Pregledni rad Acta mcd-hist Adriat 2008;6(1);41-54

Review UDK:61(497.6)(091)614-05(497.6=411.16)

THE CONTRIBUTION OF JEWISH HEALTHPROFESSIONALS TO THE DEVELOPMENT

OE HEALTH CARE IN BOSNIA ANDHERZEGOVINA

DOPRINOS ZDRAVSTVENIH RADNIKA ZIDOVSKOGPODRIJETLA RAZVOJU ZDRAVSTVENE DJELATNOSTI

U BOSNII HERCEGOVINI

Ajnija Omanic^ Zana Dodig-Karaman^, Mevlida Serdarevic^,Mario

SUMMARY

jews first came to Bosniii and Herzegovina in the !6th century after having been exiledfrom Spain. They ivere successful in several trades in their new surroundings. ManyJewish families gave more than one doctor or pharmacist. Dr Goldberger and his son DrAleksajidur Goklberger were skilled surgeom; Dr Isak Samokovlija's daughter Rikicawas a paediatrician and a university professor; Dr Sigmund Kaunitz and his sons Oskarand Pavle, conducted the autopsy on the Archduke Franz Perdinarui, heir to the imperialthrone, and his wife Sophie.

jews have traditioruiUy regarded health cidture as an important issue; their religiim iiicludesmedical arú other precepts, for \\eallhy living, from personal and household hygiene to ritualablutions and bathing. Viey were the first to make meàcinal preparaticms and to sell themin thir shops, kmmin iis attar slu)ps. Vie Museum of Sarajevo now treasures the invauoryof cme such centuries-old attar shop, belonging to the Papo family.

' University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of .social medicine and history of mcndicine.Sarajevo, BH.

^ Museiini of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, BH.

' Jewish Museum of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Sarajevo, BH.Address for fom'sfxnwfeiici;; Prof. Dr. Ajnija Omanic. Federaini ravod za zaStitii zdravlja. UI. MaräalaTita 9, BH 71000 Sarajevo. Medicinski fakuket Sarajevo, Cekalusa 90.l:-mail: ajnijaomanici^'hotmail.com

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Thanks to their medical skills, Jews even treated the Pashas of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Dr Nisim Zak treated Sijavos Pasha, and Dr hak Salom WCLS Omer Pasha Latas's

physician.

Bosnia and Herzegovina owes a lot to the krwivledge and dedication of health-care

uíorícers of the Jewish origin. Sarajevo, Mostar, Zenica, Focfa, and Trehinje have named

streets after these humdnists, wfio founded inany imtitutions, and started new disciplines

to address the burning health issitós in B&H, and a number of wiwm kid down their

lives to defend ñ&H.

Key words: history of medicine, 16th-20th centuries, physicians, pharmacists,

Jews, Bosnia and Herzegovina

THE JEWS OF BOSNIA

Jews first came to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the early 16'" century

after having been exiled in 1492 during the reign of Ferdinand I and

Isabella of Castile. They brought along their customs, language, and elegi-

es that, sung on the Bosnian mountain slopes, invoked the golden age of

Cordoba and the aromatic banks of the calm River Tajo (Elazar S, oral

tradition). They also brought along medical and other books written in

Hebrew, Latin, and oriental languages [1].

About 300,000 jews left Spain for an uncertain future, of whom about

100,000 ended up in the Ottoman Empire. Under the rule of the first

sultans and later at the height of the Ottoman Empire, attitudes towards

Jews were liberal. Some sultans even engaged them as their personal

physicians or diplomats. With time, they spread throughout the empire,

and some settled in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first, young settlers

came alone, and were later joined by their families; some of the descen-

dants of these early pioneers are still living there. Though few in number,

Jews made an immense contribution to the humanist, cultural, and eco-

nomic development of the multinational community of Bosnia and

Herzegovina. They brought along the achievements of the rich and deve-

loped Spanish culture and civilization, and their own millennium- old

heritage. Sepbardic Jews brought the Spanish language variant known as

Ladino that they used among themselves. Much later, during the Austro-

Hungarian rule, a considerable number of educated professional Ashkenazi

Jews came fi-om the north to settle in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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JEWS IN MEDICINE IN THE OTTOMAN BOSNIA AND

HERZEGOVINA

According to Dr Glück, Jews worked with Turkish physicians as assi-stants, learning the secrets of the trade. Bosnian Jews also learned medicalskills from their forebears, and from many treatises in Spanish, Latin, andoriental languages. They passed on this knowledge to their descendantsand beirs.

Jews were highly successful in their new environment, not only inmedicine, pharmacy and dentistry, but also in other branches of the eco-nomy, writing, banking and so on.

Jews traditionally regarded health care as an important issue; theirreligion includes many medical and other precepts ranging from perstmaland general hygiene to rirual ablutions and bathing. They were the first tomake and sell medicinal preparations either at home, where they also hadtheir private surgeries, or in the so called attar shops, or again in wholesa-le pharmacies where they sold not only medicines, but also herbs, spices,and cosmetics. The apothecaries could identify every drug and medicinal

Petar Tijesic: Attai i lu .p

Petar Tijesic: Alarsku Ijckarria

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plant by its appearance and smell, and knew for which ailments to usethem. They would maintain a register of medicines, instructions how tomake them and for which ailment to use them, preserving thus their tradesecrets. These records would he handed down from father to son. Muchof their raw material came from Dubrovnik, Venice and Istanbul. Therecipes were written in Spanish, in cursive Hebrew, and the names of somedrugs were written in Italian and Turkish. The drugs came in a variety offorms: oils, ointments, salves and unguents, syrups, powders, tir pills.

In 1938, all attar shops were closed down. The last two were run by tbebrothers Avram and Rafael Papo. One was destroyed during the persecu-tion of the Jews by the Nazis, and the other was handed over to theCroatian Medical Association for its museum collection. The last ownerwas Jakov Papo, who had a work permit for the shop dating hack to theOttoman period.

According to the local sources, Jozef Haim and Samuel Sumbul prac-ticed medicine in Sarajevo in the late lS " and early 19 ' century. SamuelSumbul's elder son was an apothecary, and the younger opted for medical

Inside the Papo family attar shop

Unutrainjost atarske radnje obitelji Papo

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practice. Josef Haim sent bis son Isak to Padua, wbere be graduated inmedicine. Back in Sarajevo, he established avery successful medical prac-tice. He gained recognition for his expertise and skill in caring for people,and the Turkish authorities in Sarajevo proposed him to represent BosnianJews in the Provincial Council.

According to the local sources, Dr Isak Salom, who was Omer PashaLatas's personal physician, was the first physician in Bosnia and Herzegovinatrained in Europe. Samuel and Avram Atijas are referred to as semi-skilledphysicians (so called hecim, from the Turkish /le/cim/Arahic hakim, a physi-cian). Avram was very popular with people, and was granted a licence topractise hy the Austro-Hungarian authorities. Samuel in turn, was not alicensed physician, hut was allowed to continue the practice. Until thelate lS ' century, Jewish physicians and hecims were mainly based inSarajevo, but later they also settled in Banja Luka, Travnik, and Tesnaj.Isak Papo is known to have practised medicine in Banja Luka, and passedon his medical and pharmaceutical skills to his son-in-law Kalmi Altarac,wiio succeeded him in the practice.

Rafael and Dr Nisim Zak graduated from the medical school of Istanbuland worked in the Military Hospital of Sarajevo. Dr Nisim Zak also trea-ted Sijavos Pasha 12,3].

QUALIFIED JEWISH HEALTH-CARE WORKERS AND THEIR

ACTIVITIES IN BOSNL\ AND HERZEGOVINA

God and Mother Nature bestowed good health, longevity, and intelli-gence on these people, enabling them to work and to create to the veryend of their lives for the welfare of their people and the community towhich they belonged. They were well-liked by the people, who gave rhemnicknames as a sign of affection [4,5]. In the B-SiH Academy t)f Sciencesand Arts, Jakob Gaon was known as nas Jasa (our Jasa), pharmacologistSamuel Elazar was called Sami, partisan nurse Hanika Altarac was knownas Nurse Vuje, and so on.

Most Jewish health-care workers were not only highly skilled professi-onals, but also founded certain medical disciplines, and were active incultural and public circles. Dr Isak Samokovlija was an outstanding medi-cal practitioner and health-care educator who was appointed head of thehealth-care education department of the Ministry of Health of Bosnia andHerzegovina in 1946. He was also the first editor of the healthcare perio-

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dical Zivot i zdravlje {Ufe and Health), and treated healthcare topics in hisliterary work.

Only a few years after Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen puhlished his researchon X rays in Europe, on 8 November 1895. in Wiirzhurg, Dr Prajndlshergerdemonstrated an X-ray machine made by Reineger, Gehbert and Schall,purchased by the Provincial Government in Sarajevo for? the ProvincialHospital of Sarajevo.

Dr Pavle Kaunic, son of Dr Sigmund Kaunic, and his brother OskarKaunic, were members of the medical team conducting the autopsy on theheir to the imperial throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wifeSophie.

In 1913 Dr Pavle Kaunic was appointed assistant of the forensic depar-tment of the Provincial Hospital in Sarajevo. During World War I, heworked as a hygienist and bacteriologist. After the war, he returned to hisposition in the Sarajevo hospital. He was appointed head of theEpidemiology Institute in Sarajevo in 1925, and was the head of the PublicHealth Authority in Sarajevo from 1929.

As these and other examples show, many Jewish families producedseveral doctors, pharmacists, and dentists {Dr Isak Samokovlija and hisdaughter. Professor Rikica Samokovlija Najdanovic; Dr Adolf Goldbergerand his son Dr Aleksandar Goldherger; Dr Pavel Stern and his son DrMilan átern, a psychiatrist).

Academician Dr Ernest Grin was a prominent scientist who began hiswt)rk in Bosnia and Herzegovina by seeking to eradicate endemic syphilisftom the rural areas of the Gazin frontier region and Foca. FollowingWorld War II, he worked for the Ministry of Public Health of the People'sRepuhlic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he was engaged in reorgani-zing the health care service in Bosnia and Herzegovina and setting up aprogramme for teams of field workers to combat numerous and mainlyinfectious diseases that were rampant in many isolated mountain regions,causing the death of the young and old alike. In 1946 he hecame the headof the Gentral Dermatológica! and Venereal Dispensary, sending out hun-dreds of field teams to comhat syphilis and ftingal diseases all over Bosniaand Herzegovina, He passed on his experience to others as a World HealthOrganization expert working in Thailand, Sudan, Indonesia, Nigeria,Tunis, Egypt, Iraq, and Syria. His experience in eradicating syphilis andfungal diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina brought world-wide scientificand professional fame to both Academician Grin and his country. His

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Pharmacist Samuel Elazar in his student days

Mr. Ph. Samuel Elazar kao student

research contributions "Epidemiology and Control of Endemic Syphilis"and "Human and Animal Dermatophytes" are of national and internatio-nal renown. His working methodology and the experience he gainedcombating endemic syphilis and fungal diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovinawere recommended by the World Health Organization. His lectures wereaccompanied by photographs taken in the field in order to give his stu-dents a taste of burning public health issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Academician Jakoh Gaon was known for eradicating typhus and liceinfestations in an outbreak affecting more than 40,000 people in easternBosnia. When he ran out of the glass slides needed for microscopy, he hadmore slides made from old window glass. In combating the ignoranceabout the disease in eastern Bosnia, Gaon was assisted by local teachers.As a sign of gratitude for the help he gave a married couple of teachers asubscription to the periodical Zivot i zdravlje.

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Pharmacist Samuel Elazar in his pharmacy

Mr. Ph. Samuel Elazar u Ijekami

Academician Pavao Stem studied P substance to shed light on someneuromuscular diseases. He is regarded one o( the most eminent histami-ne researchers at home and abroad.

Samuel Elazar, who had a master's degree in pharmacy, was not only askilled practical worker, but also a prominent historian of medicine andpharmacy in Btisnia and Herzegovina. He was one of the founders of theJewish Museum in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1969, and the first to writea study on establishing a healthcare museum in Bosnia and Herzegovina.He proposed the old Turkisb military hospital in Sarajevo for this purpose,but, sadly, it was destroyed during the 1992-1995 war. He wrote the onlybibliography of the works of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and relatedfields published in Bosnia and Herzegovina up to 1895, a history of thedevelopment of pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a BosnianRomance, now being translated into French. He bad a keen interest in thestudy of the cultural heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in particular oforiental manuscripts and folk medicine, and worked on their translationwith several orientalists.

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Jewish healthcare workers were expert professionals and scientists. Ina WW2 German offensive, Hanika Altarac, known as Partisan NurseVuja, amputated a gangrene-infected leg using a needle and razor blade,saving the injured man's life.

Generally speaking, all known Jewish healthcare workers were eminentprofessionals, scientists, managers, and World War II combatants. Theyheld responsible positions, in particular General Moni Levi, wbo made amajor scientific and professional contribution to publications on partisanwarfare.

As a mark of appreciation and in memory of prominent Jewisb beal-thcare, cultural, and public workers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, manyhealthcare institutions and streets bear their names. The health centre inGorazde has been named after Dr Isak Samokovljia, the PharmacologyInstitute of the Sarajevo University Medical Schoi)! after AcademicianPavel Stem, and there are streets named after Dr Isidor Papo, Dr Goldberg,and i>thers in Foca, Mostar, Trebinje, and Zenica.

CONCLUSION

Jewish healthcare workers in Bi\sni;i and Herzegovina bad a very positiveimpact on the organization of healthcare activities dealing with a range ofinfectious and non-infectious diseases in the times of emergency and war.Highly-qualified and semi-qualified healthcare workers were active in thesefields, passing on their knowledge to their descendants and heirs.

They held leading positions in many eminent healthcare institutions,beaded field teams, and achieved considerable success in eradicaringinfectitius diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

There is no doubt that for centuries, particularly during the Ottomanperiod, Jews acted as a link between Bosnia and the rest of the world, fromItaly to Holland and far beyond. They occupied a prominent place as anurban element in economic life and development at all times, from theOttoman and Austro-Hungarian time to the two Yugoslavia's and tbepresent day. Jews in Bt snia and Herzegovina played an important role inproviding the first academically qualified people in various fields: econo-mics, law, medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and every aspect of health careThey also played a major role in the sciences and arts, from founding thefirst cultural and artistic societies to their outstanding contribution to thedevelopment of progressive thinking in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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ANNEX

JEWISH HEALTH-CARE WORKERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

(This list has been compiled from data from the proceedings of the 2"^ Jewish

Historical museum, Belgrade, ¡973, and data from other available sources,

and should not he regarded as conclusive)

OTTOMAN PERIOD

FOLK DOCTORS FIRST QUALIFIED DOCTOR IN BOSNIA

Ljekar Salamon, son of Mojsi Dr. Isak Jozefa Salom

Moro Mogu, son of IsakJozef Hajima SalomSamuel SumbulSamuel AtiasAvram Atias

Papo Avram, his son Santo andgrandson AlbertIsak Papo-Papic and his pupil KalmiAltarac "Kalamiko"Isak Atias and his son Albert

AUSTRO'HUNGARIAN PERIOD

Dr Jakov Trojlih (Treulich) Dr Elijas MajerDr Snajder (Schneider) Dr Moric Lefkovic (Lefkowitz)Dr Rihard Poiak Pollak) Dr Moric Seles (Szöllos)Dr Henrih Levenstajn Dr Leo senfeld (Schonfeld)(Lewenstein) Dr Jozef Kac (Katz)Dr Ignjat Pordes Dr Isidor Najman (Neumann)Dr Bernhard Cauderer (Zauderer) Rohert Bramer, MPh. (Brammer)Dr Henrih Makijevic Lujo Hirijman, MPh.Dr Ferdinand Cajsler (Hirschmann)Dr Leopold Glik (Glück) Ernest Finci, MPh.Dr Aleksandar Grinhut (Grunhut) Aleksandar Susman, MPh.Dr Isidor Baum (Sismann)Dr Jakob Zajdenfeld (Seidenfeld) Mihajlo Finkelstajn, MPh.Dr Geza Kobler (Finkelstein)

Dr Rudolf Fiser (Fischer) O^ ' ^^Js- ^Ph. (Weiss)

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Dr Uri Adler

Dr Aleksander BandDr Samuel Kampos

Dr Jakob KonfortiDr Samuel BaruhDr Salamon KonfortiDr Ernest FirstDr Rifka LeviDr Hans FirstDr Rudolf LeviDr AieksandarDr Miler Andrija FriedmanDr Jozef GaonDr Mordehaj PapoDr Jozef GrinhergDr M Leon ParieDr Aleksandar HercogDr Sara PintoDr Alfred HirslDr Jozef SalomDr Isak IzraelDr Sion SamikaDr Izak I SimaDr Adolf SternbergDr Isak AlfandariDr Izidor LeviDr Kalmija Jakov AltaracDr Salamon Moni LeviDr Albert AtiasDr Ltira J. NahmijasDr Moric Branko AtiasDr Elazar OvadiaDr Samuel Baruh "Kici"Dr Izidor Papo

MODERN TIMES

DOCTORS

Dr Jozefa Berta BergmanDr Rafael PapoDr Roza Fertig

Dr Roza PapoDr Leon J. FinciDr David PintoDr Jonas Fi^bahDr Leon PintoDr Mario GrajfDr Mario J. RomanoDr Ernest J. GrinDr Fisi RozencvajgDr Simon GrinerDr Hinko SaleDr Eduard HanDr Mentó D. SalomDr Ezra E. KajonDr Rafael B. SalomDr Jakov L. KaufDr Laura M. SprungDr Pavle KaunicDr Fridrih StajnbergDr Gustav KelerDr Gertruda A. SternDr Jozef KonfortiDr Miroslav SvarcDr Hajim Bukus LeviDr Mojsije Milan ZonDr Jozef Salom

Dr Isak SamokovlijaDr Isak IzraelDr Ziga BauerDr Rafael Papo

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Altarac Mordehaj, MPK.Sado Kunorti, MPh.Vera Ast-Kun, MPh.Isidor Levi senior, MPh.Sigmund Beker , MPh.Isidor Levi junior , MPh.Blanka Danon, MPh.Santo Papo, MPh.JozefM. Elazar, MPh.Sua Salom, MPb.Leopold Joki, MPh.Aleksandar Susman , MPh.Aron Kabiljo, MPh.Maks Vajntraub, MPh.Olga Kampos, MPh.Ida Vajs-Sajden , MPh.Mirjana Eerera, MPh.Josip Smikler, MPh.Milan B. Ajzenstajn, MPh.Artur Kraus, MPh.

PHARMACISTS

Rahela Albahari, MPh.Zlata PapO'Pajic, MPh.Dragica Belic-Sporcic, MPh.Lea D. Pinto-Remeni, MPh.Lujza J. Bergman, MPh.Mira Salom-Papo, MPb.Alfred Bramer , MPh.Emil-Mika Starver, MPh.Emest Bramer , MPh.Sigfrid-Fric Susman , MPh.Nunca Cackez, MPh.Velimir Svecenski, MPh.Bruno Einkel^tajn , MPh.Bela Stajner, MPh.Ljudevit Eiser , MPh.Oto Vajs, MPh.Vukica Kajon-Rikov, MPh.

Jakov Sumbul -first graduatepharmacist in BíH.

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DOCTORS AND PHARMACISTS NOT LISTED ABOVE

{Details obtained through the good offices of Mrs Dragica Levi and Mr.

Danilo Nikolic of the Jewish Community of Sarajevo)

Dr. Jakob GaonSamuel Elazar, MPh.Dr Ivo HerlingerDr Jozcf KonfbrteDr Avram PintoDr Albert MusafijaDr Adolf GoidbcrgcrDr Vilijam VagmanDr Marija VagnerDr Regina AtijasDr Avram AibahariDr Lonika FinciDr Tibor SalamonDr Pavie StemDr Milan StemDr Sigmund KaunitcDr Leopold KauferDr Avram BanihDr Mario LeviDr Drago SteklDr Flora Ilcs-Musafija

Dr Rozika SvarcDr Aleksandar GoidbcrgcrDr Romano SamuelDr Vili VagmanDr Branko SamekDr Milan Goldner

Dr Rikica Samokovlija-NajdanovicDr Gcrtruda StemDr Jakob AltaracDr SvagcrDr StajnbcrgDr RenerDr RozcncvajgDr GinzbergMr Zak MandilovicMihajlo Abinu, MPh.Dr Milivoj StezingcrDr Stefan GoldmanDr Egon Rajner

( The last three names were addedafter the exhibition)

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REFERENCES (.)

1. Protié M, Haim Salom 1. J. Prvi diplomirani lekar bosanski Jevrejin. ¡The firstBosnian Jewish doctor of medicine. In Serfjían I Med arh 1956;10(2):119-25.

2. Samuel R Jevrejski hecimi i atari u Bosni za tursko« Joba. [Jewish heäms andattars in the Ottoman Btisnia. In Bosnian]. Med arh 1947;]:93-8.

3. Fabijanic R. Pojava attara i njihova djelatnost u Sarajcvu u turskom periodu.¡Attars and their trade in the Ottoman Sarajevo. In Bosnian]. Zbomik radovasa simpozija Atari i njihov doprinos razvoju farmacije u BiH. Sarajevo: Avicena,Biblioteka naucni i struíni radovi, 1999., pp. 7-22.

3. Iz attarskog duéana Sarajevske porodice Papo. [From the attar shop of theSarajevan family Papo, in Bosrüan] Sarajevo: Muzej Sarajeva, 1999., pp 1-58.

4. Muzej Jevreja BiH. Izlozba jevreji - medicinski radnici u Bosni i Hercegovini,Sarajevo, Muzej Sarajeva, novembar 2006. ¡Jewish Museum of Bosnia andHerzegovina. Exhibition Jews: Healthcare Professionals in Bosnia andHerzcfjovina, Sarajevo. Museum of Sarajevo, November 2iX)6.)

5. Duricic A, Samuel E. Preg[ed Istorije farmacije Btisne i Hercegtwine. |A bis-torical review of pbarmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Bosnian] Sarajevo:Centralni higijenski zavi>d, 1958.

SAZETAK

Zidovi su u Bosnu i Hercegovinu dosli u XVI. stoljecu nakon Sto su pod pritiskommorali napustiti Spanjolsku. U novoj sredini djelovali su uspjesno u brojnim djelatnos-tima. MiKjge od zidovskih ohitelji iznjedrile su vise Ujeinika i Ijekamika, kmnije i drugihprofila zdravstvenih radnika. Dr. Goldberger i rijegm' sin dr. Aleksandar Goldhergerbili su vTsni kkurzi; dr. ¡sak Samokovlija i njegova kci Rikica, profesorica pedijatrije, drSigmund Kaunitz i njegovi sinovi Oskar i Pavle, od kojih je potonji bio clan Ijeènickogtima pri aulopsiji prestohruisljcdnika Ferdinanda i njegove supruge Sofije.Zidovi su tradicionalno pridavali zjiacenje zdravstvenoj kulturi, a uporiSte rudaze u vjerikoja propisuje medidmke i druge mjere za zdrav zivot pocevsi od odrzavanja /ligijaietijela, kuce i okuàiice do ritualnog pranja i kupanja. Prvi su poäeli praviti pomoáiaIjekoviui sredstva i prodavati ih u svojim t:;v. atarskim rudnjama. Inventar takve atarskeradnje ohiielji Papo, koja se stoljecmui rudazilii na istorne mjestu, kao raritel nalazi seu Muzeju Sarajeva.Zaiwaijujuci vjestinav\a lijecenja Ziäovisu lijec'à í uslolicei^e pase u ÍÍOSTU i Hercegovtrû. Takoje dr. Nisirn Zak Ujeéio Sijavos pcdu, a dr. ¡sak Salum je bio lijeáúk Omer Pase Lauisa.Znanjem i poirtvovanoscu mnogí zdravstveni radnici iidovskog podrijetla zaduzili subosarukohercegovaâht javnost, gradove i pojedince u svim oblastiina íivotd. V Sarajevu,Mostaru, Zenici, Foci i Trebinju i drugim mjestimti ulice nose imeiui tih humanihIjudi koji su bili osnivaö brojnih ustanova, zaietnici disciplina koje su bile potrehne urjeSavanju vodece patohgije u populaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, a ne mali broj njih poloiioje zivot u obrani Bosne i Hercegovine.

Kljucne riieci: povijest medicine, XVI. - XX. stoljece, lijeénici, Ijekamici, Íidovi, Bosna

i ¡-¡ercegovina

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