on the &a.WID S.natruoteU. the IS!\1 to

i.sm:e a fresh .cGl'JiiOOi of revenue ti.ucs p3Jab1e by tbe 11\tllt

rGtum tbo eonfJ.sc:.;.tcd property, and reaettle tbem 1n the

vlllaco. 8G However o year l:1.ter tbo pot1t1on was re9eated

trhlc.."l cV;)!::;d o· S1W1lo.r res,;Gnse from tbe f4lilll 040o~t tb;Jt

bo umG\'1 tbo ,f.l!&J, to roo~l tbe f&Ulr; eo tb:1t the:; co~d.

roau~ cu1t1vo.tion tor tbe libiA' cn:og. ~' );.<l!Jn11'lt;an\llf· a ' ,...

;;o.t.J.r btltl Gl.apn.oa botv~ the fil'"'lna o..: tb(!) tw potttiona

dlc~nn tbot conc111nt1on could not ba etfectu.J O'lle.n

tb;;'Q-t.:31\ tbo 1ntoncnt1on of tho 81• tho oceo%14 ~at or document o retat1QJ to Villoco

naro!mr 2a<li s.n .t,JOtnat Fag1 &J.mlarly il.lustratet tho ocate

lntor-<::131Jo tcns1ons in rural aoc1ot:1• ln tho .fS.rst aocomout

aatc:l 1603 VG/1? 46 h. D. t tho ~il-19\1 of Villoee& cu~,.Jpor

and F...o:nour r.:atU., ,J2ir&illt !ag1• complo.inod tll~t b.m3r Cingb

Puramtlolwat, tho J98&tAal't J.n or:lor to meot the revenue

crreo.rs bad m1ruxt· the 'filloae roslllt1ng S.n 03SO 4escrt1on

Lll tbo ,b)GG~ta loav1nc only c few &H9P!Y or cultiv~tora

oa. Slaai ut. Jest \Tadl. 11 v~ 1GO\V1'143 .etmGDt11al.PUra•

av. khiJiBJ. ut. Va1shai:Jl &aut. o VG 1U01/17'4 amfl!a ~ol..QQra.

V3

1n the villageS. ~·turtbor tbe ,~litdir bad to rei bly taken

over the RQSaU rJ.ebts.88 The .2~~~11 therttore requested tbe

P.-!tta.D to revert tho villages to )bf!l.J:§a 1n onlor to enable

tho aeascmts to cult1•3te tbe1r land, regS'¥ tbe revenue arrears,

o.nd enstaro proaporJ.'tf Y1tb1n tbree years. In the subsequent

uocumenta detcd vs 1otB/1761 anti. vs 1609/1?52 '"'•u• t the Qe\eJ.

ant £llll!JAt~ of VillQGea namour ..:e.di again com;~la1ned. tbat

tho camo Jaq1~il bad toro1bl.J occup1011 their lends, well&

a:na. ilousea. 89Incidentally, & tbe some time, ,\Jila.r S1.ngb

Puramnalwo.t bo.cl also contiscated the bouse, land onf.l ~ell of

on& Kasal S1!1gb l1aruka. due to aisJI)ute batwe tt1om on tbe

rate or rovonue a.PJ~li.cable on the land ot tile lat:tei-.90

~n tbo ot.nor band there arc a number ot documents

oonta1ning complaints b:; tba rcvenae ascignees and grantees

directed oatd.nat tbe cult1votora tor non-P&Jflent ot dues

1n accol'Uancc l11tb the rates apJlioable;or in com9 oases tbe

,. ro£ucol to LlaJ tbo revenue duos, Tho 1onortrmco o1' tllc

aet of ro.f:u:.L:l to ounenOor to tba state's tiaool tt~and

by tbo I)et\c:m.ta cannot bo r1111m1t.eJ. lr4a.n .. .i.u.blb U;:i.U

CiL~ro.~toricai 1t c.s tb.e "cl.cu.u4c torm ot peasant <..tJ.'a:lr...neot-. 91 :

In dio,Puteo 1nv:>lvint; tuc • .t~£/~~tt& \Jilcra thi~1

t11oro cccollod ot POVl\.18 revenue nt ~ ;"Qtc lO,::$ than tbat

ot1pul2tcu 1n tho dt)d:9.£• th~ llihf~ morolJ r.tlt1£1(id ~1o

.D£il to oxtrn.ct n .L.lflSJ.oJs}ia oL~ unuort.n!~1~ :1-.Jm tho ~U t

con£ir:a~ tb.e1r coc::t.J~cnt to JJa:l rovcn® ::.n t:.ecord..::m.co

vltb tbe do.ctur. 92 HolCcvar, tile ~cl'uso.l-. '' 0..1U!'l"ijtj~o~.G1' rovGnue

b;;r tho ~~),:JiU eli..1C1ts 0 J.lunitive :4·Ct1on 0.£ 'IX~t'JI1ntl \lct;rce

£1."::1o ti'lo .sto.toy Thua tbe i.QDZq. t;d11~. ot V11lane !toJccr

Putola coml)l!'linoo tb'lt tho cultl73tors flo not a1ve bio OJ11

ll£A\t9~ onotbo::' c:.'·antco si!!Zll:lrl¥ c.b:u.·;:;otl tho .i;l$!fl and

z.9lt.:ltj; wt.t.."l non-poymcnt; 9l111e in another case tbo Jilh:lrsl,i£

leveled c o1rniler ®:;.:rae a:;;oinet tbe :li\!U ot tho ¥11laae. 96

1: no }{1::w,.n in Qll c2.=oa 1nztructeu tb:.t the revenue tltwt be / -

collected ~ Ln. ot~ l.n3tonco £JC:"nt o.la?l or tast to rcc to 96 ,:; .

f·lOilitc.to its collcctian. (In o tn.t>Gt :rea~£~ble 6r:e1oion

t~1o J?t.i1-l ~r:la tnst.ructcd to cviat tbe ~1tx>cnt ,.!l,i\l;&Q

:1£ ti1oy d1<6 not il':l.Y tllo rovcnue ;;mu to 1nv1to other ,;.J'l\<1'a~

to cctt, .. o on the lcnd. t:ucfl stfi!!Cen.t ;;.ctio-a \;lOS hot,.:e:ve:r

C'flol1f1cd ty c ouboec:sacnt st ;,tement ~1Vin;: the .R21.!11 on

op;~rtt.ntty tl cont1ul10 cultiv:~.tion on con.tiit1oft that tboJ iia:t

tno r01rcn.uc arrears t"..nd were w1111n!l to s1"}D (\. ,1 •.l'.h~J!!fl or

borul, co on nssuronco tor their future conduct.~ · ( ~omplcinto o£ non-peymcnt or <luos by cult1vctors

other tbr .D tho Ji;~t!:§ o.ro 1nV3.11.ably f.l1rcoted CCnlnct tbo

toecl flt\3put culttvcta::os. ~here is no evidence to su.:;scst

tbat t~o .ca·rm.\:'-U t}oa:l-c'!ltu, othor th:;."l tuo RoJ~uts• ctthor

ln41vtaaall.y or oolle~t1va1.;; defy t..~o aut!lor.l.ty of thO st~te

. r • ....--.r r w•• M~u "*• 1 w a

..

ve

Oil retusin.g to v"OU tho reven11e 4iuoa.) ~be doJ. »at detat4tera •

on ~lo ot!lu ilandt oro not Atant-10:nu1 i..U.-vW.twl;J wt b1

tboil' generic C,:ts\e tOft'! (i.e. ~lv as Ztt~Jputs) Ol" iq

tllelr cvocSt1o cton uan:e. @e use ot ooll.octlve tormint>lOGJ

DOc.tlD to SluU.cnto collectlve re111tanoe bJ; the loc,a]. Ra3iJUta

to toe ~m<mt ot revenue duoa.) Silos tllere OJ'e repc-atEKl

oo~lG!.nto tw tbe A&1&EQM, K1Sball ;.;1an8n narwa, ac31nnt t.be

Cul tonotn in VS.lloe e iludelt .QI£&11!1 Uotpura, ror tbcb'

rc&usal to 9tJ19 I'GVenue 1D aceot\•&nee witb tbo re.tec. tbey bad

boon ii3'31DG till· tbo v.reviooa 1ea.r• 98 ln the Jlilli vUloae

ot U.Uai., S'~illi ns.naaun, tue F.aJJ.>Ut l~Q l'ei'uuw to.

J)r.J3 rovmwe cad. toNlbll' oultj,Va\ed lana 1n tho v11l~c. 99

cb11e tile ilaJ,putc lrl cmotber case rc£Q$eU to ~' tbo a.uos

owi~ to n Uiupute 'Wbctbe~ tbe 1a4 un-der tb.elr cutt.1v3Uon

£or-.:.1t<1 !brt ot tbe nwl.r cont.'t1tute4 J&&E 9111acrc or

ltemat.nw td .. tu!u. tbo t»tmcltlrV o:.' tho olu v111Bii~ eero tbe

v111-;:ao b3~t!d.~es were tt.rat aoocrtc.Lr:n:.lil bV the lats&l ot

the neiShl»t\J.1J'c vt.\lacu betoro dOC~lno ~i:u~tboJ> tb,c

.1ac1~ \:Q.S entitled to reco1ve revenue trom tba I1oJputs.100

00~ ~illtf 4t• Vallhakb Ved1 1 S VS 179V/173n ond dt. ~'9lgun ~u vo 1799/1fC totn pel'tall11n~ to v111nao nuuel, ~GUUI'Ui tial.pua.

tJo. ,..,ll1!Jl& at. ~.u; vac11 14 V!.', 161'1/17Go aamsmo as.naa.m. te».\xili~Q& at. ub~tra ~udi. 4 vc t780/17:13 .$swa,uastoon

l.ltltiU.Ill !;;a;;ai .. ataiUr•

'' t:nliho S.n ccoes of ,PCO.oat\t rctusal to surreu4eJl a gropo:tlon

of tllclr crop ao revenue, tbe state in these eaoos too~t a

fairly concUlator:.r goo1t1on • normally re~manclinz tno

I"lnjvuto and 1nstruot1ns; tbe fld,l to ensure .l)a;Ymmt at tbo

o~obllsb£4 rot ca. ~1u1a we ~")mtn., Gln.::b • fuJan ... lncb oto.

rotuuoo to JX:Q revenue o.nu turtb.C;;'N vroveatec.i tho caltS.vution

ot tile1r ltmd t,· o.n7 otnor, tile l.l&.iiiD 1n uonsultntlon \altb

tbo Shidb.S!it QQI!Jl~Wtan4 15\tl ol' the ~~ocet vUlaces

""ue.s. tn·em n f~ean l~tst tU1ng tbe :rilto oi lt.mJl

r'ovenue ~BlG.e ·a:, tn .. 101

( (n-uca 411o;ntes over 1GA4 rovonae batw$111\ tno

oto.teo• af.W2gJl.CGs oa4 onmteos and tbo Jiltaaaftt$, tbe~o are

tb .e O"J tnt ~lo.ss tU.s~otea botvcon ~tte Ji;UD J&~aEQ and

tile Jai&Eilm• · U~l'e tbo two contostonts aro 1D'V3Jlab1.1'

ot Uii"tormt Kachhwah~ sub-cl:msros1a1ng 1n the same V111"1CC•

~ cnalon b&t.woen the uoad.tumt .IJBDdU en4 tbe Ja:&l\UK would

t•Jel'oforo 1;)e S.nevlto.ble.) thus in tbc tbre& uoouocnto we

bc.vo tho .tzl!llil and &llll$iti bad bOOB natna.~.::ot att4

llcl.Ycmt:att1ce uulttmOt and :Olonk1s 103

ond n1rvr.m and

101. tcl~&\11& ut. t!aabmn Vadl 11 v~ 1?9&/t?se iamllli ~onk.

too. ~~. flt. ttosbsnn :,u<11 a VJ 1?9Qit731 A~wmu Ltr.f. Ja.l~r.

103. ~· 4t. Posb ~udl 9 vc t?9'1/t740 .aam.~~~ c;cm:t.

ilami.i'4e res;;c~tivelf• 1 0' J.n ff'lor'i case the ~- coat1ru

tbo .tad. ototuo ot tne Plo1Dt1t't and .tJumtruott tbe Ji»iim•a to C,Ollect rovc;nuo accoiU1ft8 to eatabl.teb.«l tatO$~ .

( ~a c4<11.tilm to tbe tew ll!tl"'l;ool&Sll dit.llllteo 011. tbe

· peymcnt ot lo.nd rovenoe elt«l ~o, tbe .QO.JoJ'.LtJ ot tho

lntra-olooa disputes vos-o on ttlo <U.st.J.ibutlon of the land

:rov~uo bot\1ocn 1to vt.t.rlous ae.ots.ou. fb ~se wol'e vri.mor111

bot~eon the Jrtm~tiD• &~aFJibl£1 atld !iiltiAa.) (c:i: onat.OD botween tbe ~Mints ms4 .US£14s centol'Od

olMtm<l tho Jtomlttanoe of the 1e4 revnuo and var1oua aues ta.ton on contract by tbo lnttor.) ihas Uto tbroe PR-~&Gi\!ia£1

ot vlllouo unmoJ~1 .aa!IID Ga.&l n:a than collect111e17

oom1iloin tbot tbo idtJ. ot the VS.llooo \ili'lo ila.cl tokeD tbo

,a.tn.m tor tbo lo.!ld. revenue w1til the GDSttranco tba.t be ~~old

t'et4.~ tllo Cuti~ amsmt baU. not tu1fillai hls COflCltr.ent. tO&

~onvorselt t tne .Slfli-rSRI:l~Hii!B oll cmotber vUlaeo

in4.1cte4 tho .-t=lalal of torc11117 collectln8 tbe 1~ rcv'-1!®

t:t= tho V1Uo,ne t4tbeut ble oonnet.108 )t:.nottlc~~ lA WQJ -·· f I 111• J - ·-f ..... 104. e~= dt• Jeuflt Vadl & VO tH0/1733 port~ tG a :r BGe. Je.gt:l3l.pura vo.s Cha.v~e.. ~M~~l!lili Gav:.d., Jat.JQr.

106. fj~ tit• b"olca Va41 IJG t·?V'l/1740 fQITJitll Gaei Ea i 0.0.0.

1 oo. Jl\la& ut. Jemt Vad114 vo t'19fi/t7E l£li2t Havel1, ..S.HUEQ ~...-~--a J ai.JAtr•

aoul"Co oC ccmllict botwcon tile i~a£1 mtd tbo ~Midi4D

aml Jtiimll t::la oa tbo 1lCntl1ta.tlon ot octro.t dNe twa tbo

trador~. cxnus tbe .~ J.Ji~~la£~ of tHln RA11UAU

ootl.octlvo\:7 JotltJ.oa aaoinst tbe l'ecat .t.mpodUon ot lmd taa on tno Dli~i (trauoroJ by tbe ~EirdQU and .tllillu.1rn t'bo com.Ao1nt wao ro~ted. nino Jears later l'lft4 the &19..1~

and gaJ. orsoo to take aotlou. 100 In a numbe:r ot lnstacea,

tllo poo1t1on wore revcr:Jerl • here tae ,~Sr1ln\ti£1 com,i.d.nlne4

t~Qt tbo &~ wore DOt remltt1na to them the JDai

£p.~dad. uoea 1!'1 nccol.'(lanoe Yitil the &JMi agre•ont. 109

{ ~bo GPvobtmcnt ot tl now .lf&&rEJ;v occ;:aslonally

led to o. coa.r~atatlon td.tb the .-reuecesaor, s;ecJ...GlJ¥ wbea

tbo latter bod n~t ro;.1overod tilo revenue duo to bim betoJ.Ye

b~ne t1wntorrea.1t 0 ln one c~~&e t..~o cew inc~t. retuc$1

to oll.cw tho Sli:~ii.&ras to oQltt~lc:te bla .illiDa land in tbe

v1li~e and contl$Catcd bis boase. ' 11 pn1s ttmdcm bctwoea.

t J'M a 11 •• 1 • •m tnJ •rr••un 1 a tu:, YIJ . 11

tbo currc~t anti tho cx-~QS~tAH also extendcel to tbe

boneZ1c1alie.s of ~b3 made bi the ez-JMl~'f11£• :t:bus 11\

1742 WO am t~ltl tbrlt tbe w1ilf Gr&nt S.n tho aiSJ.f V111ace

of ttlo rz~onoto/iJlar.t.cro.rots woe cancelled ~ ono Ilnm!ltb . . . 112

noruka \ltheD tbo lo.ttor a.ssnm~ tbc J~&lliid ot tbe Vi.ll:~e.

ln 1760, tDa· i:.ol.S'anote/"".t:bl!JtZUOto retollateu t.t3 tert'in:lt1nc

ti.lo udlt..J. crant s.n a v&lla:Jo .;;ruvi~usl.J belJ by the same

Uo.m1tb !!~ 111 LO.r.tOVor1 tbo r;r::m.toe t~ ~tl#ii ~90 o:.ruo into eontllct over tbo llltitr1but1cn o.: :;>~enuo ~ceoaa

b·otvce!l ttleo.114

( ( I!:i o:kli.tS.on tlleN are a tw docutll!!itll 011 dts...ates

t>c.~woon tbo sa.t~odt.n:' eect1on.a tm<l tho bCJ~dtlU7 v:I.U~e

of £1a1!lls ovar tbe YtJl•ODt ot tbe .P1)rqu.ia1tea acerutcg to

tto l::tttesa~ ~t1uo tbo .,ii;\ll petitioned utlQtnat tho Jii&Dhll

fr>l: ci:i.sJXtt1ns tha qoootw:a of reveruae P&Yo.blo to bim tm.uor. 110

b1S~ cm(1 !.lf'Otrtt. OS b.ia CUGto8nJ"' j)Cft8J rmci the Qit&YJSQ

112. ~~}lf ~t. Heat. .:ud1 t&_ vs 1799/t?G lX)rtnlnlnn to '1111age c· D t .emtilt hal.pt.u:oa ..

113. Ql.\5!!1 dt• Vaisbskb Sucll 6 VO 1817/1760 iw!IU!Di i~~1.

'''* Sfi)J,tb& ut. cbaitn. :wa tt vo 1&17/1760 amBDa 1oc1.

t 15. a&H£t at. hat:P. bUd1 D ·v;.; 1&~/17ti1 ena .~;16$~ ut. t-it.tgb bt:ai: 4 VS tGW/1V01 both ~ol'ta1ft1n& to . .&maRl MCll.lUra.

at

dlrectefl o complaint nJainGt tbe lf!!&D4i£ atleet.us reduced

pa.ym<:!lt ol .stml!lWd dues. 118 !be insistence ol tbe bcred1tal7 .

oftlOl:::tlo to be pal4 tbolr dues aa a proso:t10D ot tbe 'liD'• or Cbo figaro tor est1motc4 revenue • ratber tban as a

tixcd mora of the a.ctuol. revenao ooUoctecl ~ be a posllble

reason for theae dl~oa. ~be revetu.te aaa1snoee wou14

obv1Qut4J reslst aueh DD att._ u t.be •lfm~ tJ.gores won

b1gb1J lnfla.t«\ in com~ton to tbe blltJ. 011 actual .

.-eaUr&~tlOD fiOG:ree.,.11f) rbue t:be:t the Jl!l!.lllll ill Village

t?ab1Javu411 .a.HUiDi i'onh, 4caccled that tb• J.IQatQa£ Po:~ tbe

SJPUta1SA 41&91ln accol'daae vltll the 111 tieures, tne Q&5!11\3 1nstraot04 tbo.t be 1» »ai4 as waa 01.1~. 118

tJ:\ t.Zaaual diaPQte 11 s-l$00rde4 bt?two• tho ~

on.4 tbe .UA!Illi£• nere the 1.t11111E fo~bl.F apgntprlated

tlle .aQllSib wes1 occupied b1o bonae, well and 1en4 Bt'!4

ovlotod h1m fs:om tile Village. La.tel' 'Wbea tbe . RIEI&Hll tor

tbo Sllll.lii bncl to be pal4 to tile state treasetl'"lt thG

lu1i~ ld.4Dav~Jed Ule i?IS!IId' 1 eon.119

110. !il&:s1\& ut. oawan ...:uus. 6 v o 1U04/1'1• JWaill Udi.PGra.

117. UllbQcll CJ.nebt •r..ocol tm4 LQl\4 aovenuo t:.claln1stra.t1on"• aa.sl!• • .tl»• se.

t to. ,~Sfl& ut. llalguxs Vatii t• vG 1Ut8/t7&1 iiJiiAIIl!Q\pura.

119. Siil:~tb& dt. ca.wan ~··UdJ. 6 vo 1804/1147 amaa !llol.J)Ura.

Tbe major1ty o1' the dOcuments under tbis sub-section

concern disputes over tbe payment ot maJ.ll! dues.120 1'he

mnlt1tarious nature ot these disputes proncles an interesting

indicator of tbe 1mpover1sb.rnent and oppression ot tbe .rt!:Jat1

and tb.e caste tensions within tbe »easantx:y.

Disputes. over realization ot the !1!\ba cess were

ot three broad types viz:

1) were tb.e Jgg1f9i£/u§:1:ki indicted tbe .Rete6 of

demanding an excessive amount under the bead for

m§l.bs from the .:m&xata.. 11) tbe ,shargbalg. cultivators accused the eatcl of

imposing the p~t of ma\b.J on them despite

the exenpt1on granted to them by tbe .state; and

111) whore the ,aat@\ Glld ra1Ii'& submitted a Joint

petition compla1ning against the oppressive burden

or !ffi!l. ba. p(1lments levied on the raiya~& due to

the non-payment by the superior sections 1n tbe

village. aucb. complaints were linked to the

declining strength and resources of the r@rx;a.t&

owing to tbe acquisition ot tbeir land by members

ot tbe superior castes.

120. \:ilson• s Glossary dei'ines '..fOOl._~' as the 'Hindi word tor tbe payments trom the vl:'lliie tund apart t:rom tbe land revenue and so including the pel'ks ot the various ot.f'1c1aJ.s and tbe Village expenses•. In u.u. t11lson, A Glossary of .Judicial and Revenue Terms of BrJ.ti sb India, 2nd Edn .. , New Delhi 1 1968, p. 32 4.

es

( C0111311.et.ats 'tq t11o J~Usll£ o.ud ~ oaet.Dat tile

.aolf& tor <leman<U.na o.:cesslve .;gl!li lb3£Qb wero ceBcroll:t

tollovo4 by tbo lomonto.t1on tbat due to these es.o.ctlons tbo

villuco t:OJJ unoblo to prr.u.;.,.r.121 .in eo.cil ccu)e tile .!SU \¥as 1nstructcd to make ouro that tbo &(ta!f4 41d not uoma1'14 ~:Qlltt in e:oocc o£ th.o eustomatJ amoant cm4 th~t ootlocttoaa

on tnS.o acooun't be mo.tte in tbe greacmce o£ tt.t• nssJ.gaco or

c rontoo. $:bo to.ct tbo.t tlleso comAolnto l~OI'O i.Dit1atoa trJ tho ,vr1ne1pat; __ appropriators of surplus, em beb.alf ot the

pnltl§ snow that the magnitude of the ~.AL!n.~tloua wc.a

.;act) tb.:.xt 1t nffcctai tile overta\.1 1\itoduct1on o.Z tile Vill~o

IML d JJ. Q M E ¢1 t ill r IJi J II I I •• I:W

'' aa4t QOU~tlJt tbe iJlOO .. 4el'1Ye4 &I JI.WUU. bJ tbe

.1flldla e.ad ~ la OM cue, 4Ut to tbe ov•r r..UI.Utwa

ot llltb a 1_, ( t) tlaea tb• ,IIJ,UI 4•aent4 ~· t11laa•taa !be taot ttlat ttu4r 44lMI't1oa wu UU84 wS.tb tbe _. ....

tJ.aoal 4....:l lll4e on tb• bJ tbe ,&tt•lt il a.ppallll\ Ia• tb• u..• 1 laJtiUotJ.::a• M 1ftf nlr. tbe • .,_,., ..,at

aa 11\111 cml to -oaoel b.U •• 111&1 uu•• u;eatd oa ua. iliMI• u a coac•sJ&oa tatetei to •• II' tbe nate, Ia

ONU to naettl• tb• iB the '111111••

(tbett d• a twlllhftttilll ... t• Ulltlal tbt

bo.ftAimea\ ot Ule .--. )J tbe. 1&11. ••• tbe rel1l.&dloa

ot :1111 .. 4uett ea4. t.tle npoateA oapJ,al.nta tr ttl• J~ll&da£61 JaMJ1U aocurd.fll Ute aSIA ot '"'•'s.o.tlJ lMU.OI tb•

vt.1Luae lal unqdt1,atM.111 tbu tile ~··' ~lddila ot 'fl11age I...,..~, ~t~~•t !oflll1 ooa,p1.,._ tbat the

.liN 41.4 aot 81Ye tb• tbl •aeu• colloct.S - bhl fo*l

- A Ull HI I UIIIIP I!J¢ ••

tt.o vltlcse; f'::rtbcr doc to n lll.t~..:tte over tbo peyment ot

m,o~~~ b~weon tUm ana. the J?ql$1& who oulttvated tllo Jta&mw lend, tbo zSt·RI rctuseii to let tbem cult1v:lte; and f1!!cll1

no t:QO O.COUScd OS: dolibor~to!)tleav.lttg land fallOW tor tbe

vurpoue o£ amd.nz va11e pursulno cults.v:~.tlon 1n the tu:Agbbounng

vlll.cgaa.18~ :1d.l~%i.y 1n otb:Jr documents tbo 2~~eJ, 1e

va.nou£11 o.cauocd. ot at.aand1ng eaeeSJ1vo J!l\.b a.n4 leaving

tJo lonti ta·cul.tS.vo.tdl, in one 1ru:tm1ee alleeoali to coU too

l! 1.-'0.tlS of tbo .Cnllou lend. 120 ln eacn O.lse tbe tto.to ~nlsbcd tbe .ali& artd 1notRcto4 hlm to ensure tb.at U'lf.lll arable land

tt3S full~ cUl.t1v!).tC"J1 follin3 t:Zl!.eb the ills& woul.Cl oo 11a.ble

to ~:t''::!Jl tho rc"'J~nuo duos ~o:r t£le W'leultlvated 1anct.

t.ltilGL{1b ~:o h.:.~vo ;,otn unoblo to stend ~ teaeiblo

bUPltbesis rcr;crdir~ tbe iQti\,Q' \or 111 soma tbe 42\llG:L on4

.r.a&ldll) t.nctatonco on loavtng ~.u:t c:r: t~o amble ld 1n

1 rr • rIll ,. ·· rtrnwr•••• ..,pr

ttto V111ase toll.ow, o.xcel)t ln ·~ ttN casea tilers tbe aoowaont·

<mtJlt.citlp .oto.tea tbot tb1a was clone tor tbe pustgooc ot ar:lminQ 1 tboro coq be 1a. number of ..;;ossl.ble Gt»lanat1oD.tJ.

,.... j.bo S:aot that tbe li'tllll W:lS stupo!l&iblo tor cne ovor .... Gll

ocrtcultarel vroduct1on o£ tbe v.U.lago s~osto u.aat the

iJil&.tla act1on t::e1 be solely 1D reagonae to loco.\ egrJ.caltuftl

11tl1tcttone to tbo ctenaioll ot cUl.tlvra.tloft • Uke· tbo .Jt!!-c__~~t& . ~'

$CUCit$ of va.tor or 11c4ted grutna 1ad, cn<t.roaetunent on ~t--·L, i

wa1on wou14 n1tlmatel.y ottect ovEWOll ~act1~~ On tbe

otbor ha.nd tbeoo dllliUtes • be uue to tonslon i.twoeD tho

.I r.tSldUII~i Ol1d. the\ . adt11 ae h a nambet" ot i.asttmees

tb.o rof~Aeal ~~ the lattos- to allow tllo fom(Jr or ttur4r

~llQIUa& to cultivate lrm<J. in tbe v111oco vao va.ttouolJ o,mblneO

tJ1tb tb.e refusal to surrender rownuo retorns r:m4/0't' tbo

opp.-eoolon o£ tbo aa\Sll colt1'Vo.tlaa tb.o u$ltlaoes or cl'O!lteea

1an4.

(t:bo sooond tr ~ oZ •• d1.aputoa were tnoce bot\1oe

tho .aJJQ!Ibi\a calt.lvators ontl tb.e Jail&eJ.. The partial or

~9loto ~gtS.on troo tile p~mmt ol tbe 1811?.1 coos wna e.

cCUlto eonoooo.S.on ;ranto4 to ~e sa~ tv tb.e ot~tc.

~buo 1n the ma;Jorlty oz tile 41awutes o~or ~ bJ:OUt.""'ht to

t!lo notice o.r tbe JliW'II by tbe indlV14aa1.~ ealtivatorat

tbQJ clalt# ·tb~t altb.oagb tbe:t had '!1avor i)ald. tb®o a.aoa

87

previously, tho i!liSI& \ial now <lt:aandlna tbo.t tbGf .PSI• 1SO

IB cort~n lnotQS'tco.;., were the nJl:iDIIIJrU wero ~e~u1ted to

fi0-1 ~Rtlata uuoo ot balt tbe rnta G,l),Plloable on tile tral&lt

ti.lEV uompl.o1ne<l t11o.t the iddr b:ld. arbi.trarllJ lncreo.secl

tbe ,(hnrman4.12' ln one 1.nw"tanco tb.e &tti!!t.i\1 cu1t1vnton

o :t .. u)» ~ont to~~m tw !t)OtitloDa a11e;JA3 tbat 4urlng tbo

oceu.po.U~ tel the ailliWsldtl (Ma-ratbnn) the i&d bod 1l.1(;:'1Jal1)'

lmi'Q oetl tbe ~ot1t ot MJ.ki on tbem o.Wl c~b~eq,o®tlJ wonted

to cont1n~W t~~ls 1m.;cu4 tion 1n c011t:avr-mt1on ol .aot:toat.12G )

in o. tw casoo OV'S tbo ot.tor beretoito.~ ~11c~e offlelola •

li.ko tlle SiQ!l.&DrA nn<l a&JIIU • 1n tho co;;mct. ty ot CUE.VIa~l cul.Uvo.tora rcc1otereu tt~elr kll'Otest orratnct the

111otio1 1mpad.t1on mnde on them by tbo iiiSI1•109

( !be ozecn.tltlon t:om tbo ~met ot .111J1D. due&

ChCCO:dod to tho G!lilllt\i&P. cul.Uvntor& as ;a oasto conoesaion

grcvoko4 tbo ttar4 tt.!ld of conttt.cts ot'or the •~mcnt of

&a!aQ1 b9 to:~ tbe e:o&'t. nWDOroos. fboso u1 s;;utos vore

1nv:ll'labl,Jt between tbo £$ibQU. ~ tho au~r.Lor caste

etultlvau~u rcl:o~ to 1ft epoc1f1o cute temt ,e\lCb a~ tbe

UoJz;u"ta, bias, Drobmone otc. or .e1m~ty CUl tho Gtt.t)Otlor

ocetlono or &l&ll'l&S& .194 or t§am&l• rfbe petlt1onn to tbe

DWB t1ore 1nvod.~ proeet«l ~o1ntl)t by tbo 2alf& cm4

£91Jn;U. ~llo source oZ tl1accmtent tns tbet even tboucb tbo

su.pori.or aectS.ono command.t.~ l31UC1' reaoq.rces td.tb tho

ClC(lu5.d.t1on ot pr;J.t.Jr land, 1)1'1113r11¥ tbi'OQGb mortaoco, thor

woro l.lnw1111ns to contribute to tbe IQl.U. tund.. tHJ a roault

t.~E: l11U''4oa ot .~mont ot thoae uGea leU ent1ro1J on tbo

£ow ~n1nn 29Jtt:.6 £lo14irle&t tl"lore~ 1Q4)0VO::l.ih1ncr tbes

ttlt'tllor. tne conn.:lct tbu.t emo~n«i tberetorc tJ~as uuo to tho ;

o.ttem.Jtod ~cnsion of caste pf'11111oaet• 111cl.~~ng ccm;1t1on

tram poemcnt of B)J,J;;t <tuea, by tbo sbH!i&\1111 tc the 1~

o.cqutrod . .t:oo tho .JIIUI on the one b:m<i; ottd roolctaneo

to oaeb an ott~ t:3S ofterel b:; tbe ,ii)\"U on tbo .tiloa

tllel.t ·tber 'C!IOI'O uaable to oooutue.r tbo bUftlcm of ~,.~~t ot

tllo co=on vlllono tends 1ndepetUlantl:;. ,'\ typical 1nat:::nee

1 o tho diSJ}Uto bc~wcee ttlo 2iUJI.£11rEi$Jt a!Ui tba $UporJ.o,.-

aoctio'!ls ot ~ .:'l.Jai:Uarbt a9£G~ Gna1 !to !bona. ~ho

fot ... c.o::' cloi.mcd tno.t earlier tile gus bad been lug ely

under X~l1 cult1vat1ol'1 but subaotzuontly tbe auvcrlor

ocotiona lla.cl acqulretl tbo !a1rlltl land tbrougb cortgogc.

);bcroo£teP tbo aupor1or ocet1ona retusw to contribute to tno 11Ulsgo tuna \\i\1eb waa tnel"otoro ex.traote4 SOlel.J' tram

tbo r~1nc .£1:\idl bolcU.ncs.130 a number of uocumtots

o~t!Wl oU:iil~ com,4a1ntu lf' tbe atiL/EabfiJ. ecaiost the

et.t~.Jm-ior oeetS.Ona.131 4n only one cane, tbe ca.tanote oi' a

nucbcr of vllla,co£~ 1rt atFJlill !rot\tt, mi.tlatO(l ~ com,vlolnt

QC:J.inst tile ;t<Qzi\lt wn, bau baeD uemntU.ng tbat tneu

oG.ntr1buto, to tbo Ja~ dues on tb.e plea ttlat na iiUJ'.&

n • • r t r • z J 1 n r n 1 s 1 il , • •· "'till m IIJI It r r •

'

,sQ.tr.inQm t&1oy ana tilo1l' .?afl!.9W were o::tm¥t trom

mall» ;ouce1to.132

90

. ( ~bo Gt:lto W:lG fullJ wo.re ot t:1la la.u:rea.stCD

t(;-il/JJ.o!7 ~J~Wi3 ocquio1t1orl oi' AltA" lonu cw 1s a;.tt~cnt froo lto ~eo.ct1ons to tbo com.llllalnta recoiv~ Ocm.eral.l1

lib ell tbe ~ comuloS.ncd. ot S.u.cl'ear;e 111 .ail!llttilt holdinuo QD4 tb.olr noa-~<mt of Si\Jll ducw. tbo atato

i~.ot1:'Cctotl tb.:t tho land oultl'fatoJ tv tao :n:x~r aootione

1Jl oz.coo.:J ot \.~clr ortglnol Sb~D land t;oul.d bo 11ablo to

J!CYOt:::it o£ ~~ tu on the e•e r~te ~ tl'l't pa.i.U b)' tbe t('i) ~ "' :tn CG'Iftt1'i.'1 O<JtCC$ tll::: ;~-. .S;1QO,!.J!iW .l Jeal' •

ustt'3:1.1y 7·10 1cnro ,ifrlOr. to. tbe roce!~ t'li: hlls oo:nAaint •

OtQ'lnC tba;t U tile Ed~~ lam\ una e,Q(lt:l.rv .. 1 uttoJt tbo

date opc<d.t1Gld them Ulo aoc.usQl t..'U:Jt ;_1cy t'iito Jucn; otboJW1se

,,. ( . - ••

-1

,, cot. t N ttae Cld• w-. bowtwrr tl&e4 aDlbl'llJ u we fta4

tbat 1a IIIli 8811t '*'• thefllllll abalttc tbel•

Pdltloa b t'OI AtD• 1 tht· ,._ ftO A.D. waa li.U:lt tMblle.

wbea tta• aa... ot the ... ,81!11 ••H••• tiUt oos»taLnt

1D 1fGf AtDtt tbe JGU t"'N A.D~t 01 .tlpal&tecl 81 tbe .A.w~~~•..... , • •••• -....ftg ., ......

(tta• above a, .. , •• aJe Ut»oltnt at t,t\., eow tM I

s""'DS lUGOvttlllh,..t ot tale ,D\II.U &4 Ul.S.:t c:t•Pb4enoe

oa tbe ~ nctl.,aa tOI' 1oau olltde«l cGS.al\ •~t~••

ot tbelr 1&14. tbta feet lt 'fl¥l411 broqht. late tocaa lt' tbe

PG\ltlft t11fl4 lr ttl• EAUS. ot .8aa teas.. ~be A\IIH co•plaltle<l that eatllcat the .altai ot ate tflllqe vd

1...S..4 Oft 700 plOQibl OWM4 bl the ,altift wb11.0 ttOV it Val

le'flei OD a.P;toxlllaielJ 81 »lOUibl OVIltd bJ tb .. 1U hrtber1

,..,, ••. II 111 I lr.YM Pllk11 J ..

tlloy complained tllat a number o£ tbe1r wells bad boec

mortooce:U b-,.Y t.'le 'tl:taro; o.nd tbo.t the at,e}, bo.Q t.ranstored

tbo revenue a.:Tears duo from tbe ouverio r sect1cms on to

tho .ea:Ltlla 1Z'7 ln oruar to o.vold tho letter eventuali_ty, the

.Q!u.;m tcsued str1ot 1nstruct1on tba.t aopar'ate accounts

were to be ma1nta1ned tor revenue ana otber dues collected

from tho raiyo.t1 and the superior oect1ons.130 Tbe lncreas1ng

1mpovor18hrnen~ Of tbo rszatlia alSO QVpBrat.t trom the

repeated demands made by them to roduco tbe nwnbor ot .enaJI

ol watchmen in- tbo 'V1ll~o uJ \.boy were unable to ~

· th a £K!!moc1 tu;u;u! 39 ) 1\!0a.ssionolly tbeJ com~lo:S.nod tb~ it~. o t!~.i.ln9C! &:md .!U~..2R£drt£l du~ were be.J.ns d<Jilande4 1n exco3s

93

olZ tbo opooU1e.<i R~ltur.140

tzllo ~rlted vro..,lOndoraneo or pctltl.ona "" tbe

tml£~2J.Ii allcslDc S.llogol 1m.;toa1t1on of .&i\1>.9 w tbo

J}o.tol ODCl coQ.Dtor-re;;lrc~cnt:ltlona of non•p3;fmont o~ .ell» tw tao sl}Q£Sb~it torllla.ruoi bJ tho ~a&tlf.rtJ..t~Si& imb

o~1nat1na trom tile 03llG vt.tlo.co at.maost tbo ClOJI'OO o£

!.CJOrtaace of Ji16&& \laos 1n ttle ~ c.conol'fi' •

ib.QO 'tttl1\G tbe .a&;l). •. miliU. Ot ~~~fl':!g, !01\11

mz-Jic twa nucoeosivo re:>rosen\ntions 1n 1741 ~,.,n. o.ttca!.!"-3

OC!l•l)!iC"maDt Of £Wl.\!ll UUC8 b:f tbO OUPGftO!!' SGetiOD& CVOft

tbou:;tt thef bad ~~*' thelr l$.1ia tloltinso ln tllo VillOSe

at t.~o 03JJC!!)GO of JliU.& lanclt t 4t the UIIBllll: calt1\l'o.tors

aowlZd o. ~tmtor-petitt.on 1n t'5G !'!..D. ::!llcaln~ tb~t the

2atd flail 1\lq;al~ 1cpoueCl.&1J.ltl ~mmto OJ.\ thoro wo to

tt\e cbaos resulting from the Unrathn oocu,Jatlon. 141 '::bw,

tilc~ctoro• l4e3(leti tor cx~lou tmm such pcymcnto on tbe

bost.u ot tbei~ rmm status 1n tbe v111~e. tloccvor. in

t40. ~~ij! at, ~~t.k cu.t11 16 vr 1610/1761/ffi~Dt voo1 onu tici&~l 4t. Vr:d.tbotb :;.uat. 4 VC tSC» , JlUf'?mlQ M riD: ~~ . - a ~~ .. o~u.

1 41. ~,. at. ll!4-tJ.tt cQ(ll 14 v~ talll/t?41 cn4 ¥fl&Sbl u1i. t..,acu·~- r1 VaAl t4 vc 1&f»/1?41.

1-CJ. rSr.UWli ut. ~a.l.Gt.m vocu.. o vc tB13/t'leo.

1tGt :~D. tao i.lS!il.mzal& octl1D rei)«lteci ttunr oom.a~lalnt

~oinat tllo ou~or1ot" t:etttlono :.'t.G~~nn non·~~t of

v1ltQJo uucs. 143 C1P£13rly tbcre are a sen.es o£ ~cUtaento

on W..l1cco Ul~:-tvnao .• Jaatf.o.tu; l$81 ~at1aa tram 1764 t~.u. to

1?61 ~~.D. imt'otvtna tbe narokas oA' tile v:t.11"'~~ alleging

vs.ctJ..~c:\f~~ by tbo ,~.$& anu the aSill.l'ikaU ollcolng

cvaston of ~cyo~t o:l GuoD b)'· tbo n~ 44.:tm~1u oets

of @CaOtnt o tt:oro totmd £or .u•Jla ?agl• JQAEe Z'as1;146

vllloeo 3hnkt .i3W.QII i?oel;146w11.1~o cno~ • .iJ:amat .;'Oilt1•

e,~a ~. 3f.lt'u ~ u .ilm-D Ga.n2. i:a. til ems.' • In the latt.er two iantcf.!looo oltilo~n tbo CBJJ between tbo two pctitt.ons la

14Z. Ci}iB& 4t. Fo1gun V:tdl 11 V!: 1018/1?61 .'l.D.

t 44. Sifhag ut. ,,:OJilsbrl r:u<li o vc 1o11/17o41 tit. Pom u: · "'o 1017/1760; dt. '-'baltm Vadi 10 VC 1G1S/17G1; dt. llcrtit !:Udl 15 VD 101&/t'101 oll J.Jel.~:\l.tt,inO to vllln::o Cbolr.V~ in i!NJlD v"'~l.

14&. f&~fl ut.aaoa Goflt.. 4V:.: t009/1'7Gt ut. Joant cuas. ~ U cA01/1764; <Jt• t~c:ld VQ41 12 VJ 100'1/17?U all .PortninJ.no to auli!w ;.r•ast..

140• ~lr\h'iaut. Asad Vaa1 1t VL 1G~/1to1J aml ~ c;;: , ilc an vau 4 vr.: 1U13/t7e6 ve:::ttaJ.r,J.n;; t~f1na Jbak.

1 fll. ~ at. aawan caas. G vs 1001/17 "' atr4 ~.t.4 at. ~m eua. 2 vr: 1617/tVGO botb Jc.;.talnl~ V"1l.lar;o C.loro.

14S• i:ftil 4t. 1lH.t4o» VAU? V!J 1S01/1?44;J~Llt! at. ·· · . n Vaal ' va 182&/1769 botb .l.;;ertai · ··n4 o vl1lntle l~n.bGnm 1n &~DiD oau Ko 'lhaoa.

90

the 151 :regeyment ot loana tC?L,£ob,£h. · ln oacb .tnstance tbe

appel.lanto woro the JZatJillrQ&ttU proteot1ng aga1nst

<».IIJJreESi.lm . by tbo VarlbliB memllera Of tbe aoperlor sectlolls.)

In ord.or t«) oomprebend tbo comp1eld.t7 ot tbo

various dlsputes over tbe pQJment of !!lJ.ba 4ues we most

v1ew its three llUteJ"ent torma vitll a common perspective.

t:bJ.lo it 1s Gf!:ilnent~ teas1ble tbc.t tbc iiSil who YBS

entrusted 14th tbo task of collection, supcrvts1on etc., ot

tbo Flf!\b&) duos woul4 o.ttcmot to extract a.s mueb as be could

fJ'om tile J!als&lt tho alleged deman4s mad.o b)' b11l on the

s.!lQlUlliLU cmmot reacU.l7 be explained. Tb1a is because

tbo .tm:Pltbil.i ri.gbt cuatomarlly ucluded an exemption from

tbo ~QJmont of Ill~ dues. Yet,durlDS tbe period under

consi<lerat:l.on we notice what BPJOUS to be a pa.ra.dox. 011

tbe ODe band there are ao 1ncrea,s1Jl6 number ot oomplcints

by tbo allt.lJ:Y!li&H ot an Ulogal 1mpo&J.t1on ot ,IQ\)» dues

b7 tbe .i!Dileet!l on tbe other hand, however tbcre exist a

lareer nuobcr of d.ocwnents descr1bing tbe traastorence ot

.mal ba duos PaN able by tbo .abi!'Jaba\li on to tbe ~il•

~be lo.tte:r tyDO ot dispute arose because ot o.cquis1t1on ot

J'f.GU& le!!tl tl1 tbo ett»ori.os- iloct1on1 vrl.m.~r11:1 ttu:ougb

co~Q3c. Tbo o.c-c::uisit1on of l.onu uat c.ccompsn1w tw tbe

extension o£ lliJQ£9bi11 Pr1v11cgeo to tbe na.d.J' JrQcurat

land. ,\s o. @nOOejuence tbo dlmia1Gh«i .aa\b. bolti.nca uere

bord.sncd. vitil tbo gowcont o£ tbo ont1:re COrlt:lCD v111CCO

duos. ~llua. in oascmoe tbo retasdl t:r; the &bflEP!!rAU to

JJe::l tbcse 4oco on tbe .RD&U. lond. BC('!ul.red br thoro on tho

plea of custoc.a~7 exemption 'b:; vlnue o£ their social ot!ltus,

lcPl1od tho 1llcsol tr:atloforcnco o.t ~mont ot tbooo o.uca

oa to tho 21\t&a1

cl\ltb'UGll t;O cannot Ot:ltcgor10alll' sto.to ~"bottler

oucb a tcnucac:; totrrill\is 1ncroaso lD Gb~SI!MI holdinGs antl

tbcl~ c,nc~ol.ttant attem~ to t~oto~ o gart ot tbo £ieca1 r

burdan on t.~ tbo Jlil.Sll was v.l4csgread. or not~ tba

:rQ.ot1veJ3 1o-rao !Ulua1:ter of 4ocumcmts ral.:ated to tendOns

over tho if::Wtncnt o: am ta: 1nu1cato ito 1mgol't~co 1n

tores o£ rural contllct. ~be rotuunl to ~.41 cu&tom:l%7

auos on tho OC<!UirG! lanu by tbe. ib~&aJ.il would b:).ve led

to i.nor~ e~oto tonolono be:twcon tho bi;;b~r ooste.o and

tho <lo~rocuoa pecco.ut oo.stea l!Uo the Jo.te, au~a.ro:s. t.bi.rs

oto. Alt:lOQ(:b tona1ons witb1n tbc voacontt? a.s.oumea tbe

nntoro at co.oto contllct o.o tlle t.;:;~1:·! ~i:Zo~cntlat1on

v

between tbom was pr1mor11¥ determined. on the bas18 ol caste,

1DberontlJ however, tbe confl1ct botweeD tbem SPJ'aJ),g i'rom

tbe 1nctensintt economic d1sparlty between these two sections.

:tconom1c d.1sparity botvoen tbe ~~i£9!!P6g. culti'l~tora BD4 tbe·

ea&t&a vas 1nyu11t w1tb1n tbe ooc1a.l st:ructoro tbroQJh the

extension of vars.ous rovonue and otb er t1ocal concess1ons

to tbe B!lQl!ilfii!r cultivators qr tbo stnte. Over t1me1 due

to a nucber cu..' factors. • p~ly the gro'Vttl of mcuay economy

and tbe 1ntcns1t1cat1on ot econorn1c oxplo1 to.t1on of t~

&lkaU ""' tbooo 41&porlt1es woU14 h!lve tended to heJ.gbten.

the 1ncreas1118 impovoridlment ot' the rab'at1would b.:)Ve pln.ced

them in a ,POsition were tbe pr1v11egecl poaso.nts could tGko

auvantago o:l tboS.r gltght b1 eltbcr ocouwing tbeir lencl

thtOugb eQl.e, cortGaae or toNe end/or shl.tti,g tbe buruon ot

t1sco1 dues on to tbetn. fbe di.sJ~utes over tho Pt4'1llODt of

JJf4ba,.4uos con be attrt_batod to ~eclsely these ioros of

ex.plcltat1on ot tbe raiynti tv tbe Jl!!a.ruh~J.a peeaa.nts.

(On conelat1ne tbe d1a.vutes ov~ remittance ol

land rovcmue to those over the vt\'fment of .qii).~ does 1t 1a

possible to »resent a tentative byJ.X>tboa1s. ~he "repondera.noe

of disJ;~utos botwoen the Jgg~rdi£2 and tbe ..lban&lll.d over

tbe po;,rmc:tt o£ lend rovenuo c~t,!<l possibly be linked \d.th

ttlo coqolottt.on of a.'lll& land tr tbe SbiDbi.\!U 011tl tho

aaooo~aent extension oZ .a\ln-.a priV.UqJes ovm' tb1a tend. S?hls

arooeos c~u1o o:11:r bo uoostbl.c 1n contlitl.ono ol 1ncroo.s1ng

1£J~ver1Dblillmlt att~ wlnombillt;v ot tbe .ra1.ziS&t cm4 tbo

4lotooat1on 1n tbo tunctioDJ.Ds of o. ccntra11ee4 o4mb1at.rot1 ve

e.tt;o.rotuo. TJozlcollJ uitb t.be tftme:terenco ot 10214 fmc tbe

.1~$ oatceot'!l to tbot of tho Sb~ cntc.coJ:T tbcoo

wul4 be o .Call 1n l"ovmuo groport1oaato to tbe 6lttorent1Gl

in tl~o ro.tes of naooooCOl'lt on a&x:a.s& emu m~t cUl.tlvotlon,

c.ovtld.nc tbo.t tho total gft')(lact1on tor tho tU"ee ot ltmel thos

trnnotorrc<l ~ oonstcnt. ibol'Ofore tbore would 1Xt n

corrosJ}OMin!l fa.U in tbo 1ncomc o£ tbo rovonae asolgnco O!ld

Gl'tlntoe. ~1a tootorrmav bcvo led to tbo J.nteDaltled tension.

botwoen tho vo.J:ious reveano aQat.poes 01!14. as.'Mtees nna tb.e

.a.Ji,tiYf&rAt caltl'#atore on tbe score of tbo rato ot ~u.wcssmet

of land rovonue. Dimlloflr tbe .w1w$1Ja too uao t::tlG entitled

to o cuatt:tm-.1.17 lra.otion of tbo .9!1&k; tmut a& bls gel'qulsito,

t10ula ~~vo oom into conns.ct w1tb cucb ..att.~all ge$$$Dts

uno llo4 oztondod ~bo1r bolt.U.~s a.t tbo cost of tbe iri&Ji'41.J. ~blo orJo...-o.nt ao~s ·to correlate tbe biBb 11lCS.dcnco of ~PG&£4!»:•

.ail ~·Hr)\t d.lsg.atoo ovot tbo .va~mmt ot land revonuo ont1 tbo

a.t'Jn£91lqlo - J!-aSd c~nt11cts over !WJ&t& witb tbe e.c~U1o1t1on

Of 29\U 1~ tv tbO CJaQrJmQlu GSsumi.~ tbe key tuncttoa 1ft

tuo ey I.»tbosls.).

100

fis.Putes between villog os over tho 4e~~areat10D ot the boutl4el'f were ve%'1 otten arb1trato4 locally ~ tbe

an~£1\it Sfl!iRab!rJ:It SbmiD&S!f of tbe tae1ghbour1Dt: V1lloges or

ot tbo ad3o1D1ng 'Villages.

A nambor ot 1nter-related doouments amgly illustrate

tllo naturo ot these 41sgutes. In 1V62 tbe Ja&ifti£ ot

namnagar oompla1nec1 that the ~M&t:da£ of Giraa. wo.s not

pormltt1na tho ~~of IUs v111ago to cU\tS.vate 16114 near

tb.e boW'1dal7 ot tho two 9illaa es olo1mina tbet tbe1t l011d ua.s

w1 tbln tbe ~urtsc11ction ot v1llege SS.r£a. Tbe JH&!W!l of

Rtllllnagart on tb~ otbor bami, asserted ttat slnco tbe

ooto.blisb.men.t ot the V11lnse tbe disputed land bad been. wltbln

tllo boundo.q ot bS.s .1!61! VUloae. ftle li"lE atiJUdico.ted

tbnt tbo dispute bo sottled otter tbe re1011ont lo.nd r~tds

of both vlllacos boo been consultS(} and a JDQ\l!Q£ obtained

t rom tbe 291it&it ,and S¥!1!62§ o£ tbe ad.Jo1n.1nc

tour V111sges.1 HOttcvor 1n tMG, the- two Villanes again

ontor into 11t1ant1on ovor the detaareat1on ot the b)UDtlo.J.7,

Tbo f:.lnol arbitration uas then done - tbe J'!lr«t,.fii!Bt and

101

tho Claim of tbo J,.oo&tAQ&: of Remrtago.r ugbeld. 153

In a 41s~mte between two v11lages 1n. if!!JQDA 1-lalpure.,

t1e ti.n<l tbo.t tbe . .e.G:fielJJ o£ botb v11loges sent regreaentatlons

to tbo QAttQ! ex..vreestn; the1r 41 vorgont v1ows regardins tbe

11t1c3t10ll. In 1'1231 tbe .atfl ot vUlago Kalmsda oom~lo.lned

tllat tile land wbleb bad been under the sa14 !E!!.tl&Ja village

tor a numbe;r ot year$ bad. now been torc1b1J oooupled "" tbe

.eQtgl ot AtQadot with tbe cormiva.nce ot the J9&&A1.i£ of tbet

village. fbe ~Jill of 1\o.'Lmade. turtb er asserted tb~t 1n on -

oo.rl.1or attempt. to rosolvo tbe cU.spute no bnd sent o. M\ar. oisnoo tv tho .2fe!i!h!flD5i of the notgnbouri.rc Villoaca,

rcgtl1"Cling tbe matter. On tbe bass of tbo testimony ot ttte

.i!Jne!HJ¥t!lh be had obtalned an ottlc1a1 deed or ,s~g,d upboldt:ng

b1a ole.1m over the disputed lan<l. Tile Slt bol:1over1 bed.

aubseqoetl.J tolled to implement tbo toms ot tbe .!DIS end

oo tbo eeSI& of nttoge Beba4a. be4 contlnocd to cult1veto

tbat land. fbo Ji&'fill reJ.U'1CDQDded tbo qm,U for ble lmty

and 1notructed him to consol.t tbe Bmcllt SS!lt SbtWIW!i on4

.;.gQYDflO ot the nd~o1n1ua v111Q{Jes and settle tbo ...U.spute.1 64

1f&. ~ <lt• taw~ Su41 2 VS 1123/1766 Slmmt £regS..

164. 9!J.~! dt• lllad.on Cudi. 14 Ve 1?&0/1723u1UU1lifU Ualpura.

100

Itl 1743, bcnrovcr1 the ,e.1$QJ, and £11Yat& o~: village Behada

protestea th~t tb07 bncl boen. cult1vat1bB tbe d1sputed land

for n number ot f(fal"S :met had ol.so constructed a well •a ltt

and l'Jcrc thorcfore unw1111na to sun:eD4er 1t to vf.lloge

Solm~a. titb tbia cocntor-regrescntat1ont tho t:W. instructed tba.t 1t the revonuo tor the disputed lan4 had been

colloctc4 ondor V11l~e Bebada W'ltil 1741 then the lal'ld

6hoG14 ranoln w1tb1n tbo Jmsdiot10A oi th~t v11lage. f55

In a. nucber of oasos1 tile .Pla1l'lt1tt cbo.JUed tbo

1nbab1tonts of tbo ne1gbbourlrl.g v1113{te of toro1bl.e occupation

ot land 1n b1s v1lloao. Bven 1n such cases, tbe ~BWltUU:J.t

.,fJ,!!ll9DJt9 and RQ':QJ.g ot tbe a.dJo1n1ns villages won colltd

aeon to oettlo tbo dioguto. 156 In a tew cases, 11t1ge.t1ona

over d.omarcntS.On ot botU14&17 wero reterreCI. to the 9iilQ

I!Dttn'l tor arb1tro.tS.on.157

Unlike d1s,i>utes ovar bonndal')' conrt1cts1 tbose over

gratd.ng rtent s t<mded to be. Vlolent tnd, ln. some lnstancea,

led to a1'&lfl4 clacbes botwoon the inb.aW.tsnts of the concorne4

vlllosos. In .ract G:Ost ot the ovt.dence wo have rego.rc;U.ng

pby B1cel confrontations wore tbe result ot 4S.spntes ovel'

craZing nab to.

In a .U£$0:1.&1> nree in jtllfti!J!. •iel.pura, tbo Ratbore

ot Advo.dh lot b1 o cattle loose at night to graze in the

notgbbour.L~ ~lllcgo 'b1l1ch tozmed pert ot the H$;:& of

one Amar SJ.ngb ltbengerot. The Ro.Jput rotatners ot lunar DJ.ngh

reacted by lt11Una some ot the co.ttle and oon£1nina tbe rest

1n oa.pt1v1ty c.t tbo li9~D of tbo ItbQ.l13arot. Pour months

lo.ter, the E.o.tboro rotal.1eted b3 ralc:ling tbe villo,ao "''ben

ii.mer Bineb anti b1e retatners were away, k1lle4 two men and

1n4Urecl one and abductcti 400 lleads of cattle from the village.

xbo sor1ousnosJ o£ the situation vroopted the P.&:!tm to 1natruct

tbe !Ill to kee1 tbo taSk .force rear11, 1t roqlU.red.158

In amtnor 1nstonce, tbe mlitU ot an Sl!£1 vUlage,

wnt.le cutttng gross nt tbe village bounda.17 entered into an

c.uuument "t.1ith tbo rW,ntl ot tbe ne1gb'bour1ng vllloge whtcb

rssulted 1n n Clesh. wbero tbree people wore inJured. AS tbe

9IOVOceJ-t1on loo.d1ns to tbe confrontation bad como from tho

,Fo.1lat~ ot the oocond v11logo1 tboY wore penalized tor tbe

104

viole.tlon.159

Stm1latl.yt 1n iG.!lUI!! 1i1ndaunt tbe so.s.t:g',l l'UDlll

re..)orted tlle.t tmen tbo cnttle of one Fo.tch stnab Cbe.nm

~oro loft to nrn£e 1n tbe cultlvotet1 fields ot v111ago !rebda1

oJ..gbt ~tan ol tbe la.tter village cnpturea tba co.ttle. lls a

roslllt, B. .t;Lgbt <.;DSUW between tbo .~Wj: of tbe two V1l.lot:e&

leo.vina one det'.d nncl two uneonci.CJuas ia.tm S1ACb tbon wctlt

. to court and protested tho.t ne w~o !lOt to be bald res.POnG1blo

tor tho ep1.sode at one of b1s men bcu bean ~lled and further

tne J!a~Rl ot bls v1lloge ht.ld not boon involved. Be claimed

tha.t only the GuJara of botb V11logoo wow involved n.nd tbnt

alter tbe 1ncS.dont1 tbe GuJa~~- of bio v111aco bo4 fled.

Tllc stnte, howc-vor, adjuc11oated tbc.t if L'a.tdl Singh "o.s unable

to 11roduec tho culpr1to w1tb1n f1ttcon dPye his vitloco wo.s

to be rouumed 1n ttVJli&mL16

0

In another instance when tbe ~M6£99I suspected that

t;apo GuJar ho.d olloued more C:J.ttte to n~aze on tb:

uneult1vated et1ote than be had gaJ.d graZing tax tort tbe

t(n'J!lor o.sDoul.tcd tbo Gu3ars son ancl Corc1bly extro.ctecl 41.200/·

from hJ.lD. 161

159. Cil1\b& dt. So.wan Su41 2 VG 1'799/1742 iif6QUI H1ndaun •.

1GQ, _9t!!,tM, clt. Dba4on tudi 12 VG 1785/1?26 2~ Ul.ndatm.

161. C£!1$!11 dt. Posb Gual '7 V3 1'86/1729 Jli!'J3N 1-lalpura.

105

In a.dUtton, tbore are a number ot com.vlaints

reeor<11na tbo de!ludO.tS.on of the Village land duu to ov~r­

Grazing tu t£lo <"!::1ttlo o£ tho n.e1cb bounna Village a. i'h•s the

gd!!Q of v111cae Cbokhpur alleged tbat the l!joen3& ot Village

t.llcl'bam ilotl. uevootatcu the cntti"able n:rea of llto village

tbrou;;b oxooanivo cratina b] tbeir cattls.162 l.'lle dis.Jato

wo.e Q,rbltro.tcd 1:u the RAli:LI oi tb.e ne1cbboor11lil villo.ao

and t:,o l~otnnfl t1n.Gd. S1tu.larl,y 1 the .~ o~ villaso

B1nkba:ndya. con.:i!aino<l tho.t b1o lnnd ilo4 been ououp1ecl by villaae

P:Lplu and ll:ld bocomc clesolo.te due to over-gro.zJ.ug.103 ~t:.~

Y.d1,1'& or v11128o B11.c.1, on tbo otbor h~nd, cJ.leged that the

1nho.b1tcnta o£ v111:1go Tos eult1v~ted land in D1lo1 but

rc£uccd to Ja;t; revenue on it nncl turtbor tbo1r ecttlo arazed

on h1e cl'lltl'lo.tcd f1eldo. l:·urthor, tho -well tba.t tba J!$l1lt1

bad conottucted o.s o. 1o:o.tor bole £or his cattle had. been

forcibly tlcmolirbcd by tbo VS.lloaers o£ Tes. In tb1s eo.so1 . 164 the sQp.uGha1:1 end 9im9!!91 were celled uoon to orb1tmte.

~be te:roo1ty o£ the dithlUtes over g~ng as cooparo<l

to tho disputes over land 1a u.ndorsttmda.ble, tor wile amblo

ln.n4 coUld bo roolaimod fmm the wnsto, areen pastures wore

tor ttoro sco.rco to ooma by; they woJ-e therefore t:Ol'tb tf.{:btJ.ng

to~ mtb areatcr detorm1nat10tl.

l'li2~ :?i4ifii di. A.oo3'"Vcd1 'I VO 1?G7/17ZO ».am& Uinda.un.

16S. £llS.tbSr dt. AsoJ Vodi 4 vo 1795/1'738 .\W!Mi Tonk.

1G4. ¥Jl1$bl dt. 1·1azhsbr1 Vedl '? vs 1783/t'126 RiSfUIP! U:1ndaun.

100

· 1n tllle aeet1on we nave made an attempt to study tbe

tronda vUS.cb emerge tNm an quantitative e.nalyei.s ot our data

on ograr1an dlsputeo. Altbougb 11edleval clata are uot ent1rel.J'

ousceptt.bl.e to qoa.ntlte.tlve Bfta17B1& we bave tabulated tbe

data. 1r.1ltb tbo pe:rspectlvo of determining 'a) the nnture and

t.requency ot dia.t>utes an4 (b) the clasn e.ua caste conelatS.Oa

a.aons tbo contenCllns ga#ties v1tht.n a t1me eel'los dlstrlbution.

At tho outset we must uotue the li.l:d.ts ot tho

ta.blos presented.. As 1nd1ca.ted in our prov1ous chapter we

bave 41stt.ngulebed between the dominant socS.al. classes s.n rural

society 1. e. tbose uno appropnatod a sbare 1n tbe surplus.

grodaced • and the peasontl'J or tbe pJ1.mal:7 produoera ot

eurplua 'tldlo constituted tbe bulk of tbe rural vopulatton. In

tho tables bowe'O'or we bove 1ncl~ded. onlJ tb.e ~gal~a£1•

·ae+naattt &WQS, ~~QDSQD and iiltJ.a, l.&nODgSt the dominant

sections o.s tbeJT lorsfttl the mont vltal eluaents ot v1ltoco

soc1oty and cones.POn4~ 1 the maJorltJ ot rural. 41sputes

WQJ'e assoc1eto4 w1Ul tlu~m. D1s.vutes botb 'between and w1tb.l:n

tbese constituents of tho !ultng class r.md between them. at1d tbe

107

PCtUJOJ1t17 bnve been onolyse4.

Gacondlr, 1ft tbo quantS.tative stllUy ;;resonteu bere,

wo bovo excluded certci.n typo,o ot cgranan d.i.s;utes 'Wbose

relCNan~o, bot~'OVOt'• bea been onolJUed 1n tile preeeealng section.

fhooo <liSJUtea oret

1) Contllcts over v1lloso bor.mdnli.ee cm4 a ra.e:l.ng rl.gbts.

Gocb aiovntes s.nvolv® 1Dba'b1tmtte ot two or more

ti1logcs collcot.lvoly wnUe our sta.tt:atio$1. enat:rss.s

p.rlmcr11:; seeks to stt141 tennlons bctwee tbo varloua

CODSt1ttaoats ot v1ll08e SOCle'tJ•

11) Contll.cto over owoftlblp of lend 'botwom 1ndiv1dua1.

POMJ::mts. The 11mltecl number ot docwoonts on euCb

d1sputes and tbclr Umlte4 rol.ovo.Dco 1tl a land surglus

coonocy t.:tuTante our oxcloa1on or tbose dl&Jutoa from

tho qut:mtitGUve atucJv undertaken. tie bnvo, however,

1&01\1\lcd. 41GilUtOS resulting trom tho £ONib1G OCCU,Jation

of .a&U. lmul or tbe acquls.lts.on ot land tbzvucn aule

OS" cort{logc, as sudl cc:mn1ct w31 qualJ.tatJ.vOlJ dUtOJicnt

from tb:=.t ovor owaenblp ot 1•4. ln tb~ee <liaputes

tbo ~mt of contentl!:m. w::r.s not. the pxo),l:r.l.eta:y rtgbts

ovol' lc.uU but GJ'Oao aa a result o£ the d1apoaaosa.ion

o.f tbo 1ego.l cla1mau\.

t.a.atlJ, the pc:d.od covor~ tv oul' stQdu ~eB from

t?11·17'10 a.a wo woro unable to loeo.to \locum,llte vrlor to 1710

108

e4 •• p)d-90 4ata aft 110t ava11ald.e lor mat ot tbe

.2H&811 atWSled. we bavet tberetore, ift4•e4 &be 4lagutea

in a 4eca4e-ttlae bftakug ooaJrlllaa ala 4eca4et troa~ t711·1770.

oa evaluatlD& tbe data ooUeotlve17 wllave obPJYe4

Obe to11ov1ng •.U.•t teatunat

(A) fhat intet-olua echriaa 4onfU.ot betwee tbe 4ollba1lt

\ aectlolll ot mrat. eooletJ cm4 tbe PGalatlil7 are •ssent1al1r

1DOOJII'OJ'ate4 wlttlkl the tollowlq ma30~' toJMt

1) Inteultioat1on ot eap1o1tatlont S..e. 4itpuua

neo1t1ns troaa aa ubitJWJ uonue u the d..ad ot

tDetltatlonal.lJ •peeitled illCOMI like 1a4 l't:abUe a4

cuatollaiJ 4aea.

Uf E'Reulon ot d&btat tbl• 1mpUe4 eltb• forcible .. occupation of 1a4 anA tbe diapoaiQSloll ol tbe t'llbtlal

pnpdetor, o' • adcU.t.t.oul tuca1 .1Jip0t_1t1on ta c.at~aveDtlo~

of caatom or lo• Wblcll exeJJRtlon ba4 been arated. bJ tbe etate.

(B) fbat ~ra-cl•• ooatUn bottl betweea an4 ~tbla Ute

vanoua ooctlona ot the sult.J)c olaaa ca 'bit catconte4 1Dto

, tw tygea, Da0181Vt

1) Sbaft of nrplua app:opft.ate4 i••• 4f.Jputee arhllll

\ 4ae to a110.:U.e• 1D tbe pJOprnioaaw 4iltd.b0tl<m ot 8QJI91P

\ lD aocof'4ance VS.tb .atab11a~.ua4 oldaa.

u) Extendon ot l'ilb'• · '••• tibeN J'edl.tablltion ot tnu•plae vas attemptect at the espese ot otb•l' _.ben of tbe

u•J~Ut c1al:t8 · tbmD&b a torolble tftllcaauon of JUJ'U41otlou1

boa114ulet1 carpa,lon aDd ooDtiaca\ion ot aeld.pe4 4uea.

(c) that lD:tra.olua 4lapute• bet\teiD ttte two •eotloa ot

tbe peaaaDts-,, tbougb Utdte4, ••erg• la two c11aUnct 1et

oorntate4 to,.,

S.) t"bere tbe pft.'lllege4 peaaanta, ol' cl!lllbtlllt tombl.r ooouw tbe latltl of tbe illitM. or Rs.\ ty.

UJ tbe l!IUll aooan tbe .stva!llll ot DO,..il~VIleftt ot

ouator~Uf ftllege ®••• _.lJ' .11\ltl &imbt Olllaa\ ac<1QlJe4

b7 t~t• ia eaoesa ot tbeS.r lllMI bo14118•

Witb tbe alrGve perepeotlYt • baw oo_.Ued totil'

'table••

!ab\elt pzeeeta tb• t•qaenor of cftl'laa di.epute•

toatcod.ll4 into (A)1 (8)1 (CJ aa aboYe)1 w1trtin tbe A&

4eca4el ( tti1•t"O) ill qllatltitaUve tol'lll at ve11 a• Sa

gerceataae p~port.iou to ttl• toW mtaber •t acrarifm 41aPGt••• table 11, Ul aa4 lf allow tbe decad..S.M' bHatape of

aai'US.aa 4lsput.e• on the ball• ot •

a) Ra.tttre ot 41a»at•• d.a., ove.- 1anc1, lad Je188.Qftt o,.

CG$188 a'l'l4 'ta&U.

b) tbe coseadlq 1J&IU-.

tb1a lonat la atillae4 la a\1 the tbree tabl•• la

fable 11 1 bte..-.ola88 a.t..apate• IH¥twen the 4o..._t seoti.ou

110

a1ld tbe peasantq1 correapozuUng to categor,.(llJ above, are

descnbecl. Table III enowa lrl't~laaa 4l•1Utea botb betwee

an4 wLtb1n tbo vnnous sections of tho 4oa4nant clo.ssc••

(ct. catfo'COX'f {B) above),. 'Zable IV deals \d.tb intra-class

d1Si~Utes between tbe two ooct1ons ot tbe PGaeantfJ' • tbe

.Wl.,amJl~9 end tbe atl~& (Ct. catego17 (Ci abo'l1e).

On stuqi~ tbe ovoroll trends as SUIUttlr:l.sed 1n ~able I

ue obQerve tha.t•

a) ot tbe three maJor forma ol acrenan contllct• we

tS.n4 tbat <lur1na tbo peli.oa QtlQ.er cons14er&t10D t 41 sputea -.._:;::_ --

between the 4om1nant sectl<ms and the peasants (A) Ql'14 tbose ---- -·~- ---------------amonsst mecbers ot tbe d.Omnant classes (B) l'.ll~re the moat

nwneroas. i?urtbcr numor1callf tt;\ese two ty~o o~o appJ:'OltS.mately

Ot&Ualt fiheretore we bo.ve no reason to bter that eS.tber of

tbeac two Corms ot contl.lct ,predominated over tho otber 1n

our recion and oufin.r; tbe .-aod t.mdcr sttldr•

b) flow over• em GDa.\7s1ng tile percent ago breaku.Ps tor

the tbroe d1st1nct toms of tension for each ot tb$ au 4eoa4es -----~-

we note tba.tt ( 1) tbero wa.tJ tCI'ldencr towat."ds lncreasing ~- - ------ ~- ·--. -- - -·-- -

e&p1o1tnt1on ot the geaSGDtl7 bJ tbe d.ofd.nant eoct1ons. !bls

trdJ.s-evS.dent .from tbe-docacfo-fV41;..io onwcnts • subsequent

doCe4es sb~ n steady 1nctea.se 1n tbo _percent:l(le Ot these

u1s!lotea• t 11) tbe~ is a con-eavonCU.na proportionate aocreue

f11 -

J.n contUets ove:r tbe d1otnbut1on ot surplus between

maabers of tbe. d.om1nrmt classes. This trend 1s evident for

tbe lost .foar doca4es, tbo oenod 1741•50 forming a. point

of oqull1bf'1um between the two trends out11nedJ and (111)

there 1s no discernible trend 1n tbe con.tlt.cte wttb1n the

poa.santry • tho 1ne1denee ot disputes bet.nc e.lmost tmitorm

dur1ng the period 1'131•?0.

G1m1lorl.J on analye1ng table 11 we note tbatt

a) of tbe 77 uocuments on 1nter-class contl1ct tor OUl'

pori.o4, OG 1nvo111e tho U!Ulel"gr1v11Qlecl ,!'1\IAU or iillb wbt.lo 41 <locatlUlts concem the ~til cultivatow. The

soemtnall tow tnct.donoe o.f dl.a.j)tltes between tbe 'ancierpnvUeged

soott.on ·at tbo peasantry an<l tbe <iomtnant- classes m&:~ be

OXPlGI.ned bi tbe fa.ct that comglQ.nts would be mGde on11 in

c:lscs of arona V1olat1on or castom1 or, wbe tbo com:l>l.a1Dt

woo made b¥ one ~mhr ot tbo 4ond.r.um.t class 1!ld1.ct1ng another,

only wen the natura of tbe oppression was such u to atfect

tho plalntltte interests or income 1l'l any waJ•

b) 'iena1ou between tbe two classes w:1s most £reqtle1'1t

over the PSJDlent of land revenue (38) followed by c-es an4

tuos (29) and le.stlv on land ( 1 0).

i'be maJority of tbe land rGVonue cU.aputee 11lVOlved

the .1Qflla\B wno was allq:ed to have arb1tmt1ly increased

112

tbe rate ot revenue demand. sueb o.ccusations were spec1ally

true tor tbe flbPnJlf:l:kv.JM&EY!H oonfi1ct over tbe rate ot

revenue assessment or its .1)3Ymont. On tbe other hand, Sio11ar

conructs t4tb tbe &~~0:~ we:re normally 1n1t1atod b:f tbe

.~~!!· lt 1s gort1nent to note tbat ot tbe 11mlted narnber of

documents 1nvo1VS.ng tbe 1JM'I!1A! a.s tbe accused, more than

half 1tut1ct b1m tor 1ncreas1ng tho land revenue demand ( namel:r

8 ot the 14 docWDent.s 1nvolv1ng tbe &~amQI£ uertain to

contllct ovel' tbe assessm®t of land revenue J.

»S.oputos nsultlng tl'Om the dolat1on ot custom b

tho demand tor vanous ceases end ta:&es J.nvol1teci tbe llrtl!&l 1n tho moJoti.ty ot coses. !be maJor ottena.er was the at&el

(of tbe 29 documents perta1nlng to con.t11ct over tbe p,.ment

of cesses and ta.JtOs 1 17 involve tbe Qi\fal co \las 1n eadl case

accused. ot ove.r real1zntlon of the common 'f1lloge dues o~

.• ila. lme!!· It 1s 1nterostlng to note that altegat1ons ot opprest1cm

of tho ialS'~ veze almost lava%'1abl1 reported. et.tb.o:r 1nd1t11doal.ly

by tbo sttJ. or 1n tbe tom of ~os.nt gotit1on 1¥ the e~tfi aft4

tbe l'a1zati!65an the other bond• tbe &!U!:!!b!J.t peasants

113

invo.n.abzy toNar4od 1nd1V1du:ll vctlttons. Altbouab tlle role

of tue ..2Qt@! as tbo apOk.esm.!m for tbe underpnvUegod ~t4

1o. $-llat;l; brouebt out, tbe 11m1tcd. nWllber of dOcuments on

confl1ct between the .e91t.J.s and tbe .2Qt.,e].g need not lead us

to conclude that snell tension 41d not. exlst. In i's.ct tbo

po a1 tlon ot o.utbority enJoy eel b;y the R~ti r.wot surely bo.va

temptoo a'buee. -xh1e becomes aggarcnt tram tbe tow aoeumonts

on b.1.mssment ot tbe ar»tu by tbe 2Qts! on tbo scoto of payment

of JLI&b dues. sucb. documents wore torwnrded on tbe 1n1t1o.t1ve

of tbe ~?Si!l!G~t Yd\!i& etc. Tbe probability that tbe latter

re;orted t,lga1t1St tbe lf!1=ti'J, Only When tho o_.press1on Of tbO

poaonntl!y nttccted the1r income or interests is eq;a.rent from

tlloir repeated la.menta.t1on tbnt duo to the exactions ot the

un'&ii• tbe ia'LS&-i ha4 refused to cultivate and tbe V111Qfle was

unablo to ,Pl'Osporl66

on thQ otilc!f lls.n41 comglatnto mr>Ae bJl tbe. ila~:£tilil&

cutt1votora ooalnet the !&til.• 1avar.labl.y o.ccasecl the 1Gtter

o£ S.o~slnc ~~mc.-nt oz .SQ\1& duos wb1Ch ileA bcm bltbcl'to

exe~~- b:f ctullt.)fl't:t {:~o tmall lntel"l'O'lo.te tl!aese dl19utea \14th

those ovor rum•vcuuu::llt oz ttd~ dues tv tbo superior castes• lot or >•

r.a.stl.J, l.nter-cloas <11sJtJtes ovor lan4 were p1'J.mn.r11J

botwca tbe illi!iEGEP ODd tbe .aJ.ti• lD ;ucb ccu1oa, tbe

~!11' oos t.umol.J.r ot an a43ocel'lt Yllloge ana o.ttocpto.a to

ooto.bUsil bla Jidd. rlabtu tlTl<i tol'Oibli CQ).tlvate · tbe illS& 1M(l 1n tbo v!lloee. In ll4cl1tS.on to eurl"elUlcrius tbelr 1an4,

tbo oatabliwcont of JltRD oloo im;llcd tile 1m.o81tlon o£

aiicU.tS.on.ol. t:luoo oD4 ~ne ~eft.ng ot J:l~ or force(l labou~

bf o. e~tlon ot tho vea~tr.~.

On tbo baas ot o. SioUor evalgat1on o;;; !fmble .Ul,

ancw;LftG lntra-o1atto cllsJUtea botb be-tween a1.1d witb1tl tbe

van~ue aO'JtltlM ot tbo uomSJu;t.t1ec cln~ses, vc observo tbnt•

a ) ~ile raaJor.L t7 ot tile lnt.ra-ola.sn a.t~e.e wero oliO

intro-eectlonol :t.n tso.ture tnumed.coltv tbecc Ullj;JUtes amount

to 62 out oZ tho total of 61 lntre,...claos tll&.:~Utca botucma

mcmboro af tho dOmln~ clasaee • wtli.cb S.e rougb17 S/3rda of

tue &.agutes ). !ilo maJor conten4ers 1n 1ntra-cectt.onal clltQUtes

1t0

wore tbe oo.sharers o£ tho .l!ild.N'J.. Sf&i& and at!J=i r.l.gl'lts. ln brood. t.orms. the btgb 1nc1t1ence ot 1ntm.-seot1onsl

d1o,vutoo lev~ tho.t at van.ous,lovels members of the

explot t1ng class attempted to l11crease thelr 1ncomea at the

oxgonse ot mecbers of tlle1 r ovc elaes. 1n v1ew of the

d1m1n1Sb1ng rct\U'nS consequent to tho tall tn ann.outtural

production and prtces 1n tbe latter belf ot tbo eighteenth

contu:rr in oastern n~astbon, ia e4d1t1on to the laxltJ1n

a.dmin1stmtlvo control, such e treml appears almost s.nm.tnble.

lntra-scctlonol contl1ct ovo:r JurJ.Gd1ct1onal rlgb.te

'bottdeon co-Gbo.rero of a rellglolls grant1 by tar the most

numerous, were eJt,pres&ed. 1n terms or 4eti.m.te unJ.ts ot o.rea.

es tbo crant was nc:u."mel17 speolt1od 1n terms of area of 1an4.

!boso &s~utes wore botween co-be1ra. on the other b.an4,

41 s&'utes between igc&J!W wo~o expressed in term a of quontu

ot land rovenue to bo apgropriated by e3.Cb of tb• co•aes.S.aDees,

and those botwecn CO•JlG1!!J.I were• sltllla:'l.Y t over the quat'ltUID

of 2&\toJ,1 anel otber ceases to be ap~ro,pri.ateci between the

CO•Cla1mants.

b) of tbo lnter-scetlonal intra..clnss dtopute&t l.o.

tboae between va.nous sections of the ruling class • tbe

rDQJof'lty involve tbe Jgs1£4QD. tbe ~JW,rdqg were indicted

1t6

by the other oections of oJ.tller d1ap.roport1o~Clte sb:11'1ng ot

rGVOnuo t as 1n tho oaoes ot conf'lict with tile ~ and the

,\-.J0.£!49£1, or of over real1eot1on of rev$1'lue, as 1D conflicts

bott1een the t\Ot£& ;QS!Jdars and tbo Jaf:,£90.£1- 'fbe lo.ttor

dlsputeo 04'1oul4 bo v1ewe4 togetbar wlth disputes result1nc f:om

forcible ocouJ~ni1on ot all& laud and a.ttcmoted estab11etunent

of I$Q~rA in a. Joo&r v1lloge by the ne1Bb bounng ;&ndGD•

All oontl1ots between tba iaG&t!l~r.! aud ~nd§£' involved

contendors of d1tferent Kacbhwaba sob-clan • indicating tbe

lntor-clon nature of the cont11ct botween tbe tw most powerful

soet1ono witb1n t:ural socs.ot,.

t.o.stly, on ovoluatt.nc !able 1V sbth.dna S.ntra-olo.ss

d1aputos betweGn the pr1v1lcgt.d section or ,ebnmbru ond tbe

depressed. peaaontt¥ or the ,egla,a~ we arrive at some interesting

o baenat1oruu

a) Although over the perJ..od under consideration tbore 1&

no d1acerna.ble trend in 1ntra-clnes disputes a more or loss

un1£orm percentage being ma1nta1ned from 1731 onwGrds \:d.tb the

exception of 1?41-50• tbore 1o o. sharp 1ncree1se 1n tb.e

proportion of conflict over tbe vaytnont ot gm\,bt) Ji!!!xtsb• In

OJ:d01' to pleoe tbe cl1spute s Q"qOJ" vaymont O£ ew}lJ.t dues 1ft

tb~ grope-r pol"spcct1vo it must be clent1oc1 tbo.t the

117

protoconS.ats ( 1.o. tbo at.e]a oJXl a&xata. or .af!ltll) and tbe

o.ntogonJ.sts (l.a. tho anM.YDaJ.i. cultivators) were 41V1ded

ea caste 11nos rntbar tban class. fl\e exem~~tlon trom ;~ment

of !BQlkQ woo a coste ooncesslon acco:Ued to all mernbo:rs ot

tbe bJ.tlber castos atU1 tho superior oect1ons l1te eQt!\,

~.~WJWQE• Joo&l'99lt otc. • uhen Em.S03ed 1n cult1vat1on.

Rowover sucu an exemvt1on was a..P;}llcable only on their .lmd•

.li!}i!! or ahs.g land. Dunne tbe geft,od under rov1ew we

notice an 1nc~aa1!t6 tendency towards the a.cqui.Git1on ot .lll&itt&

or palti l.an4 • o1thor through mortgage or toroe. In tcot,

1n eacll docuoent wbe ro tbo a$tl./,£illq~J.. comgloin over non­

,paymont ot 1!!9\!5 uuoe b:1 the supor.l.or sect1ons or Jhf!9!191£)

cultivators, it 1s 1nvar1Gble tbo.t mantlon 1s also ma.da ot

the oocraeso 1n,JiYp.:!:l; oultt.vat1on. ~he R,Qlt& land tbus.

o.cq,Uired was illegally convenecl into sbo.!Qkamt and tbe

concomitant G!JA£99Jil.t pr.S.v11eges • 1n toms ot ~mont of

lo.nd rovenuo cut4 otbor cesnes au taxes - extendocl to include J.t.

Sueil o. t.-4cncy towards 1ncrease 1n sJ.laruh§!la

bold1ns would ba.11e 1m;orto.nt 1m~Uco.tS.ons tor rural tenss.ona.

On tbo one ban<l, 1t me, goss1bl.)' ex;lat.n tllo numerous

conflicts botwoen tbo ~s&lrQa.£1 and tbe Jtbt:P:~sb!t:l.a cnlt1vntors

over the p:t.ycent of land :revenue. cecondly, tbo retuMl

to 9a1 customary dues on aC(!U1red land would bo.ve led to

118

t.ncream.na co.ste tensions between tbo b1aller ca.ates and tbe

depressed .Peo.oGnt castes llke tbe Jats, Gu-3are, Ab1re etc •

.Furtbor 1t Bl.so 1nd1catos tho growing 1m£lOVerJ.shment of tb.e

qg.l,t&J; and tba rec!iuctJ.on 1n absoll.lte 11umbers and resources

ot mJ:xa~& proprietors on tmom the burden or !db parmcnta

rosto.\. Lo.st].y,. tbo ,il!ltgl.. 01\4 sbnfJ!!gJ,a confliCts over

P~mcnt ot J!ti.& could also 'be axpla.\l'l$Ci on s1ml.la.r terms.

b) ib.e oecond toro ot 1ntra-clo.sa contl1ct between the

two sections of the Pe:lslll\tl'¥ involved tb.G tord.ble occuvatloa

o.t .em:\~ land, leading to tbe1r desertion from the village.

B oro tbo ~aroasors \:Ore 1nva1'1nbly no.jput cul t1vc.tors ros1d1ng

in Jnalf v1llegea "t.ilo torc1 bly oecu;,ned tbo m1yntl land 1n

tbo v1Unges. The CQtnple1nt was 1n'la.r.1ebly 1n1 ttated b¥ tb.e

~&.,~n,.r o£ the vttlncc. lt io tnterest1nB to noto that ln

encb. caso tho ace resso r and tbo glaintitt vere ot tbe same

KO.Cbbwaha sub-clan. '.t:bc compounu1na ot tbo t.i.abts ot tbe

.JUGi:~u/~dJU 1n eastern 1\a3a&tile.n. leads one to

tcnto.t1vely b1gotbaaie that tbeso dlsgutes probably re,Z)resent

tbe int:rn•cloa etrog!jle for o.scendance botween tbo members

of tbo loco11J domt.nant RtlJput clan • one section of uhicb

hnd boon elevated to tbe pos1t1on ot J!.a&am \Vb1le the

otber kinsmen roaucea to tbe et~tus of ~ttib'!l! cultivators.

In conclus1on !t ~uld be appropr1o.te to oug~est

tbat if aaro1'1.en d1s.vutos o:e vtewe<l ns mant.tostotlons ot

119

1nter and 1ntra-class conflict thew the trends outlined

above re.t'l.ect both the intensity and direction o! social

con£11ct 1n response to tbe soc1o.econom1c and pol1 tical

developments during tbe course of tbe eighteenth ce11tury.

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