1

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7

dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb| axfb'/ sfsL{

cfb]z

@)^^ – WO –!###

ljifo M– pTk|]if0f k|ltif]w k/dfb]z .

af/f lhNnf u+hejfgLk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ a:g] lbgbofn /fptsf] 5f]/f

jif{ ^! sf] ;'sb]j /fo ofbj ============================================================!

lj?4

g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}F =!

sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}F =====================================!

u[x dGqfno l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}F=========================================================!

>L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}F ============================!

lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsnsf] sfof{no, af/f==================================================!

>L af/f lhNnf cbfnt, sn}of af/f=======================================================!

af/f lhNnf u+hejfgLk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! a:g] clDasfk|;fb ;fx sfg"sf]

5f]/f jif{ #@ sf] dx]z k|;fb ;fx sfg"=====================================================!

P]=P]= j8f g+= & a:g] uf}/Lz+s/ k|;fb snjf/sf] 5f]/f u0f]z snjf/==============!

P]=P]= j8f g+= # a:g] /fdrGb| ;fxsf] 5f]/f ;'lgn k|;fb h};jfn snjf/ =======!

P]=P]= j8f g+= @ a:g] /fd cof]Wof k|;fb ofbjsf] 5f]/f lbg]z k|;fb ofbj=======!

P]=P]= j8f g+= ! a:g] /fdnvg ;fx t]nLsf]] 5f]/f lzjz+s/ ;fx t]nL =============!

ljkIfL

lgj]bs

2

P]=P]= a:g] /fdafa' k|;fb ;fx t]nLsf] 5f]/f dgf]hk|;fb ;fx t]nL===========================!

P]=P]= a:g] /fdhL eGg] /fdPsjfn t]nLsf] 5f]/f s[i0fk|;fb ;fx t]nL=======================!

P]=P]= a:g] ls;'g k+l8tsf] 5f]/f rt'/u'0f k+l8t s'Dxf/ =========================================!

P]=P]= a:g] ls;'g k+l8t s'Dxf/sf] 5f]/f hf]v' k+l8t s'Dxf/ ====================================!

P]=P]= j8f g+= % a:g] :j=/xb]j /fptsf] 5f]/f /fdrGb| k|;fb ofbj ========================!

P]=P]= a:g] /fdrGb| k|;fb ofbjsf] 5f]/f bf/f k|;fb ofbj======================================!

P]=P]=j8f g+= & a:g] cj' dxDdbsf] 5f]/f cAb'n ;tf/ cG;f/L================================!

P]=P]= a:g] cj' dxDbsf] 5f]/f cdhb cnL cG;f/L===============================================!

P]=P]= a:g] g];f?n xs cG;f/Lsf] 5f]/f clg;'n /xdfg cG;f/L==============================!

P]=P]=j8f g+= @ a:g] x/]Gb|k|;fb ofbjsf] 5f]/f dgf]h k|;fb ofbj============================!

P]=P]= j8f g+= # a:g] z+s/ dxtf]sf] 5f]/f lw/]Gb| k|;fb s'zjfxf sf]O{/L=====================!

P]=P]= j8f g+= % a:g] :j=tkf; 7fs'/ nf]xf/sf] 5f]/f gy'gL 7fs'/ nf]xf/===================!

P]=P]= j8f g+= & a:g] gGblszf]/ ;fx sfg" ========================================================!

P]=P]= j8f g+= ! a:g] agf/;L ;fx t]nLsf] 5f]/f ;'/]z k|;fb ;fx t]nL ====================!

P]=P]= j8f g+= @ a:g] uf}/Lz+s/ ofbjsf] 5f]/f /fhlszf]/ k|;fb ofbj======================!

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntsf]

c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+

cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M–

d lgj]bssf] 5f]/f /fdk|sfz ofbj, sGx}of ofbj, elthf bf/f ofbj / ufpFms}

ef]h ksfpg] ld:qL clDasf dxtf] g'gLofnfO{ lakIfL v08df pNn]lvt JolQmx?n]

ldlt @)^^.(.@@ ut] a]n'sL *M#) ah]sf] ;dodf aGb'sn] tfsLtfsL xTof u/]pk/

af/f lhNnf cbfntdf st{Jo Hofg, Hofgdfg]{ pBf]u d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]df kqmfp k/L

cfPsf k|ltjfbLx? dWo] u0f]z snjf/ / dx]z;fx sfg"nfO{ >L af/f lhNnf cbfntsf]

ldlt @)^^.!!.!( sf] cfb]zdf k"k{Ifsf] lglDfQ y'gfdf /fv]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

x]6f}+8f ;d]tn] af/f lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ ldlt @)^&.#.# df ;b/ u/]sf] lyof] .

3

lghx?nfO{ yk st{Ao Hofg d'2fdf z'? cbfntn] y'gfdf /fVg] cfb]z ;d]t ePsf]] 5 .

5f]/f /fdk|sfz ofbj ljsf; k|]dL, ufpF ;dfhdf nf]slk|o Pj+ Aofkf/L ePsf] / csf{

5f]/f sGxfO{ ofbj g]=/f=k|f=lj=dNxgLsf lzIfs lyP . d[ts 5f]/fx?n] ;fem]bf/Ldf af/f

lhNnf s/}of uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^ ahgL ufpFdf O{F6fe§fdf sfd ug]{ dh\b'/ / g]tfx?sf]

nflu ef]hsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] / ldlt @)^^.(.@@ ut] a]n'sf ef]h vfO{ kms{g] qmddf

ljkIfL v08df pNn]lvt JolQmx?n] of]hgfj4 9+un] af6f]uf}8f 5]sL lgd{d tl/sfn]

xTof u/]sf] tYo af/f lhNnf cbfntsf] ;Ssn ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 .

;'lgof]lht xTofsf] 36gfaf6 lkl8t d lgj]bsn] ljkIfLx?pk/ xb};Dd

sf/jfxLsf] lglDt hfx]/L lbO{ d'2fsf] sf/jfxL rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf lakIfL g]kfn ;/sf/

dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]taf6 ldlt @)^&.#.!^ df pQm stAo Hofg d'2f lkmtf{

lng] lg0f{o ePsf] s'/f hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf]df ;f] ;DaGwdf s] ePsf] /x]5 egL

ljkIfL sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnodf gSsn dfu ug{ hfFbf ;f] lg0f{osf] gSsn glbO

OGsf/ u/]sf] / ljkIfL sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnon] lakIfL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

sfof{nonfO{ n]v]sf] ldlt @)^&.)#.@) sf] kqsf] kmf]6f]skL tyf uf]/vfkq b}lgs tyf

/fhwfgL b}lgs klqsfx?df ldlt @)^&.#.@$ df k|sflzt ;dfrf/ ;d]taf6 pQm

st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofgdfg]{ pBf]u d'2f lkmtf{sf] lg0f{o ePsf] hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] /

lakIfLx?sf] pQm sfo{ u}/;+j}wflgs, u}/sfg"gL Pj+ df}lnsxs ;d]tsf] xgg ePsf]n]

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ug{ pkl:yt ePsf] 5' .

ljkIfLn] d'2f lkmtf{ ubf{ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf]

pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd plrt cfwf/ / sf/0f b]vfpg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ljkIfL dx]zk|;fb

;fx sfg' ;d]tn] ljz'4 kmf}hbf/L ck/fw u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf

k|wfgdGqLn] k|wfgdGqL kbaf6 /flhgfdf u/L cfkm" sfdrnfp ePsf] lbgdf g} pQm

lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfdrnfp cj:yfsf] lakIfL dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ sfo{sf/L clwsf/

geO{ ;fdfGo sfdrnfp ;Ddsf] clwsf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf d'2f lkmtf{ h:tf] dxTjk"0f{

lg0f{o ug'{af6 ljkIfLx?n] ;kmf / z'4 lgotaf6 k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{sf] lg0f{o u/]sf] geO{

4

;dfhdf lx+;f / c/fhstfnfO{ a9fjf lbg],zflGt ;'Joj:yfdf vnn k'¥ofpg] / d

lgj]bssf b'O{ hgf 5f]/fx?sf] qm'/tfk"j{s xTof ePsf]df yklk8f x'g] u/L d]/f] lk8fnfO{

;d]t aNemfpg] u/L lakIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 d'2f lkmtf{sf]

lg0f{o ePsf] 5 lakIfL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t k|s[of cl3 a9fO{ lakIfL

af/f lhNnf cbfnt ;d]taf6 s]xL lbg leq} d'2f lkmtf{nfO{ ;xdlt lbO{ y'gfdf /x]sf

cfk/flws k|j[lQsf ljkIfLx?nfO{ y'gfd'Qm u/L ;dfhdf eo / qf;sf] cj:yf >[hgf

ug{ nfu]sf] hfgsf/L kfO{ tTsfn lakIfL af/f lhNnf cbfntnfO{ ;d]t ;f] sfo{

ug{af6 /f]sL ck/fwnfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg{ k|:t't lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf] 5' . of]

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ;d]t xf] . o:t} k|s[ltsf] lgj]bs clwjQmf dfwjs'df/

a:g]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn ;d]t ePsf] @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )#%&

sf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf o;} ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 d'2f lkmtf{ lng] sfo{ gug'{ eGg] cGtl/d

cfb]z hf/L e} xfn sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .

o;/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] u/L ePsf] pQm ldlt @)^&.#.!^ sf] lg0f{onfO{ pTk|]if0fsf]

cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lakIfL af/f lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]zaf6 y'gfdf /x]sf lakIfLx?

u0f]z snjf/ / dx]z ;fx sfg"nfO{ y'gfd'Qm u/L d'2f lkmtf{nfO{ ;xdlt lbg] k|s[of

z'? ePsf] s'/f hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] x'Fbf ;f] cbfntn] pQm sfo{ ug]{ ;+efjgf ePsf]n]

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] lsgf/f gnfUbf;Dd y'gfd'Qm ug]{ u/L ;xdlt lbg] sfo{ gug'{

gu/fpg' egL ljkIfL >L af/f lhNnf cbfntsf gfpFdf k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L

kfpF . ;fy} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd of] lgj]bgsf]

clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd @)^&.#.!^ sf] dGqLkl/ifbsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug'{

gu/fpg' Pj+ d'2f lkmtf{ lng] s'g} klg k|s[of cufl8 ga9fO{ oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL

lakIfLx?sf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/ Gofo OG;fkm kfpF

eGg] ;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bg Aoxf]/f .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g'

gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt

5

lg0f{o ;lxtsf] kmfon ;d]t ;fy} /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t lnlvt

hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/

k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] jf]wfy{

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbg' . ljkIfL dx]zk|;fb ;fx sfg" ;d]tsf

JolQmx?sf xsdf lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm}+ jf cfˆgf] k|ltlglwåf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL

l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf ;f]sf]

cjlw Joltt ePkl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug'{ .

;fy} k"j{ l/;OjLsf sf/0f of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] uf]nL xfgL dflg; df/]sf] d'2fnfO{

/fhgLlts jf/bftsf] ;+1f lbO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifbaf6 d'4f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o

ePaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ åf/f k|bQ Gofo k|fKtug]{

lgj]bssf] df}lns xs xgg ePsf] eGg] ;d]t l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v e} tTsfn k|fKt

k|df0fx?af6 k|ltjfbLx? s;'/bf/ b]lvPsf] x'Fbf k'k{Ifsf] nflu y'gfdf /fVg] u/L jf/f

lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.!!.!( df y'g5]ssf] cfb]z e}/x]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'Ëf] gufn];Dd g]kfn ;/sf/ -dGqLkl/ifb\_ af6 jfbL

g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL /fhlszf]/ k|;fb ofbj ;d]t @) hgf ePsf] af/f lhNnf

cbfntdf ljrf/flwg st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofgdfg]{ pBf]u d'2f lkmtf{ lng] u/L ldlt

@)^&.#.!^ df ePsf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfg"g tyf Gofo

dGqfnon] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ n]v]sf] ldlt @)^&.#.@) sf] kq sfof{Gjog

gu/L oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfLx?sf gfpFdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(

sf] lgod $! adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 ;f]sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLx?nfO{

lbg' eGg] ;d]t o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^&.#.#) df ePsf]

cfb]z .

k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf u[x dGqfnoaf6 n]vL cfPsf] / ;/sf/L d'4f

;DaGwL P]g, @)$(n] g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ cbfntdf ljrf/flwg /x]sf h'g;'s}

kmf}Hbf/L d'2f ;DalGwt cbfntsf] cg'dlt lnO{ lkmtf{ lng;Sg] clwsf/ g]kfn

6

;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] x'Fbf kmf}Hbf/L d'2fx? lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf ckgfpg' kg]{

gLltut dfkb08 / sfo{ljwLsf] clwgdf /xL g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ;f] d'2f

lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . hxfF;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/af6 d'2f lkmtf{ lng]

;DaGwdf plrt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg g;s]sf] eGg] lgj]bssf] k|Zg 5, ;/sf/L

d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL

ePsf] kmf}Hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf u[x dGqfnoaf6 ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{

k|fKt ePs]f / d'2f lkmtf{ lng] sfo{ cbfntsf] cg'dltaf6 dfq ;Dej x'g] / cbfntn]

cg'dlt glbPsf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oaf6 dfq :jtMd'2f lkmtf{ gx'g] x'Fbf

;f] ljifo ;DalGwt cbfntaf6 ;d]t ljrf/ x'g] g} x'Fbf cbfntaf6 Goflos /f]xaf6

ljrf/ x'g] ljifodf l/6 hf/L x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]tsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf

tkm{af6 o; cbfnt ;dIf k/]sf] lnvLt hjfkm .

g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntn] d'2f lkmtf{

ug]{ cfb]z lbg;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{onfO{ cbfntn] c:jLsf/

ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ /x]sf] x'G5 . k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df klg o; dGqfnon] d'2f

lkmtf{sf] lgj]bg btf{ u/L lgj]bg ;fy k|fKt cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu kmfon k7fO{g]

/ sfg"g dGqfnoaf6 cfjZos k|lqmof ;DkGg ul/ lhNnf cbfnt k7fO{g] ul/Psf] 5 .

o;y{ o; dGqfnosf] cfjZos sfuhft ;+sng ul/ ;f] sfuhft ;lxt ldl;n sfg"g

dGqfnodf k7fpg] sfo{jfx]s cGo k|s[ofdf s'g} e'ldsf g/x]sf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 eGg]

;d]tsf] o; cbfnt ;dIf sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt

hjfkm .

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g,@)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] Joj:yf, ;Ddflgt

cbfntaf6 ePsf] Goflos JofVof Pj+ kmf}Hbf/L d'2fx? lkmtf{lng] ;DaGwdf ckgfpg'

kg]{ gLltut dfkb08 / sfo{ljwL,@)%% ;d]tn] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL af/f

lhNnf uGhejfgLk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ a:g] /fhlszf]/k|;fb ofbj ;d]t @) hgf

k|ltjfbLx? ePsf] af/f lhNnf cbfntdf ljrf/flwg /x]sf] st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofgdfg]{

7

pBf]u d'2f lkmtf{ lng /f]s gnufPsf] / /fhg}lts bnx?s]f l;kmfl/; ;d]t /x]sf]n]

d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ljifosf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] g+= $÷&–)^&–@–@) sf] k|:tfj

dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z x'Fbf dGqLkl/ifbsf] a}=;=!%÷)^& ldlt @)^&.#.!^ sf] a}7saf6

/fhlszf]/ k|;fb ofbj ;d]t @) hgf k|ltjfbL ePsf] af/f lhNnf cbfntdf

larf/lwg /x]sf] st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofgdfg]{ pBf]u d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ePsf] xf] .

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( n] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfn

;/sf/jfbL e} x]l/g] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 rnfOPsf] / g]kfn ;/sf/ pk/

k/]sf] d'2f dfldnf lkmtf{ lng ;DalGwt cbfnt ;d]tsf] d~h'/L cfjZos kg]{ /

cbfntn] ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{ dGh'/L lbg] jf glbg]

;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifbsf] lg0f{o adf]lhd d'2f lkmtf{

lng dGh'/L lbg] jf glbg] cbfntsf] lg0f{odf c;/ kg]{ u/L ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 dfu

adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf]

g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;rLjsf tkm{af6 o; cbfnt ;dIf k]z ePsf] lnvLt hjfkm .

ldlt @)^^.(.@) df ;'lgnk|;fb h};jfn ;d]t @) hgfn] af6f] 9'sL jGb's

lnO{ Ps}k6s cGwfw'Gbf uf]nL kmfo/ ubf{ clDasf dxtf], bf/f k|;fb ofba, /fd k|sfz

ofbjsf] d[To' ePsf]df Hofg ;DaGwLsf] ! g+= / !#-!_ g+=sf] s;'/ ck/fwdf P]=sf] !#-

!_ g+=adf]lhd ;hfo / ;f]xL jf/bftdf uf]nL k|xf/af6 l;of/fd dxtf] / sGx}of k|;fb

ofba 3fO{t] ePsf]df P]=dxnsf] ! g+= / !% g+=sf] s;"/ ck/fwdf P]=!% g+=adf]lhd

;hfosf] dfubfjL lnO{ ldlt @)^^.!!.!^ df st{Jo Hofg / Hofgdfg]{ pBf]usf] d'2f

bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . pQm jf/bftdf 3fOt] e} gle{s OG6/g]Zfgn c:ktfn sf7df8f}+df

pkrf/sf] qmddf /x]sf] sGx}ofk|;fb ofbasf] ldlt @)^^.!!.!^ df d[To' ePsf]df

k|ltjfbL ;'lgnk|;fb h};jfn ;d]t @) hgfnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]df cleof]udf Hofg

;DaGwLsf] ! / !#-!_ g+= sf] s;"/df !#-!_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfosf] dfubfjL lnO{ ldlt

@)^&.@.@^ df jf/f lhNnf cbfntdf cleof]ukq bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ -

dGqLkl/ifb_ sf] ldlt @)^&.#.!^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;'sb]j /fo ofbjsf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL

8

g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL /fhlszf]/k|;fb ofbj ;d]t @) hgf k|ltjfbL ePsf] jf/f

lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] st{Jo Hofg / Hofgdfg]{ pBf]u d'2f ;/sf/L d'2f

;DjlGw P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @(-!_ adf]lhd lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nflu

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k|fKt e} dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ldlt

@)^&.#.@@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ pQm lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf]

k|ltlnkL ;lxt k|fKt e} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog u/fpg' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf]

x'Fbf o; sfof{noaf6 r=g+= &*# ldlt @)^&.#.#! df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf]

5fofk|lt ;lxt jf/f lhNnf cbfntdf k7fOPsf]df af/f lhNnf cbfntaf6 pQm d'2f

lkmtf{ lbg] cfb]z eO{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o g]kfn ;/sf/ -dGqL

kl/ifb_ sf] clwsf/ /x]sf] x'Fbf o; sfof{nosf] cfb]zfg';f/ lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ;Dd

ul/Psf] xf] t;y{ lgj]bssf] lgj]bg adf]lhd Gofo kfpg] df}lns xs xgg x'g] sfo{

gu/]sf] x'Fbf o; sfof{nosf] xsdf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] lhNnf ;/sf/L

jlsn sfof{no af/fsf] tkm{af6 o; cbfnt ;dIf k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @(-!_ df æk|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd

g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ x]l/g] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 rnfO{Psf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/

pk/ k/]sf] d'2f dfldnf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfb]z ePdf ;/sf/L jlsnn] c? kIfsf]

;xdltn] To:tf] d'2f ldnfkq ug]{ jf cbfntsf] d~h'/Ln] To:tf] d'2f dWo] g]kfn

;/sf/ jfbL ePs]f kmf}hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu o;

sfof{nodf lg0f{o ;lxtsf] kq k|fKt eP cg';f/ ;DalGwt lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsn

sfof{nodf kqfrf/ ug]{ sfd;Dd ul/Psf] sfo{n] lgj]bssf] xsdf c;/ kg]{ xf]O{g .

g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL e} rn]sf] d'2f lkmtf{ x'gsf nflu lhNnf cbfntaf6 d'2f lkmtf{ ug{

d~h'/L lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o g} d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf clGtd lg0f{o

xf]Og . k|:t't l/6df pNn]v ePsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf cbfntaf6 d~h'/L x'g]

jf gx'g] cj:yf afFsL x'Fbfsf] ckl/kSj cj:yfdf bfo/ ePsf] l/6 vf/]h efuL 5 eGg]

9

;d]tsf] dxfGofofwLjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 o; cbfnt ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]

lnlvt hjfkm .

g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf hfx]/jfnfsf] x}l;ot ;/sf/L d'2f

;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @# adf]lhd sf/jfxL rnfpg] ;Dd x'Fbf hfx]/jfnfsf]

?kdf /x]sf ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bssf] x}l;ot klg ujfx dfq ePsf]n] d'2fsf kIf ;/xsf]

x}l;otn] l/6 lgj]bg lbg] lgj]bsx?nfO{ xsb}of 5}g . dGqLkl/ifbaf6 lg0f{o x'Fb}df

c8\8fn] pQm lg0f{o poo'Qm 5 5}g eGg] s'/f lhNnf cbfntsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t kg]{

ljifo ePsf] x'Fbf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 l/6 If]qflwsf/ k|of]u u/L x]g{ / lg0f{o

ug{ ldNb}g . ;+;lbo Joj:yfdf dGqLkl/ifbnfO{ sfg"g cg'?k cfkm"df lglxt clwsf/

k|of]u ug{ s'g} aGb]h 5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%! df /fi6«kltnfO{ dfkmL ;DaGwL

clwsf/ lbO{Psf] 5 To;/L g} ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng kfpg] clwsf/

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( n] k|i6 u/]sf] x'Fbf

sfg"gtMk|fKt clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ePsf] lg0f{o pk/ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sb}g

. s:tf] k|s[ltsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] jf glng] eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ g]kfn

;/sf/sf] :jljj]lso clwsf/ xf] . ;/sf/n] kl/jlt{t /fhg}lts cj:yf, b]zsf] zflGt

;'/Iff , j}b]lzs ;DaGw nufot cGo ljleGg s'/fx?nfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} d'2f lkmtf{

lng ;Sg] s'/fsf] JofVof e} g]=sf=k= )%! c+s & k[i7 %)$ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 lbn

axfb'/ nfdf ;d]tsf] d'2fdf l;4fGt k|ltkflbt ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{

lng'kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ leqL sf/0f pNn]v ug{ gldNg] x'gfn] cbfntn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO k\|fKt

clwsf/sf] k|of]u plrt sf/0fsf] nfuL ;blgotn] ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] xf]O{g eGg] s'/fsf]

hfFra'em u/L d'2fsf] ljifoj:t'leq k|j]z u/L cbfntn] dGh'/L k|bfg ug]{ gug]{

clVtof/L lhNnf cbfntnfO{ k|fKt ePsf]n] ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng'kg]{ cfjZostf /

cbfntn] x]g]{ cf}lrTotfnfO{ ;d]t ldnfO{ ;Gt'ng sfod ul/Psf] s'/f ;f] sfg"gL

Joj:yfn] :ki6 ub{5 . ;f]xL] sfg"gL Joj:yf cGtu{t pQm d'2fsf] ljifoj:t' leq k|j]z

u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o plrt 5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lhNnf cbfntsf]

10

If]qflwsf/df k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ ul/ x'g] lg0f{o l/6 If]qaf6 x'g ;Sb}g . s'g} JolQm

pk/ nfu]sf] kmf}hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng ;Sg], d'2f g} grnfpg] jf ;hfo kfPsfnfO{

dflkm lbg] lg0f{o -Executive Domain_ leq kg]{ s'/f xf] . ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng]

clwsf/ eg]sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ j[xt ;fj{hlgs lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /flv k|of]u x'g]

tYodf k|j]z u/L x]bf{ l/6 If]qflwsf/af6 gldNg] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 vf/]h efuL 5

eGg] ;d]tsf] ljkIfL dx]z k|;fb ;fx / u0f]z k|;fb ;fx sfg' ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 o;

cbfnt ;dIf k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf hfx]/jfnfsf] x}l;ot ;/sf/L d'2f

;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @# adf]lhd sf/jfxL k|f/De ug]{;Dd x'g] x'Fbf

hfx]/jfnfsf] ?kdf /x]sf ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bssf] x}l;ot klg ujfx dfq ePsf]n] d'2fsf

kIf ;/xsf] x}l;otn] l/6 lgj]bg lbg] lgj]bsnfO{ xsb}of 5}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #*-(_ df k|wfgdGqLn] /flhgfdf lbP/ jf cGo sf/0faf6

kbd'Qm ePklg csf]{ dGqLkl/ifb u7g geP;Dd ;f]xL dGqLkl/ifbn] sfo{ ;+rfng u/L

/xg] 5g\ eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 /flhgfdf lbP kl5sf] dGqLkl/ifbn] s'g} sfd ug{

gkfpg] eGg ldNb}g .c1ft xltof/wf/Laf6 pQm xTof ePsf] :jLsf/ ub}{ g]kfn

;/sf/n] To:tf d[ts kl/jf/nfO{ lbg] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t lnO{ kfO{ ;s]sf] tYo lhNnf

k|zf;g sfof{nosf] kqaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . d'2f lkmtf{ lng g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu lnlvt

cg'/f]w u/]af6 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{

x[boud u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqL kl/ifbn] ;Da4 sfof{nox?sf] /fo ;'emfj ;d]t lnO{

d'2f lkmtf{ lng' g} pko'Qm x'g] b]lv d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @(-!_ n] d'2f lkmtf{ lnFbf klxnf] ;t{

g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL e} rn]sf] kmf}hbf/L d'2f x'g' kg]{ / ;f]xL P]gsf] pkbkmf -@_ n]

lkmtf{ lnFbf d'2f u}/ ;/sf/L JolQmsf] ;DklQ ;DaGwL s'/fdf c;/ gkg]{ vfnsf] ;d]t

x'g'kg]{ k"j{ zt{ tf]lsPsf]df pQm zt{x? k"/f ePsf] eGg] s'/f pQm d'2faf6} k|i6 5 .

pQm bkmf @( n] gtf]lsPsf] s'/fx? g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{odf b]vfpg' k5{ egL g]kfn

11

;/sf/nfO{ afWo kfg{ ldNb}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{o k|zf;lso lg0f{o

xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]zsf] b}lgs k|zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ qmddf u/]sf] lg0f{ox?

cbfntsf] Goflos If]qflwsf/ leq kb}{g . b]zsf] zflGt ;'/Iff ;DaGwL k|Zg lj;'4

/fhg}lts k|Zg xf] . b]zdf zflGt ;'Joj:yf cdgrog sfod x'g] b]lvPdf g]kfn

;/sf/ jfbL e} rnfPsf d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ubf{ sf/0f v'nfpg' kg]{ jf ;kmfO{sf]

df}sf k|bfg ug]{ clgjfo{tf 5}g .

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @( n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng kfpg] clwsf/

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] / d'2f lkmtf{ lngnfO{ pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] g}

cbfntn] dGh'/L lng'kg]{ jfWofTds JofVof u/]sf] 5 . cbfntsf] dGh'/L j]u/ d'2f

jfk; x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . cbfntn] d'2f jfk; lbFbf d'2fsf] cf}lrTodf k|j]z

u/L d'2f lkmtf{ ug{ dGh'/L lbg] jf glbg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug]{ / dGh'/L k|bfg

gug]{ u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] clVtof/L ;d]t lhNnf cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn

;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ sf/0f, cf}lrTo / cfwf/ gv'nfP klg

cbfntn] d'2f lkmtf{ lbg'k"j{ pQm d'2fsf] ljifoj:t' leq k|j]z u/L ljrf/ ug{ ;lsg]

sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]ePaf6 plrt cfwf/ / sf/0f pNn]v 5}g elg ljkIfLn] eGb}df pQm

lg0f{o jb/ x'g] cj:yf x'Gg . z+s/ k|;fb 9sfn lj?4 dGqL kl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t

ePsf] @)%@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @$)^ tyf @)%@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @$*( l/6 lgj]bgdf

ljz]if Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)%#.&.@@ df ePsf] JofVof ;d]taf6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'2f

lkmtf{ lng ;Sg] s'/f lglj{jfb ?kdf :yflkt 5 .

jf/bftdf xfd|f] ;+nUgtf g/x]sf], xfdL lgbf]{if JolQm e} lj;'4 /fhg}lts

k"jf{u|xaf6 pQm d'2f rnfOPsf] eGg] s'/f df}sfdf tof/ ePsf] d[ts bf/fk|;fb ofbj

clDasf dxtf] g'lgof, /fd k|sfz ofbjsf] ldlt @)^^.(.@@ / @# ut] ePsf] nf;hfFr

d'r'Nsf P]=@@ ut] ePsf] 36gf:yn d'r'Nsfdf pNn]lvt bvf{:t / ;"rgfsf] 5f]6s/L

ljj/0fdf pNn]lvt tYoaf6 tyf lgpFbf] zlxbsf ?kdf jf/bft ePsf] @& lbgkl5

of]hgfj4 ?kdf t}of/ ul/Psf] hfx]/L nufotsf k|df0fx?af6 b]lvPsf] 5 . oL ;a}

12

tYox? l/6 If]qflwsf/af6 x]g{ ldNb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf lgisif{df k'Ugsf] nflu tYodf

k|j]z ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] / tYodf k|j]z u/L x]bf{ l/6 If]qflwsf/af6 gldNg] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf]

l/6 vf/]h efuL 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{o pko'Qm 5

5}g elg k/LIf0f ug]{ d'2fsf] ljifoj:t' leq k|j]z ug'{kg]{ / pQm lg0f{o adf]lhd d'2f

lkmtf{ lbg] jf glbg] elg cfb]z ug]{ clwsf/ jf/f lhNnf cbfntnfO{ ePsf] / pQm

s'/f cBfkL ljrf/flwg /x] ePsf] k|:t't lg0f{on] lhNnf cbfntsf] ljrf/flwg tYosf

;DaGwdf cg's'n jf k|lts'n k|efj kfg]{ x'Fbf c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 k|efljt t'NofO{

tNnf] txsf] cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qdf x:tIf]k ug{ ;d]t gldNg] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg

vf/]h efuL 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] ljkIfL clg;'n /xdfg cG;f/L, ;'lgn k|;fb h};jfn

snjf/ ;d]tsf ljkIfLx?sf] o; cbfntdf k]z ePsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6

lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ab|L axfb'/ sfsL{

clwjQmf >L /d0f s'df/ >]i7, clwjQmf >L dfwas'df/ a:g]t, clwjQmf >L ledf{h'g

cfrfo{, clwjQmf >L påj k|;fb rf}nfufO{, clwjQmf >L ;'af; cfrfo{n] lgtfGt

cfk/flws lqmofsnfkaf6 lgj]bssf 5f]/fx?nfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] o:tf] h3Go

ck/fwdf d'2f lkmtf{ lng]u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/]sf] sfo{ ;+ljwfg tyf kmf}hbf/L

Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt ljkl/t 5 . lj;'4 cfk/flws 36gfnfO{ /fhg}lts /+u lbO{

/fhg}lts bnx?n] u/]sf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{ lbg] lg0f{o ug'{ ;/sf/n]

b08lxgtfnfO{ k|>o lbg' xf] . s'g 36gf /fhg}lts xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/f /fhg}lts

bnn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ xf]O{g . /fhg}lts ;xdtLsf] cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{ lng ldN5 ldNb}g

eGg] k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . cd's /fhg}lts bnx?sf] ;xdltsf] cfwf/df

h3Go ck/fwnfO{ /fhg}lts /+u lbO{ d'2f lkmtf{ lngsf nfuL h3Go 36gfnfO{

/fhg}lts ?kdf lrq0f ug{ ldNb}g . s'g 36gf cfk/flws xf], jf /fhg}lts k|s[ltsf]

36gfaf6 ;[lht cj:yf xf] eGg] s'/f /fhg}lts ;xdltn] lgwf{/0f gu/L jf/bft

x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf x'g] JolQmsf] pkl:ytL, p;sf] lgot / dg;fo tyf 36gfaf6 ;[lht

13

kl/0ffd ;d]tn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . d'2f lkmtf{ lng] k|:tfadf /fhg}lts sf/0f pNn]v

ePklg of] lj;'4 ck/flws 36gf xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] agfPsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng]

;DaGwL dfkb08sf cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{ lnOPsf] eGg] ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ts{

dgfl;j 5}g . dfkb08 cfkm}df ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gåf/f k|bQ xs Pj+ kmf}hbf/L

Gofosf] l;4fGt ljkl/t b]lvG5 . dfkb08sf] d'Nof+sg u/]/ dfq plrt cfb]z lbg

;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Gofofnon] ;/sf/n] agfPsf] d'2f lkmtf{ ;DaGwL

dfkb08 sfg"g ;+ut 5, jf 5}g x]/L ;/sf/sf gfddf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] cj:yf

x'G5 . ;/sf/n] dfkb08sf gfddf cfkm"v';L ?kdf kl/jf/s} j+z ljgfz x'g] u/L

st{Jo u/L JolQm xTof u/L d[To' ePsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ ljlIfKt cj:yfdf

k'¥ofO{ pgLx?sf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;d]tdf lg/fzf / s'07f pTkGg x'g] u/L

lkl8tnfO{ yk cfxt x'g] u/L d'2f lkmtf{sf] lg0f{o lng ldNb}g . k|:t't jf/bftdf

d[tsx?nfO{ tfsLtfsL uf]nL k|xf/ u/L st{Jo u/L dfl/Psf] 5 . o:tf] h3Go ck/fw

ePsf] k|:t't cfk/flws k|s[ltsf] d'2fdf d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ug{ ldNb}g . d'2f lkmtf{

lng] cj:yfdf lk8Lt kIfsf] ;d]t ;xdtL cfjZos k5{ . lk8Lt kIfnfO{ ;dfj]z

gu/L jf lghaf6 s'g} dGh'/L jf :jLs[tL glnO{ PstkmL{ ?kdf cbfntdf larf/flwg

/x]sf] cj:yfsf] d'2fnfO{ k|efj kg]{ u/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ug'{ u}/sfg"gLk"0f{ sfo{

xf] . ck/fwLnfO{ /fHon] b08sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg' k5{ ;+/If0f lbg] xf]O{g . t;y{

k|ltjfbLx? pk/ st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg\dfg]{ pBf]udf d'2f bfo/ eO{ af/f lhNnf

cbfntdf larf/flwg /x]sf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] u/L lg0f{o ug]{ u/L ePsf] ljkIfL g]kfn

;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifbsf] lg0f{o ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gåf/f k|bQ ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xs

k|lts"n ePsf]n] To:tf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; k|:t't

ug'{eof] .

ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;x–GofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f

kf}8]nn] s] s:tf k|s[ltsf d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{sf] lg0f{o lng ;S5 eGg]

s'/fdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @(n] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]

14

Joj:yf ljz]if sf/0fdf dfq k|of]u x'g ;S5 . k|:t't jf/bftsf] k|s[lt /fhg}lts

k|s[ltsf] b]lvPsf] / /fhg}lts bnsf] ;xdtLaf6 d'2f lkmtf{sf] nfuL l;kmfl/; ;d]t

ePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'2f

lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwL dfkb08sf cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{sf] lg0f{o u/]sf] / pQm

dfkb08df k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{ lng;Sg] cj:yf x'Fbf ;f] lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] . ;/sf/L d'2f

;DaGwL P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @( -!_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{o

;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|lts"n 5}g . ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] / ;f]sf]

sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf cbfntsf] d~h'/L cfjZos x'g] cj:yf x'Fbf sfof{Gjog ug]{

sfo{ cbfntsf] cg'dtLdf lge{/ x'G5 . d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o x'b}df l/6 lgj]bssf]

;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL clwsf/ xgg x'g ;Sg] xf]O{g l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGG]

;d]tsf] jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] .

ljkIfL u0f]z ;fx, dx]z ;fx snjf/ ;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf

dgdf]xg ltldlN;gf, clwjQmf lszf]/ clwsf/Ln] lgj]bs clwjQmf lqnf]rg uf}td

lj?4 dGqLkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;/sf/n] d'2f

lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ug'{ u}/;+j}wflgs xf]Og egL lg0f{o eO;s]sf] 5 t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg

vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] .

kIf ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foL tyf ljåfg ;x–

GofoflwjQmfsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lg b'a} kIfaf6 k]z ePsf axzgf]6 ;d]t cWoog u/L

cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg] tf/]v tf]ls k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lga]bgdf lgj]bssf] dfu

adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf], jf xf]O{g lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] .

lg0f{otkm{ larf/ ubf{, lgj]bsn] d"ntM ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifbn] d'2f

lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_

adf]lhd plrt cfwf/ / sf/0f b]vfpg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ljkIfL dx]zk|;fb ;fx sfg'

;d]tn] ljz'4 kmf}hbf/L ck/fw u/]sf]df ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqLn]

k|wfgdGqL kbaf6 /flhgfdf u/L cfkm" sfd rnfp ePsf] lbgdf g} pQm lg0f{o u/]sf]

15

b]lvG5 . sfd rnfp cj:yfsf] lakIfL dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ sfo{sf/L clwsf/ geO{ ;fdfGo

sfd rnfp ;Ddsf] clwsf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf d'2f lkmtf{ h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o ug'{af6

ljkIfLx?n] ;kmf / z'4 lgotaf6 k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{ u/]sf] geO{ ;dfhdf lx+;f /

c/fhstfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] / zflGt ;'Joj:yfdf vnn k'¥ofpg], lgj]bssf b'O{hgf

5f]/fx?sf] qm'/tfk"j{s xTof ePsf] / lga]bssf] lk8fnfO{ aNemfpg] u/L lakIfL

k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 d'2f lkmtf{sf] lg0f{o ePsf] / lakIfL

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t k|s[of cl3 a9fO{ lakIfL af/f lhNnf cbfnt

;d]taf6 s]xL lbg leq} d'2f lkmtf{nfO{ ;xdlt lbO{ y'gfdf /x]sf ck/flws k|j[lQsf

ljkIfLx?nfO{ y'gfd'Qm u/L ;dfhdf eo / qf;sf] cj:yf >[hgf ug{ nfu]sfn]] o:tf]

;Da]bglzn ljifo ;d]t ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ;d]tdf lgj]bg lbg]

xsb}of ePaf6 lgj]bg lnO{ cfPsf] / g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifb\af6 af/f lhNnf

cbfntdf larf/flwg /x]sf] ;'sb]j /fo ofbjsf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL

af/f lhNnf u+hejfgLk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ a:g] /fhlszf]/ k|;fb ofbj ;d]t @)

hgf k|ltjfbL ePsf] st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf

ePsf] pQm ldlt @)^&.#.!^ sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L kfpF eGg]

;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL b]lvG5 .

ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lnlvthjfkm Joxf]/f x]bf{, ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g,

@)$( sf] bkmf @(-!_ df ePsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng;Sg] Joj:yf, ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr

cbfntaf6 d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf ePsf] Goflos JofVof Pj+ kmf}Hbf/L d'2fx? lkmtf{

lng] ;DaGwdf ckgfpg' kg]{ gLltut dfkb08 / sfo{ljwL,@)%% ;d]tn] jfbL g]kfn

;/sf/ k|ltjfbL af/f lhNnf uGhejfgLk'/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+= @ a:g] /fhlszf]/k|;fb

ofbj ;d]t @) hgf k|ltjfbLx? ePsf] af/f lhNnf cbfntdf ljrf/flwg /x]sf] st{Jo

Hofg tyf Hofgdfg]{ pBf]u d'2f lkmtf{ lng /f]s gnufPsf] / /fhg}lts bnx?s]f

l;kmfl/; ;d]t /x]sf]n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ljifosf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] g+=

$÷&–)^&–@–@) sf] k|:tfj dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z x'Fbf dGqLkl/ifbsf] j}=;=!%÷)^& ldlt

16

@)^&.#.!^ sf] a}7saf6 /fhlszf]/ k|;fb ofbj ;d]t @) hgf k|ltjfbL ePsf] af/f

lhNnf cbfntdf ljrf/flwg /x]sf] st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofgdfg]{ pBf]u d'2f lkmtf{ lng]

lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( n] k|rlnt sfg"g

adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL e} x]l/g] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 rnfOPsf] / g]kfn

;/sf/ pk/ k/]sf] d'2f dfldnf lkmtf{ lng ;DalGwt cbfnt ;d]tsf] d~h'/L

cfjZos kg]{ / cbfntn] ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{ dGh'/L

lbg] jf glbg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/,dlGqkl/ifbsf] lg0f{o

adf]lhd d'2f lkmtf{ lng dGh'/L lbg] jf glbg] cbfntsf] lg0f{odf c;/ kg]{ u/L

;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h

u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrjsf tkm{af6 o; cbfnt ;dIf k]z

ePsf] lnvLt hjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 .

lgj]bsn] k|ydtM tTsflng k|wfgdGqLn] /flhgfdf lbO{ lghn] g]t[Tj u/]sf]

;/sf/ sfd rnfp ;/sf/sf] ?kdf k'uL;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf To:tf] cj:yfsf] ;/sf/n]

;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd rnfPsf] uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng gldNg]

eg]sf] b]lvG5 . To;tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, k|wfgdGqLn] /flhgfdf lbPkl5 ;+ljwfg

adf]lhdsf] ;/sf/ u7g geP;Dd ;+ljwfg adf]lhd sfo{kflnsfn] ug]{ sfd ug'{kg]{ g}

b]lvG5 . s'g sfd b"/ufld dxTjsf] / eljZosf] ;/sf/sf] ;d]t bfloTj a9fpg]

vfnsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] /fhg}lts / g}lts k|Zg x'G5, h'g sfd ljz'4 sfg"g ?kdf

d"Nof+sg ug{ uf¥xf] x'G5 . d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg], jf rnfPsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] jf

glng] eGg] s'/f k|rlnt ;+ljwfg Pj+ kmf}Hbf/L sfg"g adf]lhd lgoldt ?kdf ul/g]

sfo{ ePsf]n] To;nfO{ ;/sf/ u7g jf lj36gsf] vf; 36gf;Fu hf]8]/ x]l//xg kg]{

b]lvGg . a? ;/sf/df /xg] kbflwsf/Lx?n] ;Qf Tofusf] ;+3f/df k'u]sf] /x]5 / To:tf]

;+j]bglzn ;dodf cfkm"n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DgGwL s'g} lg0f{o ubf{ ;Qfdf /xg]

l;ldt ;dos]f cj;/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] l:ylt b]lvG5 ls egL ;+j]bglzn eO{

ljj]s;Fut lg0f{o lng pBt /xg' ck]IfLt x'G5 eGg] x]Ssf /fVg' h?/L x'G5 . o:tf]

17

ljifo ;/sf/ ;+rfng ug]{ JolQmx?n] g} lhDd]jf/L jf]wsf] ;fy sfo{ ug]{ s'/f ePsf]n]

s'g} ;/sf/ lj36gsf] ;+3f/df k'u]sf] jf sfd rnfp ;/sf/sf] x}l;otdf k'u]sf] eGg]

;Dd sf/0fn] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @(-!_ sf] k|of]u ug{df k'/}

k|ltaGwfTds l:yltdf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg' k5{ eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug plrt ePg . s'g}

;/sf/sf] kbflwsf/Ln] pk/f]Qm bkmf @( sf] k|of]udf ;+ljwfg jf sfg"g adf]lhd ug{

gx'g] s'g} clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] b]lvg cfPdf To;tkm{ 5'§} k|lqmof rnfpg

;lsg] g} x'Fbf ;d]t pk/f]Qm bkmf @( sf] k|of]u ug]{ clVtof/L g} k'/} l;ldt ug{ ldNg]

b]lvPg .

k|:t't d'2fdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( adf]lhd s'g} JolQm

lj?4 rnfOPsf kmf}hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/df /x]sf] / d'2f lkmtf{

lng] k|lqmofdf d'2f bfo/ /x]sf] cbfntsf] ;xdtLn] dfq} sfof{lGjt x'g] x'gfn] d'2f

lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{os]f sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofdf /f]s nufpg gldNg] eGg] ljkIfL g]kfn

;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmsf] d'Vo lhsL/ /x]sf]

5 .

j:t'tM d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/, ;f] lg0f{o lnFbf ckgfpg' kg]{ k|lqmof

/ o;df ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fx?sf] ;DaGwdf g} ljz]if ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf g} sfg"gL /fHosf] :yfkgfnfO{ g} /fHosf] d'Vo

p2]Zo 3f]lift ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL g} cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] ;Dk"0f{

Joj:yfx? ul/Psf] b]lvg cfpF5 . b]zdf sfg"g / Joj:yf sfod u/L ;j{;fw/0fsf]

hLpwgsf] /Iff u/L ltgLx?nfO{ k|bQ ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xsx?sf] ;+/If0f u/L

;f]sf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfx? ;[hgf ug'{ g} /fHosf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . /fHosf]

d'Vo p2]Zog} Gofo xf] / Gofo g} /fHosf] cfwf/ klg xf] . GofonfO{ /fHosf] cfwf/ jf

p2]Zo gdfGg] xf] eg] /fHosf] cl:tTjsf] cy{ klg /xb}g / To:tf] /fHo :jo+sf]

lg/Gt/tf klg ;Dej 5}g .

18

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] pQm s'/fnfO{ Åbo+ud u/L /fHosf] ljleGg c+ux? v8f u/L

ltgLx?sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/L ;+j}wflgs k4ltsf] sfof{Gjogsf]

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] hLjgsf] xs,;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, ;DklQ, Gofo

nufotsf ;+j}wflgs pkrf/x?sf] xs ;d]tsf ljleGg df}lns xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf]

5 eg] ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog Pj+ ;+/If0fsf] nfuL dxfGofoflwjQmf, clVtof/

b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / Gofofkflnsf h:tf ;+:yfx?sf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

;a} ;+:yfx?n] ;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhd ljj]s;Ddt 9+un] sfd u/]df ;+ljwfgn]

nIo u/]sf] sfg"gL /fHosf] sfof{Gjog eO{ hgtfn] ;'v, zflGt / Gofosf] cg'e"lt

k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ck]Iff ul/G5 .

pk/f]Qm x/]s c+u jf ;+:yfx?n] cf–cfˆgf] sfo{If]qsf] ;lx e"ldsf lgj{xg af6

g} sfg"gL /fHosf] ;dli6 p2]Zo xfl;n x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g eg]

s'g} c+un] s'g} q'l6 u/]df ;f] sf] v/fjLaf6 arfpg ;+ljwfgdf Jojl:yt lgoGq0f /

;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGt cg'?k Gofokflnsfn] cfkm"df lglxt pQ/bfloTjsf] lgj{xg ug'{ kg]{

x'G5 .

sfg"gL /fHosf] of] ;+/rgf leq /x]/ b]zdf x'g] cfk/flws 36gfx?af6 arfO{

;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;'/Iff / Gofosf] jftfj/0f lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;dfhdf 3l6t x'g] ljleGg

ck/flws 36gfx?;Fu lgk6g / Gofosf] clGtd laGb' ;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfo{ d"ntM

sfo{kflnsfsf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ljifo xf] . sfo{kflnsfnfO{ ljwflosfn] cg]sf}+ sfg"gx?

dfkm{t s;"/sf] kl/efiff u/L ltgsf] cg';Gwfg ug{, cleof]hg ug{ / lg0f{o sfof{Gjog

ug{ lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf] kfOG5 . b]zsf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] lhDd]jf/L cg';f/

ck/fw x'g glbg cfjZos pkfox? cjnDjg ug'{sf] cl/l/Qm ePsf ck/fwx?sf] ;lx

/ k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg u/L Goflos k|lqmofdf n}hfg kg]{ x'G5 . of]

sfo{sf] ljifout ljz]iftf / cfjZostfnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ ;+ljwfgn] ;+:yfut sfo{

ljefhg ul/lbPs]f ;d]t b]lvG5 . To:t} ;fdfGotof kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg

;/sf/sf] k|x/L ;+u7gsf] hjfkmb]xLdf 5f8]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;fj{hlgs cf]xbfsf] JolQmn]

19

u/]sf] clVtof/sf] b'?kof]\u ;DjGwL k|Zgsf] cg';Gwfg Pj+ cleof]hgsf] hjfkmb]xL

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:tf ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf 5f]8]sf] b]lvG5 .

To:tf] cfof]unfO{ ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L afx]s cGo s'/fdf ;/sf/n] rnfpg] d'2fsf]

cleof]hg ;DjGwL clGtd lg0f{ostf{sf] ?kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+:yfsf] 5'§} Joj:yf

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ;+ljwfgdf g} ck/fw cg';Gwfg Pj+ cleof]hg ;DaGwdf 5'§} /

ljlzi6 ;+/rgf ;f]lrPsf] b]lvG5 eg] Gofo lg?k0fsf] sfo{nfO{ clGtd ?kdf

Gofokflnsfsf] lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u,

dxfGofoflwjQmf / Gofokflnsf ;a} ;+j}wflgs c+ux? ePsf]n] lo c+ux?sf] sfd

sf/jfxLx? ;+ljwfg / ;f] adf]lhd ag]sf sfg"gdf Jojl:yt Joj:yfx? / ltgdf

cGt/lglxt efjgfx?af6 cg'k|fl0ft x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf] ;+j}wflgs

lhDd]jf/L cGtu{t ul/Psf sfo{x?nfO{ ;xh} lg/y{s agfpg s'g} klg jxfgfdf ldNb}g

. csf]{ zAbdf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 cg';Gwfg gug{, cleof]hg u/]sf]

d'2fnfO{ Gofosf] laGb'df k'Ug glbg, Gofo ul/Psf] s'/fdf sfof{Gjog x'gaf6 /f]Sg

ldNb}g . x/]s c+u ;+j}wflgs k4tLsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ eg] ltgnfO{

sfg"g / ljj]s;+ut 9+un] u/]sf] sfo{df cg'lrt x:tIf]kaf6 arfpg' klg ;+j}wflgs

k4tL sfof{Gjog ug]{ b[i6Ln] dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

k|:t't d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df larf/ ubf{ d'2f rnfpg] ;DaGwdf jt{dfg cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#% n] k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd s;"/x?sf] ;DaGwdf

cleof]hg nufpg] clGtd clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;'Dk]sf] b]lvG5 eg] lghaf6

k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t :yflgo lhNnf GofoflwjQmfn] k|ltjfbLx? dx]z k|;fb

;fx sfg', /fhlsZff]/ k|;fb ofbj ;d]t @) hgf pk/ k|:t't d'2f bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5

. o;/L rnfOPsf] d'2f / ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( adf]lhd d'2f

lkmtf{ lng] k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL larf/ ug'{ k|f;+lus x'g]5 .

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cleof]hg ug]{ clwsf/ ;fdfGotof dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

;+j}wflgs clwsf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ To;/L rnfOPsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] clwsf/ eg]

20

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @( adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cleof]hg ;DaGwL clwsf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng]

;DaGwL clwsf/sf larsf] ;DaGw larf/0fLo 5 . ;+ljwfgn] k||bfg u/]sf] cleof]hg

;DaGwL clwsf/ ljlzi6 / :jfoQ k|s[ltsf] b]lvG5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ of] clwsf/

;+ljwfgåf/f l;w} k|bfg ug'{sf] ljz]if cy{ 5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+:yf Pp6f

Jofj;flos / Goflos ;+:yfs]f ?kdf dflgG5 / s'g} vf; /fhg}lts p2]Zon] s;}pk/

b'ef{jgfk"j{s cleof]hg nufpg jf s;}pk/ df]nflxhfj; jf /fhg}lts :jfy{sf]

sf/0fn] nufpg kg]{ cleof]u gnufpg] cj:yf cfpg glbg / kmf}Hbf/L cleof]u h:tf]

u+eL/ cleof]u ljlzi6 sfg"gL Pj+ Goflos cfjZostf cg'?k ;lx / lgikIf ?kdf x'g

;sf]; eg]/ g} pQm ;+:yf v8f u/L cleof]hg ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf] xf] .

o;/L Psflt/ ;+ljwfg adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t d'2f

cleof]hg nufpg] csf]{lt/ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( cGtu{t d'2f lkmtf{ lng]

k|lqmof lar s] slt ;fdGh:otf 5 egL gx]g]{ xf] eg] / c? b'O{ e"ldsf larsf]

;fy{stf vf]hL gug]{ xf] eg] d'2f rnfpg] / lkmtf{ lng] s'/f ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf]

ljlzi6 cfjZostf cg';f/sf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'sf] ;§f s]6fs]6Lsf] v]nf}gf h:tf] x'g uO{

sfg"gL /fHosf] clei6 ;xh} k/f:t x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd ;[hgf x'g hfG5 .

;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/ cGtu{t dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf] k|Tofof]lht clwsf/

cGtu{t ul/Psf] cleof]hg p2]Zod"ns x'g'k5{ / Gofosf] uGtJo;Dd k'Ug ;fy{s

k|of; ul//xg' kg]{df låljwf x'g'kg]{ xf]Og t/ o:tf] uxg ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L cGtu{t

rnfOPsf] d'2fdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( cGtu{t d'2f lkmtf{

lng] lg0f{o ubf{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] :yfg / /fHosf] s] :yfg /xG5 eGg] s'/f d'2f

lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] ldl;nx?df v'Ng] u/]sf] b]lvb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf]

l;nl;nfdf k|fKt lg0f{o kmfon x]bf{ d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf cleof]hgstf{ jf

dxfGofoflwjQmfs]f /fonfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] b]lvb}g . o;af6 k|sf/fGt/df kmf}hbf/L

d'2fdf cleof]hg nufpg] jf gnufpg] clGtd clwsf/ jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn]

21

dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;'Dk]sf] ePklg ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/]df ;f]

cleof]hgn] ;fy{stf u'dfpg] / sfo{kflnsfsf] lg0f{on] k|wfgtf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt

cfpg] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] cleof]hg ;DjGwL ljlzi6 clwsf/ g} k/flht

x'g] u/L ;fdfGo sfg"gåf/f ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] Joj:yf

sfof{Gjog x'g lbg sxfF;Dd jf~5lgo x'G5 eGg] s'/f ljz]if?kn] ljrf/0fLo 5 .

oyfy{df dxfGofoflwjQmf sfo{kflnsfsf] k|d'v sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] ?kdf /xg] ePklg

;+ljwfgn] :yfkgf u/]sf] ljlzi6 c+u ePsf] gftfn] / lghnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] g} :ki6

kl/sNkgf ;lxt vf; sfo{sf] e"ldsf lbPsf]n] ;f] e"ldsfsf] lgj{xg / ;+/If0fdf

nfuL/xg'kg]{ s'/f :ki6 5 .

hxfF;Dd ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( cGtu{t d'2f lkmtf{ lng]

;DaGwL Joj:yfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] e"ldsfsf] k|Zg 5 . k|:t't d'2fdf pk/f]Qm bkmf

@( sf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg pkl:yt g/x]sf]n] To;tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ ePg . pQm

bkmf @( df d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/n] lg0f{o lnFbf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf

d'2fdf cleof]hg ug]{ cleof]hgstf{;Fu k/fdz{ lng] ;DaGwdf s'g} cfjZostf

tf]s]sf] b]lvb}g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/]df ;/sf/L jlsnn] d'2f

ljrf/flwg /x]sf] cbfntdf d'2f lkmtf{ lng dfu ug]{ Joj:y u/]sf]af6 klg g]kfn

;/sf/sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm Joj:yfsf] cIf/;M

JofVof ug]{ xf] eg] d'2f rnfpg] s'/fsf] lj?4 d'2f lkmtf{ lng] clwsf/sf] k|lt:kwf{ x'g]

/ d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ug]{ ;dIf d'2f rnfpg] clwsf/Ln] ;dk{0f ug'{kg]{ l:ylt /xg]

b]lvG5 h'g ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ xf]O{g .

cleof]hg / cleof]Qmfsf] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgdf g} Joj:yf x'g' cfkm}df dxTjk"0f{

Joj:yf xf] . cleof]hg ;DaGwL :jtHqtf / Joj;flostfsf] dxTjnfO{ la;{g] xf] eg]

hgtfsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;xL ;+/If0f x'g ;Sb}g . kLl8t x'g ;Sg] ;dfhsf ;DefAo

;d'bfox?sf] xs / lxt ;+/If0f ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] e"ldsf

k|efjsf/L geP c? t c? cleo'Qmx?sf] klg ;lx ;+/If0f x'g ;Sb}g .

22

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;dIf cleo'Qmsf] xs / lxt cgfjZos ?kn] k|efljt gxf];\ eGg]

;/f]sf/ klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

xfnsf] cj:yfdf cleof]Qmfn] d'2fsf] tYo / sfg"gsf] cfjZostf eg]/ rnfPsf]

d'2fsf] Pp6f kl/l:ytL x'G5 csf]{lt/ ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o lnO{ ;f] sf]

sfof{Gjog ug{ cbfnt ;dIf pkl:yt x'g' k/]sf] csf]{ kl/l:ylt x'G5 . cfkm'n]

rnfPsf] d'2f lsg lg/fwf/ eof] jf lsg lg/Gt/ ug{ gldNg] eof] eGg] s'/f :ki6

ge}sg g} d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL pkl:yt x'g' k/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf]

kl/l:ylt ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] b]lvb}g .

o; l;nl;nfdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] ;lx k|of]usf]

k4tL lasf; ug'{ g} d'Vo ljrf/0fLo ljifo b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf @( sf] Joj:yf cToGt

;fdfGo zAbx?df Jojl:yt b]lvG5 . d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/s} cf}lrTodf

k|j]z ug'{kg]{ k|Zg k|:t't d'2fdf g/x]sf] / zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ubf{ /fHodf cg]sf}+

clrlGtt kl/l:ylt ;[hgf x'g ;Sg] eO{ To:tf] laifd kl/l:ylt ;[hgf ePsf] eP

;fj{hlgs lxtdf sltko d'2f lkmtf{ lngkg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 t/ To:tf] ljlzi6

cj:yf cfP l:yltsf] ;lx ;ldIff k|:t't u/L ofrgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nfuL

d'2f lkmtf{ lng] s'/fsf] Joj:yfsf] ;fGble{stf x'g klg ;S5 t/ ;f] l;nl;nfdf

ljrf/0fLo sltko s'/fdf h:tf] sL ;dfg l:yltsf d'2fx? jf Ps} d'2fdf klg ;dfg

cj:yfsf k|ltjfbLx? lar ;dfg Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff, cleof]hgstf{sf] clwsf/sf]

dof{bf / /fo, kLl8tsf] xs / Ifltk"lt{, h:sf] xsdf d'2f lkmtf{ lng] xf] ;f] JolQmn]

cbfnt ;dIf ;dk{0f u/]sf] l:ylt, cbfntn] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] dfusf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/

ubf{ kLl8t jf hfx]/jfnfn] ;/f]sf/ JoQm ug]{ df}sf cflb dxTjk"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 .

pQm bkmf @( sf] ljj]s;+ut k|of]u ug{sf] nfuL ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf

ljleGg k|fjwfgx?sf] cgb]vf ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g . h:tf] ls cleof]Qmfsf] ;+j}wflgs

clwsf/nfO{ g} ;+s"rg jf k/f:t x'g] u/L lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{onfO{ k|wfgtf lbg gldNg]

x'gfn] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] /fonfO{ ;d'lrt :yfg

23

lbg'kg]{ x'G5 Tof] g} ;+j}wflgs x'g] b]lvG5 . k|:t't cj:yfdf pk/f]Qm bkmf @( sf]

cf}lrTodf k|j]z ug'{ eGbf pQm bkmfsf] ljlw / ljj]s;+ut k|of]u ePsf] 5 jf 5}g

eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg h?/L b]lvG5 .

u+eL/ d'2fdf ;/sf/ g} jfbL eP/ kLl8t Pj+ ;dfhsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug]{

k|of]hgsf] nfuL d'2f rnfpg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] u/]sf] kfOG5 . d'2f rnfpg]

/ lkmtf{ lng] b'a} s'/fnfO{ xn'sf ?kdf lng ldNb}g . ;dfh / JolQm k|efljt x'g]

d'2fdf ;'ljwf / ;fdYo{nfO{ ljrf/ u/L cleof]hgsf] lhDdf /fHonfO{ lbg'sf] cy{

k|efljt jf kLl8tnfO{ Gofodf kx'raf6 ljd"v t'Nofpg' lsdfy{ x'g ;Sb}g . kLl8tsf]

hfx]/Ldf d'2f rnfpg], kLl8t cfkm}n] d'2f rnfpg klg gldNg] / kLl8tsf] tkm{af6

rnfOPsf] d'2fdf Gofosf] clGtd laGb';Dd Gofosf] vf]hL gu/Lsg d'2f g} larlardf

/fhg}lts jf cGo ;f}bf u/L bflj g} kl/Tofu ug]{ xf] jf ug{ lbg] xf] eg] kLl8t /

/fHo ljrsf] ;DaGw d}lqk"0f{ / Gofok"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g . ;fy} /fHon] d'2f lkmtf{ lng]

s'/fdf Gofo;+ut / ljj]s;+ut cfwf/ agfpg ;s]g eg] /fHon] rnfPsf] d'2fsf]

cf}lrTo k|dfl0ft x'g ;Sb}g / cf}lrTolxg d'2f rnfP jfkt k|ltjfbLn] ef]u]sf] c;'ljwf

/ cGofosf] klg e/kfO{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt lnPsf] /fHon] d'2f

lkmtf{sf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;Qf ;~rfngsf] ;xh v]nsf] ?kdf jf cGoyf cGo ?kdf k|of]u

ug{ x'b}g . /fHon] ck/fw ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg Pj+ cleof]hgdf vf;u/L kLl8ts}

lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / cleo'QmnfO{ klg :jR5 Gofosf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg]

x'gfn] cleof]hg ug]{ ;+:yfsf] cltl/Qm :jtGq Gofokflnsf / :jtGq sfg"g Joj;fo

;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] . d'2fdf cleof]hg u/]kl5 Goflos k|lqmofaf6 ;kmfO lng

kfpg] cleo'Qmsf] klg clwsf/ xf] . o:tf] j}w pkfosf] pk]Iff u/]/ d'2fsf] k|lqmofnfO{

kG5fpg] / pGd'lQm vf]Hg] k|lqmofdf hfFbf Gofodf ;dfgtfsf] dfu{df cj/f]w x'g ;Sg]

x'Fbf d'2f lkmtf{ lng] k|lqmofdf lgs} ;t{stf ckgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

k|:t't d'2fdf d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{odf cg]sf} k|Zgx? v8f ePsf] b]lvG5 .

ljkIfL dWo]sf u[x dGqfnon] lbPsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g,

24

@)$( sf] bkmf @( adf]lhd h'g;'s} kmf}hbf/L d'2f klg lkmtf{ lng ;Sg] lhls/

lnPsf] 5 . /fhg}lts ;xdtLsf] cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{ lnPsf], cbfntsf] cg'dltn] dfq}

d'2f lkmtf{sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ eGg gldNg]

cfbL lhls/ u[xdGqfnoaf6 ;d]t lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

oyfy{df pk/f]Qm ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] Joj:yf

h'g;'s} k|s[ltsf] d'2f hxfF;'s} ePklg lkmtf{ lng ldNg] u/L Joj:yf ePsf] eGg]

lhls/ lgs} uDeL/ 5 . P]gn] d'2f lkmtf{ lng ldNg] s'/fx?sf] 5'§} jlu{s/0f u/]sf] 5}g

To; cy{df lnlvt hjfkmdf lhls/ lnPsf] eP Pp6f s'/f xf] t/ To;af6 d'2f lkmtf{

lng] s'/fnfO{ ljkIfLn] s:tf] eo+s/ / cg'Q/bfoL ;f]r lnP/ a;]sf] xf]nf egL cg'dfg

ug]{ 7fpF lbG5 . /fHo lj?4, ;fj{hlgs xs jf lxt lj?4, dfgjtfs} lj?4 cfd

g/;+xf/, hftL xTof h:tf] ljifo, dlxnf, afnaflnsf lj?4sf] lx+;f, o'4 ck/fw,

;+u7Lt ck/fw cfbL h] ljifodf klg d'2f lkmtf{ lng x'G5 eGg] xn'sf b[i6Lsf]0f lnO{

To;}nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ xf] eg] b08lxgtf / c/fhstf df}nfPsf] s:tf] /fHo k|0ffnL

;~rfng x'G5 xf]nf egL cg'dfg klg ug{ uf¥xf] x'g] 5 . ljj]sl;n ;/sf/ zlQm /

clwsf/sf] dftdf h:tf];'s} ts{ ug{ sDd/ s:5 eGg] nfUb}g . :d/0fLo s] 5 eg]

ljkIfL dGqLkl/ifbn] :jo+ klg pk/f]Qm bkmf @( sf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL o; cbfntsf]

k"j{ lgb]{zgsf] kl/k|]Ifdf ;d]t kmf}hbf/L d'2fx? lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf ckgfpg'kg]{

dfkb08 / sfo{ljlw @)%% agfO{ nfu" u/]sf] 5 / ;f] ;d]tsf] cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f

lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/]sf] eg]sf] 5 . ;f] dfkb08n] h'g;'s} d'2f lkmtf{ lng x'G5 eGg

;s]sf] 5}g . To;df lkmtf{ lng gldNg] d'2fx?sf] gsf/fTds ;"rLklg ;dfj]z ePsf]

kfOG5 . ;fy} ;/sf/n] ljleGg cj;/df / k|:t't d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df klg To:tf]

gsf/fTds ;"lrsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng'kbf{ dfkb08 g} lgnDag u/]sf] ;d]t kfOG5 .

cfkm"n] agfPsf] dfkb08 ;d]t sfof{Gjog gug]{ To:tf] k|j[ltsf] cfnf]rgf x'g] s'/f

cfˆgf] 7fpFdf 5 t/ h:tf] ;'s} d'2f klg lkmtf{ lng jfwf 5}g eGg' cfklQhgs s'/f

x'G5 .

25

x'g t ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/]klg ;DalGwt cbfntn] lkmtf{ lng]

dfunfO{ cg'dlt glbP;Dd sfof{Gjog gx'g] eGg] lhls/n] ;+s6sf] uDeL/tf /xGg

eGg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 t/ cfkm"n] Gofosf] nfuL egL rnfPsf] d'2fdf of] jf Tof] sf/0f

b]vfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g / Gofosf] k|Tofe"ltx?sf] pNn+3g u/L cGo cfkm}n] to u/]sf]

dfkb08 ;d]tsf] pk]Iff u/L h'g;'s} uDeL/ d'2f klg lkmtf{ lng dfUb5 eg] To:tf]

lg0f{o ug]{ ;/sf/sf] j}wtf g} k|Zgf+lst x'g hfG5 . d'2f lkmtf{ lng] k|lqmofnfO{ o;/L

xn'sf] 9+un] kl/rfng u/L lkl8t / ;dfhnfO{ ;g;lgk"0f{ l:yltdf k'¥ofpg] / Gofodf

ljrngsf] vt/f a9fpg] ;Gqf; k}bf ug'{ :jo+ klg jf~5lgo x'b}g . To;}n] ljkIfL

k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no nufotsf ljkIfLx?n] slDtdf cfkm'n] agfPsf]

dfub08 ljkl/t / /fHo lj?4sf ck/fw, o'4 ck/fw, dfgj clwsf/ / qm'/ /

cdfgljo k|s[ltsf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw, ;+u7Lt ck/fw, dlxnf Pj+ afnaflnsf

lj?4sf] ck/fw, hflt xTof, ;fj{hlgs xs lj?4sf] ck/fw h:tf ck/fwdf klg

h'g;'s} ;f}bf u/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ug]{ ;f]r /fVg ldNg] b]lvb}g .

ljkIfLx?sf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 /fhg}lts bnx?sf] l;kmfl/; ;d]tsf] cfwf/df

;d]t d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/]sf] egL lhls/ lnO{ To;sf] cf}lrTo k|dfl0ft ug{

vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . j:t'tM of] Pp6f uDeL/ l:ylt xf] . d'2f rnfpFbf k|rlnt sfg"g

adf]lhd rnfpg], clg lkmtf{ eg] /fhg}lts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ug]{ xf] / Gofo /

sfg"gsf] tTjsf] cfjZostf gb]vfpg] xf] eg] kmf}hbf/L Gofok|0ffnL r/d

/fhgLltss/0fsf] l;sf/ x'g;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . kmf}hbf/L d'2f rnfpg' jf lkmtf{ lng'

b'a} sfg"gL Pj+ GofoLs ljifo x'g . /fhg}lts ;xdtLsf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfpg] jf

grnfpg] tyf rnfPsf] d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ xf] eg] sfg"gL /fHosf] pkxf; x'G5 / To:tf]

u}/sfg"gL /fHoaf6 k|lt:yfkg x'g hfG5 . sfg"g cfkm} /fhgLlts k|lqmofsf] pkh

ePklg sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] r/0f eg] /fhg}lts x'g ;Sb}g . vf;u/L ck/fw

cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgnfO{ /fhgLlts/0faf6 ;+qmldt x'gaf6 garfpg] xf] eg]

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] /fhgLlts/0f dfq} x'g] geO{ /fhgLlt klg ck/flws/0fsf] bf]ifaf6

26

d'Qm x'g g;Sg] cj:yf cfpF5 . of] lgikIf / :jtGq Gofosf] nfuL ljifj[Ifs} ?kdf

x'ls{g ;S5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] kl/sNkgf g} gu/]sf] /fhgLlts ;xdltnfO{

:yfg lbO{ Pp6f ljlw;Ddt cleof]hgnfO{ k/f:t u/]sf] eGg] lhls/ lng' / To:tf]

cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{ lng' jf lbg' sfg"g, Gofo / ljj]s;+ut x'g ;Sb}g .

d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ubf{ lng] u/]sf] Pp6f cfwf/ /fhg}lts p2]Zon] cleof]u

nufPsf] eGg] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . j:t'tM s:tf] d'2f /fhgLlts xf] < /fhg}lts p2]Zon]

rnfPsf] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/ s] xf] < /fhg}lts p2]Zon] d'2f rnfPsf] eP

To;sf] v/faL s;/L x6fpg] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] ljljw kIfx? x'g ;S5g . kmf}hbf/L

Gofon] ;Djf]wg ug]{ ljifo ljz]iftM ck/fw g} xf] . ck/fw h:n] u/]klg ck/fw g} x'G5

/ k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] clwg:y x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . /fhg}lts JolQmn] u/]df ck/fw

/fhgLlts x'g] xf]Og /fhg}lts p2]Zon] ck/fw u/]sf] eGg klg ldNg] x'b}g . ck/fwsf

tTjx? ljBdfg 5g\ eg] h'g;'s} p2]Zo eP klg ck/fw g} x'G5 .

sltko cj:yfdf s;"/sf] kl/efiff g} /fhg}lts b[i6Ln] ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 . To;

cj:yfdf ;d:of sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogdf x'g] geO{ sfg"gdf g} x'g] ub{5 . To;sf] nfuL

sfg"gg} abNg] lasNk /xG5 . sfg"g axfn /xg] t/ sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog eg]

/fhg}lts JolQm ;+nUg eP Ps9+un] / c?df km/s 9+un] ug{ ldNb}g . Tof] ;dfgtf,

Gofo / ljj]ssf] dfkb08af6 ;d]t ldNb}g . j:t'tM /fhg}lts d'2f, /fhg}lts ;xdlt

jf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ ;+nUg ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df s;"/sf] bfloTjaf6 d'lQm lbg]

cd]3 c:qsf] ?kdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] k|of]u ug{ lbg

s'g} xfntdf ldNb}g . pQm bkmfdf /fhg}lts cfwf/df jf /fhg}lts ;xdltsf]

cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{ lng ldNg] u/L s'g} Joj:yf g} ePsf] kfOb}g .

To;df klg kmf}hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ubf{ /fhgLltsf] cfwf/df d'2f

rnfOPsf] egL d'2f lkmtf{ lg0f{o u/]klg s'g /fhgLlts cfwf/ xf], To;sf] j:t'ut

d"Nof+sg g} ug]{ u/]sf] kfOb}g . /fhg}lts p2]Zon] s;}pk/ d'2f rnfpg x'b}g . t/

To;/L d'2f rnfPsf] 5 eGg] b]lvg] cfwf/ ldl;ndf klg b]lvg' k5{ . ;/sf/sf]

27

lg0f{odf /fhg}lts p2]Zon] d'2f rnfPsf] eGg] pNn]v x'b}df ;f]xL p2]Zon] rnfPsf]

/x]5 eg] dfGg cbfnt afWo x'g ;Sb}g . cbfntn] klg ;f] cfwf/sf] ;ldIff u/L

cfˆgf] lg0f{odf k|:t't ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . vf; u/]/ d'2f rnfpg] lgsfo

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] g} ;f] s'/fsf] :ki6 ug'{ h?/L x'g cfp5 . /fhg}lts

bnsf] l;kmfl/;df /fhg}lts k"jf{u|xsf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfPsf] egL lg0f{o u/L d'2f

lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ubf{ Ps lsl;dn] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o pk/sf]

u}/sfg"gL k'g/fj]blso clwsf/sf] ;[hgf ePsf] h:tf] l:ylt b]lvG5 h'g c:j:ys/

b]lvG5 . jf:tadf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( adf]lhd d'2f lkmtf{

lnFbf ;+ljwfg, sfg"g / GofonfO{ dfkb08 agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 / To;/L lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o

ePdf dfq} cbfntn] larf/ ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . To;f] ubf{ sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff /

Gofo ;DaGwL df}lns xssf cfwf/e"t tTj Pj+ lkl8tx?sf] Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt ;+o'Qm

/fi6«;+l3o 3f]if0ffkq -Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victim of crime

and abuse of power 1985 _ klg larf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

j:t'tM ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g,@)$( sf] bkmf @( -!_ nfO{ cl;ldt

clwsf/o"Qm Joj:yf geO{ ;+ljwfg, sfg"g / Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtsf] clwgdf /fv]/

x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L x]l/Pdf rfn' d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{onfO{ ckafbsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug'{

kg]{ x'G5 / d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ubf{ vf; vf; cfwf/x? ;d]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfLx?af6 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( -!_

df g} cbfntsf] cg'dltn] dfq} d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;/sf/L lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg]

eGb} l/6 hf/L ug'{ gkg]{ d'Vo ts{ ul/Psf] 5 . j:t'tM k|:t't d'2fdf pNn]lvt

k|ltjfbLx? ;+nUg ePsf] d'2f ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o eO{ ;f] sf]

sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL ljkIfL lhNnf cbfnt ;dIf ljrf/fy{ k]z eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 .

s]jn o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.#.#) df hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] sf/0faf6

;f] ljifodf lg0f{o x'gaf6 /f]lsPsf] l:ylt b]lvG5 . o; cj:yfdf l/6 hf/L ug'{ k5{

kb}{g eGg] s'/fdf d'Vo ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .

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pk/f]Qm ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( df ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{

lng] lg0f{o u/]df cbfntsf] cg'dltn] lkmtf{ lng x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'bf cbfntsf]

lg0f{o lg0f{fos /xg] s'/f k|i6 5 . cbfntn] lg0f{o u/]kZrft klg sfg"gL pkrf/

pknAw x'g] g} x'Fbf clxn] g} x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] eGg] ts{ /x]sf] 5 .

d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwL pk/f]Qm k|Zgdf ;+ljwfg, sfg"g, o; cbfntaf6

k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt / Gofosf] ;du| kIfx? larf/ u/L ;DaGwLt cbfntn] k'/f

tj/n] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf eO{ ljjflbt d'2fdf ;/sf/n] lkmtf{ lng] eg]sf] d'2f

clxn] ljkIfL af/f lhNnf cbfnt ;dIf larf/flwg eO;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf o:tf]

cj:yfdf o; cbfntn] d'2fsf] cf}lrToleq k|j]z u/L lg0f{o ug{ x'G5 x'b}g eGg] k|Zg

clxn] v8f ePsf] kfOG5 .

d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ljifo / k|lqmofdf o; km};nfdf pNn]v ePsf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx?

ljrf/0fLo ePsf] / ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ubf{ tyf ;f] ug]{

lznlznfdf klg larf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fx? x'Fbfx'b} klg ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{

lng] lg0f{o ul/ ;s]/ sfof{Gjog :t/df ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdf k'uL larf/flwg e}

;s]sf] ablnPsf] kl/l:yltdf ;Ifd cbfntn] larf/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xFbf /xFb} o;

cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L x:tIf]k u/LxfNg pko"Qm b]lvg cfpFb}g .

cj ljkIfLx?sf cltl/Qm lhNnf cbfntn] ;d]t o; lg0f{odf lgb]{z ul/Psf

ljleGg s'/fx?nfO{ larf/ u/L Goflos tj/n] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] / s;}sf] xs clwsf/df

u}/sfg"gL x:tIf]k jf pNn+3g ePdf o; cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug{ kfpg]

nufotsf] lasNkx? /xg] g} x'Fbf dfu adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ kg]{

b]lvPg .

t/ k|:t't d'2fdf / o:t} ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifbaf6 ;/sf/L d'2f

;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] k|of]u k6s k6s u/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] u/]sf]

b]lvPsf] / ;f] k|of]udf ljljw / k/:k/ lj/f]wL cfwf/x? lng] u/]s]f b]lvPsf]n] lgDg

s'/fx?df Wofg lbP/ dfq} pQm bkmf @( sf] k|of]utkm{ ljrf/ ug'{ egL ljkIfL g]kfn

29

;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no ;d]tsf gfddf / xfn larf/flwg

/x]sf] d'2fdf ljkIfL af/f lhNnf cbfntn] lg0f{o ubf{ klg ;f] adf]lhd larf/ ug'{

egL ljkIfL af/f lhNnf cbfntsf gfddf ;d]t k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g]

7x5{ .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fx? lkmtf{ lng]

;DaGwdf ckgfpg' kg]{ gLltut dfkb08 / sfo{ljlw @)%%sf]

dfkb08sf] k|s/0f $ df pNn]lvt ck/fwx?sf cltl/Qm uDeL/ k|s[ltsf

lgotj; u/]sf] xTof, /fHo lj?4sf ck/fw, o'4 ck/fw, dfgj clwsf/

/ qm'/ / cdfgljo k|s[ltsf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw, ;+u7Lt ck/fw,

dlxnf Pj+ afnaflnsf lj?4sf] ck/fw, hflt xTof, ;fj{hlgs xs

lj?4sf] ck/fw h:tf ck/fwdf h'g;'s} ;f}bf u/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng]

lg0f{o gug'{,

bfo/ /x]sf] d'2fnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ lg0f{o ug'{cl3 ;f] ug'{kg]{]{ d'gfl;j

sf/0f ;DaGwdf d'2f rnfpg] dxfGofoflwjQmf jf cGtu{tsf]

cleof]Qmf;Fu klg k/fdz{ u/L dfq d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{osf] kl/kfl6

ljsf; ug'{

d'2f rnfOPsf] sfg"gdf lkl8tn] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf]df

d'2f lkmtf{ lnFbf ;f] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] s'/fdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ Joj:yfdf

ljrf/ k'¥ofpg',

h:sf] xsdf d'2f lkmtf{ lng] xf] ;f] JolQmn] cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]

Dofbdf xflh/ geO{ km/f/ /x]sf] cj:yfsf] k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf lkmtf{

;DaGwL larf/ gug'{,

36gfaf6 lkl8t x'g] eg]sf] hfx]/jfnf jf lkl8tnfO{ d'2f lkmtf{sf] ;'g'jfO{

k|s[ofdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] u/fpg ;"rgf lbO{ lghnfO{ cfˆgf] s'/f eGg]

df}sf k|bfg ug'{,

30

pNn]lvt sfo{sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL g]kfn ;/sf/

dGqLkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)%%.%.! df :jLs[t g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL eO{

rnfOPsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx? lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf ckgfpg' kg]{ dfkb08 /

sfo{ljlwdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug'{ .

k|:t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfLx?nfO{ lbg',

of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ;a} cbfntx?nfO{ lbg" . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut

s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg' .

GofofwLz

pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .

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