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How city-making can better serve citizens Jessica Christiansen-Franks Principal | CoDesign Studio [email protected] @JL_Christiansen @codesignstudio
People-powered places
…and how citizens can better serve city-making!
People-powered places
CoDesign Studio: Reinventing Neighbourhoods
through community-led, low-cost
improvements to streets and public
spaces.
@JL_Christiansen @codesignstudio
Today
City-making has long
focused on improving
urban places, yet
citizens are becoming
more vulnerable.
@JL_Christiansen @codesignstudio
- A brief history of city-making
- How did we get so disconnected?
- Four steps for change
- Co-creation, not consultation
Today
@JL_Christiansen @codesignstudio
A brief history
of city-making
Illness and fires
1660s
~ 100,000 killed (25%) by the plague (1665-66)
~ 80,000 displaced by fire (1666)
City ordinances:
• Hygiene
• Fire evacuation
• Access to water
• Building materials
Industrialisation
impacts
1660s
Rapid urbanisation leading to overcrowding
Cheap homes & chronic lack of hygiene
‘Urban Planning’:
• Segregation- prevent land
use conflicts
• Green space & health
Late 1800s
Private motorcars
1660s
“Eliminate hazards
to traffic”
• Road codes
• ‘pedestrian spaces’
Late 1800s 1920s – 1950s
“I will build a car for the great multitude” (Henry Ford, 1922)
‘Pedestrians’
New York 1937
Austria 1950
Roads shaping the city
ISO goes global
1660s
Design safety:
• AS & ISO standards
• Equitable access
Late 1800s 1920s-1950s 1940s
The nonsensical application
of standards…
…leads to confusing urban environments
Urban Design
1660s Late 1800s 1920s-1950s 1940s 1960s-1990s
Focus on urban hardware
Think about user experience
Urban Design
1600s
Late 1800s
1920s-50s
1940s
1960s-90s
Standards
Think about user experience
Improved engineering of spaces =
No more tripping
Road safety
Segregation of cars =
Faster, safer roads
Urban planning
Separated uses and more
open space = Suitable homes
Building
ordinances
Different materials =
Safer buildings
THE CHANGING FOCUS OF CITY-MAKING (IN A NUTSHELL)
1600s
Late 1800s
1920s-50s
1940s
1960s-90s
< 2% 10-45% > 50% 73.2%
(Urban population in Europe, United Nations 2014)
MEANWHILE CITIES ARE GETTING DENSER
80%
by 2050
More and more people are living together in cities.
This “togetherness” is one of the city’s biggest assets, yet is missing from the discussion.
@JL_Christiansen | @codesignstudio
And our cities are
getting denser
Like this
And this
- Smith,T et al Public Library of Science Magazine
Loneliness is just as likely
to cause premature death
as smoking or alcohol
abuse.
@JL_Christiansen | @codesignstudio
1 in 3 Australians don’t
know their neighbour
- Australian Institute of Family Studies
@JL_Christiansen | @codesignstudio
What about people?
- Charles Montgomery, Happy Cities
“How do we build denser
cities that are happier and
more connected?”
SOCIAL CONNECTIONS
The Happy City Experiment Showed:
People respond more kindly
and collectively in this
And more
independently
in this
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
WHY? GETTING A CITY RIGHT
&
@JL_Christiansen | @codesignstudio
• Levels of volunteering
• Participation in decision making
• Memberships of clubs
• Satisfaction with neighbourhood
• Quality of neighbourhood
(Brotherhood of St Lawrence Social Exclusion Monitor)
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
CAUSES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION
@JL_Christiansen | @codesignstudio
How did
we get so
disconnected?
People Place
Local
Authorities
Ask and Inform
Provide and Manage
Big
Idea
The ‘experts’
NIMBY
Apathy And the citizens
Kaplan et al (2005), Harvard
80% of Plans are
Never Implemented
Many spaces underperform from Day 1 - How safe is this space?
People attract people
More strategies and regulations
Investment in places that are under-performing and un-safe
Detached, demanding, frustrated citizens
ALL THIS FOCUS ON SAFETY AND…
Community leadership
People Place
Local
Government
Four easy
steps for
change
www.tacticalurbanismguide.com
A city and or citizen-led
approach to neighbourhood
building that uses short-
term, low-cost and
scaleable interventions to
catalyse long-term change
WHY?
• Community participation
• Evidence-based design
• Quick wins
• Catalyse long-term change
• Stronger, happier communities
Mobilise community leadership
People Place
Local
Authorities
Tactical
Urbanism
4.
3. Prototype
to test ideas
3.
2. Mobilise
resources
5.
4. Refine,
plan & act
URBAN PROBLEM
LONG TERM
CHANGE
2.
1. Engaged
community
leadership
Conventional
solution
Expert Idea
Advise Community
Prepare Strategy
URBAN PROBLEM
Tactical
Urbanism
URBAN PROBLEM 2.
1. Engaged
community
leadership
1. Engage Community Leadership
Tactical
Urbanism
3.
2. Mobilise
resources
URBAN PROBLEM 2.
1. Engaged
community
leadership
2. Mobilise resources, skills and
talents
Tactical
Urbanism
4.
3. Prototype
to test ideas
3.
2. Mobilise
resources
URBAN PROBLEM 2.
1. Engaged
community
leadership
3. Prototype to test ideas
3. Prototype to test ideas
Tactical
Urbanism
4.
3. Prototype
to test ideas
3.
2. Mobilise
resources
5.
4. Refine,
plan & act
URBAN PROBLEM 2.
1. Engaged
community
leadership
4. Plan and Act
4. Plan and Act
Long-term change
Co-creation not
consultation
LESSONS: Co-creation not consultation
1.
Transform
under-utilised
spaces
2.
Re-frame
problems as
assets
3.
Build evidence
by testing
‘risky’ ideas
1.
Transform
under-utilised
spaces
Brunswick Laneway Revitalisation
2.
Re-frame
problems as
assets
“Root out Crime by Design” Seoul, 2012
Started with ‘Salt Way’- 1.7km
Small scale place makeover
Crime ‘hot spots’ transformed
30 households
Given a personality
SUCCESS!!
78.6% crime
prevention
83.3% community
satisfaction
(Korean Institute of
Criminology, 2012)
Local Community Committee formed
Improved quality
3.
Build evidence
by testing
‘risky’ ideas
St Albans Bus Station
‘They’ said this couldn’t be done!
Then this happened
THANK YOU Jessica Christiansen-Franks Principal | CoDesign Studio [email protected] @JL_Christiansen