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;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz l;+ufk'/ k|:yfg

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L s]bf/k|;fb lu/L Asia Pacific Judicial Reform Forum Singapore sf] lgdGq0ffdf olx January 19 - 21, 2009 df ;DkGg ePsf] Round Table Meeting df efu lng ldlt @)^% df3 # ut] l;+ufk'/ k|:yfg ug'{ eO{ ldlt @)^% df3 ( ut] sf7df8f}+ kms{g' eof] . pQm 6f]nLdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz 8f=cfgGbdf]xg

e6[./fO{, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf /lhi6«f/ 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf / ;DdfggLoHo"sf lghL ;lrj >L ;"o{k|;fb k/fh'nL ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof] . pQm sfo{qmddf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 Judicial Education and Skill ljifosf] sfo{kq k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf GofofwLz lgo'Qm

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf b'O{ :yfoL;lxt gf}hgf GofofwLz lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf] 5 . gf}dWo] cf7hgf GofofwLzn] laxLjf/ zkyu|x0f ug'{sf ;fy} sfo{ef/ ;d]t ;DxfNg' ePsf] 5 . Gofokl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg GofofwLz s]bf/k|;fb lu/Ln] pxfFx?nfO{ lgo'Qm ug'{ePsf] xf] . lgo'lQmkl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ( ut] ljxLjf/ k|wfgGofofwLz lu/Ln] gjlgo'Qm GofofwLzx?nfO{ kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky u/fpg' ePsf] xf] .

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] :yfoL GofofwLz kbdf s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo / k|]d zdf{ tyf c:yfoL GofofwLz kbdf qmdzM /0fjxfb'/ jd, df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, lu/LzGb|nfn, ;'zLnf sfsL{, k|sfzrGb| zdf{ j:tL / e/t/fh pk|]tL lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf] xf] . oxL @)^% k'; @! ut] Gofokl/ifbsf] j}7sn] ;jf]{Rrsf b'O{ :yfoL / a9Ldf b'O{ jif{sf nflu cf7 c:yfoL GofofwLzdf l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] .


2

;jf]{Rr cbfnt

@)^% ;fn df3 !% ut];Dd d'2fsf] nut km5\of]{6 ljj/0f

nut qm=;+ laifout d'2f

lhDd]jf/L ;/]sf] o; jif{ k/]sf] hDdf km5\Øf}{6 ;+Vof af+ls

1= b]jfgL k'g/fj]bg 4495 379 4874 589 4285

2= kmf}hbf/L k'g/fj]bg 2654 393 3047 275 2772

3= b]jfgL k')f{ O{hnf; 50 25 75 4 71

4= kmf}hbf/L k')f{ O{hnf; 45 8 53 14 39

5= jGbLk|ToIfLs/)f 8 32 40 35 5

6= ;fwf/)f l/^ 2698 434 3132 454 2678

7= k')f{ l/^ 11 10 21 6 15

8= ljz]if l/^ 69 19 88 16 72

9= ;fws 149 39 188 66 122

10= bf]xf]/\ofO{ kfp+ b]jfgL 1402 439 1841 382 1459

11= bf]xf]/\ofO{ kfp+ kmf}hbf/L 505 207 712 250 462

12= k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg 749 297 1046 650 396

13= k'g/fa]bgsf] cg'dlt lgj]bg 52 70 122 50 72

14= lalaw 67 8 75 10 65

15= lgj]bg 9 116 125 89 36

16= k|ltj]bg 19 80 99 70 29

17= cjx]ngf 7 6 13 3 10

18= ;+lIfKt 1 1 2 0 2

19= km'^s/ 0 0 0 0 0 hDdf 12990 2563 15553 2963 12590


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!= k"0f{ Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/cnL cG;f/L kmf}=k'=O{=g+=–)^%–CF–))@&,))@*

km};nf ldltM @)^%.*.%.%

d'2f M– st{Jo Hofg .

k'g/fj]bs÷k|ltjfbLM nf]saxfb'/ uf]n] lj?4

k|ToyL{÷jfbLM ;]/fh'n xs ldof cG;f/Lsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/

Pj+ k'g/fj]bs÷k|ltjfbLM dbg lyª tfdfª

lj?4 k|ToyL{÷jfbLM ;]/fh'n xs ldof cG;f/Lsf]

hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/

d[ts Ohfh'n xs ldof cG;f/L 3§]vf]nf l:yt h+undf k'Ug] ljlQs} oL k|ltjfbLx? dWo]sf nf]saxfb'/ uf]n]n] d[tssf] k5fl8jf6 klxnf] k6s 6fpsf]df v's'/Ln] k|xf/ ubf{ lgh cufl8 a9\g vf]h]sf]df dbg lyªn] k5fl8 ws]n]sf / tTkZrft\ k'gM nf]saxfb'/n] bf];|f] k6s k|xf/ ubf{ d[ts 9nL tTsfn} d[To' ePsf] egL u/]sf] jofg Joxf]/fnfO{ csf{ k|ltjfbL dbg lyªn] ;d]t ;dy{g u/L jofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d[tssf] d[To' kl5 lghsf] ;fydf /x]sf] gub tyf sk8f ;d]t n'6L afF8L lnPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ oL

b'a} k|ltjfbLn] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L / cbfnt ;dIf ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLx?sf] ;fljtL jofgnfO{ cGo cleo'Qmx?sf] syg, 36gf:yndf e]l6Psf] v's'/Lsf ;fy} 36gf:yn tyf nfz k|s[lt d'r'Nsf ;d]tsf k|df0fx?n] k'i6L u/]sf] x'Fbf To;tkm{ yk ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPg .

nf]saxfb'/ uf]n]n] cfkm\gf] k'g/fj]bg kqdf cGo JolQmsf] pS;fx6df k/L cfkm" s;"/df ;+nUg ePsf], 36gf x'Fbfsf jvt cfkm\gf] pd]/ !^ jif{ dfq /x]sf], cbfntL jGbf]j:tsf] !** g+= df 36L ;hfo ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / cfkm"n] df}sfdf tyf cbfntdf s;"/ ck/fwdf ;fljt eO{ jofg u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t bzf{O{ c=j+= !** g+= jdf]lhd 36L ;hfosf] dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] csf{ k|ltjfbL dbg lyªn] jf/bft xF'bfsf] cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] pd]/ !& jif{ dfq /x]sf], ;fg'sfG5f uf]n]sf] pS;fx6df nfuL jf/bft:yndf uPsf] / cfkm"n] d[tsnfO{ dfg{sf nflu ;dfPsf] jf xft xfn]sf] cj:yf ;d]t g/x]sf] eGb} cfkm"nfO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !& g+= jdf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g'kg]{ egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} lghx?sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx?sf] jx; lhsL/df klg ltg} sf/0fx? b]vfO{ 36L ;hfosf] lhsL/ lnPsf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ c=j+= !** g+= df /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]g'{kg]{


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x'G5 . pQm g+= df elgPsf] 5– æP]gn] ;j{:j ;lxt hGd s}b jf hGd s}b ug'{kg]{ ePsf d'2fdf ;fljt 7x/] klg OG;fkm ug]{ xflsdsf lrQn] eljtJo xf] ls eGg x'g];Ddsf] z+sfn] jf ck/fw u/]sf] cj:yf ljrf/ ubf{ s;"/bf/nfO{ P]g jdf]lhdsf] ;hfo lbFbf rsf]{ x'g] eO{ 36L ;hfo x'g'kg]{ lrQn] b]v]df P]gn] ug'{kg]{ ;hfo 7x/fO{ cfkm\gf lrQn] b]v]sf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] v'nf;f /fo klg ;fws tf]sdf n]vL hfx]/ ug{ x'G5 . clGtd lg0f{o lbg]n] klg To:tf] b]v]df P]gn] x'g] ;hfodf 36L ;hfo tf]Sg x'G5 .Æ plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfn] eljtJosf] cfz+sf jf ck/fw u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]tsf cfwf/df 36L ;hfo x'g'kg]{ b]lvPsf] cj:yfnfO{ O+lut u/]sf] b]lvG5 . tL b'a} cj:yf Gofostf{n] cg'e"t ug]{ ljifo xf] . c=j+=!** g+= sf] Joj:yf clwsf/sf] ?kdf /xg] ljifo klg xf]Og . Gofostf{n] 36L ;hfo x'g' kg]{ egL cg'e"lt u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg lglZrt cfwf/x?sf] ljBdfgtf ckl/xfo{ g} b]lvG5, sfg"gn] g} sf/0f ;lxtsf] v'nf;fsf] ck]Iff u/]sf]5 . s;"/bf/sf] pd]/ sd x'g' dfq 36L ;hfosf nflu cfwf/ x'g ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf ePsf] s;"/sf] k|s[lt / s;"/ x'Fbfsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] d[ts Ohfh'n xs ldof cG;f/LnfO{ st{Jo u/L dfg]{ k"j{ of]hgf ;lxt v's'/L h:tf] hf]lvdL xltof/sf] k|of]u u/L Hofg df/]sf] b]lvG5 . oL k|ltjfbLx? sd

pd]/sf e} cGo JolQmsf] pS;fx6df ck/fw sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf x'g\ ls eGgnfO{ ufpFdf j;L of]hgf agfO{ 36[]vf]nf h+un;Dd k'uL lgxTyf PSnf] JolQm dfly k6s k6s v's'/L k|xf/ u/L df/]sf] b]lvFbf To:tf] sfo{df k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx?sf] dg;fo tTj ljBdfg lyPg egL cg'dfg ;d]t ug{ ;lsFb}g . k"j{ of]hgf / tof/L ;lxt Hofg dfg]{ sfo{ u/L To;kl5 d[tssf] ;fydf /x]sf] gub / sk8f ;d]t n'6L n}hfg] ;d]tsf] sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ cGo JolQmsf] pS;fx6df dfq To:tf] sfo{ u/]sf] dfgL 36L ;hfo ug{' c=j+ !** g+= sf] p2]Zo ljkl/t x'g] x'Fbf 36L ;hfo u/L kfpF eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL nf]saxfb'/ uf]n]sf] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . csf{ k|ltjfbL dbg lyªn] cfkm" jf/bft:yndf pkl:yt ;Dd ePsf] t/ d[tsnfO{ dfg{sf nflu ;dfpg] jf xft xfNg] sfo{ gu/]sf] egL k'g/fj]bg kqdf lnPsf] lhsL/nfO{ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L tyf cbfntdf ;d]t jofg ubf{ lgh :jo+n] g} v08g u/]sf] / lghsf] jofg cGo ;Da4 k|df0fx?af6 ;d]t ;dly{t /x]sf] x'Fbf lghsf] pQm lhsL/ tyf lghsf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] jx; lhsL/;Fu klg ;xdt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . t;y{ oL k|ltjfbLx?n] d[ts Ohfh'n xs ldof cG;f/LnfO{ st{Jojf6 df/L d[tssf] ;fyaf6 gub ?=@,))).– /


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cGo sk8f ;d]t oL k|ltjfbLx?n] n'6L nu]sf] b]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df k|ltjfbLx? dWo]sf oL k'g/fj]bs nf]saxfb'/ uf]n]nfO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf] dxnsf] !#-!_ g+= cg';f/ ;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b, csf{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL dbg lyª tfdfªnfO{ P]= sf] !#-$_ g+= cg';f/ hGds}b / oL k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ rf]/Lsf] !$-$_ g+= cg';f/ hgxL s}b jif{ ^ / ljuf]sf] 8]9Ln] x'g cfpg] ?= !$,^^@.%) h/Ljfgf u/L tLg} hgf k|ltjfbLaf6 rf]/Lsf] @! g+= jdf]lhd gk'u ljuf] ?=&,))).– d[tssf ghLssf gft]bf/nfO{ e/fOlbg] 7x¥ofO{ ePsf] z'? dsjfgk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fsf] ldlt @)^@.&.* sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] .

@= ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L

s]bf/k|;fb lu/L dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 ;Dat\ @)%* ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=M *&^@

km};nf ldltM @)^%.(.&.@

d'2fM km};nf ab/ ;d]t .

k'g/fj]bs÷jfbLM l;tfb]jL l;njfn ;d]t lj?4

k|ToyL{÷k|ltjfbLM Clifs'df/ kf08] ;d]t

k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] afns[i0f kf08] lj?4 klZrdf~rn If]qLo cbfnt kf]v/f ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0fsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt -g]=sf=k= @)$^, c+s &, lg=g+= #**%, k[i7 &^&_ nfO{ d"n cfwf/ agfO{ c=a+= *^ g+= sf] bfjL lnO{ lhNnf cbfntdf lkm/fb ug{ hfg c=j+= *^ g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] aGb]h nufPsf] egL lkm/fb vf/]h x'g] 7x¥ofO{ km};nf ePsf] x'Fbf pQm km};nfdf k|df0fsf] plrt d"Nof+sg ePsf] jf jfbL k|ltjfbLaf6 p7fOPsf tYout Pj+ sfg"gL k|Zgx?sf] ljj]rgf ePsf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . h'g glh/ l;4fGtnfO{ lkm/fb vf/]h ug]{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5, ;f] d'2fsf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ s'nf]kfgL d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ tTsfnLg ufpF k~rfotnfO{ /x]sf] / ;f]xL clwsf/ cGtu{t /xL ufpF k~rfotn] u/]sf] km};nf ab/sf nflu ;f]xL ufpF k~rfot g} ;Ifd lgsfo x'g] egL l;4fGt sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 . d'2f x]g]{ z'? If]qflwsf/ g} cGo lgsfo -ufpF k~rfot_ nfO{ tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf lhNnf cbfntn] If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{ gldNg] eGg] g} pQm l;4fGtsf] d'Vo cfzo xf] . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf tTsfnLg sfg"gL Joj:yfn] tf]s]sf] z'? If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug]{ lgsfo -latf{ ;DjGwL d'2f x]g]{ ljz]if cbfnt g'jfsf]6_ sf] cl:tTj @)#& ;fn cl3 b]lv g} sfod g/x]sf] / / h'g cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ jfbL kIf cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] xf], ;f]


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cbfntsf] z'? txsf ?kdf /x]sf] lhNnf cbfntsf] x}l;ot / If]qflwsf/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & jdf]lhd oyfjt\ g} sfod /x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u|x0f u/]sf] pQm glh/ l;4fGt k|:t't d'2fdf cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf g} b]lvFb}g . o;/L cfslif{t g} gx'g] glh/ l;4fGtnfO{ Psdfq cfwf/ agfO{ ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfdf k|:t't d'2fdf lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf ljleGg tYout Pj+ sfg"gL k|Zgx?df k|j]z u/]sf] kfO{b}g . t;y{ ljjfbsf] ;fljs lsQf g+= #!* sf] hUuf k'g/fj]bs÷jfbLx?sf] ;d]t xs nfUg] k}t[s ;Dkltsf] hUuf xf] jf xf]Og < / oL jfbLsf jfj'÷kltn] 8f]/sf] tf/]v u'hf/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df ePsf] l8;ld; km};nfaf6 xs hfg] egL oL jfbLx? c=j+= *^ g+ adf]lhd km};nf jb/sf] bfjL lnO{ cfpg kfpg] xf] jf xf]Og < eGg] ;d]tsf k|Zgx?df k|j]z u/L Gofo lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{df c;fGble{s glh/ l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t e} ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf] x'Fbf jb/ x'g] .

#= ;+o'tm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgjxfb'/

/fodfemL dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg"k/fh zdf{ ;+jt @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6=g+= #@%$

cfb]z ldltM @)^$.!!.@@

ljifo M– k/dfb]z .

lgj]bsM clwjQmf k|Nxfb s'df/ dxt

;d]t lj?4

ljkIfLM j[xb zJbsf]if k|sfzs g]kfn /fhlso k|1fk|lti7fg, sf7df08f}+ ;d]t

lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt ljleGg

zJbsf]ifdf pkrf/ ubf{ lgsf] x'g] ;fdfGo /f]usf] ?kdf /xL ;s]sf] s'i7/f]unfO{ slxNo} lgsf] gx'g] dxf/f]u, c;fWo /f]usf] ?kdf s'i6/f]unfO{ kl/efifLt ul/Pjf6 To:tf /f]uLnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!, !@, !%, !&, @), @@ n] k|bfg u/]sf df}lns xs Pj+ d'n'sL P]g ljxfjf/Lsf] $, % g+= n] To:tf /f]uLsf] cfwf/df kfl/jf/Ls ?kdf ;DaGw ljR5]bsf cfwf/ ;d]t jgL ;dfhjf6 ckx]lnt x'g k/]sf] x'Fbf zJbsf]ifx?df lgsf] x'g] ;fdfGo /f]usf] ?kdf kl/efiff ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] kfO{of] . lgj]bgd} pkrf/ gubf{ lgsf] gx'g] / ;?jf /f]usf] ?kdf :jLsf/]sf], ;dfhjf6 ?kfGt/Lt / cy{ u/LPsf ljifonfO{ zJb ;+u|xdf /flvPsf] ;Ddsf] ljifodf l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'g] xf]Og eGg] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] kfOof] .

lgj]bg ;'g'jfO{sf] qmddf lgj]bs lgj]bgsf jf/]; jf lgj]bs tkm{af6 s'g}


7

sfg"g Joj;foL cbfnt pkl:yt e} cfkm\gf] lgj]bg bfjL k'li6 u/]sf] cj:yf 5}g .

s'i7/f]u ulDe/ k|s[ltsf] /f]usf] ?kdf ;dfhn] lnO{ cfPsf] ljifodf ljjfb b]lvb}g . s'i7 /f]u xfnsf] cj:yfdf pkrf/ x'Fbfsf jvt lgsf] x'g] /f]usf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;f] tYo ;dfhdf hfgsf/Lsf lgldQ r]tgfd"ns sfo{s|d Nofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdx? / /f]uL k'g:yf{kgfsf] nfuL ;+:yfx? v8f x'b} uPsf] tYodf kIf ljkIfsf] d'v ldn]s} b]lvG5 . s'g} klg zAbsf ;DaGwdf sf]ifsf/x?n] zJb;+u|xdf zAb af/] hfgsf/L x]t' pNn]v u/]sf] s'/f ;+j}wflgs xs leq gkg{] e} GofoLs lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo jGg g;Sg] x'Fbf GofoLs lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo eGbf jflx/sf] k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bg bfjL jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gkg]{ .

$= ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL

dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 ;+at\ @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g++= =======##)@

cfb]z ldltM @)^%.(.@(.#

ljifoM d'2f lkmtf{ ;DaGwdf .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM kjgs'df/ k6]nsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/

lj?4 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM uugb]j /fo ofbj eGg]

uug /fo ofbj ;d]t

d'2fM– st{JoHofg . ;/sf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] jf

ldnfkq ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @(-!_ df k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL e} x]l/g] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 rnfOPsf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/ pk/ k/]sf] d'2f dfldnf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfb]z ePdf ;/sf/L jlsnn] c? kIfsf] ;xdltn] To:tf] d'2f ldnfkq ug]{ jf cbfntsf] d~h'/Ln] To:tf] d'2fdWo] g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL ePsf] kmf}hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng x'G5 / ;f] ePdf b]xfosf s'/fdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 .

-s_ d'2fdf ldnfkq u/]sf]df s;}nfO{

aS;f}gL nfUg] 5}g . -v_ d'2f lkmtf{ lnPsf]df kmf}hbf/L

cleof]u jf ;/sf/L bfjL ;dfKt eO{ k|ltjfbLn] km{';t kfpF5 .

@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f

n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} u}/ ;/sf/L JolQmsf] ;DklQ ;DaGwL s'/fdf c;/ kg]{ /x]5 eg] To:tf] d'2f o:f bkmf adf]lhd cbfntaf6 lkmtf{ lng lbg x'Fb}g


8

eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvof] .

k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] qmddf /fhg}lts k|ltzf]wsf sf/0f d'2f nufOPsfn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !^^ sf] pkwf/f -#_ ;Fu ;DalGwt cg';"rL $ df pNn]v ePsf] ælj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfÆ sf] j'Fbf g+= %=@=& adf]lhdsf] cfwf/af6 d'2f lkmtf{ lng'kg]{ ePsf] eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf] lg0f{o Joxf]/f b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] s|ddf /fhg}lts k|ltzf]wsf] sf/0fn] d'2f nufOPsf] eGg] eP klg hfx]/L b/vf:t Joxf]/f, cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltjfbLx? :jod\sf] jofg Joxf]/fdf ;d]t lg0f{odf pNn]v u/] h:tf] /fhg}lts k|ltzf]wsf cfwf/df d'2f rnfPsf] eGg] s'/f slx+ st} pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPg . ldl;ndf /x]sf] tYoaf6 k|:t't jf/bft /fhg}lts sf/0faf6 ;[lht ePsf] a:t'lgi7 ?kdf k'li6 gePsf] cj:Yff sfg"g / ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yf pNn]v ePs} cfwf/df To:tf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ePsf] dfGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . jf/bft :yflkt eO{;s]sf] tyf kLl8tsf] d[To' e} ;s]sf] tYodf ;/sf/L kIf :jod\ ;Gt'i6 e} d'2f rnfOPsf] / cfkm\gf] dfu adf]lhdsf] ;hfo gePsf] eGg] cfwf/df o; cbfnt ;dIf ;d]t k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] cj:Yff 5 . o:tf] cj:Yffdf ;/sf/L kIfaf6 k|]lift

cleof]u Joxf]/f k"0f{t em'¶f xf] eg] oL k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ em'¶f kf]n ph'/ u/] jfkt ;/sf/n] Ifltk"lt{ ug'{ kg{] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . :jefljs ?kdf kLl8tsf] d[To' ePsf] xf] eg] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ y'gfdf /fv] jfkt s] s:tf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg ;Sg] cj:Yff /xG5 jf /xFb}g < jf/bft 3l6t ePsf] t/ cleof]u dfq} unt 9+un] nufPsf] eP 36gf jf/bftsf] ;DaGwdf gofF cg';Gwfg ug]{ xf] jf olQs} 5f]l8lbg] xf] < hfx]/L Joxf]/f Pj+ cleof]u bfjL cg';f/ ge} d[tssf] d[To' g} em'¶f jf agfj6L xf] eg] gePsf] jf/bft >[hgf u/L d'2f rnfpg ldN5 jf ldNb}g < To:tf] d'2f rnfpg]sf] pQ/bfloTj s] x'G5 < cbfntaf6 lg0f{o e} s;"/ sfod ePsf]df k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ eO;s]sf] ;hfo s§f ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg] sfg"gL cfwf/ s] xf] < d[tssf] d[To' st{Joaf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/ pbfl;g /xL Tolts} 5f]8\g ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] < k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{ ;DaGwdf o:tf oIf k|Zgx? klg cg'Ql/t ePsf] b]lvG5 . d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ubf{ lg0f{ostf{n] pNn]lvt k|Zgx? tyf To;sf] tTsflng Pjd\ bL3{sfnLg c;/sf] ;du| d"NofÍg ug{' kg{] x'G5 . pk/f]Qm k|Zgx?sf] ;Gtf]ifhgs ;dfwfg ;lxt jfbLn] cbfnt ;dIf cfPsf] x'g' k5{ .

d'2f lkmtf{ lng' kg{] plrt sf/0f eO{ lkmtf{ dfUg cfPsf] cj:yfdf dfq


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cbfnt ;Gt'i6 eP d~h'/L lbg ;Sg] eGg] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @(-!_ sf] dg;fo b]lvG5 . of] d'2fdf k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ To:tf] /fhg}lts k|ltzf]wsf] sf/0f jf j}rfl/s cf:yfsf] sf/0f d'2f rnfO{Psf] eGg] ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] 5}g . cfkm'nfO{ ePsf] ;hfo ldn]sf] 5}g, cfkm" lgbf{]if /x]sf] sf/0f Gofosf] /f]xdf OG;fkm kfpg' k5{ eGg] lhls/ lnO{ o; cbfntdf k|ltjfbL dWo]sf df]xdb df]O{b cfnd ;d]tn] k'g/fj]bg klg u/]sf] blvG5 . To:tf] k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/]s} cfwf/df cbfntn] d~h'/L lbPsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg] cj:Yff /x]5 eg] klg Gofosf] 6'Ëf]df k'¥ofpg g;Sg] cj:yf cfpF5 . To;sf] cltl/Qm lkmtf{ dfu ul/Psf k|ltjfbL uugb]j ;d]tsf xsdf lhNnf cbfnt tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;hfo tyf hl/jfgf ePsf] kfO{G5, To:tf] ;hfosf] kl/0ffd s] x'g] eGg] k|Zg p7\5 . oyfy{df d'2fsf] /f]xdf s;"/ sfod e} ;hfo ;d]t ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] d'2f tyf ;hfosf] ;DaGwdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg lkmtf{ ln+b}df To:tf] ;hfosf] kl/0ffd :jtM z'Go x'g] klg xf]Og . d'2f rnL lg0f{o eO{ k|ltjfbL ;d]tsf] k'g/fjbg k/L d'2f cbfntsf] ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf s]xL geP ;/x dfgL z'? cj:yfsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lnP h:tf] u/L lkmtf{ dfu ug{ / ;f] adf]lhd lkmtf{

lbg ;d]t pko'Qm b]lvGg . sfg"g / ;+ljwfgsf] dg;fo h'g;'s} d'2f lkmtf{ lng x'G5 eGg] xf]Og / ;/sf/sf] p2]Zo b08lxgtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg' klg xf]Og . ulDe/ k|s[ltsf dfgljo sfg"g pNn+3g ePsf d'2fx?df ;d]t ljifoj:t'sf] u+le/tf gx]/L ;/sf/n] lkmtf{ ub}{ hfg] / cbfntn] klg cf}lrTo tkm{ gx]g]{ xf] eg] hgtfsf] hLp wgsf] ;+/If0f ug{] ;/sf/sf] pQ/bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]xLkgsf] cefj x'g uO{ sfg"gL /fHosf] cl:tTj d} k|Zg p7\g] / hgtf / ;/sf/ aLrsf] ;DaGw lrl;g ;Sg] cj:Yff tkm{ ;/sf/ ;r]t /xg' kg]{ x'G5 . j:t'tM /fhg}lts Joj:Yff jf ;/sf/ kl/jt{g x'Fb}df hgtfsf] aFfRg kfpg] :yflkt df}lns xs clwsf/sf] pkef]unfO{ cGoyf ?kdf k|efljt ug{ lbg ldNg] b]lvb}g . To:tf] cj:yf cfP ;+ljwfg / sfg'g adf]lhd cbfntn] hgtfsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ s'/fdf kl5 x6\g' klg xF'b}g . pk/f]Qm k[i7e"lddf ljrf/ ubf{, ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf d'2f lkmtf{ ;DaGwdf cbfntsf] d~h'/L cfjZos kg{] pNn]v ePsf] jfSof+zn] d'2f lkmtf{sf] cf}lrTo, cfwf/ / sf/0fdf cbfntn] ljrf/ ug'{ kg{] eGg] cGt/lglxt ljwflosL dg;fonfO{ ljrf/ ug'{ kg{] x'G5 . d'2f lkmtf{sf] ;DaGwdf cbfntsf] d~h'/L lng' kg{] ljifonfO{ k|lqmofut ?kdf dfq x]g{] /


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cbfntn] klg lkmtf{sf] cf}lrTo tkm{ Wofg glbg] xf] eg] ulDe/ k|s[ltsf d'2fx? h;n] ;dfhnfO{ bL3{sfnLg c;/ u/L /x]sf x'G5g\ To:tf ck/fwx?df j9f]Q/L x'g uO{ ck/fw lgoGq0f x'g'sf] ;§f ;dfhdf cGof}n / czflGt j9\b} hfg] ;Defjgf klg TolQs} /xG5 . o:tf] ljifodf o; cbfntn] o; cl3 klg cfkm\gf] wf/0ff :ki6 u/L ;s]sf] 5 . o:t} d'2f lkmtf{sf] ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf] k'g/fj]bs jfbL tTsflng >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj?4 lbn axfb'/ nfdf ;d]t ePsf] ;Djt\ @)%! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=O{=g+= #@ sf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ljifo -g]=sf=k= @)%!, c+s &, lg=g+= $($), k[i7 %)$_ df ck/fwsf] kmn:j?k ;DalGwt JolQm kl/jf/ / ;dfhnfO{ k/]sf] kL8f jf IfltnfO{ t'R5 7fgL jf To;sf] pk]Iff u/L ljgf s'g} plrt sf/0f d'2f jfk; lng] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ vf]Hg' xf] . To;/L b'?kof]u ug{sf] nflu sfg"gn] s;}nfO{ clwsf/ lbb}g . To;}n] d'2f jfk; lng] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] pko{'Qm clwsf/ klg plrt sf/0fsf] nflu ;b\lgotn] k|of]u x'g' kg{] jGb]h pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfdf lglxt /x]sf]n] To;nfO{ lg/k]If eGg gldNg] . cbfntsf] d~h'/L s]jn k|lqmofut sfg"gL cf}krfl/stf -Formality_ xf]O{g, Tof] Pp6f ;f/e"t -Substantive_ sfg"gL Joj:yf xf] . Tof] clwsf/sf] k|of]u plrt sf/0fsf] nflu ;b\lgotn] ug{ vf]lhPsf]

xf] jf xf]Og eGg] hfFra'em u/]/ dfq d'2f jfk; ug{ d~h'/L lbg] jf glbg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug'{ k5{ . olb sf/0f plrt b]lvGg jf s'g} lsl;dsf] b'/fifon] Tof] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cbfntn] d~h'/L lbg gx'g] eGg] l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm cleJolQmaf6 d'2f lkmtf{sf] d~h'/L lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxt cbfnt ;Gt'i6 x'g' kg{] eGg] s'/fnfO{ cf}+NofPsf] b]lvof] . k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLx?sf] xsdf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] qmddf /fhg}lts k|ltzf]wsf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfO{Psf] sf/0f egL d'2f lkmtf{sf] cf}lrTo pNn]v u/] klg To:tf] l:ylt oyfy{df ljBdfg ePsf] b]lvPg .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !^^ sf] pkwf/f -#_ ;Fu ;DalGwt cg';"rL $ df pNn]v ePsf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] jF'bf g+= %=@=& sf] cfwf/df k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] k|fKt kqaf6 b]lvG5 . pQm cg';"rL–$ df pNn]v ePsf] a'Fbf g+= %=@=& df, b'j} kIf ljleGg JolQmx?nfO{ /fhgLlts sf/0fn] nufO{Psf cf/f]k, bfjL, ph'/L / ljrf/fwLg /x]sf d'2f dfldnf lkmtf{ lng / y'gfdf /flvPsf jGbLx?sf] l:ylt tTsfn} ;fj{hlgs u/L t'?Gt l/xf ul/g] Uof/]G6L ub{5g\ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvof] . g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{


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-dfcf]jfbL_ jLr ePsf] /fhgLlts ;dembf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] pNn]lvt lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yfn] j]Un} dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /fVg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . k|:t't ;Demf}tfn] j]Un} sfg"gL ?k wf/0f u/L zflGt ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf dd{ cg'?ksf sfd sf/jfxLx? ;DkGg e} g;sL k|lqmofs} ?kdf /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] a'Fbfdf pNn]v ePsf s'/fx?nfO{ sfg"g agfO{ nfu" ug{] lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/sf] ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . a'Fbfut ?kdf ul/Psf ;Demf}tfsf] xsdf tL ;Demf}tf P]gsf] cefjdf sfof{Gjog ug{] cj:yf klg cfpFb}g . d'2f lkmtf{sf] ;DaGwdf xfn axfn /x]sf] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @(-!_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf afx]s cbfntn] d'2f lkmtf{sf] d~h'/L lbg ;Sg] cGo s'g} sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t 5}g . cbfntn] /fhg}lts k|s[ltsf] ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df To;sf] ljZn]if0f JofVof ug{] geO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gdf /x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfg"g / Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ljj]rgf u/L lgSof}{ndf k'Ug' kg{] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/If]q afx]s cGo /fhgLlts ljifo jf To:t} k|s[ltsf ;dembf/Lsf] ljifosf] af/]df JofVof ug'{, lg0f{o ug'{ jf ljj]rgf ug'{ cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg{] ljifo klg xf]O{g .

;/sf/sf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng ;Sg] sfg"gL clwsf/ ax't} dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ xf] . ;/sf/n] s;} pk/ sfg"g pNn+3g u/]sf] egL cleof]u nufpg' klg dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o xf] . /fHo Joj:yfsf] ;+rfngsf] nflu cfkm"n] rnfPsf] cleof]u klg l;4 ug{ g;Sg] jf d'2fsf] k|lqmof cl3 j9fpg g;Sg] sltko cj:yfx? >[hgf ePsf] x'g ;S5 . /fHon] pTkGg hl6n ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu cGo sfdsf] cltl/Qm cfjZostfg';f/ cfkm"n] rnfPsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng' kg{] cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5 . sfg"g / Gofosf] dfkb08sf] clwgdf /x]/ d'2f lkmtf{ lbg klg kg{] x'G5 . s:tf] kl/l:yltnfO{ d'2f lkmtf{ lng d~h'/L lbg dgfl;j cj:yf eGg x'G5 egL To;sf] km]xl/:t clxn] g} tof/ ug{ eg] ;lsGg . of] t d'2} lkR5] cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug'{ kg{] s'/f xf] . cToGt ulDe/ sf/0fn] d'2f lkmtf{ lng' kg{] ePsf] t/ Gofodf c;/ gkg{] pko'Qm cj:yfdf lkmtf{sf] dfu ePdf cglws[t x:tIf]k ug{] gLlt klg cbfntsf] x'Fb}g . t/ ldl;n k|df0faf6 gb]lvPsf], d'2f lkmtf{ lngnfO{ lbO{Psf] sf/0f / cf}lrTosf] k'i6\ofO{ ug{ g;lsg] slNkt cfwf/x?nfO{ ;To / plrt dfg]/ cbfntn] u|x0f u/]sf] cleof]u To;dfly u/]sf] lg0f{o ;d]tnfO{ t[0f a/fa/ t'NofO{ lkmtf{ ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}g . vf; u/]/ dfgj clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg"gsf] pNn+3g ePsf], ;dfhsf] ;'/Iff /


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g}ltstfdf ulDe/ k|Zg v8f u/]sf s;"/x?df cbfnt emg} ;Dj]bgzLn x'g' kg{] x'G5 . d'2f lkmtf{ dfu ug{] clwsf/ eg]/ h:tf] ;'s} d'2fdf klg dfu ug{] / hlxn] klg jf h:tf]df klg d'2f lkmtf{ lbg] s'/f cbfntnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] Goflos clwsf/ ;'xfpFbf] x'Fb}g . cbfntn] oyfy{df Gofosf] ;+/Ifs aGg' kg{] x'G5 . vf; u/]/ sdhf]/ eO{ jf cfkm\gf] arfp ug{ g;sL ck/fwaf6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0faf6 g} ;dfhdf Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] x'gfn] o:tf] k|ZgnfO{ ;+j]bgzLn eP/ x]g'{ kg{] x'G5 .

jf/bft :yflkt u/L k|ltjfbLx? pk/ Hofg ;DaGwLsf] s;"/ ck/fwdf cleof]hg kIfaf6 lnO{Psf] cleof]u bfjL k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o e} ;f] sf] cf}lrTo ;d]t k|dfl0ft ug{ k|ofz/t /x]sf] cj:yf eP tfklg d'2f lkmtf{ ug{ cbfntn] d~h'/L glbPsf] cj:yfdf k"j{jt cfkm"n] lnPsf] cleof]u bfjL k|dfl0ft ug{] s'/fdf jfbL kIf ;b}j ;r]t / ;sf/fTds /xg' kg{] x'G5 . klxn] cfkm"n] h] s'/fsf] bfjL lnPsf] ePklg d'2f lkmtf{ lng] k|of]hgsf] nflu /fhgLlts k|ltzf]wsf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfO{Psf] eg]sf] b]lvPsf] t/ cbfntaf6 pk/f]Qm adf]lhd lkmtf{ lng d~h'/L geP kl5 To:tf d'2fx?df cfkm\gf] z'? cleof]hgsf] l:ylt cg'?k bfjL k|dfl0ft

u/fpg hgtfsf] tkm{af6 ;b}j ulDe/ / ;r]t ?kdf k|lt/Iff ug{ tTk/ /xg' kg{] x'G5 . To:tf]df cfkm"n] jLrdf d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o gu/] ;/x k"j{jt d'2fsf] sf/jfxLdf efu lnO{ clGtd lg0f{o geP;Dd jfbL kIf cfkm\gf] k|lt/Iff ;DaGwL st{Jodf k|ltj4 /xg'kg{] sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] dfGotf klg xf] . pQm s'/f kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L kIfaf6 x'g] cg';Gwfg, k|lt/Iff ;d]tsf] hgtfk|ltsf] hjfkmb]xLkgsf] dfGotf -Principle of Accountability_ klg xf] . k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg txaf6 ;d]t s;"/ sfod u/L b08 lgwf{l/t ePsf] cj:yf /x]sf] / ;f] pk/ k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] e} ljrf/flwg /x]sf]n] To; /f]xdf g} ljrf/ ug{ ;lsg] b]lvPsf] 5 . cleof]u kq bfo/ eP b]lv xfn;Ddsf] km};nf / To;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ cgb]vf u/L lkmtf{ dfu ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . d'2f lkmtf{ dfu ug{] clwsf/ cGtu{t ePsf] km};nf b08 hl/jfgfnfO{ z'Go agfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ ;dfj]z ePsf] eGg ldNg] b]lvGg . k'g/fj]bg;Dd ljrf/flwg cj:yfdf /x]sf]df ldl;naf6 k'li6 gx'g] /fhgLlts sf/0f hgfO{ ePsf] b08 ;hfonfO{ z'Go agfpg] u/L d'2f g} lkmtf{ dfu ug{ cfPsf] b]lvO{ d'2f lkmtf{ lbg' kg{] ;Gtf]ifk|b cfwf/ gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf dfu adf]lhd k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{ ug{ d~h'/L lbg gldNg] .


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%= ;+o'tm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ ;Djt @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @%((

cfb]z ldltM @)^%.!.!#

ljifoM –pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF .

lgj]bs kIfM dGh' cu|jfn ;d]t

lj?4 ljkIfL k|ToyL{M sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfnt,

jj/dxn ;d]t

ljkIfL Oi6 Ol08of lg6j]o/ ln=n] sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfntdf oL lgj]bs pk/ lbPsf] n]gb]g d'2fsf] lkm/fbdf lgj]bssf] jtg sf7df08f} lhNnf sf7df08f} dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ !) k+rzLn dfu{ kf]i6 jS; g+ $@*%gof jfg]Zj/ l:yt Pd=P= ufd{]G6;sf= k|f]=dGh' cu|jfn eGg] n]v]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L sDkgLsf] gfd, 7]ufgf, kf]i6jS; gDj/ ;d]t :ki6 x'g'sf] ;fy} lgj]bs dGh' cu|jfnsf] 3/sf] jtg / j8f g+ ;d]t v'nfO{ cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] d'2fsf] Dofb tfd]n ubf{ lkm/fbdf n]lvPsf] jtgdf Dofb tfd]n x'g g;s]sf] egL c=j= !!@ g+ sf] k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf Dofb tfd]n ePsf] kfOG5 . c=j= !!@ g+ df 3/4f/sf] kQf gePsf]

dflg;nfO{ ;dfJxfg Otnfogfdf Dofb ;"rgf hf/L ug'{ kbf{ p;sf] ufpF zx/ 6f]n n]lvPsf] eP ;f] 7fpFdf / ufpF zx/ 6f]n klg kQf gnfu]sf] eP c•fsf ghLs ;j}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf 6fFl;lbg' k5{ eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] 3/åf/ jtg gv'n]sf] cj:yfdf dfq c=j=!!@ jdf]lhd Dofb 6f; x'g] b]lvG5 . oxf n]gb]g d'2fsL k|ltjfbLsf] 3/sf] jtg :ki6;+u v'Ng'sf ;fy} lgh Joj;fo k|d'v ;d]t eO{ To;sf] klg jtg k+rlzn dfu{, kf]i6jS; gDj/ $@*% ;d]t v'n]sf] cj:yfdf klg lghsf] Dofb ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf tfd]n eO{ sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf ljkl/t tfd]n ePsf] Dofb lghn] k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] / lgh lj?4sf] d'2fdf lghn] k|ltjfb ug{ gkfPsf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg lhls/ ePsf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf lghsf] lj?4df km};nf ubf{ p;nfO{ ;f] km};nfaf6 c;/ kg]{ /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf jf k|ltjfb ug]{ cj;/ lbP/ dfq km};nf ug'{ kb{5 eGg] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt xf] . o; ljifodf o; cbfntaf6 lgj]bs uh]Gb| axfb'/ clwsf/L lj?4 e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{no, sf7df08f} ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf s'g} JolQmnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ubf{ ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ a'em\g' kg]{ / ;f] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ c=a+ !!) g+ adf]lhdsf] l/t k'¥ofO Dofb tfd]n ug'{ kb{5 egL -g]=sf=k=@)%),lg=g+ $*@^ k[i7 ^&! df_


14

l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] / To;/L g} ;Dat\ @)%! ;fnsf] l/6 g+ @@(% lgj]bs kjgf /fO{ lj?4 e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{no, df]/Ë ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf lgj]lbsfsf] jf:tljs 7]ufgfdf Dofb tfd]n gu/L cGoq tfd]n u/]sf] Dofbaf6 l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ k|ltjfbsf] df}sf k|bfg u/]sf] eGg gldNg] -;=c=a'n]l6g c+s !$, k"0ff{s !)$, @)%#, k[i7 !#_ egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ;d]t oL lgj]lbsfsf] 7]ufgfdf Dofb tfd]n gu/L lghsf] 3/ 8]/f kQf gnfu]sf] egL j]kQ] Dofb ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf tfd]n eO{ cfPsf] To:tf] Dofb l/t k"j{ssf] geO{ q'6Lk"0f{ xFbf lgj]lbsfsf] gfpFdf tfd]n ePsf] elgPsf Dofb / ;f] cfwf/df sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^).%.!% sf] km};nf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ca oL l/6 lgj]bs d~h' cu|jfnnfO{ cfˆgf] gfddf d'2f k/]sf] hfgsf/L e} ;s]sf]n] of] cfb]zsf] hgfp To; cbfntdf bflvnf ePsf] #% lbg leq lghn] k|ltpQ/ lbg NofP lnO sfg"g adf]lhd km};nf ug'{ egL ljkIfL sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfntsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . ;fy} k|:t't d'2f cbfntaf6 Dofb tfd]n ubf{ tfd]nbf/ sd{rf/Laf6 Wofg gk'¥ofO{ nfkjf{xL x'g] u/]sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0fdf lng ;lsG5 . ljkIfLsf]

gfddf Hofb} g} ;xh / ;/n 9+uaf6 tfd]n x'g], ljkIfLsf] jtgdf s'g} klg c8rg gePsf] Dofb ;xL ?kdf tfd]n gubf{sf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg cj:yf k|:t't d'2fdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . Dofb tfd]n ubf{ cbfntsf] tfd]nbf/sf] Wofg lsg k'u]g < p af6 lsg o:tf] r's x'g uof], s] s:tf] sdL sdhf]/L eof] < ;f] Dofb cbfntdf bflvn x'Fbf hfFr ug]{ ;DalGwt clws[t sd{rf/Lsf] Wofg lsg k'Ug ;s]g < lghaf6 o; lsl;dsf] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf x'g} g;Sg] uNtL lsg / s;/L eof] < lg0f{osf] cj:yfdf lsg ljrf/ x'g ;s]g < OToflb cglulGt k|Zg k|:t't d'2fdf 68sf/f]?kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg d'2fsf jfbLn] k|ltjfbLsf] jtg of] eGbf v'nfP/ lbg'kg]{ eGg] x'Fb}g . o;/L v'n]sf] jtgdf l/tk"j{s Dofb tfd]n ge} d'2f nfË8f] x'G5 eg] ;f] sf] gsf/fTds k|ltkmn ;d'Rrf Gofo Joj:yf / o:df ;+nUg xfdL ;a} dfly kg]{ x'G5 . h'g cfkm}df b'ef{Uok"0f{ eO{ k|To'kfbs ;d]t x'G5 . cbfntdf cfhsf] lbgdf klg o;/L q'6Lk"0f{ Dofb tfd]n u/L ePsf] km};nfsf] ljjfbnfO{ l/6 If]qaf6 x]g'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfpg' lgZro klg /fd|f] cj:yf xf]Og . o;af6 hgtfsf] ;fwg >f]t / dxTjk"0f{ ;dosf] jjf{bL x'G5 eg] o:tf] ljifodf cndlng' kgf{sf] sf/0f cbfntsf] c? dxTjk"0f{ d'2fdf lbg' kg]{ ;dosf] ;d]t aaf{b x'G5 . o; ljifodf xfdL ;a}n] ulDe/tf ;Fu ;f]Rg} kb{5 .


15

cem k|:t't ljjfb g]kfnL g]kfnL aLrsf] dfq geO{ ljb]zL sDkgL ;d]t ;+nUg ePsf] ljjfb ePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] Gofo Joj:yf k|lt pgLx?n] /fVg ;Sg] wf/0ff k|lt klg xfdL uDeL/ x'g' kb{5 .

t;y{ cbfntaf6 tfd]n x'g] Dofbsf] ;DaGwdf eljiodf o:tf] uNtLsf] k'g/fj[lt gx'g] Joj:yfsf] lgldQ o:df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] bIftf clej[l4 ug]{ / Dofb tfd]nL sfo{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg s] s:tf] sbd rfNg' kb{5 To; tkm{ cfjZos sbd p7fpg of] km};nfsf] k|ltlnkL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt d'2f Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .

^= ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L zf/bf >]i7

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx

;Djt\ @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g=(##!,(##@ km};nf ldltM @)^$.!).!&.%

d'2fM– n]gb]g .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM ofdaxfb'/ u'?ª

lj?4 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lznf u'?ª ;d]t k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM jb|Lh+u u'?ª

lj?4 k|ToyL jfbLM ofdaxfb'/ u'?ª=

jfbLn] cfkm"af6 k|ltjfbLn]

@)%).#.@! df ?= !) nfv / ldlt @)%$.&.@) df ?= @^,)&,%@).– C0f lnO{ skfnL td;'s u/L lbPsf]n] ;fFjf Jofh e/L kfp+F egL bfjL u/]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] jfbLaf6 C0f lnO{ lghnfO{ @)%).#.@! df ul/lbPsf] lnvtnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] t/ cfkm"n] jfbLnfO{ @)%$.&.@) df lnvt u/L glbPsf] egL k|ltjfb u/] klg c=a+= &* g+= adf]lhd aofg ubf{ ;f] b'j} lnvt cfkm"n] u/L lbPsf] egL :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . jfbLbfjLsf] lnvtnfO{ oL k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/ u/] klg pSt C0f /sdsf] ;do ;dodf e'StfgL u/]sf] / ;f]sf] lx;fj lstfj cfkm\gf] n]h/ -axLvftf_df /fv]sf] egL pQm axLvftfnfO{ k|df0f:j?k k]z u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} jfbLn] leGgf leGg} ldlt / ljuf]sf] @ j6f td;'ssf] jf/]df Pp6} lkm/fb lbPsf] c=j+= &@ g+= sf] k|lts"n ePsf] eGg];d]t lgh k|ltjfbLn] lhls/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . ;j{k|yd ;f] lhls/sf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ c=j+= &@ g+= df ælkm/fbkq ln+bf b]jfgL kmf}Hbf/L d'2fsf] 5'§f 5'§} lng' k5{ . ;f] afx]s Pp6} lkm/fbkqdf Pp6} dflg;n] Pp6} dflg;pk/ hlt;'s} emu8fsf] ljifosf] s'/f n]vL NofPsf] / hlt;'s} dflg;n] hlt;'s]} dflg;pk/ Pp6} emu8fsf]


16

ljifosf] s'/f n]vL NofPsf] eP klg lnO ;f]adf]lhd ;a} s'/fsf] ;f]xL lkm/fbkqaf6 OG;fkm ug'{ k5{Æ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd Ps} hgfn] Ps} hgfpk/ b]jfgL ljifodfqsf] hlt;'s} emu8fsf] ljifosf] gfn]z lbg kfpg] cj:yf x'+bf Ps hgf oL jfbLn] k|= ab|Lh+u u'?ªn] u/L lbPsf] b'O{j6f td;'ssf ;DaGwdf Pp6} gfn]z lbg gkfpg] eGg gldNg] / hlt;'s} emu8fsf] ljifodf Ps} hgf k|ltjfbLpk/ oL jfbLn] gfn]; lbg kfpg] g} x'+bf log} k|ltjfbLn] oL jfbLaf6 b'O{j6f ldltdf C0f lnO{ 5'§f5'§} td;'s u/L lbPsf] / ;f] b'j} lnvtsf ;DaGwdf Ps}hgf k|ltjfbL pk/ ;f]xL n]gb]gsf] ljifodf Pp6} lkm/fb lbPsf]nfO{ c=j+= &@ g+= k|lts"n lkm/fb lbPsf] eGg ldNg] x'b}g .

oL k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ pQm b'j} skfnL lnvtx? cfkm"n] ul/lbPsf] egL bfjLsf b'j} lnvt x]/L ;f] lnvt cfkm'n] u/]sf] lnvt xf] egL cfkm"n] u/]sf] ;xL5fk ;d]tnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . bfjLsf] lnvt cfk"mn] u/L lbPsf] egL lnvtsf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]kl5 To;sf] bfloTjnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] OGsf/ ug{ ldNg] x'b}g . n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] % g+= df æ;fx" c;fdLn] ;f+jf Jofh;d]t ln+bf j'emfp+bf b]xfoadf]lhdsf] /Lt k'¥ofO{ lng' lbg' k5{ . ;f] gu/]sf] ;b/ x'b}g egL Æ

b]xfodf td;'sadf]lhdsf] ;fFjf Jofh ltbf{ ;f]xL td;'ssf] kL7df c;"nL hgfO{ jf lnvt km§f u/L j'emfpg' kg]{, lnvt km]nf gk/] 5'§} e/kfO{ u/fO{ lng' kg]{ eGg];d]t sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ skfnL td;'s u/Llbg] oL k|ltjfbLn] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ;f] k|lqmof cg';f/ ;fFjf Jofh lt/] j'emfPsf] eGg ;s]sf] 5}g . cGo tl/sfåf/f skfnL td;'ssf] ;f+jf Jofh lt/]sf]nfO{ pSt % g+= adf]lhd ;b/ x'g ;Sg] x'b}g . Jofkfl/s n]gb]g / sf/f]jf/sf] ljifodf vftfaxLaf6 ;fdfg v/Lb ljqmL u/]sf] eP To:tf] /sd lt/] j'emfPsf] cj:yfdf vftfjxLdf hlgPsf] s'/f k|df0fof]Uo x'g ;Sb5 . t/ skfnL td;'s u/L ;fx' cf;fdL eO{ lnPsf] ?k}of ;fx' c;fdL;/x n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] % g+= sf] t/Lsfaf6 g} ltg{ j'emfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . t/ sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] /Lt k'¥ofO{ lnvtsf] kL7df c;"nL hgfO{ jf 5'§} e/kfO{ u/fO{ jf lnvt km§f u/fO{ skfnL td;'ssf] /sd e'Stfg u/]sf] gb]lvPsfn] k|ltjfbLsf] lhls/adf]lhd lghn] /sd lt/] j'emfPsf] dfGg ldn]g . b'O{j6f lnvtx?dWo] Pp6fsf] /sd csf]{ lnvtdf uflePsf]n] cl3Nnf] lnvtsf] ;f+jf ltg{ gkg]{ eGg] klg k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] syg /x]sf] / ;f]xLadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] km};nf klg u/]sf] 5 . t/ pSt s'/f k|ltjfbLn] u/LlbPsf]


17

@)%$.&.@) sf] kl5Nnf] lnvtdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvb}g . cl3Nnf] lnvtsf] ;f+jf Jofhsf] lx;fj u/L kl5Nnf] lnvtdf uflePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f pSt @)%$.&.@) sf] lnvtsf] k7gaf6 b]lvg cfpb}g . To:tf] ePsf] cj:yfdf cl3sf] @)%).#.@! sf] td;'s lnvt ;f]xL cj:yfdf km§f u/L jf lnvtdf hgfOg' kg]{ x'GYof] . ;f] s]xL ePsf] lnvtx?af6 b]lvb}g . lnvt :jo+n] ;f] s'/f gjf]n]sf] cj:yfdf cbfntn] k|ltjfbLsf] syg adf]lhd To:tf] cg'dfg ug{ / kl5Nnf] lnvtsf] ?k}oFfdfq e/fOlbg eGg' Gofo tyf sfg"g;+ut x'b}g .

ctM ldlt )%).#.@! / ldlt )%$.&.@) sf b'j} lnvtnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / cl3Nnf] lnvtsf] /sd klg kl5sf] td;'sdf uflePsf] eGg] ldlt @)%$.&.@) sf] kl5Nnf] td;'sdf pNn]v gePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] b'j} lnvtsf] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] ;f+jfJofh k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fpg' kg]{df kl5Nnf] Psdfq lnvtsf] ;f+jf Jofh e/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd q'l6k"0f{ x'+bf s]xL pN6L x'g] / jfbLbfjLsf] ldlt @)%).#.@! / @)%$.&.@) sf] b'j} td;'ssf] ;f+jf / sfg"gadf]lhdsf] Jofh ;d]t jfbLn] k|ltjfbLjf6 e/fO{ lng kfpg] .

&= ;o'St Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L jn/fd s]=;L

dfggLoGofofwLz >L tflx/ cln cG;f/L ;Djt @)^$;fnsf] ;fws g+=)%#

km};nf ldltM @)^%.$.&.#

d'2f–st{Jo Hofg .

jfbLM /fhlszf]/ d08nsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4

k|ltjfbLM gjn lszf]/ d08n ;d]t

k|ltjfbLx? gjnlszf]/ d08n / sNof0fL b]jL d08nn] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf / cbfntdf u/]sf] ;fljtL jofg, zj kl/If0f k|ltj]bg, 36gf:yn nfz hf+r k|s[tL d'r'nsf / df}sfdf j'lemPsf JolQm ;d]tsf] egfO{ / cbfntdf u/]sf] jskq ;d]tsf k|df0fx?sf] d"NofÍg ubf{ d[ts nf]s]Gb| d08nsf] xTof log} k|ltjfbLx?n] g} u/L d'n'sL P]g Hofg ;DjGwL dxnsf] !=g+=/ !#-$_ g+=sf] s;'/ u/]sf] tYo o'St k|df0fsf] cfwf/df k'li6 / k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf]n] lghx?nfO{ cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo+ ug]{ u/]sf] dxf]Q/L lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf nfO{ ;b/ug]{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+G5 . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf / ;fws ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .


18

cfkm' ljb]z uPsf] jvt d[tsn] >LdtL sNof0fL b]jLsf] OHht n'6\g] k|of; u/]sf] ;'gL cfˆgf ;;'/f / h]7fg;+u ;d]t ;Nnfx u/L of]hgf jgfO{ of]hgf adf]lhd xTof ul/Ps]f eGg] k|ltjfbL gjn lszf]/sf] jofg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pSt jofgsf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbL sNof0fL b]jLsf] OHht n'6g] k|of; d[tsn] u/]sf] 36gf:yndf g} e]6]/ tTsfn pQ]hgfdf cfO{ jf/bft 36\g uPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5}g . d[tssf] tkm{jf6 klxn] g} ePsf] cd's 36gfjf6 oL k|ltjfbLx?df jbnf / k|ltzf]wsf] efj ;[hgf eO{ nf]s]Gb| d08nsf] Hofg} dfg]{ nIosf ;fy ;f]rljrf/ u/L k|ltjfbLx?n] of]hgf jgfO{ k|:t't jf/bftsf] ck/fw u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d[tssf] nfz k|s[lt x]bf{ lghsf] z/L/jf6 6fpsf] 5l'6[g] u/L sfl6Psf], lnËsf] km]bdf sf6]sf] , b'j} c08sf]if jflx/ lgl:sPsf] eGg] b]lv+bf xTof cGoGt s|'/ lgd{d / cdfgjLo lsl;dn] u/]sf] b]lv+G5 . xTofsf] k|s[ltn] k|ltjfbLx?sf] s;'/ cToGt uEeL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

o:tf] of]hgfa4 9+Ën] qm"/tfk"j{s ul/Psf] ck/fwsf nflu s'g} klg :ki6Ls/0f jf ts{ -explanation or logic_ :jLsfo{ x'g ;Sb}g . cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] !** g+= n] o; cbfntnfO{ P]gn] x'g] 7"nf] ;hfo ;j{Zj;lxt hGd s}b jf hGds}bsf] ;hfodf sdLug{ jf 5"6 lbg ;Sg] ljz]if clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f o;sf] k|of]u klg ljz]if

kl/l:yltdf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|df0faf6 st{Jo Hofgsf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfPtfklg ck/fw x'+bf / ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt ljrf/ ubf{ eljtJo kg{ uPsf] cyjf b'3{6gfaz crfgs To:tf] ck/fw x'g uPsf] xf] eGg] z+sf pTkGg ePsf] cj:yfdf c=j+= !** g+= sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] klxnf] cfwf/ jf cj:yf pQm !** g+= n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] 5 . cyf{t tYo / k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0fjf6 Hofg ;DjGwLsf] % g+= sf] cj:yf 7x/ ug{ g;lsg] eP tfklg jf/bft eGbf klxnfsf 36gf qmdx? / jf/bftsf] kl/l:yltjf6 eljtJo xf] eGg] nfu]sf] cj:yfdf ;hfodf 5'6 lbg] u/L c=j+= !** g+= sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . c=j+= !** g+= n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] bf]>f] cj:yf xf] ck/fw u/]sf] cj:yf . o; leq d'Votof ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / ck/fw ubf{sf] cj:yfjf6 ck/fwsf] ufDeLo{tfsf] cfwf/df s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] g;lsg] s'/f cbfntn] lgwf{l/t ub{5 .

k|:t't d'2fdf d[ts nf]s]Gb| d08n @! aifL{o gjo'jsn] k|ltjfbL sNof0fL b]jL d08n;+u slyt of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] k|of; u/]sf] sf/0f lghnfO{ dfg]{ if8oGq u/L ;f]xL cg'?k of]hgf agfO{ ck/fw ul/Psf] 5 . ck/fw ubf{ klg cToGt qm"/ / cdfgjLo 9+un] c+u, k|ToË sf6]/ dfg]{ sfd ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] ck/fw / o:tf] k|s[ltsf] ck/flws sfo{ ug]{


19

ck/fwLnfO{ c=j+= !** g+= cg';f/ ;hfodf 5"6 ug{ ;lsg] u/L cbfntnfO{ k|fKt ljz]if Goflos / :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u x'g ;Sb}g . To;f] ubf{ To;af6 P]gsf] p2]Zo k/flht x'G5 . lsgeg] c=j+= !** g+= sf] Joj:yf ;hfosf] ;'wf/fTds l;4fGt cg'?k s;"/bf/ 7x/]sfnfO{ klg ;'wf/ / k'g:yfkg ug]{ k|of]hgn] ul/Psf] xf] . ck/fwLx?nfO{ pT;flxt ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu xf]Og . o; l:yltdf c=j+ !** g+= jdf]lhd hgxL !) jif{ s}b ubf{ plrt x'g] egL sd ;hfosf] nflu ul/Psf] lhNnf cbfntsf] k|:tfljt /fo ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /fo;+u ;xdt x'g ;Sg] gx'Fbf k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ Hofg ;DjGwLsf] !#-$_ g+= jdf]lhd g} ;hfo+ x'g] .

*= ;+o'tm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf ;Dat\ @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#!*&

cfb]z ldltM @)^%.$.!&.^

d'2f M– pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z .

lgj]bsM g}gs'df/L kf08] lj?4

lakIfLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;d]t

tt\sfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg )$& sf] wf/f **-@_ / jt{dfg g]kfnsf] c+t/Ld ;+ljwfg, )^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ x]bf{ pk/f]Qm b'j} ;+ljwfgsf] pk/f]Qm wf/f cg';f/ csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf To:tf] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dfq sfg"gL xs k|rngsf] nflu l/6 lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ k|:t't ljjfbdf ptm b]=g+=$^ sf] c+z d'2fdf ePsf] km};nfdf lrQ gj'em]sf] eP ;f] pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] j}slNks pkrf/ lgj]bsx?nfO{ k|fKt ePs} b]lvG5 . ;f] dfu{sf] cjnDjg gu/L sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgjf6 lgj]bsx?nfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg . d'n'sdf ;+s6sfn nfu' ePsf] sf/0f k'g/fj]bg ug{ gkfPsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ug{ k/]sf] eGg] lgj]bsx?sf] lgj]bg lhls/ eP klg ;f] lhls/nfO{ o'lQm;+ut dfGg ldNg] b]lvb}g . d'n'se/ ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff g} ePsf] eP klg sˆo'{ cfb]z hf/L ePsf] h:tf] gful/sx?nfO{ 3/jf6 jflx/ cfjthfjt ug{ / ;fdfGo b}lgs hLjg ofkgdf /f]s nfu]sf] cj:yf lyPg . ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ffn] /fHosf lj?4 k|fKt x'g] s]xL df}lns xssf] pkef]u ug{ jGb]h nfu]df To:tf]] xs k|rng u/fpg l/6 lgj]bg ug{


20

kfpg] remedy ;Dd dfq lgnDjg ePsf] cj:yf xf] . jfbL k|ltjfbL e} rNg] c+z d'2f h:tf] lgtfGt b]jfgL d'2fdf ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ffn] s'g} k|efj gkf/]sf] ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] /fhkqjf6} b]lvG5 . tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, )$& sf] wf/f **-@_ tyf jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, )^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ n] o; cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q cGo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf cGo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg k|efjsf/L pkrf/ lbg g;Sg] cj:yfdf cfsif{0f x'G5 . b]=g+=$^ sf] c+z rng d'2fdf lgj]lbsf :j+od ;lDdlnt eO{ k'k{Ifdf j;L d'2fsf] 6'Ëf] nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . d'2fdf lg/Gt/ tf/]vdf j;L k'k{If u/]sf] cj:yfdf d'2f lsgf/f ePsf] rfxL yfxf gePsf] eGg] lhls/ cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] s'/f x}g . Psl5gnfO{ cfkm' kIf ljkIf ePsf] d'2f km};nf ePsf] lgj]bx?nfO{ yfxf ePg5 g} eGg] dfg]df klg ldlt )%^.%.# df cbfntjf6 km};nf sfo{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf lgj]bsx?sf] gfp+df txl;n Zffvfjf6 Dofb tfd]n ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] Dofb tfd]nLdf s'g} ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvb}g . ptm Dofb tfd]nLjf6 lgj]bsx?nfO{ cfkm' kIf ljkIf eO{ rn]sf] d'2f lsgf/f ePsf] hfgsf/L ;f] cj:yfdfg} ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb ;DjGwdf d'2f lsgf/f x+'bf kIf cbfntdf xflh/ gePsf] jf d'2f

lsgf/f ePsf] hfgsf/L jf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb gkfPsf] cj:yfdf d'2f lsgf/f ePsf] hfgsf/L kfPsf] ldltjf6 k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb z'? x'G5 . d'n'sL P]g c=j+=!(# g+=df emul8of /f]xj/df ge} Dofb hf/L ePsf]df ;f] Dofb tfd]n ePsf] ldltn] #% lbg leq k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xs sfg"gL xs xf] . sfg"gn] lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xs c•fsf] uNtLjf6 ckx/0f x'g ;Qm}g / cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xs xgg ug{ klg ;Qm}g . To;} sf/0fn] ubf{ kIfx?nfO{ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xsjf6 j+lrt gxf]; egL km};nf hlxn] ePklg Dofb tfd]n ePsf] ldltn] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb z'? x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t cfkm' kIf ljkIf ePsf] d'2f km};nf ePsf] klxnf] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 Dofb z'? x'G5 . k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xsjf6 j+lrt ul/b}g . b08 ;hfosf] $^ g+= cGtu{t km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf tfd]n ePsf] Dofbjf6 lgj]bsx?nfO{ km};nf ePsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] dfgL ;f]xL ldltjf6 k'g/fj]bg ug{ uPsf]df cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg btf{ ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] eP klg lgj]bssf] egfO s] s;f] xf] eGg kg]{ cj:yf cfpg] lyof] . t/ lgj]bsx?n] k'g/fj]bgsf] dfu{ cjnDjgg} gu/]sf] x'bf To; tkm{ ljrf/ ug{ k/]g . wf/f **-@_ cGtu{tsf] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qjf6


21

km};nf jb/ ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g . ;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q / c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q ;dfgfGt/ clwsf/ If]q xf]Og . oL b'O{ clwsf/ If]qx?sfjLr df]lns leGgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;Ifd cbfntjf6 ;j't k|df0f j'lem cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t /xL u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ To;sf] merit leq k|j]z u/L c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qjf6 jb/ ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/df ljs[lt k}bf x'g hfg] s'/fdf s'g} ;+b]x /xb}g . lgj]bsx?n] h'g d'2fsf] km};nf jb/ u/L kfp+ egL lgj]bg u/]sf] xf] ;f] d'2f ;j'b k|df0f j'lem ;Ifd cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf xf] . ;f] km};nfdf lrQ gj'em] k'g/fj]bgsf] j}slNks dfu{sf] cjnDjg ug'{kg]{df lgj]bsx?n] tt\ cj:yfdf ;f] dfu{sf] cjnDjg u/]sf] b]lvb}g . lgj]bsx? ;d]t ;+nUg /x]sf] ptm b]=g+=$^ sf] c+z rng d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf )%^.%.# df tfd]n ePsf] Dofbdf ;d]t lgj]bsx?n] k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] b]lvPg . k'g/fj]bg Ps z;tm / k|efjsf/L ;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] Joj:yf xf] . o; cbfntsf] wf/f **-@_ sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] Joj:yf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Joj:yfg} gePsf] / k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] Joj:yfg} eP klg To;n] lbg] pkrf/ ckof{Kt / k|efjsf/L gx'g] cj:yfsf] nflu xf] . t/ wf/f *$ cGtu{t ul7t cbfntn] kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L pkrf/ lbg] / To:tf] cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gu/L

lgj]bsx?n] o; cbfntsf] wf/f **-@_ sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qdf lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf]n] lgj]bsx?nfO{ k|:t't l/6sf] dfWodjf6 d2t ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g . ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t z'? cbfntn] ;j't k|df0f j'lem km};nf u/]sf] d'2fdf tx tx x'b} k'g/fj]bg ;'gL k'g/fj]bg txjf6 klg clGtd km};nf ePsf] d'2fdf wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qjf6 x]g{ ldNg] b]lvb}g . Ps k6s tx tx e} ;fwf/0f txjf6 ljrf/ e} clGtd e};s]sf] d'2fsf] xsdf c;fwf/0fIf]q cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] l/6sf] If]qjf6 d"Nof+sg u/L km};nf ug{ gldNg] egL g]=sf=k=,)%%, c+s !@, lg=g++ ^^$!, k[i7 ^(*, g]=sf=k=@)$*, c+s %, lg=g+=$@*$, k[i7 !&#, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt j'n]l6g )$(, jif{ !, c+s !$, k[i7 % P]= c+s !#, k[i7 ^ / P] c+s !% k[i7 # ;d]tdf l;4fGt sfod ePsf] 5 . wf/f **-@_ cGtu{tsf] l/6 lgj]bg ;DjGwL Joj:yf sfo{kflnlso clwsf/Lx?jf6 ePsf k|zf;lso lg0f{ox?sf lj?4 lgb]{lzt Joj:yf xf] . cbfntn] ;j't k|df0f j'emL k'g/fj]bgjf6 clGtd ePsf] km};nf lj?4 x}g . c+z rng d'2fdf jfbL d}of kf08]n] uf]kLs[i0f kf08]n] k]z u/]sf] tfobflt kmf+6jf/Ldf pNn]lvt ;Dkltjf6 $ efusf] ! efu c+z kfPsf] / ;f] pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ cfjZostf g7fgL r'k nfu]/ j;]sf] egL lgj]bg bfjLdfg}


22

lgj]bsx?n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] cnfjf km};nf ePsf] yfxf hfgsf/L kfPsf] / ;f] km};nfn] dsf{ kf/]sf] eP tt\ cj:yfdfg} km};nfsf] gSsn ;f/L k'g/fj]bg ug'{ kg]{df lgj]bsx?n] tt\ cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] b]lvGb}g . cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb glbb}df kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xs ghfg] GofoLs dfGotfsf] ljsf; eO{ ;s]sf] ;Gbe{df cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbPg egL dsf{ k/]sf] km};nfdf lrQ j'emfO{ j;]sf lgj]bsx?nfO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfWodjf6 ;xof]u ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf /x]g . ctM k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] j}slNks cj:yf x'bf x'b} ;f] j}slNks Joj:yfnfO{ tt\ cj:yfdfg} pkof]u gu/L )%!.#.@( df ePsf] km};nf jb/ u/L kfpg )%* ;fndf lbPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfWodjf6 ;f] km};nf jb/ ug{ gldNg] x'bf lgj]bg dfu cg';f/sf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] .

(= ;+o'tm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/cnL cG;f/L ;+jt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g++=&*!$, &*!%

km};nf ldltM@)^$.!@.^.!$

d'2f M– lg0f{o krf{ ab/ hUufbtf{ u/L hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ kfpFm .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM s'Gtfb]jL vqL If]qL ;d]t lj?4

k|ToyL k|ltjfbLM dfnkf]t sfof{no ?kGb]xL, e}/xjf ;d]t

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM lxSdtaxfb'/ rf}w/Lsf]

d'=;=ug]{ >LdtL gf/fo0fL b]jL rf}w/L lj?4

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM dfnkf]t sfof{no ?kGb]xL e}/xjf ;d]t

;e]{ gfkLaf6 sfodL egL jfbL

bfjL /x]tfklg ;e]{ gfkLs} ;dodf tof/ ePsf] lkmN8j's -If]qLo lstfj_ df xf6 ahf/ egL hlgPsf] pQm xf6ahf/ oL jfbLx?n] nufPsf] eGg] jfbL bfjL 5}g . Tof] xf6 ahf/ klxnf b]lvg} ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] 7]Ssfdf nufO{ To;af6 k|fKt cfo klg k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf]df To; tYosf] v08g klg oL afbLx?n] u/]sf] kfO{b}g . ;flas xssf] >f]t egL z]/axfb'/sf] lhldbf/Laf6 tx–tx laqmL x'Fb} kbdaxfb'/ / lxSdtaxfb'/sf] xs ef]udf cfPsf] eGg] jfbLx?sf] egfO{ klg s'g} lnvt, k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5}g . jfbLx?n] !(&* ;fnsf] c7;¶f, !((^.@.!!.$ sf] /fhLgfdf, !((&.!.@( sf] lhldbf/L k'hf{ / @)!).@.@( sf] a08fkq ;d]tnfO{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf k]z u/]sf] ePtfklg pQm s'g} k|df0f ljjflbt hUuf;+u ;fGble{s /x]sf] b]lv+b}g . ;fljs ls=g+= $$ / $% af6 gfkLdf ls=g++ @)% sfod ePsf] elgPtfklg To;sf] klg


23

clen]vfTds k|df0f k|:t't ePsf] 5}g . ;fljssf] >f]t b]vfO{ s]xL hUUff k'g/fj]bsx?n] oxL ljjflbt hUufsf] ;fFwdf btf{ u/fPsf] eGg] lhls/ lnPtfklg hDdf slt hUuf ;fljs xssf] >f]t leqsf] xf], slt btf{ u/fP / slt afFsL 5, Tof] s]xL klg v'Nb}g . 5"6 btf{df bfjL ubf{ ;fljssf] s'g} nut jf lnvt b]vfpg' dfq k|ofKt x'b}g . clkt' bfjL ul/Psf] hUufsf] rf/ lsNnf tyf If]qkmn;+u ldNg] le8\g] :ki6 k|df0f bfjLstf{n] k]z ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL tkm{af6 To:tf] s'g} 7f]; lnvt k|df0f k]z ePsf] b]lvg cfPg .

jfbLx?n] ljjfbsf] ls=g+= @)% dWo] $ efusf] ! efu lxSdt jxfb'/sf] gfddf / # efu kbd axfb'/sf] gfddf btf{ u/L kfpF egL lhNnf e"ld k|zf;g sfof{nodf lgj]bg lb+bf ;f] hUufdf xf6 ahf/ ePsf] / To:tf] hUuf ;fj{hlgs hUuf ePsf]n] dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ n] btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL hUuf gfk hfFr P]g, @)!( adf]lhd ul7t ;ldlt ?kGb]xLn] @)#%.!@.@^ df lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . pQm lg0f{odf sfg"gL q'l6 /x]sf] sf/0f ab/ ub}{ k'gM sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug'{ egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntjf6 @)#*.!.$ df cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm cfb]z lg0f{oaf6 pQm hUuf log} jfbLx?sf] xsef]u jf xssf] >f]t leqsf] xf] / log} jfbLx?sf] gfddf btf{ ug'{kg]{ egL af]n]sf] klg kfO{b}g . cfˆgf] ;fljs b]lvsf] xs

b]vfO{ 5'6 btf{sf] dfu ug]{ jfbLx?n] pQm hUufdf cfˆgf] xssf] k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] kfO{b}g . pQm hUufdf ef]u oL jfbLx?sf] 5}g eGg] s'/f jfbLx?n] klg :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0f ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k}m;nf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df bfjLsf] hUuf jfbLx?sf] gfddf btf{ x'gk5{ egL k'g/fj]bs tk{msf ljåfg clwjQmf ;tLzs[i0f v/]nåf/f k|:t't ts{ :jLsfo{ x'g ;Sb}g . ;fy} lgh}af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] g]=sf=k= @)%@ lg= g+= %)*^ k[= #!& df k|sflzt sfg"gL l;4fGt;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] tYo k|:t't d'2f;Fu gldn]sf]n] pQm ghL/ cfslif{t x'g] b]lvb}g . To;sf/0f ljjflbt ls= g+= @)% sf] hUuf k'g/fj]bsx?sf] ;fljs btf{ leqsf] b]lvg cfPg .

dfnkf]t sfof{non] xs j]xsdf lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] xf]O{g / ;fljsdf lghL btf{ eO{/x]sf] hUufsf] xsdf dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-!_ nfu" x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bs tk{msf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf j;Gt/fd e08f/Ln] p7fpg' ePsf] k|Zgx?sf] lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . lgZro g} dfnkf]t sfof{no / o;sf] kbflwsf/Ln] sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t / ;Lldt clwsf/x? k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . o;leq 3/ hUufsf] :jfldTj ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ kb}{g . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf dfnkf]t sfof{non] hUufsf] :jfldTj jf xs j]xsdf lg0f{o u/]sf] 5}g . 5"6 hUuf btf{ u/L kfp egL k/]sf] lgj]bgdf


24

lgj]bssf] hUuf ;DaGwL k|df0f x]/L a'emL btf{ ug{ of]Uo ePdf dfnkf]t sfof{non] dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf & cg';f/ hUuf btf{ ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf lgj]bg stf{sf] k|df0f gk'u]df jf btf{ ug{ of]Uo gb]lvPsf] hUuf dfnkf]t sfof{non] btf{ gug{ ;Sg] klg x'G5 . t/ btf{ ug]{ jf gug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ dfnkf]t sfof{non] To;sf] :k:6 sf/0f / cfwf/ v'nfpg' kb{5 . lg0f{ofwf/ lbg' kb{5 . h] h:tf] k|df0f eP klg ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf btf{ ug{ jf cfjfb ug{df dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-!_ n] k|ltjGw nufPsf] 5 . bkmf & cg';f/ btf{ ug]{ jf gug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ klg dfnkf]t sfof{non] pQm bkmf @$-!_ sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ j]jf:tf ug{ ;Sb}g .

o:tf] ca:yfdf ;fj{hlgs hUuf btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL dfnkf]t sfof{non] pNn]v u/]sf] lg0f{ofwf/nfO{ :jfldTj ljjfbdf jf]n]sf] jf xs j]xsdf lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg jf cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . To;sf/0f dfnkf]t sfof{non] xs a]xs tk{m jf]n]sf]n] clwsf/ If]q gFf3L lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] ax; lhls/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . lg0f{ofwf/ / lg0f{o leGg leGg s'/f x'g\ . oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f lg0f{o xf] eg] To;sf] sfg"gL jf tYout cfwf/x? lg0f{ofwf/ x'g\ . b'O{ kIf aLr xs j]xssf] k|Zg p7]sf] ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ 5}g . t/

cfk"mn] ug'{kg]{ lg0f{osf nflu pko'Qm tYout / sfg"gL cfwf/x?sf] vf]hL dfnkf]t sfof{non] ug'{ kb{5 . To;sf/0f lg0f{ofwf/sf] ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] k|To]s s'/fsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . 5'6 hUuf btf{ ug]{ jf gug]{ egL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ P]gn] dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't ;Gbe{df klg dfnkf]t sfof{non] :jfldTj ;DaGwL ljjfbdf lg0f{o u/]sf] geO{ cGo sfof{non] tof/ u/]sf] gfkL gS;fsf] k|df0fnfO{ u|x0fu/L lg0f{ofwf/sf] ?kdf ljjflbt hUuf ;fj{hlgs xf] eGg] ;Dd pNn]v u/]sf]nfO{ lghL xf] jf ;fj{hlgs xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] eg]/ AofVof ug'{ plrt x'Fb}g . To;sf/0f 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ubf{ cfjZos k/] dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-!_ nfO{ lg0f{ofwf/sf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ jf cfk"mn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf dfnkf]t sfof{non] pQm lg0f{ofwf/ pNn]v ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvof] .

s'g} JolQmsf] lghL hUufsf] ?kdf ls=g+= @)% cBfkL btf{ 5}g . ls= g+= @)% sf] :jfldTj s'g} JolQm jf lgsfodf lglxt /x]sf] 5}g . To;df k'g/fj]bsx?n] cfˆgf] ;fljs xssf] k|df0f egL b]vfP tfklg Tof] oxL ls= g+= @)% sf] xf] eGg] b]lv+b}g . ef]u ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ of] o; a]nf b]vL hf]t ef]u jf cfjfb u/]sf] xf] egL k'g/fj]bsx?n] eGg ;s]sf] kfO{b}g / tTsfn lghx?sf] ef]udf pQm hUuf 5Fb} 5}g . tTsfn pQm hUufdf


25

;fj{hlgs xf6 jhf/ nfUg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;sf] Joj:yfkg ;Dd ;DalGwt uf= lj= ;= n] u/L /x]sf] 5 . s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] :jfldTjdf jf cwLg:y klg pQm ls= g+= @)% sf] xf6 jhf/ 5}g . ;/sf/ jf s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] gfddf btf{ klg 5}g . To;sf/0f pQm ls= g+= @)% sf] xf6 jhf/sf] hUuf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf] hUuf b]lvg cfpF5 . To:tf] ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf] hUuf dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-!_ n] JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfddf btf{ x'g g;Sg] x'gfn] ;f]xL cfwf/df btf{ ug{ OGsf/ ug]{ u/L dfnkf]t sfof{non] lg0f{ofwf/ u|x0f u/]sf]nfO{ If]qflwsf/sf] q'l6 u/]sf] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . ldl;n sfuhftaf6 b]lvPsf] s'g} tYout pb\3f6gnfO{ lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ jf lg0f{o u/]sf] laifoj:t'sf] ?kdf x]g{ / cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . lg0f{ofy{ ljjfb geP tfklg s'g} tYo b]lvPdf To;sf] pNn]v k}m;nfdf ug{ gldNg] x'Fb}g . tYosf] pb\3f6g jf pNn]v ub}{df To;af6 If]qflwsf/ gfF3]sf] jf bfjLsf] kl/lw eGbf aflx/ uPsf] eGg' klg 7Ls x'Fb}g . t;y{ ldl;njf6 b]lvPsf] tYosf] cfwf/df ljjflbt hUuf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf] xf] egL k}m;nfdf pNn]v ug{ ldNg] g} b]lvG5 . hals k|:t't d'2fdf TolQs} cfwf/df dfq lg0f{o ePsf] kfO{+b}g . dflysf k|s/0fx?df ljjflbt hUuf oL jfbLx?sf] xs btf{ leqsf] xf]O{g / lghx?n] ef]u klg gu/]sf] s'/f pNn]v

u/L ;lsPsf] 5 . pQm ls=g+= @)% sf] k|s[lt x]bf{ klg Tof] AolQmut hUufsf] ?kdf btf{ ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g .

ljjflbt ls=g+= @)% sf] hUuf oL k'g/fj]bsx?sf] xs / xssf] >f]t leqsf] hUuf xf]O{g egL dflysf k|s/0fx?df af]nL ;lsPsf] 5 . To;}n] dfnkf]t sfof{non] lnPsf] lg0f{ofwf/ 7Ls 5 eGg] klg dfly pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 . pQm ls=g+=@)% sf] hUufdf klxnf b]lvg} xf6 nfUg] u/L cfPsf] / ;f] sf] pkof]u klg ;fj{hlgs ?kdf e} cfPsf] 5 . s'g} AolQm ;+:yf jf lgsfosf] lghL ge} To:tf] ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf] hUuf JolQm ljz]ifsf gfpFdf btf{ jf cfjfb ug{ u/fpg gx'g] sfg"gL Aoa:yf 5 .

t;y{ oL k'g/fj]bsx?sf]] gfddf pQm ls=g+= @)% sf] hUuf btf{ gx'g] 7x/fPsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no ?kGb]xLsf] @)%&.!.!( sf] lg0f{odf s'g} tYo jf sfg"g ;DaGwL q'6L laBdfg g/x]sf]n] ;f] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf dgfl;a b]lvg cfPsf]n] ;b/ x'g] .

!)= ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb

sf]O/fnf ;Djt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= –#&(%

cfb]z ldltM @)^%.@.#).%


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ljifoM pTk|]if0fo'Qm k|ltif]w ;d]tsf] cfb]z

hf/L ul/kfpFm . l/6 lgj]bsM rt'/dfof dxh{g

la?4 k|ToyL{M xl/axfb'/ dxh{g ;d]t

lgj]bs pk/ lakIfL xl/axfb'/ ;d]tn] lbPsf] sf7df8f} lhNnf rf]ef/ e"tv]n uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ( g+= ls=g+= $@, $# / ^$ sf] hUuf # v08sf] @ v08 btf{ ab/ u/L xs sfod u/L gfd;f/L btf{ ab/ u/L xs sfod u/L kfpF eGg] d'2fdf jfbL bfjL adf]lhd # v08sf] @ v08 btf{ ab/ e} xs sfod gfd;f/L btf{ ;d]t x'g] 7x/fO{ ldlt @)%$.#.!& df sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf] / pQm km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gn] @)%^.^.^ df ;b/ u/] pk/ ;af]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;d]t @)^).(.!$ df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L clGtd e} j;]sf] b]lvof] . pQm km};nf adf]lhd lakIfL xl/ axfb'/ dxh{g ;d]t km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL dfnkf]t sfof{no, sn+sLdf uPsf]df pQm sfof{non] cbfntaf6 tkm{ v'nfO{ Nofpg ;'gfO{ lbg] egL ldlt @)^!.@.@) df lg0f{o u/] pk/ k|:t't l/6sf lakIfL xl/ axfb'/ dxh{gsf] sf7df8f} lhNnf txl;n zfvfdf tkm{ 5'6\ofpg lgj]bg lb+bf lo l/6 lgj]bsn] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] l6Kk0fL / cfb]zaf6 tkm{ ;Dd cbfntaf6 v'nfO{

Nofpg] ;Dd b]lvPsf]af6 pQm lakIfLsf] lgj]bg cg';f/ gxf];\ elg txl;n zfvfdf lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvof] . pQm lgj]bg ;DaGwdf tkm{ gv'n]sf]n] sfg"g adf]lhd g/d s/d ldnfO{ xs dfq 5'6\ofO{ lbg] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd ug{ gldNg] egL sf7df8f} lhNnf txl;n zfvfaf6 @)^!.$.@( df ePsf] cfb]z @)^@.#.@ df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ;b/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm s'/fnfO{ lgj]bssf] lgj]bg n]v / lakIfLx?sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L Psk6s ;Ifd clwsf/ k|fKt sfg"gL lgsfon] u/]sf] clGtd km};nf pk/ ;f] adf]lhd rng rnfpg] sf/jfxL e} ;f] k|s[of ;d]t pk/ lgj]bsn] ph'/ u/L 6'+uf] nflu;s]sf] b]lv+bf o;af6 lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg / sfg"g k|bQ xsdf cf3ft k"u]sf] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . stf tkm{sf] hUuf rngdf lbg] eGg] ;DaGwsf] ljjfbdf klg d'r'Nsf x'Fbf lgj]bsn] tf/]v u'hf/L d'r'Nsf ;d]tdf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] a;]sf] ldl;n sfuhft b]lvG5 . ;fy} cbfntaf6 clGtd lg0f{o e} d'2f sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf g/ds/d ldnfO{ tkm{ 5'6\ofpg txl;nbf/nfO{ sfg"gn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] ;d]t kfOb}g . o;k|sf/ tkm{ 5'6\ofpg] sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntsf] txl;nbf/sf] cfb]zaf6 lgj]bssf] s'g} xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] dfyL pNn]lvt cfwf/ sf/0faf6 To:tf] df+u cg';f/ cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] gldNg] .

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