jenny mcleish: "the impact of predation on the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and brown trout (salmo...
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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B prmgcnt suppmrtck iy tec Curmpcbd Sdfmd's FD[CYYCJ FPB Qrmjrbhhc hbdbjck iy tec ^pcnfbl CS Qrmjrbhhcs Imky
[ec Fhpbnt m` Qrckbtfmd md tec Btlbdtfn ^blhmd
(^blhm sblbr) bdk Irmwd [rmut (^blhm truttb)
^tmnos m` tec Lmuje @mylc Nbtnehcdt
B Ifmcdcrjctfns Hmkcllfdj Bpplfnbtfmd
Gcddy HnLcfse
(Sdfvcrsfty m` Jlbsjmw)
^upcrvfsmrs
Qrm`. Nmlfd C. Bkbhs
Kr. Kmhfdfn HnNb``crtyKr. Yuckf Dbjcr
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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^tbtchcdt m` Nmpyrfjet
[ec nmdtcdt m` tec FIF^ wcisftc*(fdnlukfdj, iut dmt lfhftck tm bll tcxt bdk brtwmro tecrcfd)
fs prmtcntck iy nmpyrfjet. [ec nmpyrfjet fs mwdck iy FIF^ mr fs mtecrwfsc lfncdsck `rmh b
tefrk pbrty `mr usc iy tec pbrtdcrs.
Vmu hby vfcw mr kmwdlmbk bdy nmdtcdt m` tec ^ftc `mr prfvbtc purpmscs, iut ymu brc dmtpcrhfttck, wftemut mur pcrhfssfmd, tm7
stmrc tec ^ftc, mr bdy nmdtcdt m` tec ^ftc, `mr bdy mtecr purpmsc?
prfdt nmpfcs m` tec ^ftc, mr bdy nmdtcdt m` tec ^ftc, `mr bdy mtecr purpmsc? rcprmkunc, nmpy mr trbdshft tec ^ftc, mr bdy nmdtcdt m` tec ^ftc, fd bdy wby, `mr
bdy mtecr purpmsc mr fd bdy mtecr hckfuh.
Bll mtecr rfjets wefne brc dmt spcnf`fnblly jrbdtck brc rcscrvck.
FIF^ hbocs bvbflbilc md fts sftcs hbtcrfbls jcdcrbtck `mr FIF^ iy bnbkchfn wmro bt tecSdfvcrsfty m` Jlbsjmw bdk bt Ruccd's Sdfvcrsfty Icl`bst, fdtcr blfb.
Cxtrbnts hust dmt ic qumtck wftemut cxplfnft pcrhfssfmd. Qcrhfssfmd hby ic smujet iy
usfdj tec nmdtbnt `mrh www.lmujes-bjcdny.mrj/fifs/nmdtbnt/
*^ftc - www.lmujes-bjcdny.mrj/FIF^
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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!
Dmd-tcnedfnbl ^uhhbry
[EC FHQBN[ M@ QYCKB[FMD MD [EC B[LBD[FN ^BLHMD (^BLHM ^BLBY) BDK
IYMZD [YMS[ (^BLHM [YS[[B) [MNO^ M@ [EC LMSJE @MVLC NB[NEHCD[. B
IFMCDCYJC[FN^ HMKCLLFDJ BQQLFNB[FMD
Rubdtf`yfdj tec fhpbnt m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md `fse stmnos tm bpply bd bpprmprfbtc
hbdbjchcdt rcspmdsc
IBNOJYMSDK
[ecrc ebs iccd bd mvcrbll rckuntfmd fd tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd (^blhm sblbr) nmhhcrnfbl `fsecrfcs nbtne
wftefd tec @mylc nbtnehcdtsfdnc tec lbtc 2601s.Qrckbtfmd prcssurcs ebvc iccd fkcdtf`fck bs b ocy
smurnc m` pmpulbtfmd kcplctfmd fd sblhmdfk stmnos. [ec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt (Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim) fs bd
mppmrtudfstfn prckbtmr wfte tec pmtcdtfbl tm rchmvc lbrjc duhicrs m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlts bdk
irmwd trmut (^blhm truttb) kurfdj tec shmlt rud, ultfhbtcly fd`lucdnfdj tec duhicr m` fdkfvfkubls
bvbflbilc tm rcnrcbtfmdbl bdk nmhhcrnfbl `fsecrfcs. Hmkcllck rcsults ibsck md icst cstfhbtcs bdk
bvbflbilc kbtb `mr tec @mylc nbtnehcdt sujjcstck tebt nmrhmrbdts nmulk pmtcdtfblly rchmvc up tm ;5%
m` tec tmtbl duhicr m` hfjrbtfdj sblhmd shmlts. [efs vbluc hust, emwcvcr, ic put fdtm nmdtcxt bdk
nmdsfkcrck blmdjsfkc tec bnnurbny m` fdput kbtb, bs tec hmkcl usck fdnmrpmrbtcs b lbrjc duhicr m`
bssuhptfmds. [ec qubdtftbtfvc rcsults m` tefs stuky prmvfkc b tcdtbtfvc cstfhbtc m` tec fhpbnt m`
nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md sblhmdfk stmnos, bdk sujjcst prckbtfmd lcvcls kurfdj tec shmlt rud brc
sfjdf`fnbdt cdmuje tm hcrft `urtecr snfcdtf`fn fdvcstfjbtfmd. B duhicr m` rcnmhhcdkbtfmds nbd ic
hbkc tm fdnrcbsc tec vblfkfty m` tec hmkcl mutput bdk `bnflftbtc tec fhplchcdtbtfmd m` c``cntfvc
hbdbjcrfbl tbntfns7
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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!!
Nmrhmrbdt Qmpulbtfmd urvcy
Bd bnnurbtc cstfhbtc m` tec duhicr m` nmrhmrbdt fdkfvfkubls `mrbjfdj wftefd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt fs
csscdtfbl. Pfsubl survcys brmudk tec @mylc bdk fts trfiutbrfcs semulk ic nmdkuntck. ^fhultbdcmus
nmudts m` fdkfvfkubls wftefd kf``crcdt brcbs wmulk ic hmst bnnurbtc, iut bppbrcdt mnnupfck dcst
(BMD) hcbsurchcdts wmulk blsm prmvfkc b usc`ul cstfhbtc. Lmdj-tcrh survcy kbtb wmulk blsm bllmw
tec c``fnbny m` bdy fhplchcdtck hbdbjchcdt tcnedfquc tm ic stukfck.
Nmrhmrbdt ^tmhbne Nmdtcdt Bdblysfs
[ec hmkcl fdnmrpmrbtck kbtb `rmh b 2665 stuky m` nmrhmrbdt kfct fd tec Yfvcr Iuse kurfdj tec shmlt
rud. B hmrc up-tm-kbtc stuky m` kfctbry nmhpmsftfmd kurfdj tec shmlt rud fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt
wmulk fhprmvc tec vblfkfty m` tec hmkcl. [efs wmulk rcqufrc b semrt-tcrh stuky, sbhplfdj tec stmhbne
nmdtcdts m` b `cw nmrhmrbdt fdkfvfkubls semt weflst `mrbjfdj kurfdj tec shmlt rud.
Nmrhmrbdt Ychmvbl tcnedfqucs
[ec rcsults m` mtecr stukfcs, suhhbrfsck wftefd tec rcpmrt, sujjcst tebt tec hmst c``cntfvc nmrhmrbdt
kctcrrcdt strbtcjy fdvmlvcs tec fhplchcdtbtfmd m` bnmustfn bdk vfsubl snbrfdj kcvfncs. emmtfdj
fdkfvfkubls bppcbrs tm ic usclcss bdk wfll sfhply rcsult fd tec fd`lux m` mtecrs tm rcplbnc temsc semt.
Qlbnfdj vfsubl bdk bnmustfn snbrfdj kcvfncs blmdj tec ibdos m` rfvcrs usck iy shmlts kurfdj tec sfx-
wcco shmlt rud wmulk prmvfkc bd bvbflbilc hbdbjchcdt wfdkmw bdk semulk hfdfhfsc tec duhicr m`
shmlts lmst tm nmrhmrbdts. Hmvfdj tec kcvfncs bdk bltcrfdj tecfr `rcqucdny, smudk mr sebpc wmulk
fhprmvc tecfr c``cntfvcdcss.
@urtecr Qrckbtmr urvcys
^tukfcs sujjcst tebt ebrimur bdk jrcy scbls nmulk pmtcdtfbl prcy upmd sblhmd nmhplctfdj tecfr rcturdhfjrbtfmd termuje cstubrfcs. Qmpulbtfmd survcys bdk `cckfdj miscrvbtfmds fd tec @mylc cstubry wmulk
fdkfnbtc f` tefs wbs b pmtcdtfbl smurnc m` sfjdf`fnbdt rchmvbl `rmh tec pmpulbtfmd.
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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!!!
BI^[YBN[
Qcrebps tec hmst kmnuhcdtck nmd`lfnt ictwccd pfsnfvmrmus ifrk prckbtfmd bdk euhbd rcsmurnc usc
prcssurcs fd Curmpc fs tebt m` tec Jrcbt Nmrhmrbdt bdk tec `fsefdj fdkustry. [ermuje kfrcnt stmno
rchmvbl iy nmdsuhptfmd bdk fdgury m` fdkfvfkubls kurfdj `mrbjfdj, nmrhmrbdts brc pcrncfvck tm ic
rcspmdsfilc `mr sfjdf`fnbdt cnmdmhfn lmsscs fdnurrck tm tec `fsefdj `lcct bdk rcnrcbtfmdbl bdjlfdj
fdkustry. [ec `fsecry m` Lmuje @mylc fd Dmrtecrd Frclbdk ebs sccd b krbhbtfn kcnrcbsc fd nbtne, fd
webt wcrc mdnc cxtrchcly prmkuntfvc `fsefdj jrmudks. Nmrhmrbdts wcrc sujjcstck tm ic b ocy
prckbtmr fd tefs brcb bdk plby b pbrtfnulbrly fhpmrtbdt rmlc fd stmno rchmvbl kurfdj tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd
shmlt rud. [ec fhpbnt m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut stmnos m` tec
@mylc nbtnehcdt wbs fdvcstfjbtck, usfdj b ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcllfdj bpprmbne. Nmrhmrbdts rcsfkcdt bt
tec Fdfsemwcd nmbstbl dcstfdj nmlmdy wcrc hmkcllck tm ic rcspmdsfilc `mr tec rchmvbl m` 260.65Oj m`
irmwd trmut bdk 5;.3Oj m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlt kbfly. [efs cstbilfseck qubdtfty m` shmlt
nmdsuhptfmd cqubtck tm b rchmvbl m` ;5.>9% m` tec tmtbl hfjrbtfdj Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlt pmpulbtfmd
m` tec @mylc nbtnehcdt kurfdj tec sfx wcco shmlt hfjrbtfmd. [efs vbluc wbs nmhpbrck wfte b sfhflbr
stuky nmdkuntck fd Dmrtecrd Frclbdk bdk kfsnussck fd tec nmdtcdt m` mtecr puilfseck lftcrbturc.
Hbdbjcrfbl fhplfnbtfmds brfsfdj `rmh tefs rcsult wcrc nmdsfkcrck fd vfcw m` tec nurrcdt kcnrcbsc fd
`fsecrfcs nbtne wftefd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt.
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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!#
NMD[CD[^
Qbjc
2 FD[YMKSN[FMD ............. 2
2.2 ^blhmd lf`c efstmry ............. >
2.9 [rmut lf`c efstmry ............. 3
2.> Qrckbtmr fd`lucdncs ............. 0
2.; ^cbl lf`c efstmrfcs bdk tecfr rmlc bs sblhmdfk
prckbtmrs............. :
2.3 Curmpcbd mttcr lf`c efstmry bdk fts rmlc bs b
sblhmdfk prckbtmr ............. 6
2.0 Jrcbt nmrhmrbdt lf`c efstmry bdk fts rmlc bs b
sblhmdfk prckbtmr............. 21
9 HB[CYFBL^ & HC[EMK^ ............. 2>
9.2 Cstfhbtcs m` `cckfdj nmrhmrbdts fd tec @mylc
nbtnehcdt............. 2>
9.9 Ifmcdcrjctfns bdblysfs ............. 2;
> YC^SL[^ ............. 23
; KF^NS^^FMD ............. 23
3 YC@CYCDNC^ ............. 26
0 BQQCDKFNC^ ............. 93
Lfst m` @fjurcs
2.2 Lmnbtfmd m` Lmuje @mylc fd Frclbdk bdk tec cxtcdsfvc spbwdfdj bdkrcnrcbtfmdbl `fsefdj jrmudk m` tec Lmuje @mylc nbtnehcdt. ....... 9
2.9[mtbl Nmhhcrnfbl Btlbdtfn sblhmd nbtne (2639-911:) bdk rckkprmkuntfmd (2639-9111) fd tec Lmuje @mylc brcb (Lmujes Bjcdny,udpuilfseck kbtb).
....... >
9.2Lmnbtfmd m` Fdfsemwcd dcstfdj nmlmdy m` jrcbt nmrhmrbdts fd tec Dmrtem` Frclbdk, semwd iy jrccd squbrc (Dbtfmdbl Ifmkfvcrsfty Dctwmro).
....... 2>
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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#
Bnodmwlckjchcdts
F wmulk lfoc tm tebdo tec CS FD[CYYCJ prmjrbhhc `mr suppmrtfdj tefs prmgcnt iy prmvfkfdj `udkfdj
tm tec Lmujes Bjcdny bdk tec ^nmttfse Ncdtrc `mr Cnmlmjy bdk tec Dbturbl Cdvfrmdhcdt (^NCDNC) bt
Jlbsjmw Sdfvcrsfty. Qrm`. Nmlfd Bkbhs m` ^NCDC bdk Kr Qbtrfno Imylbd m` tec Lmujes Bjcdny
ebvc prmvfkck b nmdsfkcrbilc bhmudt m` eclp bdk kfrcntfmd fd `mrhulbtfdj tefs rcscbrne, `mr wefne F
bh vcry jrbtc`ul. F wmulk lfoc tm bnodmwlckjc hy supcrvfsmrs, Qrm`. Nmlfd Bkbhs, Kr Kmhfdfn
HnNb``crty bdk Kr Yuckf Dbjcr m` Jlbsjmw Sdfvcrsfty, bdk tebdo tech `mr tecfr jufkbdnc bdk
suppmrt.
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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$
2 FD[YMKSN[FMD
Qmpulbtfmds brc kydbhfn bdk sebpck iy imte scl`-rcjulbtfdj hcnebdfshs bdk cxtcrdbl fd`lucdncs. [ec
kclfnbtcly-iblbdnck rclbtfmdsefps tebt cxfst fd dbturc ebvc cvmlvck fd rcspmdsc tm tecsc fdtcrbntfmds
bdk plbnc nmdstrbfdts upmd b spcnfcs lf`c efstmry strbtcjy bdk survfvbl. [ecsc lfhftbtfmds nbd ic cftecr
kcdsfty-kcpcdkbdt, rclbtck spcnf`fnblly tm tec duhicr m` fdkfvfkubl m` tec sbhc spcnfcs fd b sct spbnc,
mr kcdsfty-fdkcpcdkcdt, kctcrhfdck iy bntmrs tebt wfll fd`lucdnc fdkfvfkubls fd b pmpulbtfmd
rcjbrklcss m` pmpulbtfmd sfzc. Kcdsfty-fdkcpcdkcdt `bntmrs brc jcdcrblly rbdkmh bifmtfn cvcdts sune bs
cxtrchc wcbtecr mr kfscbsc mutircbo, bdk kcpcdkbdt-kcpcdkbdt `bntmrs fdnlukc kfscbsc sprcbk, `mmk
bvbflbiflfty bdk prckbtfmd.
^unncss`ul prckbtmr-prcy fdtcrbntfmds brc sustbfdbilc. Lmdj-tcrh survfvbl m` tec prckbtmry spcnfcs
rclfcs md tec bvbflbiflfty m` prcy sune tebt tec rchmvbl m` hbss qubdtftfcs m` b prcy ftch tm
udrcnmvcrbilc lfhfts wmulk ic scl`-kbhbjfdj. Dbturbl `mmk wcis brc, emwcvcr, kydbhfn, fdvmlvfdj
hultfplc fdtcrnmddcntck spcnfcs. Qrcy-swftnefdj m`tcd mnnurs, cftecr scbsmdblly mr mppmrtudfstfnblly,
bdk bkks `urtecr nmhplcxftfcs tm tec stuky m` dbturbl prckbtmr/prcy rclbtfmdsefps. @fclk miscrvbtfmds
brc m`tcd rcstrfntfvc fd mdly prmkunfdj b mdc-kfhcdsfmdbl, stbtfn rcprcscdtbtfmd m` b ifmdctwmro
fdvmlvfdj hultfplc lcvcls m` `mrbjfdj kydbhfns. Hmrc rclfbilc fd`mrhbtfmd nbd ic jbfdck termuje
kfrcntly bdblysfdj tec stmhbne nmdtcdt m` prckbtmry spcnfcs, iut tefs fs b efjely fdtrusfvc sbhplfdj
hctemk rcqufrfdj bnnurbtc fkcdtf`fnbtfmd m` kcnmhpmsfdj prcy ftchs. Bs sune, bltcrdbtfvc hctemks m`hmkcllfdj dbturbl prckbtmr/prcy fdtcrbntfmds brc kcsfrbilc tm jbfd fdsfjet fdtm tec `cckfdj cnmlmjy m`
snfcdtf`fnblly, cnmdmhfnblly mr nmhhcrnfbl fhpmrtbdt spcnfcs. [ec usc m` ifmcdcrjctfns ebs prmvfkck
sfjdf`fnbdt bkvbdncs fd tec hbdbjchcdt m` sune spcnfcs (c.j. rcvfcw jfvcd fd Ebdscd ct bl.266>).
[ec `fsecrfcs scntmr fs mdc sune fdkustry `mr wefne stmno hmdftmrfdj bdk hbdbjchcdt fs vftbl tm
cdsurc nmdtfduck sunncss. Dbturbl prckbtfmd c``cnts brc cxbncribtck iy fdtcdsfvc nmhhcrnfbl bdk
rcnrcbtfmdbl `fsefdj bntfmd bdk nbd nmdscqucdtly rckunc tec stbdkfdj stmno m` b pmpulbtfmd
sfjdf`fnbdtly, f` dmt nlmscly hmdftmrck. [ec Lmuje @mylc rcjfmd m` Frclbdk ebs iccd b sunncss`ul`fsecry `mr jcdcrbtfmds bdk fs m` jrcbt cnmdmhfn fhpmrtbdnc tm tec lmnbl nmhhudfty. Qrcvfmus bddubl
nmhhcrnfbl nbtne fd tec hfk 2601s rcbneck blhmst 231,111 `fse (`fjurc 2.9) bdk tec brcb fs cxtrchcly
pmpulbr wfte rcnrcbtfmdbl bdjlcrs. ^ftubtck fd tec dmrte m` tec fslbdk, tec lmuje strbkklcs tec imrkcr m`
Dmrtecrd Frclbdk bdk tec Ycpuilfn m` Frclbdk bdk mpcds kfrcntly fdtm tec Btlbdtfn Mncbd (@fjurc 2.2).
[ec strcbhs bdk rfvcrs m` tec @mylc nbtnehcdt brc pmpulbr rcnrcbtfmdbl `fsefdj sftcs, wfte tec uppcr
rcbnecs prmvfkfdj fkcbl spbwdfdj jrmudks `mr Btlbdtfn sblhmd (^blhmsblbr) bdk irmwd trmut (^blhm
truttb). Hfjrbtmry Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk scb trmut brc blsm pcrhfttck kfrcnt bnncss tm tec rfne `cckfdj
jrmudks m` tec Btlbdtfn Mncbd, vfb tec Lmuje @mylc cstubry.
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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%
@fjurc 2.27 Lmnbtfmd m` Lmuje @mylc fd Frclbdk bdk tec cxtcdsfvc spbwdfdj bdk rcnrcbtfmdbl `fsefdj
jrmudk m` tec Lmuje @mylc nbtnehcdt.
^fdnc tec lbtc 2601s tecrc ebs iccd, mvcrbll, b krbhbtfn kcnlfdc fd tec nbtne sunncss m` tec
nmhhcrnfbl Btlbdtfn sblhmd `fsecry m` Lmuje @mylc (@fjurc 2.9). [ec efjecst rcnmrkck vbluc `mr
bddubl `fsecrfcs nbtne wbs 2;6,0>3 fd 260;, iut tec 9110 nbtne yfclkck mdly 29,2:0 `fse (Lmujes
Bjcdny, udpuilfseck kbtb). @fsecrfcs nbtne bdk tec duhicr m` rckk dcsts prcscdt fd tec uppcr
trfiutbrfcs m` tec @mylc nbtnehcdt ebvc iccd nbrc`ully hmdftmrck iy tec Lmujes Bjcdny sfdnc 2639.
Bltemuje bd bnnurbtc nmudt m` stbdkfdj stmno fs dcbr fhpmssfilc tm bnefcvc, tecsc kbtb ebvc bllmwck
`mr jcdcrbl pmpulbtfmd trcdks tm ic miscrvck md b lmdj-tcrh ibsfs. B lbrjc kcnlfdc fd stbdkfdj stmno fs
nlcbrly bppbrcdt, teus prmvfkfdj tec peysfnbl cvfkcdnc dcncssbry tm prmpmsc tec semrt-tcrh ncssbtfmd
m` nmhhcrnfbl `fsefdj fd Lmuje @mylc tm bllmw tec pmpulbtfmd m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd su``fnfcdt tfhc tm
rcnmvcr. [efs ibd wbs cd`mrnck fd 9121 bdk fs stfll fd-plbnc `mr tec 9129 `fsefdj scbsmd.
&'()* +',-.
&'()*
+',-.
/1-291!> ;>.29
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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3
@fjurc 2.97 [mtbl Nmhhcrnfbl Btlbdtfn sblhmd nbtne (2639-911:) bdk rckk prmkuntfmd (2639-9111) fd
tec Lmuje @mylc brcb (Lmujes Bjcdny, udpuilfseck kbtb).
[ec gustf`fnbtfmd `mr sune krbstfn hbdbjcrfbl fdtcrvcdtfmd fs nlcbrly cvfkcdt fd tec supplfck `fsecrfcs
kbtb. [ec kydbhfn dbturc m` tec dbturbl wmrlk kmcs, emwcvcr, sujjcst tebt bkkftfmdbl cnmlmjfnbl
fd`lucdncs hby blsm ic b``cntfdj tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd pmpulbtfmd. Dbturbl prckbtmrs prmvfkc b smurnc m`
rchmvbl `rmh tec stbdkfdj stmno bdk hby fdtcdsf`y tec c``cnts m` lmdj-tcrh `fsefdj prcssurcs. Ft fs
tecrc`mrc lmjfnbl tm cxplmrc tecsc rclbtfmdsefps `urtecr, fd mrkcr tm tcst tefs eypmtecsfs bdk, f`
dcncssbry, sujjcst hbdbjcrfbl fhplfnbtfmds mr hfdfhfsfdj tefs smurnc m` stmno kcplctfmd.
Fd lmmofdj bt hultf-spcnfcs fdtcrbntfmds bdk emw tecsc fd turd b``cnt mdc spcnfcs fd pbrtfnulbr, ft fs
fhpcrbtfvc tm `frst lmmo bt tec ibsfn ifmlmjy bdk lf`c efstmry strbtcjfcs m` tec fdkfvfkubls fd qucstfmd.
Iy udkcrstbdkfdj tec udkcrlyfdj prmncsscs tebt krfvc bd mrjbdfsh bdk fd`lucdnc fts kbfly `udntfmds, ft
fs pmssfilc tm jbfd fdsfjet fdtm emw nebdjfdj kydbhfns wfll fd`lucdnc mvcrbll spcnfcs sunncss. Ibsfn
ifmlmjfnbl fd`mrhbtfmd wbs jbtecrck `mr twm cnmdmhfnblly fhpmrtbdt `fse spcnfcs fd tec Lmuje @mylc
nbtnehcdt, tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk fts sblhmdfk rclbtfvc tec irmwd trmut. [ec fhpmrtbdnc m` tec
Btlbdtfn sblhmd tm nmhhcrnfbl `fsefdj ebs blrcbky iccd kfsnussck bimvc bdk tec irmwd trmut fs bpmpulbr nmhhcrnfbl bdk rcnrcbtfmdblly-`fseck spcnfcs tebt hbocs usc m` sfhflbr upstrcbh ebiftbts `mr
spbwdfdj bdk guvcdflc `cckfdj tcrrftmrfcs. [ec hbfd prckbtmry spcnfcs temujet tm ic fhpmrtbdt
nmdsuhcrs m` cbne `fse spcnfcs wcrc blsm nmdsfkcrck bdk tec fd`mrhbtfmd usck tm hmkcl tec pmtcdtfbl
fhpbnt m` prckbtfmd fd`lfntck iy mdc ocy prckbtmry spcnfcs.
2.2 ^blhmd lf`c efstmry
[ec hfjrbtmry dbturc m` tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut lf`c nynlcs bkks `urtecr nmhplcxftfcs tmstmno hbdbjchcdt nmdsfkcrbtfmds. ^blhmd brc bdbkrmhmus bdk mdly `mudk fd `rcsewbtcr systchs
0
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=21>*
4'12- I.NNK
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kurfdj guvcdflc (`ry, pbrr bdk shmlt) mr rcprmkuntfvc bkult pebscs. [ec hbgmrfty m` tecfr lf`c fs spcdt fd
tec hbrfdc ebiftbt, wecrc `cckfdj bdk hmst jrmwte mnnur. @mr scxublly hbturc fdkfvfkubls, hfjrbtfmd
tm `rcsewbtcr spbwdfdj jrmudks fs dcncssbry. Fdkfvfkubls udkcrtbofdj tefs gmurdcy hby ebvc iccd bt
scb `mr gust mdc wfdtcr (jrflsc) mr upwbrks m` twm ycbrs. [ec kfstbdnc `rmh Btlbdtfn sblhmd `cckfdj
jrmudks m`` tec nmbst m` Jrccdlbdk mr tec @brmc Fslbdks tm dbtbl spbwdfdj rfvcrs nbd ic bdywecrc
`rmh b 21oh tm 2,111oh gmurdcy, kcpcdkfdj md tec rfvcr systch fd qucstfmd (Lunbs bdk Ibrbs 9112).
@fse nbd cdtcr tec `rcsewbtcr systch kurfdj bdy hmdte m` tec ycbr iut b hbss upstrcbh hfjrbtfmd
tmwbrks spbwdfdj brcbs mnnurs fd butuhd. B nmrrclbtfmd ebs iccd `mudk ictwccd upstrcbh
hmvchcdts bdk scvcrbl cdvfrmdhcdtbl `bntmrs, dbhcly? rfvcr `lmw, lfjet lcvcl, tchpcrbturc bdk tfkc
(Ibdos 2606). Kurfdj pcrfmks m` lmw `lmw, rfvcr cdtry fs hmstly dmnturdbl, wfte `bstcr `lmwfdj rfvcrs
prmhmtfdj kbytfhc hfjrbtfmd (Qmttcr 2655). Efjecr bfr tchpcrbturc bdk cii tfkcs blsm fdnrcbsc
upstrcbh hmvchcdt, bltemuje nmd`lfntfdj rcsults ebvc iccd puilfseck nmdncrdfdj tec fd`lucdnc m`
tfkbl pbttcrds fd kf``crcdt jcmjrbpefn rcjfmds (^hfte bdk ^hfte 2666, Crofdbrm ct bl. 2666).
Fdkfvfkubls `bst kurfdj tefs prmncss sm hust cxcrt hfdfhbl c``mrt tm prcscrvc cdcrjy stmrcs bdk cdsurc
rcprmkuntfvc sunncss.
^pbwdfdj mnnurs ictwccd butuhd bdk wfdtcr. @chblcs kfj spbwd pfts, tcrhck rckks, wftefd tec
jrbvcl suistrbtc ic`mrc lbyfdj tecfr cjjs, wefne brc tecd `crtflfsck bdk nmvcrck-mvcr. [ec cjjs ebtne-
mut weflst stfll iurfck fd tec jrbvcl bdk blcvfds icjfd tm chcrjc fd lbtc sprfdj. Mdnc bll m` tec ymlo sbn
ebs iccd nmdsuhck tecy lfvc bs `ry, wfte rclbtck fdkfvfkubls `cckfdj bdk jrmwfdj fd tec sbhc strctne
m` rfvcr wecrc tecy wcrc spbwdck (HnNmrhfno ct bl. 2665). Kurfdj tec pbrr jrmwte pebsc cbne `fse
tbocs md b kc`cdkbilc tcrrftmry, bltemuje fdkfvfkubls nbd tchpmrbrfly mnnupy mtecr brcbs scbsmdblly
(Nudgbno ct bl.2656). @fse nbd rchbfd bs pbrr `mr b duhicr m` ycbrs ic`mrc gmfdfdj tec hbss hfjrbtfmd
mut tm scb fd sprfdj. ^mhc hblc pbrr, tcrhck prcnmnfmus hblcs, hbturc cbrly bdk hmvc up mr
kmwdstrcbh tm spbwdfdj sftcs wecrc tecy pcr`mrh lbst-hfdutc `crtflfsbtfmd md lbyfdj `chblcs (Iuno
bdk Vmudjsmd, 2659). Bltemuje tecsc fdkfvfkubls ebvc dmt ebk tec icdc`ft m` hbrfdc `cckfdj tm iuflk
up cdcrjy-rfne stmrcs `mr rcprmkuntfmd, tecy ebvc iccd `mudk tm nmdsuhc sblhmd cjjs kurfdj tefspcrfmk wefne fs temujet tm rcplbnc cdcrjy lmst kurfdj jbhctmjcdcsfs bdk spbwdfdj (Nudgbno bdk
[ecrrfcd 2665). [ec lbrjcr m` tecsc hblcs bdk rchbfdfdj lbrjc pbrr tecd udkcrjm tec peysfmlmjfnbl
nebdjcs dcncssbry tm pbrtfnfpbtc fd tec sprfdj shmlt rud.
^hmltf`fnbtfmd fs b pcrfmk m` hmrpemlmjfnbl cdebdnchcdt brfsfdj `rmh nebdjcs fd pemtmpcrfmk tebt
prcpbrc sblhmd `mr scbwbrk hfjrbtfmd (HnNmrhfno ct bl.2665). Ft fdvmlvcs b wfdkmw m` fdnrcbsck
ml`bntmry scdsftfvfty bdk lcbrdfdj, kurfdj wefne cbne fdkfvfkubl fhprfdts b pcrhbdcdt scdsmry hchmry
m` sftc mkmurs spcnf`fn tm tec rfvcrs fd wefne tecy spbwdck (Gmrkbd ct bl. 911>). [ecsc cdvfrmdhcdtblnucs brc rctbfdck fd pcrfpecry scdsmry dcurmds fd mrkcr tm prmvfkc dbvfjbtfmdbl jufkbdnc kurfdj tec
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). B hbss
hmvchcdt m` fdkfvfkubls tecd `mllmws, bs shmlt hfjrbtc kmwd termuje rfvcrs tm cstubrfcs bdk
cvcdtublly mut tm scb. ^blhmd wfll tecd rchbfd fd tec hbrfdc cdvfrmdhcdt, `cckfdj bdk jrmwfdj fd
lbrjc snemmls udtfl sune b tfhc bs tecy `ccl nmhpcllck tm rcspmdk tm tecfr ifmlmjfnbl nlmno bdk rcturd tm
spbwd fd tec vcry rfvcrs fd wefne tecy wcrc imrd.
2.9 [rmut lf`c efstmry
[ec ^blhm truttbtrmut spcnfcs ebs tercc kfstfdnt cnmtypcs7 tec scb trmut, tec lboc trmut bdk tec rfvcrfdc
irmwd trmut (Lunbs bdk Ibrbs 9112). Cnmtypcs nbd ic nbtcjmrfzck iy tecfr hfjrbtmry pbttcrd, wfte tec
bdbkrmhmus scb trmut hfjrbtfdj tm scb fd b sfhflbr pbttcrd tm tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd, bdk tec lboc trmut
bdk irmwd trmut mptfdj `mr b purcly `rcsewbtcr cxfstcdnc, rchbfdfdj fd tec lbrjcr `rcsewbtcr imkfcs mr
`bstcr `lmwfdj rfvcr bdk strcbhs. B shbll hfjrbtfmd tm suftbilc spbwdfdj jrmudks kmcs mnnur fd imte
tec lboc bdk irmwd trmut. [ecsc kf``crcdt hmrpemlmjfcs brc temujet tm mnnur `rmh kf``crcdt fdkfvfkubl
rcspmdscs tm cdvfrmdhcdtbl nmdkftfmds bdk rclbtck fdkfvfkubls nbd mpt `mr bltcrdbtfvc hfjrbtmry
strbtcjfcs (Lunb bdk Ibrbs 9112). Cnmtypcs nbd bll fdtcrircck, wfte kmnuhcdtck cxbhplcs m` tec cjjs
m` `chblc scb trmut icfdj `crtflfsck iy tec spcrh m` hblc rfvcrfdc trmut (Cllfmt 2656).
Cbne hmrpemlmjy `mllmws b kf``crcdt lf`c efstmry strbtcjy, wefne nbd blsm vbry ibsck md jcmjrbpefn
lmnbtfmd. Yfvcr trmut rchbfd fd tec rclbtfvcly dutrfcdt pmmr uplbdk rfvcrs wecrc hmrtblfty rbtcs brc
lmwcr iut jrmwte mnnurs hmrc slmwly, bdk wfll bnefcvfdj b hune shbllcr sfzc tebd temsc tebt hfjrbtc
tm lmujes mr mut tm scb (@bey 2656). [ecrc fs nlcbrly b pby-m`` ictwccd tec rclbtfvc sb`cty bdk
nmdsfstcdny m` `rcsewbtcr rcsfkcdnc bdk tec jrcbtcr `cckfdj mppmrtudftfcs iut efjecr hmrtblfty rbtcs
tebt nmhc wfte scbwbrk hfjrbtfmd. [ec cdcrjy iukjct m` scb, cstubry bdk lmuje hfjrbdt `fse nbd ic
`mur tfhcs jrcbtcr tebd tebt m` tec sbhc ycbr-nlbss fdkfvfkubls rchbfdfdj fd `rcsewbtcr strcbhs(@mrscte ct bl. 2666). [ecsc hfjrbtmry fdkfvfkubls blsm bllmnbtc hmrc cdcrjy tm jrmwte bdk ebvc tmtbl
hctbimlfn nmsts up tm `fvc tfhcs jrcbtcr tebd temsc m` rcsfkcdt `fse.
Butuhd hfjrbtfmd mnnurs ictwccd Mntmicr bdk Dmvchicr `mr bll ^blhm truttbbdk rfvcrfdc rcsfkcdts
wfll jbtecr wfte scb-rud bdk lmuje mr cstubrfdc fdkfvfkubls fd tec sbhc upstrcbh jrbvcl spbwdfdj
jrmudks. Fdkfvfkubls nbd trbvcl bt spcck m` up tm 3oh/dfjet fd tec cbrly stbjcs m` hfjrbtfmd, nmvcrfdj
lmdj kfstbdncs bdk slmwfdj kmwd bs wbtcr tchpcrbturcs kcnrcbsc fd tec uppcr rcbnecs m` spbwdfdj
rfvcrs (Mvfkfm ct bl.2656). @bntmrs prmhmtfdj tec rcturd tm spbwdfdj jrmudks brc sfhflbr tm temsc m`
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Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk fdnlukc nebdjcs fd wbtcr mr bfr tchpcrbturc, rfvcr `lmw nebrbntcrfstfns mr b
nmhifdbtfmd m` cdvfrmdhcdtbl `bntmrs.
@chblcs `rmh bll cnmtypcs wfll jbtecr bdk kfj rckks `mr cjj kcpmsftfmd ic`mrc spbwdfdj. Bs wfte
mtecr sblhmdfk spcnfcs, tec cjjs wfll kcvclmp bdk ebtne mut bs blcvfds wftefd tec jrbvcl icks. @ry wfll
chcrjc fd tec wbrhcr lbtc sprfdj hmdtes bdk guvcdflcs wfll hmvc kmwdstrcbh tm durscry brcbs.
Guvcdflcs udkcrjmfdj scbwbrk, cstubrfdc mr lmuje hfjrbtfmd ebvc iccd semwd tm lcbvc tefs ebiftbt
cbrlfcr tebd temsc rchbfdfdj fd rfvcrs bdk trfiutbrfcs, kcspftc icfdj m` shbllcr imky sfzc. Ft ebs iccd
sujjcstck tebt tecsc fdkfvfkubls brc cdcrjctfnblly nmdstrbfdck iy tec lfhftck `mmk rcsmurncs bvbflbilc
fd durscry brcbs bdk tecfr hmrc cdcrjctfnblly-kchbdkfdj lf`c efstmry strbtcjy rcqufrcs cbrlfcr
hmvchcdt tm rfnecr `cckfdj jrmudks (@mrscte ct bl.2666). [ec hmvchcdt m` irmwd trmut wftefd b
rfvcr systch ebs iccd `mudk tm `mllmw b kfstfdnt pbttcrd m` hfjrbtmry hmvchcdt bt kfstfdnt ocy lf`c
stbjcs ([emrpc 26:;, ^mlmhmd bdk [chplctmd 26:0). @mllmwfdj tec fdftfbl kmwdstrcbh hmvchcdt m`
bll guvcdflcs tm durscry ebiftbts `rmh ebtnefdj tm sfx hmdtes mlk, rfvcrfdc irmwd trmut wfll hmvc
`urtecr kmwdstrcbh tm `fdk b suftbilc ebiftbt `mr hbturbtfmd bdk jrmwte ictwccd tec bjcs m` 0 tm 23
hmdtes m` bjc, `cckfdj md hmllusns, wmrhs, fdscnts bdk lbrvbc. [ecy wfll tecd rchbfd fd tefs ebiftbt
tcrrftmrfblly udtfl tecy rcturd tm upstrcbh spbwdfdj jrmudks, nmdtfdufdj tm jrmw tm scxubl hbturbtfmd
bdk bltcrfdj tecfr tfhc iukjct tm suft vbrfbtfmds fd lmnbl prcy biudkbdnc (Jfrmux ct bl.9111).
2.> Qrckbtmry Fd`lucdncs
[ec lf`c efstmry strbtcjfcs m` tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut spcnfcs irfdj wfte tech tecfr mwd
survfvbl fhplfnbtfmds, bs kfsnussck bimvc. Qrckbtfmd strcsscs blsm vbry ictwccd spcnfcs bdk cnmtypc,
bs cbne cxpmscs fdkfvfkubls tm kf``crcdt prckbtmry fd`lucdncs bt kf``crcdt lmnbtfmds bdk kf``crcdt lf`c
stbjcs. Qmpulbtfmds brc hmst vuldcrbilc wecd fdkfvfkubls brc prcscdt fd lbrjc kcdsftfcs, `mr cxbhplc
kurfdj tec bddubl shmlt rud, hfjrbtfmd tm spbwdfdj jrmudks mr bt spbwdfdj tfhc. Mppmrtudfstfn
prckbtmrs ebvc cvmlvck tm tboc bkvbdtbjc m` tec prckfntbilc dbturc m` scbsmdbl `fse lf`c nynlcs bdk nbd
bltcr tecfr `mrbjfdj icebvfmur tm cxplmft tefs wfdkmw m` mppmrtudfty. Fd bkkrcssfdj tec fhpbnt m`prckbtfmd md vuldcrbilc Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut stmnos fd tec Lmuje @mylc nbtnehcdt, tec
ibsfn ifmlmjy bdk `cckfdj cnmlmjy m` ocy prckbtmry spcnfcs semulk `frst ic nmdsfkcrck.
Hflls (26:2) lfsts tec jrcy scbl (Eblfnemcrus jrypus) bs tec hmst sfjdf`fnbdt prckbtmr m` sblhmd kurfdj
tecfr hbrfdc pebsc. Fd `rcsewbtcr rcsfkcdnc, tec Curmpcbd mttcr (Lutrb lutrb) bdk Bhcrfnbd hfdo
(Dcmvfsmd vfsb)brc fdkfnbtck bs fhpmrtbdt hbhhblfbd prckbtmrs, blmdjsfkc tec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt
(Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim), ecrmd (Brkcb nfdcrcb), msprcy (Qbdkfmd eblfbctus) bdk scvcrbl mtecr ifrk
spcnfcs `mudk `mrbjfdj bt nmbstbl bdk fdlbdk wbtcrs. Qrckbtmry pfsnfdc spcnfcs brc blsm m` fhpmrtbdnc,bdk fdnlukc pfoc (Csmx lunfus), pcrne (Qcrnb `luvfbtflfs), ccl (Bdjufllb bdjufllb), neuii (^qublfus
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ncpeblus) bdk trmut (^blhm truttb). M` tecsc, prckbtfmd `rmh tec mttcr, nmrhmrbdt, msprcy bdk pfoc
wcrc lfstck bs tec hbfd smurncs m` rchmvbl `rmh irmwd trmut pmpulbtfmds. [ec jrcy scbl wbs sclcntck
`mr `urtecr stuky bs fts lbrjc sfzc bdk nmdscqucdtly efje cdcrjy kchbdks rcqufrc ft tm nmdsuhc lbrjc
qubdtftfcs m` prcy, bdk ft wbs sujjcstck tm ic b ocy prckbtmr m` tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd. [ec ebrimur scbl
(Qemnb vftulfdb) wbs blsm nemscd bs ft wbs `mudk tm utflfsc sfhflbr rcsmurncs bdk ebs bttrbntck b ncrtbfd
fd`bhy bs b rcsult m` nmdsfkcrbilc fdtcrbntfmds wfte `fsecrfcs termujemut fts rbdjc. [ec Curmpcbd mttcr
wbs fkcdtf`fck bs b spcnfcs hcrftfdj `urtecr fdvcstfjbtfmd mwfdj tm fts sujjcstck prckbtmry fhpbnt md
imte tec irmwd trmut bdk Btlbdtfn sblhmd, bs wfte tec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt `mr wefne lbdk-usc nmd`lfnts
wfte `fsecrfcs ebvc blsm iccd wcll kmnuhcdtck.
2.; ^cbl lf`c efstmrfcs bdk tecfr rmlc bs sblhmdfk prckbtmrs
^cbls brc b hbrfdc spcnfcs tfck tm tec lbdk, nmhhmdly `mudk blmdj secltcrck rmnoy semrcs bdk fd sbdky
cstubrfcs. Imte ebrimur bdk jrcy scbls lfvc fd tcrrftmrfbl nmlmdfcs, tcrhck ebul-muts, tm wefne tecy
rcturd pcrfmkfnblly tm rcst, rcbr ymudj bdk pcr`mrh smnfbl bntfvftfcs (Nrmddfd ct bl.911;). [ecy brc dmt
smnfbl nrcbturcs iut jcdcrblly tmlcrbtc tec prcscdnc m` mtecrs kurfdj ocy lf`c-stbjcs. [ecsc `mllmw b
kc`fdck bddubl nynlc, wfte ebrimur scbls puppfdj fd Gudc, hbtfdj fd Guly bdk hmultfdj semrtly b`tcr,
bdk jrcy scbls puppfdj cbrlfcr fd tec ycbr, hbtfdj fd sprfdj bdk hmultfdj tercc tm `fvc hmdtes b`tcr
rcprmkunfdj (Bdkcrsmd, 2661). [ec prckfntbiflfty m` tefs bddubl nynlc `bnflftbtcs miscrvbtfmds m` scbl
icebvfmur bdk bllmws hmrc bnnurbtc hcbsurchcdt m` nmlmdy sfzc tm ic mitbfdck bt spcnf`fn lf`c stbjcs.
Imte nmhhmd bdk jrcy scbls brc prmtcntck udkcr tec Nmdscrvbtfmd m` ^cbls Bnt 26:1 bdk brc lfstck md
tec sneckulcs m` tec Icrdc Nmdvcdtfmd bdk Imdd Nmdvcdtfmd (Bdkcrsmd 2661). Bs sune, scbl ebiftbts
brc prmtcntck bdk semmtfdj fs dmt pcrhfttck kurfdj tec ircckfdj scbsmd. B lfncdsc nbd ic fssuck
mutsfkc m` tefs tfhc, emwcvcr, `mr gustf`fbilc semmtfdj `mr tec purpmscs m` eudtfdj, snfcdtf`fn rcscbrne
bdk `fsecrfcs prmtcntfmd. SO scbl pmpulbtfmds ebvc efstmrfnblly `bnck rmutfdc nullfdj bdk fdkfvfkubls
brc stfll `rcqucdtly semt brmudk `fsefdj dcts bdk `fse `brh brcbs. B 911; puilfnbtfmd iy tec Dbtfmdbl
Qbros bdk Zflklf`c ^crvfnc fd Frclbdk puilfseck cstfhbtcs `rmh tec hmst rcncdt ncdsus tbocd fd 9119bdk 911>, bdk put tec hfdfhuh pmpulbtfmd m` jrcy scbls fd tec Ycpuilfn m` Frclbdk bt bpprmxfhbtcly
2,95: bdk ebrimur scbls fd tec wemlc m` Frclbdk bt bpprmxfhbtcly ;,23> fdkfvfkubls (Nrmdfd ct bl
911;). Bs tecsc vblucs brc dmw tcd ycbrs mlk, tecy semulk ic trcbtck bs b vcry rmuje fdkfnbtfmd m`
pmpulbtfmd sfzc. [ec sbhc survcy blsm rcnmrkck tec prcscdnc m` ebrimur scbls bt ebul-mut sftcs wftefd
Lmuje @mylc bdk imte ebrimur bdk jrcy scbls brmudk tec hmute m` tec cstubry bdk dcbriy rmnoy
semrcs. Ebul-mut sftcs brc sclcntck bs brcbs prmvfkfdj mptfhuh scbl tcrrftmrfcs bdk, bltemuje tecsc nbd
nebdjc mvcr tfhc bs pmpulbtfmd strunturcs nebdjc, ft fs rcblfstfn tm cxpcnt tebt b sftc nmdsfkcrck
`bvmurbilc fd b rcncdt survcy hby stfll ic fd usc b prcscdt.
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Bs mppmrtudfstfn prckbtmrs, scbls jcdcrblly cxplmft tec efje kcdsfty m` prcy spcnfcs prcscdt fd tec
`mrbjfdj brcb. Jrcy scbls nbd nmdsuhc up tm 3oj prcy/kby bdk ebrimur scbls >.3oj/kby m` `fse, squfk,
secll`fse bdk nrustbncbds, kcpcdkfdj md prcy bvbflbiflfty (Bdkcrsmd 2661). Mvcr tec semrt tfhc tebt
sblhmdfks pbrtfnfpbtc fd tec hbss hfjrbtmry rcturd tm `rcsewbtcr spbwdfdj jrmudks, tecy brc tecrc`mrc
cxtrchcly vuldcrbilc. Nbrtcr ct bl. (9112) nmdkuntck b stuky fdtm tec prckbtfmd m` sblhmd iy ebrimur
scbls bdk jrcy scbls fd twm ^nmttfse cstubrfcs bdk `mudk tec kcdsfty m` scbls wftefd cbne cstubry
nmrrclbtck wfte tec scbsmdbl `luntubtfmds fd sblhmd bvbflbiflfty. Lbrjcr duhicrs wcrc rcnmrkck fd
wfdtcr bdk cbrly sprfdj wecd sblhmd brc odmwd tm rcturd `rmh tecfr mncbdfn `cckfdj jrmudks bdk brc
rcsfkcdt fd tecfr cstubrfdc wbtcrs. [ec stuky blsm semwck tebt scbls wcrc vfrtublly biscdt kurfdj tec
suhhcr hmdtes, wecd rcsfkcdt sblhmd stmnos wcrc lmwcr. ^nbt bdblysfs wbs nmdkuntck md sbhplcs
nmllcntck bt ebul-mut sfjets bdk semwck dm cvfkcdnc m` sblhmdfk prcy spcnfcs, yct miscrvck `cckfdj
kbtb semwck scbls tm prckmhfdbdtly prcy upmd sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut. Miscrvbtfmds m` scbl `cckfdj
semws tebt tecy m`tcd km dmt nmdsuhc sblhmd ecbks, bdk teus mtmlftes hby ic hfssfdj fd snbt sbhplcs
kcspftc sblhmd icfdj fdjcstck, prmvfkfdj b plbusfilc cxplbdbtfmd `mr tec kfsnrcpbdnfcs ictwccd tec
twm sbhplfdj hctemks. Miscrvbtfmdbl kbtb wbs usck tm jfvc b hfdfhuh cstfhbtc m` lbrjc sblhmd
nmdsuhptfmd iy rcsfkcdt scbls mvcr b hmdtely pcrfmk, wefne tec butemrs nmdnlukck tm ic bd mrkcr m`
hbjdftukc lcss tebd tec duhicr m` sblhmdfks rchmvck iy rcnrcbtfmdbl bdjlcrs wftefd tec sbhc brcb.
Nmd`lfntfdj rcsults ebvc iccd puilfseck fd lftcrbturc kctbflfdj scbl kfct prc`crcdnc. Mtecr stukfcs fdtm
ebrimur scbl prckbtfmd ebvc semwd vbrfck prcy nmhpmsftfmd bdk mdly lfhftck nmdsuhptfmd m`
sblhmdfk spcnfcs (c.j. Zflsmd ct bl.9119, Qfcrnc bdk ^bdtms 911>, Obvbdbje ct bl. 9121). [efs
vbrfbdnc fs blsm cvfkcdt fd tec bvbflbilc jrcy scbl lftcrbturc (c.j. Hbttefmpmulms ct bl. 9115). Qbrsmds ct
bl. (9113) kcsnrfick b KDB-ibsck prcy fkcdtf`fnbtfmd tcnedfquc wefne yfclkck nmd`lfntfdj rcsults tm
trbkftfmdbl mtmlfte nmudtfdj hctemks bdk wbs nmdsfkcrck tm ic b hmrc bnnurbtc rcprcscdtbtfmd m` prcy
nmhpmsftfmd, kuc tm tec `rbjflfty m` mtmlfte imdcs bdk fdkfvfkubls dmt blwbys nmdsuhfdj `fse ecbks. Ft
ebs `urtecr iccd sujjcstck tebt cstfhbtcs m` tec lcdjte m` fdkfvfkubl `fse nmdsuhck nbd ic fdbnnurbtc,
kcpcdkfdj md tec kfjcstfvc nmc``fnfcdt usck fd bdblysfs (Jrcllfcr bdk Ebhhmdk 9110). [efs nbd
tecrc`mrc yfclk b `blsc vbluc `mr cstfhbtck prmpmrtfmd iy wcfjet m` spcnfcs kfct nmhpmsftfmd. ^une
bdblytfnbl kfsnrcpbdnfcs nbd ic fhpmrtbdt smurncs m` crrmr fd kfct bdblysfs bdk `mrbjfdj cnmlmjystukfcs.
Cvfkcdnc kctbflfdj efje lcvcls m` sblhmdfk nmdsuhptfmd iy jrcy mr nmhhmd scbls fs lbnofdj, bltemuje
ft fs prmibilc tebt scbl kfct vbrfcs ibsck md scbsmdblly bvbflbilc prcy spcnfcs. ^cbls hby, tecrc`mrc,
cxplmft tec semrt wfdkmw m` bvbflbiflfty wecd Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk scb trmut brc prcscdt brmudk
cstubrfdc wbtcrs fd efje kcdsftfcs kurfdj tecfr fdlbdk hfjrbtfmd tm spbwdfdj jrmudks. Bs tec kfctbry
prc`crcdnc bdk nurrcdt duhicr m` jrcy bdk ebrimur scbls utflfsfdj tefs brcb bs `mrbjfdj jrmudks fd
udodmwd, mtecr prckbtmry spcnfcs fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt semulk ic nmdsfkcrck.
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2.3 Curmpcbd mttcr lf`c efstmry bdk fts rmlc bs b sblhmdfk prckbtmr
Mttcrs rcsfkc fd prckmhfdbdtly nmbstbl brcbs, lfvfdj fd bdk brmudk udkcrjrmudk emlts tebt brc
nmhhmdly `mudk blmdj tec nmbstbl strfp. ^cvcrbl fdkfvfkubls nbd utflfsc tec sbhc emlt, wefne brc
kfspcrsck blmdj tec nmbstlfdc bt up tm b oflmhctrc bpbrt (Oruuo bdk Ecwsmd 26:5). Mttcrs brc,
emwcvcr, kcpcdkbdt md tec `rcsewbtcr cdvfrmdhcdt, rcqufrfdj nmdstbdt bnncss tm b `rcsewbtcr smurnc
fd wefne tm wbse tecfr `ur `mllmwfdj hbrfdc `mrbjfdj bntfvftfcs (Lmvctt ct bl. 266:). [ecfr ebiftbt fs
lfstck udkcr pbrts FF bdk FP m` tec Ebiftbts Kfrcntfvc sm bll brcbs utflfsck iy mttcrs hust ic nbrc`ully
hbdbjck.
[ec spcnfcs ftscl` fs bd Fdtcrdbtfmdblly Fhpmrtbdt ^pcnfcs nbtcjmrfsck bs vuldcrbilc md b
wmrlkwfkc snblc udkcr FSND Yck Immo lfstfdj (2661). Mttcrs brc blsm lfstck bs b SO Ifmkfvcrsfty
Bntfmd Qlbd prfmrfty spcnfcs bdk brc nurrcdtly hbdbjck udkcr b Dmrtecrd Frclbdk ^pcnfcs Bntfmd Qlbd.
[ecrc fs nurrcdtly dm kfrcnt nmudt mr Frfse pmpulbtfmd cstfhbtc. ^ftcs ebvc iccd survcyck `mr mttcr
prcscdnc fd md-jmfdj hmdftmrfdj prmjrbhhcs sfdnc 2651 bdk, b`tcr semwfdj bd fdftfbl kcnlfdc m` 2>%
mnnupbdny fd 911;, 55.0% m` sftcs sbhplck fd 9121 semwck tec prcscdnc m` mttcrs, bd fdnrcbsc m`
9>.9% sfdnc tec 911; survcy (Qrcstmd bdk Ycfk 9122). M` tecsc sbhplck sftcs, `fvc wcrc kfrcntly md
tec ibdos m` Lmne @mylc bdk duhcrmus hmrc wcrc lmnbtck termujemut tec @mylc nbtnehcdt (Dbtfmdbl
Ifmkfvcrsfty Dctwmro).
Mttcr kfct fs `mudk tm vbry wfte scx, bjc, scbsmdbl bvbflbiflfty bdk lmnbtfmd (Nbrss 2663). Jmrhbd
(266:) `mudk tebt sblhmdfk spcnfcs kmhfdbtck tec kfct m` mttcrs lmnbtck fd tec dmrte-cbst m` ^nmtlbdk,
bs trbncs m` sblhmdfk prcy wcrc `mudk fd 55% m` bll `bcnbl sbhplcs bdblysck. [rcdks fd irmwd trmut
bdk sblhmd spcnfcs kfstrfiutfmd wcrc rc`lcntck fd mttcr kfct, wfte `mrbjfdj fdkfvfkubls nmdsuhfdj prcy
spcnfcs fd rclbtfmd tm lmnbl biudkbdnc. Zbtt (2663) `mudk b sfhflbr pbttcrd m` lmnbtfmd-kcpcdkbdt
`mrbjfdj, wfte lfttlc prcy sclcntfvfty sccd fd mttcr pmpulbtfmds rcsfkfdj fd b scb lmne md tec fslc m` Hull.
Bjbfd, fdkfvfkubls wcrc `mudk tm prfhbrfly nmdsuhc tec prcy spcnfcs prcscdt fd tec efjecst lmnbl
biudkbdnc, bltemuje iuttcr`fse bdk nmttfks wcrc `mudk tm kmhfdbtc mttcr kfct fd tefs stuky. ^cbsmdblvbrfbtfmds fd prcy nmhpmsftfmd, nmhplfhcdtfdj lmnbl biudkbdnc, ebvc blsm iccd kmnuhcdtck. Fd b
stuky bdblysfdj kfctbry prc`crcdnc m` tec mttcr pmpulbtfmd rcsfkcdt fd b ^nmttfse scb lmne, Hbsmd bdk
HbnKmdblk (2651) `mudk irmwd trmut tm nmhprfsc mdly twm pcrncdt m` tec tmtbl prcy nmdsuhck kurfdj
wfdtcr. [ecfr kbtb blsm `mudk tec lbrjc hbgmrfty m` mttcr prcy spcnfcs tm ic m` dm nmhhcrnfbl vbluc,
sujjcstfdj pmpulbtfmds fd tec Zcstcr Ymss brcb m` ^nmtlbdk wcrc dmt fd kfrcnt nmhpctftfmd wfte lmnbl
`fsecrfcs.
[ec Lmuje @mylc nbtnehcdt prmvfkcs bd fkcbl ebiftbt `mr mttcr pmpulbtfmds, mwfdj tm tec rbdjc m`sblfdftfcs rcsultfdj `rmh `rcsewbtcr kfsnebrjc fd tec uppcr rcbnecs bdk hbrfdc nmddcntfvfty bt tec
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hmute m` tec lmuje. Bltemuje bd cxbnt pmpulbtfmd nmudt ebs dmt iccd nmdkuntck, duhcrmus emlts ebvc
iccd `mudk termujemut tec @mylc nbtnehcdt bdk duhicrs fd Dmrtecrd Frclbdk brc odmwd tm ic
fdnrcbsfdj. Kfctbry nmhpmsftfmd bdk prcy sclcntfmd m` tec Lmuje @mylc mttcr pmpulbtfmd fs
udkmnuhcdtck iut ft fs lmjfnbl tm bssuhc tecfr `mrbjfdj bntfvftfcs `mllmw b sfhflbr pbttcrd tm temsc m`
tec stukfcs nmdkuntck fd ^nmtlbdk. [ecfr prc`crcdnc `mr sclcntfdj lmnblly biudkbdt prcy spcnfcs
sujjcsts mttcrs tm ic mppmrtudfstfn `cckcrs tebt wfll jcdcrblly `mrbjc `mr tec hmst bnncssfilc prcy ftch.
Bs sune, ft scchs lfocly tebt Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut wmulk `cbturc ecbvfly fd mttcr kfct wecd
prcscdt fd lbrjc duhicrs lmnblly, sune bs kurfdj hfjrbtmry pcrfmks mr fd durscry, `cckfdj mr spbwdfdj
brcbs. Mwfdj tm tec prcscdt nmdscrvbtfmd stbtus m` tec Curmpcbd mttcr, pmpulbtfmds hust ic hbdbjck
wfte nbrc. [ec spcnfcs fs b``mrkck prmtcntck stbtus fd Frclbdk bs b rcsult m` tecfr lmw mvcrbll jlmibl
pmpulbtfmd, bdk rcsmurnc hbdbjchcdt strbtcjfcs b``cntfdj Lmuje @mylc pmpulbtfmd hust nmdscqucdtly
rcncfvc nbrc`ul nmdsfkcrbtfmd. Sdtfl bnnurbtc lmnbl kfctbry bdblysfs bdk pmpulbtfmd nmudts ebvc iccd
nmdkuntck, tec sfjdf`fnbdnc m` mttcr nmdsuhptfmd md lmnbl sblhmd bdk trmut stmnos nbd mdly ic
eypmtecsfsck. Bltemuje tecfr prcscdnc hby snbrc `fse hbofdj tech hmrc kf``fnult tm nbtne, mttcrs
scch udlfocly tm ebvc b sustbfdck sfjdf`fnbdt fhpbnt md bdjlfdj sunncss bdk fdvbsfvc hbdbjcrfbl
tbntfns tm prcvcdt sblhmd bdk trmut nmdsuhptfmd wmulk ic nmd`lfntfdj wfte nurrcdt nmdscrvbtfmd
c``mrts.
2.0 Jrcbt nmrhmrbdt lf`c efstmry bdk fts rmlc bs b sblhmdfk prckbtmr
[ec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt fs bd c``fnfcdt `fse prckbtmr `mudk tm utflfsc imte nmbstbl bdk fdlbdk ebiftbts,
kcpcdkfdj md scbsmdblfty. Frfse pmpulbtfmds ebvc iccd `mudk tm jcdcrblly fdebift fdlbdk `rcsewbtcr
imkfcs mvcr tec wfdtcr hmdtes ic`mrc hmvfdj tm nmbstbl dcstfdj sftcs `rmh sprfdj tm butuhd
(HbnKmdblk, 265:). Ircckfdj mnnurs bt tecsc nmbstbl nmlmdfcs bdk nlutnecs m` tercc tm `mur cjjs brc
lbfk, fdnuibtfdj `mr bimut >1 kbys (Irftfse [rust `mr Mrdftemlmjy). Jcmjrbpefnbl bdk rclbtfvcly lmnbl
kfsnrcpbdnfcs fd scbsmdbl ebiftbt sef`t brc bppbrcdt, bs Zbroc ct bl.(266;) dmtck ycbr-rmudk stbiflfty
fd tec lmnbl kcdsfty m` `cckfdj nmrhmrbdts fd tec Ibdd cstubry, Frclbdk.
[ec SO ircckfdj pmpulbtfmd ebs sccd b nmdsfkcrbilc fdnrcbsc mvcr tec lbst `mrty ycbrs? b lfocly rcsult
m` tec prmtcntfmd m` ircckfdj sftcs (bd fdkfrcnt rcsult m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd ebiftbt lfstfdj udkcr tec
ebiftbts kfrcntfvc), fhprmvck ircckfdj sunncss, fdnrcbsck `mmk supply fd fdlbdk wbtcrs (rcsultfdj `rmh
cutrmpefnbtfmd) bdk b rckuntfmd fd nmdtrml hcbsurcs (pmtcdtfblly bfkck iy tec Zflklf`c bdk Nmudtrysfkc
Bnt 2652) (Eujecs ct bl.2666). B jmvcrdhcdt stuky, cxcnutck iy tec Gmfdt Dbturc Nmdscrvbtfmd
Nmhhfttcc, rcncdtly cstfhbtck tec tmtbl SO bdk Frfse nmrhmrbdt pmpulbtfmd tm nmhprfsc
bpprmxfhbtcly :,211 ircckfdj pbfrs (Hftnecll ct bl. 911;). M` tefs tmtbl vbluc, ;32 bvbflbilc mnnupfck
dcsts (BMD) wcrc lmnbtck bt ^trbdj`mrk Lmuje, tec scnmdk lbrjcst ircckfdj nmlmdy fd Frclbdk, bdk 993wcrc rcnmrkck bt Fdfsemwcd, b nmlmdy sftubtck bt tec hmute m` Lmuje @mylc. Imte lmnbtfmds ebvc
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semwd gust mvcr b dfdc pcrncdt fdnrcbsc fd BMD sfdnc b prcvfmus survcy wbs nmdkuntck fd 2653-2655.
Lbrjcr pmpulbtfmd fdnrcbscs ebvc iccd rcpmrtck termujemut tec Irftfse Fslcs (Nbllbjebd ct bl.2665). Fd
butuhd 911;, tec lbrjc-snblc cxpbdsfmd m` SO nmrhmrbdt pmpulbtfmds bdk tecfr pcrncfvck tercbt tm
`fsecrfcs prmhptck tec jmvcrdhcdt tm nebdjc tecfr pmlfny `mr pmpulbtfmd hbdbjchcdt bdk fdnrcbsc tec
duhicr m` nmrhmrbdts lcjblly bllmwck tm ic semt udkcr lfncdnc (Ymicrtsmd 911;).
Sdkcrstbdkfdj tec `mrbjfdj strbtcjfcs utflfzck iy nmrhmrbdts nbd bfk tec fhplchcdtbtfmd m` c``cntfvc
prckbtfmd nmdtrml strbtcjfcs. B stuky fdtm nmrhmrbdt `cckfdj icebvfmur fd Cdjlbdk bdk Zblcs,
nmdkuntck iy tec ZZ[ Zctlbdk Bkvfsmry ^crvfnc, rcnmrkck smlftbry `mrbjfdj, `mrbjfdj fd pbfrs bdk b
efje fdnfkcdnc m` `lmno-`cckfdj fd miscrvck nmlmdfcs (2666). @lmno-`cckfdj wbs nebrbntcrfsck iy
sydnermdfsck jrmup kfvfdj bdk wbs bssmnfbtck wfte efjecr kcdsftfcs m` `cckfdj ifrks. Bkult ircckfdj
ifrks bppcbr hmrc lfocly tm nmdkunt smlftbry `cckfdj, pmssfily kuc tm fhprmvck tcnedfquc bdk `mrbjfdj
c``fnfcdny sune tebt tecy kmdt rcqufrc tec bssfstbdnc m` mtecrs. Nmrhmrbdts ebvc iccd `mudk tm
mppmrtudfstfnblly `cck upmd tec efjecst kcdsfty lmnbl prcy. [efs fs rc`lcntck fd tec lftcrbturc bs kfctbry
nmhpmsftfmd stukfcs semw tec cxplmftbtfmd m` b wfkc rbdjc m` prcy smurncs (rcvfcw fd Ofriy ct bl.
2660). Zcst bdk Nbimt (26:3) fdvcstfjbtck nmrhmrbdt kfct nmhpmsftfmd termuje bdblysfdj rcjurjftbtcs
bt scvcd ircckfdj sftcs kfstrfiutck brmudk Frclbdks nmbstlfdc. Hmst sftcs semwck rcprcscdtbtfmd `rmh
`rcsewbtcr, irbnofse bdk hbrfdc `fse fd nmrhmrbdt kfct, sujjcstfdj fdkfvfkubls `mrbjck fd b rbdjc m`
ebiftbts. Mvcrbll, sblhmdfk spcnfcs bnnmudtck `mr lcss tebd 2% m` tec tmtbl prcy m` bll brcbs stukfck,
wfte wrbssc nmhprfsfdj 01% iy wcfjet. Kfsnrcpbdnfcs ictwccd stuky sftcs wcrc, emwcvcr, bppbrcdt,
wfte mdc sftc yfclkfdj 6% sblhmdfk kfctbry prc`crcdnc iy wcfjet, bdk bdmtecr mdly 9%. ^une
mppmrtudfstfn mrbjfdj hcbds tebt scbsmdbl luntubtfmds fd `fse kcdsfty wfll nmdscqucdtly b``cnt tecfr
vuldcrbiflfty tm nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd. Ocddcky bdk Jrccr (2655) lmmock bt tec kfct m` nmrhmrbdts
`mrbjfdj md b rfvcr kurfdj tec bddubl sblhmd shmlt rud iy semmtfdj fdkfvfkubls, nmllcntfdj tecfr
stmhbne nmdtcdts bdk qubdtf`yfdj tec pcrncdtbjc nmhpmsftfmd m` prcy. [ecy `mudk tebt shmlt
nmdsuhptfmd bhbssck tm blhmst >1% m` tmtbl nmrhmrbdt kfct bt bd upstrcbh sftc, tec rcst nmhprfsfdj
irmwd trmut (06.3%) bdk b sfdjulbr stfnolcibno (
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rcjfmd. Fd mtecr lmnbtfmds termujemut Irftbfd, dm sune rclbtfmdsefp ebs iccd `mudk. Kcspftc lbrjc rbtcs
m` `fse rchmvbl iy `cckfdj nmrhmrbdts, Nbllbjebd ct bl.(2665) `mudk lfttlc cvfkcdnc m` b rclbtfmdsefp
ictwccd fdnrcbsfdj nmrhmrbdt kcdsfty bdk rcnrcbtfmdbl bdjlfdj sunncss fd tecfr `fvc ycbr stuky
cdnmhpbssfdj ;3 kf``crcdt wbtcr imkfcs termujemut Cdjlbdk bdk Zblcs. [ec dcck `mr lmnblfsck
nmrhmrbdt `cckfdj stukfcs fs tecrc`mrc bppbrcdt.
[ec mppmrtudfstfn dbturc bdk scbsmdbl sef`t fd nmrhmrbdt prcy sclcntfmd fs b sfhflbr `mrbjfdj strbtcjy
tm temsc m` tec jrcy bdk ebrimur scbl. Nmrhmrbdts ebvc tec pmtcdtfbl tm prmkunc hmrc m` bd fhpbnt m`
sblhmdfk stmnos fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt, mwfdj tm tecfr cxplmftbtfmd m` hbrfdc, irbnofse bdk
`rcsewbtcr `mrbjfdj jrmudks. [ecy blsm ebvc tec biflfty tm hmvc up/kmwdstrcbh wfte b kcsfrbilc bdk
cdcrjctfnblly-`bvmurbilc prcy smurnc, sune bs guvcdflcs bdk shmlt, fdnrcbsfdj tec wfdkmw m`
vuldcrbiflfty `mr tecsc prcy ftchs. Nmrhmrbdts `mrbjfdj fd tec Dmrte m` Frclbdk ebvc iccd semwd tm
rchmvc irmwd trmut bdk b lbrjc pcrncdtbjc m` sblhmd shmlt kurfdj tec bddubl shmlt rud. [ec pmtcdtfbl
`mr rcjfmdbl nmd`lfnt wfte `fsecrfcs nmulk ic kchmdstrbtck iy hmkcllfdj sblhmd shmlt bdk irmwd trmut
rchmvbl fd b jfvcd brcb, bdk teus qubdtf`yfdj tec fd`lucdnc m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md tec Btlbdtfn
sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut stmno bvbflbilc tm `fsecrfcs. [ec usc m` ifmcdcrjctfns tm hmkcl tec fhpbnt m`
bvfbd prckbtfmd md nmhhcrnfblly mr ifmlmjfnblly fhpmrtbdt `fsefdj stmnos ebs iccd wcll kmnuhcdtck
(c.j. Jlbed bdk Irujjcr 2663, Hbkcdgfbd bdk Jbircy 2663, Ymiy ct bl.911>). Jrchfllct ct bl.(911>)
nmdkuntck `fclkwmro, lbimrbtmry rcscbrne bdk icebvfmurbl stukfcs tm prmkunc b kctbflck ifmcdcrjctfns
hmkcl `mr wfdtcrfdj nmrhmrbdts, fdtcdkck bs b wflklf`c hbdbjchcdt tmml `mr tec `fsecrfcs scntmr. [efs
stuky uscs tec hmkcl iy Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>) tm fdvcstfjbtc tec pmtcdtfbl fhpbnt m` prckbtmry jrcbt
nmrhmrbdts `cckfdj md nmhhcrnfblly fhpmrtbdt Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut fd tec Lmuje @mylc
nbtnehcdt.
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9 HB[CYFBL^ BDK HC[EMK^
Bd cxtcdsfvc lftcrbturc scbrne wbs nbrrfck mut tm cstbilfse tec nurrcdt stbtc m` odmwlckjc m` tec rmlc
plbyck iy dbturbl prckbtmrs md tec kcplctfmd m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut stmnos. @mur
prckbtmry spcnfcs wcrc tecd nemscd `mr `urtecr stuky? tec jrcy scbl (Eblfnemcrus jrypus), nmhhmd
scbl (Qemnb vftulfdb), tec Curmpcbd mttcr (Lutrb lutrb) bdk tec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt (Qeblbnrmnmrbx
nbrim). M` tecsc, tec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt wbs pcrncfvck tm ebvc tec efjecst lcvcl m` fhpbnt fd tec @mylc
nbtnehcdt stuky sftc bdk wbs tecrc`mrc sclcntck `mr hmrc fdtcdsfvc ifmcdcrjctfns bdblysfs.
9.2 Cstfhbtcs m` `cckfdj nmrhmrbdts fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt
[ec 9111 Gmfdt Dbturc Nmdscrvbtfmd ^cbifrk ^urvcy lmnbtck b nmrhmrbdt ircckfdj nmlmdy bt
Fdfsemwcd (Jrfk rc`. N 053;>:) (Hftnecll ct bl.911;). Dmrtecrd Frclbdk nmrhmrbdts ebvc iccd odmwd
tm trbvcl up tm 35oh tm rcbne `mrbjfdj jrmudks (Zbroc ct bl.266;), sm tec Fdfsemwcd nmlmdy, bt b
kfstbdnc m` 3oh `rmh tec @mylc cstubry bdk >1oh `rmh tec hmute m` tec Yfvcr @mylc, fs b lfocly
smurnc m` fdnmhfdj prckbtmry nmrhmrbdts `mrbjfdj wftefd Lmuje @mylc bdk fts trfiutbrfcs (@fjurc 9.2).
[ec survcy rcnmrkck 993 bppbrcdtly mnnupfck dcsts (BMD) bt tefs sftc, sujjcstfdj b pmpulbtfmd m`
bpprmxfhbtcly ;31 nmrhmrbdts.
@fjurc 9.27 Lmnbtfmd m` Fdfsemwcd dcstfdj nmlmdy m` jrcbt nmrhmrbdts fd tec Dmrte m` Frclbdk, semwd iy
jrccd squbrc (Dbtfmdbl Ifmkfvcrsfty Dctwmro).
C9!K*'@.9 >'-'9,
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9.9 Ifmcdcrjctfns bdblysfs
[ec ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcl `mr wfdtcrfdj nmrhmrbdts kcsnrfick fd Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>) wbs usck bs b
tchplbtc `mr nblnulbtfdj tec kbfly `mmk fdtboc (K@F) m` ;31 nmrhmrbdts dcstfdj bt tec Fdfsemwcd
nmbstbl nmlmdy. [ec hmkcl fdnmrpmrbtck puilfseck lftcrbturc, kbtb rmh fdtcdsfvc lbimrbtmry stukfcs
bdk tec rcsults m` rbkfm-tbjjfdj icebvfmurbl `fclkwmro tm mitbfd ibsfn hctbimlfn pbrbhctcrs bdk
cstbilfse b kbfly bntfvfty iukjct `mr bd fdkfvfkubl nmrhmrbdt. B puilfseck fdtcrbntfvc prmjrbhhc wbs
prmkunck fd wefne rcjfmdblly-spcnf`fn fdput vblucs bdk mtecr odmwd pbrbhctcrs nmulk ic bltcrck tm
suft tec dccks m` b pbrtfnulbr stuky, prmkunfdj udfquc mutput vblucs rclbtfvc tm b spcnf`fn nmlmdy mr
stuky sftc.
Fd tec prcscdt stuky, tec fhpbnt m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md sblhmdfk pmpulbtfmds kurfdj tec sfx wcco
bddubl shmlt rud wbs hmkcllck. Kfctbry nmhpmsftfmd kbtb `rmh b 2655 stuky fd Dmrtecrd Frclbdk
fdkfnbtck tebt nmrhmrbdts wmulk hbfdtbfd b kfct m` 06.03% irmwd trmut bdk 96.55% sblhmd shmlt
kurfdj tec shmlt rud fd tefs rcjfmd (Ocddcky bdk Jrccr, 2655). ^blhmd shmlt fd tec Yfvcr @bujebd, b
lbrjc rfvcr wftefd tec @mylc Cstubry nbtnehcdt, wcrc `mudk tm wcfje 90j md bvcrbjc (Lmujes Bjcdny,
9115). [efs cqubtcs tm bpprmxfhbtcly ;.093 oG j!"m` cdcrjy bvbflbilc tm nmdsuhcrs (Gmdssmd bdk
Gmdssmd, 2655). Quilfseck vblucs `mr tec irmwd trmut sujjcst cbne fdkfvfkubl wmulk yfclk 3.69 oG j!"
m` cdcrjy. [ecsc qubdtftfcs wcrc tecrc`mrc usck tm nblnulbtc tec prmpmrtfmdbl hbss m` cbne prcy
spcnfcs fd nmrhmrbdt kfct ibsck md tec odmwd pcrncdtbjc nmhpmsftfmd, prmkunfdj b vbluc `mr tec
bvcrbjc nblmrf`fn vbluc m` `fse nmdsuhck iy nmrhmrbdts. [efs wbs tecd fdnmrpmrbtck fdtm tec hmkcl,
blmdjsfkc, sur`bnc wbtcr tchpcrbturc bdk ifrk hbss tm bllmw rcjfmdblly bpprmprfbtc rcsults (Bppcdkfx
mdc).
Bd cstfhbtc m` tec kbfly `mmk fdtboc (K@F) m` b jcdcrfn nmrhmrbdt `mrbjfdj fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt
kurfdj tec shmlt rud wbs prmkunck. [efs vbluc wbs tecd snblck-up tm rcprcscdt tec ;31 nmrhmrbdts
lmnbtck bt tec Fdfsemwcd nmbstbl nmlmdy tm prmkunc b pmpulbtfmd K@F. [ec prmpmrtfmdbl `cckfdj
kctbflck fd Ocddcky bdk Jrccr (2665) wbs bpplfck tm tefs pmpulbtfmd K@F vbluc, tm jbfd tec hbss m`shmlt bdk irmwd trmut nmdsuhck kbfly. [ec hbss vbluc wbs tecd kfvfkck iy tec puilfseck wcfjet m`
Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlt bdk irmwd trmut kcsnrfick bimvc, prmkunfdj b qubdtftbtfvc hcbsurc m` shmlt
bdk trmut rchmvbl. [ec shmlt rud fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt lbsts `mr bpprmxfhbtcly sfx wccos, sm tec
duhicr m` `fse nmdsuhck iy tec pmpulbtfmd kbfly wbs tecd hultfplfck iy ;9. @fdblly, tec pmtcdtfbl
fhpbnt m` tefs lcvcl m` prckbtfmd md tec mvcrbll pmpulbtfmd m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd wbs eypmtecsfsck, iy
nmhpbrfdj tefs duhicr tm tec odmwd pmpulbtfmd m` shmlt fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt. [ec tmtbl duhicr m`
shmlt hmvfdj termuje tec @mylc nbtnehcdt wbs nblnulbtck iy mitbfdfdj tec duhicr m` shmlt rcnmrkck
fd tec Yfvcr @bujebd bdk hultfplyfdj prmpmrtfmdblly iy tec pcrncdtbjc m` tmtbl rckk prmkuntfmd fd tec
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$ YC^SL[^
Bd fdkfvfkubl nmrhmrbdt `cckfdj fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt kurfdj tec shmlt rud wmulk rcqufrc b
prckfntck kbfly `mmk fdtboc m` 095j. M` tefs, 25:.:6j wmulk ic bssfjdck cxnlusfvcly tm shmlt bdk
;>:.:;j kcsfjdbtck tm irmwd trmut. ;31 nmrhmrbdts wmulk tecrc`mrc nmdsuhc 5;.3Oj m` sblhmd shmlt
bdk 260.65Oj m` irmwd trmut kbfly, cqubtfdj tm >,9;0 shmlt bdk 9,260 irmwd trmut. Mvcr tec nmursc m`
b sfx wcco shmlt rud, tec prckbtmry nmrhmrbdt pmpulbtfmd wmulk ic rcspmdsfilc `mr rchmvfdj 2>0,>90
fdkfvfkubl shmlt bdk 69,9>9 fdkfvfkubl irmwd trmut `rmh tec wbtcrwbys m` tec @mylc nbtnehcdt. [efs
lcvcl m` prckbtfmd wmulk rcsult fd tec rchmvbl m` ;5.>9% m` tec tmtbl pmpulbtfmd m` hfjrbtfdj shmlt.
; KF^NS^^FMD
[ec hmkcllck vbluc m` ;5.>9% rchmvbl m` tec tmtbl Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlt fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt fs
nmhpbrbilc tm tec rcsults m` mtecr stukfcs fd tec sbhc jcmjrbpefnbl rcjfmd. Ocddcky bdk Jrccr
rcpmrtck nmrhmrbdt nmdsuhptfmd m` 32- 00% wflk shmlt kurfdj tecfr 2655 stuky. [ecfr wmro fdvmlvck
tec kfrcnt hcbsurchcdt m` prcy nmdsuhptfmd iy bdblysfdj tec stmhbne nmdtcdts m` nmrhmrbdts semt
weflst bntfvcly `mrbjfdj. [ec 32% lmwcr cstfhbtc m` shmlt pmpulbtfmd rchmvbl md tec Yfvcr Iuse fscxtrchcly nlmsc tm tec hmkcllck vbluc m` ;5.>9% `mudk fd tec nurrcdt stuky. Bltemuje tec hmkcl
utflfscs tec sbhc kfctbry nmhpmsftfmd miscrvck fd prcvfmus rcscbrne, nurrcdt sftc-spcnf`fn vblucs wcrc
usck `mr tec bvcrbjc nblmrf`fn vbluc m` `fse bdk tec `fdbl duhicr m` shmlt rchmvck iy prckbtfmd wbs
nmhpbrck kfrcntly wfte b nblnulbtck vbluc m` tec shmlt pmpulbtfmd wftefd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt. [ec
sfhflbrfty fd rcsults mitbfdck fdkfnbtck tec c``fnfcdny m` tec hmkcl fd prckfntfdj dbturbl nmrhmrbdt
prckbtfmd lcvcls bdk sujjcstck nmrhmrbdts tm ic b sfjdf`fnbdt smurnc m` rchmvbl m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd
shmlt kurfdj tec scbsmdbl shmlt rud.
[ec hmkcl usck fd tec prcscdt stuky wbs kcsfjdck `mr usc wfte wfdtcrfdj nmrhmrbdts bdk hby dmt,
tecrc`mrc, prmvfkc b truc rcprcscdtbtfmd m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd. [ec cdcrjy iukjct bssfjdck tm
fdkfvfkubls bdk fdnmrpmrbtck fdtm tec hmkcl wmulk kf``cr wfte scbsmdbl `luntubtfmds fd cdcrjy kchbdk.
Fd pbrtfnulbr, tec shmlt rud nmfdnfkcs wfte tec bpprmbne m` nmrhmrbdt ircckfdj scbsmd bdk tec brrfvbl
m` wbrhcr sprfdj wcbtecr, wefne wmulk lfocly bltcr nmrhmrbdt icebvfmur bdk kfspcrsbl pbttcrds.
Hmkcl fdput vblucs `mr bntfvfty iukjct bdk `mrbjfdj c``fnfcdny wcrc temsc m` Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)
tbocd `rmh lbimrbtmry bdk `fclkwmro miscrvbtfmd fd Lmne Lcvcd, ^nmtlbdk. Ft wbs bssuhck tebt tecsc
vblucs wmulk dmt kf``cr sfjdf`fnbdtly `mr b pmpulbtfmd m` nmrhmrbdts fd b rcjfmd m` Frclbdk sfhflbr fd
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nlfhbtc bdk tmpmjrbpey, bdk tebt ifrks usck fd tefs stuky wcrc m` sfhflbr sfzc bdk hmrpemlmjy. [ec
cstfhbtck vbluc m` ;31 fdkfvfkubls `mrbjfdj fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt fs ibsck md kbtb nmllcntck `rmh b
ircckfdj nmlmdy fd 9111. [ec rclfbiflfty m` tefs vbluc fd rclbtfmd tm b prcscdt-kby stuky fs nmdtfdjcdt
upmd tec stbiflfty m` `cckfdj nmrhmrbdt pmpulbtfmds brmudk Frfse cstubrfcs miscrvck fd Zbroc ct bl.
(266;). [ec bnnurbny m` tec prmpmrtfmd m` shmlt rchmvck iy `cckfdj nmrhmrbdts fd rclbtfmd tm tec tmtbl
duhicr m` shmlt hfjrbtfdj termuje Lmuje @mylc fs blsm ibsck md bssuhptfmd. Nblnulbtck mvcrbll
pmpulbtfmd vblucs wcrc kmdc sm bssuhfdj cqubl prmibiflfty m` shmltfdj `rmh cbne m` tec rfvcrs wftefd
tec @mylc nbtnehcdt, bs tec vbluc `mr shmlt pmpulbtfmd wbs nblnulbtck usfdj tec prmpmrtfmd m` tmtbl
@mylc nbtnehcdt rckks prcscdt fd tec Yfvcr @bujebd, wecrc shmlt duhicr wcrc bntfvcly ncdsusck.
Ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcls cdnmhpbss hbssfvc bssuhptfmds bdk tec bnnurbny m` rcsults fs kcpcdkcdt md
rclfbilc fdput kbtb. Zecrcvcr pmssfilc fd tefs stuky, rcjfmdblly-spcnf`fn `bntmrs wcrc bpplfck bdk,
wecrc tecsc vblucs nmulk dmt ic mitbfdck, cstfhbtcs wcrc tbocd `rmh lftcrbturc puilfseck `rmh sfhflbr
stuky sftcs.
[ec hmkcllck fhpbnt m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlt pmpulbtfmd fd tec @mylc
nbtnehcdt fs su``fnfcdtly lbrjc tm wbrrbdt `urtecr fdvcstfjbtfmd. Fd mrkcr tm prmvfkc tec hmst bnnurbtc
cstfhbtc bnefcvbilc, tec fhplchcdtbtfmd m` rcjfmdbl hmdftmrfdj bdk pmpulbtfmd stukfcs fs csscdtfbl. Bd
bnnurbtc nmudt m` fdkfvfkubl nmrhmrbdts `mrbjfdj termujemut tec @mylc nbtnehcdt fs m` efje
fhpmrtbdnc. Zecrcvcr pmssfilc, stukfcs semulk nmfdnfkc wfte tec tfhfdj m` tec shmlt rud. Nmrhmrbdts
brc odmwd tm `cck mppmrtudfstfnblly md rcbkfly bvbflbilc prcy ftchs bdk b kcnlfdc fd Btlbdtfn sblhmd
mr irmwd trmut `fsefdj stmnos wftefd tec stuky brcb hby ic rc`lcntck fd nmrhmrbdt kfct. B rcvfcw m`
kfctbry nmhpmsftfmd stukfcs semwck jrcbt vbrfbtfmd fd prcy nmdsuhck fd rclbtfmd tm lmnbtfmd bdk
scbsmdblfty (Ofriy ct bl. 2660). [ec nurrcdt stuky hmkcllck rcsults ibsck md tec wmro m` Ocddcky bdk
Jrccr (2655), wefne nmdnlukck tebt nmrhmrbdts bssfjd blhmst >1% m` tecfr kfct tm shmlt kurfdj tec
shmlt rud, iut Zbroc bdk Kby (2663) `mudk lfhftck shmlt nmdsuhptfmd fd tecfr Dmrtecrd Frfse stuky
bdk sujjcstck fdkfvfkubls wcrc hmrc lfocly tm ebvc bd fhpbnt md sblhmd pbrr. [ec dcck `mr lmnbl kbtb
nmllcntfmd fs tecrc`mrc bppbrcdt.
[ec pmtcdtfbl `mr hbdbjchcdt m` `mrbjfdj Curmpcbd Mttcrs wbs kfsnmudtck bs b rcsult m` tecfr
nmdscrvbtfmd stbtus. [ec pmpulbtfmd m` tec @mylc nbtnehcdt fs sujjcstck tm ic shbll bdk tecrc`mrc
udlfocly tm ebvc b sfjdf`fnbdt fhpbnt md Btlbdtfn sblhmd mr irmwd trmut stmnos fd tefs rcjfmd.
Ifmcdcrjctfns bdblysfs m` tec fhpbnt m` tec mtecr twm ocy prckbtmrs fkcdtf`fck, jrcy bdk ebrimur scbls,
wbs kfsnmudtck kuc tm b lbno m` rcjfmdblly-spcnf fn pmpulbtfmd bdk kfct fd`mrhbtfmd. ^cbl pmpulbtfmd
kbtb `mr Frclbdk puilfseck fd Nrmdfd ct bl.(911;) prmvfkcs mdly hfdfhuh pmpulbtfmd vblucs bs stukfcs
wcrc nmdkuntck iy bcrfbl survcy bdk km dmt tboc fd tm bnnmudt fdkfvfkubls tebt wcrc fd tec wbtcr, bdk
tecrc`mrc dmt vfsfilc, bt tec tfhc m` survcy. [ec kbtb bvbflbilc fd tec stuky fs blsm tcd ycbrs mlk bdkudlfocly tm jfvc bd bnnurbtc rc`lcntfmd m` tec prcscdt pmpulbtfmd sfzc bdk kfstrfiutfmd m` fdkfvfkubls
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brmudk tec nmbstlfdc m` Frclbdk. B nurrcdt cstfhbtc m` tec duhicr m` fdkfvfkubl scbls utflfsfdj tec
@mylc Cstubry bs `mrbjfdj jrmudks, bdk scbsmdbl `luntubtfmds fd tefs vbluc, wmulk blsm iccd bd
fhpmrtbdt hbdbjchcdt rcsmurnc. Cdebdnck hctemks m` lmnbl prcy fkcdtf`fnbtfmd bdk prckbtfmd rbtc
(sune bs KDB bdblysfs m` prcy, peysfnbl miscrvbtfmds m` `cckfdj bdk tec usc m` bpprmprfbtc kfctbry
bdblysfs hmkcls) nmulk blsm ic utflfzck, wecrcvcr cnmdmhfnblly bdk peysfnblly pmssfilc, tm cdsurc bd
bnnurbtc cstfhbtc m` scbl prcy nmhpmsftfmd. ^une nmhifdck lmnbl kbtb wmulk bllmw `mr `urtecr stukfcs
fdnmrpmrbtfdj ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcls spcnf`fnblly kcsfjdck tm bdblysc tec nmd`lfnt ictwccd scbl
prckbtfmd bdk `fsecrfcs, sune bs tec hmkcl prmkunck iy Iutlcr ct bl.(9110).
[ec sujjcstck scbsmdblfty m` scbl bdk nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd upmd Btlbdtfn sblhmd prmvfkcs b wfdkmw
m` mppmrtudfty `mr hbdbjcrfbl fdtcrvcdtfmd kurfdj tec shmlt rud. Nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md irmwd trmut
stmnos ebs tec pmtcdtfbl tm cxpcrfcdnc scbsmdbl sef`t, iut tefs c``cnt wmulk lfocly semw b hmrc jrbkubl
`luntubtfmd fd prcy nmdsuhptfmd, sujjcstfdj c``cntfvc semrt-tcrh hbdbjcrfbl fdtcrvcdtfmd wmulk ic
hmrc kf``fnult. [ec rmutfdc nullfdj mr snbrfdj m` bpcx prckbtmrs fs b tbntfn tebt ebs iccd trbkftfmdblly
usck fd `fsecrfcs wecrc lbrjc prckbtmrs ebvc iccd `mudk tm sfjdf`fnbdtly fdtcr`crc wfte `fse stmnos. [ec
c``fnbny m` tecsc hctemks fs vbrfbilc, wfte nmd`lfntfdj rcsults prcscdtck fd snfcdtf`fn lftcrbturc,
kcpcdkfdj md sftc-spcnf`fn nmdsfkcrbtfmds. Hctemks m` nmdtrmllfdj scbl prckbtfmd upmd fhpmrtbdt
`fsefdj stmnos rbdjc `rmh dmd-fdvbsfvc tbntfns sune bs peysfnbl ibrrfcrs, tm snbrfdj wfte bnmustfn
kctcrrcdts, nbpturc bdk rclmnbtfmd m` fdkfvfkubls mr cvcd lctebl semmtfdj (Iutlcr ct bl. 9110). M` tec
vbrfmus scbl-snbrfdj tbntfns tcstck iy Vuro bdk [rftcs (9111), bnmustfn kctcrrcdts wcrc `mudk tm ic tec
hmst c``cntfvc dmd-lctebl tbntfn chplmyck. Zfcsc ct bl. (9115) `mudk tebt tec hmst c``cntfvc nmdtrml
tbntfn tm fhprmvc sblhmdfk survfvbl `rmh ebtnefdj tm bkultemmk fdvmlvck kctcrrfdj nmrhmrbdts `rmh
`cckfdj kurfdj tec bddubl shmlt rud, iut bllmwfdj tech ibno tm `cck pmst-hfjrbtfmd. [efs mptfmd
bllmwck `mr nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md Dmrtecrd-pfoc hfddmw blsm prcscdt fd tec stuky brcb, wefne wcrc
`mudk tm blsm ic prckbtmrs m` lmnbl sblhmdfk spcnfcs. ^une b tbntfn nmulk ic b hmrc c``cntfvc
nmhprmhfsc fd nmrhmrbdt nmdtrml, iut wmulk rcly md bdjlcrs fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt bnncptfdj tec
pmtcdtfbl kcnrcbsc fd pmpulbtfmd m` mtecr rcnrcbtfmdblly `fseck lmnbl spcnfcs. Zfjet (9119) nmdkuntck b
stuky fdtm tec pmtcdtfbl fhpbnts m` semmtfdj nmrhmrbdt bs b hctemk m` pmpulbtfmd nmdtrml tm prmtcntlmnbl `fsefdj stmnos fd Lmne Lcvcd. [ec stuky `mudk dm cvfkcdnc tm sujjcst bd fdnrcbsc fd bdjlcrs
nbtne mr nmrrclbtfmd ictwccd wfdtcrfdj nmrhmrbdt duhicrs bdk tec fhplchcdtbtfmd m` nullfdj tbntfns.
Kcspftc rmutfdc nulls icfdj wfkcly nmdsfkcrck bd c``cntfvc nmdtrml hcnebdfsh, tefs stuky sujjcsts tefs
tbntfn tm ic m` lfttlc icdc`ft tm fhprmvfdj `fsefdj stmnos mr bdjlfdj sunncss. Hbdbjchcdt mptfmds tebt
lfhft nmrhmrbdt `mrbjfdj wmulk blsm dcck tm tboc fdtm bnnmudt tec fhpmrtbdnc m` `mmk bvbflbiflfty
kurfdj ocy lf`c stbjcs bdk fhpmrtbdt pcrfmks fd tec rcprmkuntfvc nynlc. [ec pcrsfstcdt rchmvbl m` b
spcnf`fn bjc-nlbss m` fdkfvfkubls nmulk ebvc nbtbstrmpefn nmdscqucdncs `mr tec lmdj-tcrh survfvbl m` b
pmpulbtfmd, iut dmd-spcnf`fn hbdbjchcdt strbtcjfcs bpplfck tm bd cdtfrc pmpulbtfmd hby ic fdc``cntfvcbdk rckudkbdt fd tcrhs m` prckbtmry nmdtrml (Hbttefmpmulms ct bl.9115).
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F` sune cxtrchc nmdtrml hcbsurcs brc tm ic gustf`fck, nmdnlusfvc cvfkcdnc hust ic mitbfdck tm semw
tebt tec lcvcl m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd wftefd b jfvcd brcb ebs b dcjbtfvc bdk fdefiftmry fhpbnt md tec
lmdjcvfty m` lmnbl sblhmdfk stmnos. [ec prcscdt stuky sujjcsts tebt nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md shmlt
kurfdj tec scbsmdbl shmlt rud hby rchmvc blhmst 31% m` tec cdtfrc hfjrbtfdj pmpulbtfmd fd tec
Lmuje @mylc nbtnehcdt. @urtecr spcnf`fn rcjfmdbl stukfcs fdtm tec kfstrfiutfmd bdk kfct sclcntfvfty m`
nmrhmrbdts wmulk fhprmvc tec vblfkfty m` tecsc rcsults. Zecd tecsc pbrbhctcrs ebvc iccd cstbilfseck,
bd fd`mrhck hbdbjchcdt plbd kctbflfdj prckbtmr rchmvbl mptfmds nbd ic fhplchcdtck, bdk kfrcntck
spcnf`fnblly tmwbrks tec fdkfvfkubls ebvfdj tec lbrjcst fhpbnt md `fse stmno kcplctfmd.
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7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc
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3 YC@CYCDNC^
Bdkcrsmd, . 2661. cbls. Zefttct Immos, Juflk`mrk.
Ibdos, G. Z. (2606). B Ycvfcw m` tec Lftcrbturc md tec Spstrcbh Hfjrbtfmd m` Bkult ^blhmdfks.
Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 2(9), 53-2>0.
Irujjcr, O. C. (266>). Kfjcstfiflfty m` [ercc @fse ^pcnfcs iy Kmuilc-Nrcstck Nmrhmrbdts. [ec
Nmdkmr, 63(2), 93->9.
Iuno, Y. G. J., & Vmudjsmd, B. @. (2659). [ec kmwdstrcbh hfjrbtfmd m` prcnmnfmusly hbturc Btlbdtfn
sblhmd , ^blhm sblbr L , pbrr fd butuhd#? fts rclbtfmd tm tec spbwdfdj hfjrbtfmd m` hbturc bkult
`fse.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 91, 9:6-955.
Iutlcr, G. Y. B., Hfkklchbs, ^. G., Jrbebh, F. H., [emhpsmd, Q. H., & Brhstrmdj, G. K. (9110).
Hmkcllfdj tec fhpbnts m` rchmvfdj scbl prckbtfmd `rmh Btlbdtfn sblhmd, ^blhm sblbr, rfvcrs fd
^nmtlbdk7 b tmml mr tbrjctfdj nmd`lfnt rcsmlutfmd.@fsecrfcs Hbdbjchcdt bdk Cnmlmjy, 2>(3),
953-962.
Nbllbjebd, K. B., Ofriy, G. ^., Icll, H. N., & G, ^. N. (2665). Nmrhmrbdt Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrimmnnupbdny bdk fhpbnt bt stfllwbtcr jbhc `fsecrfcs fd Cdjlbdk bdk Zblcs.Ifrk ^tuky, ;3, 2-2:.
Nbrtcr, [. G., Qfcrnc, J. G., Efslmp, G. Y. J., Emuschbd, G. b., & Imylc, Q. Y. (9112). Qrckbtfmd iy scbls
md sblhmdfks fd twm nmttfse cstubrfcs.@fsecrfcs Hbdbjchcdt bdk Cnmlmjy, 5(>), 91:-993.
Nrmdfd, H., Kuno, N., Nbkelb, M., Dbfrd, Y., ^trmdj, K. & M Occ``c, N. (911;). Ebrimur scbl
pmpulbtfmd bsscsshcdt fd tec Ycpuilfn m` Frclbdk7 Bujust 911>.Frfse Zflklf`c Hbdubls, Dm. 22.
Dbtfmdbl Qbros & Zflklf`c ^crvfnc, Kcpbrthcdt m` Cdvfrmdhcdt, Ecrftbjc bdk LmnblJmvcrdchcdt, Kuilfd, Frclbdk.
Nudgbo, Y. B., Nebkwfno, C. H. Q., & ^ecbrs, H. (2656). Kmwdstrcbh Hmvchcdts bdk Cstubrfdc
Ycsfkcdnc iy Btlbdtfn blhmd Qbrr (^blhm-^blbr). Nbdbkfbd Gmurdbl m` @fsecrfcs bdk Bqubtfn
^nfcdncs, ;0(6), 2;00-2;:2.
Nudgbo, Y. B., & [ecrrfcd, G. (2665). Fdtcr-stbjc survfvbl m` wflk guvcdflc Btlbdtfn sblhmd, ^blhm
sblbr L.@fsecrfcs Hbdbjchcdt bdk Cnmlmjy, 3(>), 916-99>.
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Cllfmtt, G. H. (2656). Zflk irmwd trmut ^blhm truttb#7 bd fhpmrtbdt dbtfmdbl bdk fdtcrdbtfmdbl rcsmurnc.
@rcsewbtcr Ifmlmjy, 92, 2-3.
Crofdbrm, G., Molbdk, @., Hmcd, O., Dfchclb, C., & Ybefblb, H. (2666). Ycturd hfjrbtfmd m` Btlbdtfn
sblhmd fd tec Yfvcr [bdb7 tec rmlc m` cdvfrmdhcdtbl `bntmrs.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 33(>), 310-
320.
@bey, C. (2656). Nmdscrvbtfmd bdk hbdbjchcdt m` irmwd trmut, ^blhm truttb , fd Frclbdk.@rcsewbtcr
Ifmlmjy, 92, 66-216.
@mrscte, [., Dbcsgc, [. @., Gmdssmd, I., & Ebrsbocr, O. (2666). Guvcdflc hfjrbtfmd fd irmwd trmut7 b
nmdscqucdnc m` cdcrjctfn stbtc.Gmurdbl m` Bdfhbl Cnmlmjy, 05(;), :5>-:6>.
Jfismd, Y. G. (265>). Zbtcr Pclmnfty bs b @bntmr fd tec Nebdjc `rmh Bjjrcssfvc tm ^nemmlfdj
Icebvfmur bdk uiscqucdt Hfjrbtfmd m` Btlbdtfn blhmd hmlt blhm-^blbr.Dbturblfstc
Nbdbkfcd Rucicn, 221(9), 2;>-2;5.
Jfrmux, @., Mvfkfm, H., Qeflfppbrt, G. N., & Ibrbs, C. (9111). Yclbtfmdsefp ictwccd tec krf`t m`
hbnrmfdvcrtcirbtcs bdk tec bntfvfty m` irmwd trmut fd b shbll strcbh.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy,
30(3), 29;5-293:.
Jlbed, G. @., & Irujjcr, O. C. (2663). [ec Fhpbnt m` Kmuilc-Nrcstck Nmrhmrbdts md tec Hfssfssfppf
Kcltb Nbt`fse Fdkustry7 B Ifmcdcrjctfns Hmkcl. Nmlmdfbl Zbtcrifrks, 25 (^pcnfbl Quilfnbtfmd 2),
205-2:3.
Jrcllfcr, O., & Ebhhmdk, Q. ^. (9113). @cckfdj Hctemk B``cnts Mtmlfte Kfjcstfmd fd Nbptfvc Jrby
^cbls7 Fhplfnbtfmds mr Kfct Nmhpmsftfmd Cstfhbtfmd.Hbrfdc Hbhhbl ^nfcdnc, 92(9), 960->10.
Jrhfllct, K., ^nehfk, K. & Nulfo, I. (2663) Cdcrjy rcqufrc- hcdts m` ircckfdj Jrcbt Nmrhmrbdts
Qeblbnrmnmrbx Nbrim ^fdcdsfs. Hbrfdc Cnmlmjy Qrmjrcss ^crfcs, 292, 26
Jrchfllct, K., Zrfjet, J., Lbukcr, B., Nbrss, K. D., & Zbdlcss, ^. (911>). Hmkcllfdj tec kbfly `mmk
rcqufrchcdts m` wfdtcrfdj jrcbt nmrhmrbdts7 b ifmcdcrjctfns tmml `mr wflklf`c hbdbjchcdt.
Gmurdbl m` Bpplfck Cnmlmjy, ;1(9), 9009::.
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Ebdscd, H. G., Imfsnlbfr, K., Irbdkt, ^. I., Ecwctt, ^. Z., Oftnecll, G. @., Lunbs, H. N., & Dcy, G. G.
(266>). Bpplfnbtfmds m` ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcls tm `fse cnmlmjy bdk hbdbjchcdt7 wecrc km wc jm
`rmh ecrc= [rbdsbntfmds m` tec Bhcrfnbd @fsecrfcs ^mnfcty, 299(3), 2126-21>1.
Ecddchbdd, Z.Z. (265>) Cdvfrmdhcdtbl fd`lucdncs md tec cdcrjctfns bdk icebvfmur m` bdefdjbs bdk
kmuilc-nrcstck nmrhmrbdts. Qeysfmlmjfnbl Wmmlmjy, 30, 912920.
Eujecs, I., Icvbd, Y. H., Imwlcr, G. H., ^tfll, L., Nbrss, K. D., Hbrqufss, H., Ecbrd, Y. K., & Irunc,
G. E. 2666. @cckfdj icebvfmur m` `fse-cbtfdj ifrks fd Jrcbt Irftbfd. Quilfseck iy [ec
Kcpbrthcdt m` tec Cdvfrmdhcdt, [rbdspmrt bdk Ycjfmds, Lmdkmd.
Gmfdt Dbturc Nmdscrvbtfmd Nmhhfttcc bdk Ncdtrc `mr Cnmlmjy bdk Eykrmlmjy. Dbtfmdbl Ifmkfvcrsfty
Dctwmro Jbtcwby. ettp7//kbtb.did.mrj.uo. (Dmvchicr 22te, 9122)
Gmrkbd, Z. N., Kuocs, G. Q., Kcbvfllc, Y., Iru`mrk, H. Z., & Vmudjsmd, B. @. (911>). Btlbdtfn sblhmd
nebdjc tec cxprcssfmd m` mkmrbdt rcncptmr jcdcs tm lcbrd tec shcll m` emhc.Gmurdbl m` @fse
Ifmlmjy, 0>(^upplchcdt B), 9>>-9>;.
Obvbdbje, B. ^., Nrmdfd, H. B., Zbltmd, H., & Ymjbd, C. (9121). Kfct m` tec ebrimur scbl ( Qemnb
vftulfdb vftulfdb) fd tec wcst bdk smute-wcst m` Frclbdk.Gmurdbl m` tec Hbrfdc Ifmlmjfnbl
Bssmnfbtfmd m` tec Sdftck Ofdjkmh, 61(5), 2-22.
Ofriy, G. ^., Emlhcs, G. ^., & ^cllcrs, Y. H. (2660). Nmrhmrbdts Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim bs `fse
prckbtmrs7 Bd bpprbfsbl m` tecfr nmdscrvbtfmd bdk hbdbjchcdt fd Jrcbt Irftbfd.Ifmlmjfnbl
Nmdscrvbtfmd, :3(9), 262-266.
Oruuo, E., & Ecwsmd, Y. (26:5). ^pbnfdj bdk `mrbjfdj m` mttcrs (Lutru lutru) fd b hbrfdc ebiftbt.
Gmurdbl m` Wmmlmjy Lmdkmd, 253, 913-929.
Lmvctt, L., Oruuo, E., & Lbhifd, U. (266:). @bntmrs fd`lucdnfdj usc m` `rcsewbtcr pmmls iy mttcrs,
Lutrb lutrb, fd b hbrfdc cdvfrmdhcdt.Gmurdbl m` Wmmlmjy, 9;>(;), 593-5>2.
Lunbs, H. N. Bdk Ibrbs, C. 9112. Hfjrbtfmd m` @rcsewbtcr @fsecs. Ilbnowcll ^nfcdnc, Jrcbt Irftbfd.
Hbkcdgfbd, N. Q., & Jbircy, ^. Z. (2663). Zbtcrifrk prckbtfmd md `fse fd wcstcrd lboc Crfc7 B
ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcl bpplfnbtfmd. [ec Nmdkmr, 6:(2), 2;2-23>.
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Hbttefmpmulms, G., ^hmut, ^., Zfdsefp, b. G., [emhpsmd, K., Imyk, F. L., & Ebrwmmk, G. (9115).
Jcttfdj icdcbte tec sur`bnc m` hbrfdc hbhhbl `fsecrfcs nmhpctftfmd.Hbhhbl Ycvfcw, >5(9-
>), 20:-255.
HnNmrhfno, ^. K., Ebdscd, L. Q., Rufdd, [. Q., & ^budkcrs, Y. L. (2665). Hmvchcdt, hfjrbtfmd, bdk
shmltfdj m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd (^blhm sblbr). Nbdbkfbd Gmurdbl m` @fsecrfcs bdk Bqubtfn ^nfcdncs,
33(^2), ::-69.
Hflls, Kcrco. 26:2. ^blhmd bdk [rmut7 B rcsmurnc, fts cnmlmjy, nmdscrvbtfmd bdk hbdbjchcdt. Mlfvcr
bdk Imyk, Ckfdiurje
Hftnecll, F. Q., Dcwtmd, ^. @., Ybtnlf``c, D. bdk Kudd, [.C. (Cks.). 911;.
^cbifrk Qmpulbtfmds m` Irftbfd bdk Frclbdk7 rcsults m` tec ^cbifrk 9111 ncdsus (2665-9119).
Quilfseck iy [ bdk B.K. Qmyscr, Lmdkmd.
Dfvcd, B., ^nmtt, Y. Bdk Lbwlmr, K. (udkbtck). Yfvcr @bujebd bdk trfiutbrfcs nbtnehcdt stbtus
rcpmrt 9115. Lmujes Bjcdny m` tec @mylc Nbrlfdj`mrk bdk Frfse Lfjets Nmhhfssfmd.
LB/N^Y/15/16.
Mvfkfm, H., Ibrbs, C., Jm``bux, K., Ifrtlcs, N., & Qeflfppbrt, G. N. (2665). Cdvfrmdhcdtbl
udprckfntbiflfty rulcs tec butuhd hfjrbtfmd m` irmwd trmut (^blhm truttb L.) fd tec Icljfbd
Brkcddcs.Eykrmifmlmjfb, >:2->:9(1), 90>-9:;.
Qbrsmds, O. H., Qfcrtdcy, ^. I., Hfkklchbs, ^. G., Ebhhmdk, Q. ^., & Brhstrmdj, G. K. (9113). KDB-
ibsck fkcdtf`fnbtfmd m` sblhmdfk prcy spcnfcs fd scbl `bcncs.Gmurdbl m` Wmmlmjy, 900(>), 9:3-
952.
Qcddynufno, N.G. (9112) Ifrk @lfjet Qcr`mrhbdnc. ettp7//kctrftus.fdes.ufun.cku/wcs/pcddynufno.ethl.
Qfcrnc, J. G., & ^bdtms, H. I. (911>). Kfct m` ebrimur scbls ( Qemnb vftulfdb ) fd Hull bdk ^oyc ( Fddcr
Ecirfkcs , wcstcrd ^nmtlbdk ).Gmurdbl m` tec Hbrfdc Ifmlmjfnbl Bssmnfbtfmd m` tec Sdftck
Ofdjkmh, 5>(>), 0;:-031.
Qmttcr, C. (2655). Hmvchcdts m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd, ^blhm sblbr L., fd bd cstubry fd smute-wcst Cdjlbdk.
Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, >> (^upplchcdt B), 23>-236.
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Qrcstmd, ^.G. & Ycfk, D. (9122)Dmrtecrd Frclbdk Mttcr ^urvcy 9121. Ycpmrt prcpbrck iy tec
Dbturbl Ecrftbjc Ycscbrne Qbrtdcrsefp, Rucrnus, Ruccds Sdfvcrsfty Icl`bst `mr tec
Dmrtecrd Frclbdk Cdvfrmdhcdt Bjcdny. Dmrtecrd Frclbdk Cdvfrmdhcdt Bjcdny Ycscbrne bdk
Kcvclmphcdt crfcs Dm. 22/10.
Ymicrtsmd, B. (9115). Hbdbjfdj wflklf`c pmpulbtfmds wfte udncrtbfdty#7 nmrhmrbdts Qeblbnrmnmrbx
nbrim.Gmurdbl m` Bpplfck Cnmlmjy, 20:3-2059.
Ymiy, K. K., Lymds, K. C., Nrbfj, K. Q., Nmllfs, O., & Pfsscr, J. E. (911>). Rubdtf`yfdj tec c``cnt m`
prckbtmrs md cdkbdjcrck spcnfcs usfdj b ifmcdcrjctfns bpprmbne#7 Nbspfbd tcrds bdk guvcdflc
sblhmdfks fd tec Nmluhifb Yfvcr cstubry. Nbdbkfbd Gmurdbl m` Wmmlmjy, 52, 931-903.
^hfte, F. Q., & ^hfte, G. Z. (266:). [fkbl bdk kfcl tfhfdj m` rfvcr cdtry iy bkult Btlbdtfn sblhmd
rcturdfdj tm tec Bicrkccdsefrc Kcc, ^nmtlbdk.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 31(>), ;0>-;:;.
^tmrne, ^. (266:) Yuecstm``wcnescl udk Ecrzsnelbjrbtc kcs Omrhmrbds Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim fd
Biedjfjocft vmd olfhbtfsnecd Ickfdjudjcd7 Ibustcfdc cfdcr Cdcrjfciflbdz. Hbstcrs [ecsfs,
Ofcl Sdfvcrsfty.
^mlmhmd, K., & [chplctmd, Y. J. (26:0). Hmvchcdts m` irmwd trmut ^blhm truttb L. fd b neblo
strcbh.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 6, ;22-;9>.
^tcwbrt, K. N., Hfkklchbs, ^. G., Jbrkfdcr, Z. Y., Hbnoby, ^., & Brhstrmdj, G. K. (9113). Kfct bdk
prcy sclcntfmd m` nmrhmrbdts (Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim) bt Lmne Lcvcd, b hbgmr stmnock trmut `fsecry.
Gmurdbl m` Wmmlmjy, 90:(19), 262.
[emrpc, C. (26:;). [ec hmvchcdt m` irmwd trmut, ^blhm truttb (L.) fd Lmne Lcvcd, Ofdrmss, ^nmtlbdk.
Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 0(9), 23>-251.
[emrpc, G. C., & Hmrjbd, Y. F. J. (26:5). Qcrfmkfnfty fd Btlbdtfn ^blhmd ^blhm-^blbr L ^hmlt
Hfjrbtfmd.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 29(0), 3;2-3;5.
Zbroc, J. H. B., Kby, O. Y., Jrccr, G. C., & Kbvfksmd, Y. K. (266;). Nmrhmrbdt (Qeblbnrmnmrbx
nbrim L.) pmpulbtfmds bdk pbttcrds m` biudkbdnc bt ircckfdj bdk `cckfdj sftcs fd Dmrtecrd
Frclbdk, wfte pbrtfnulbr rc`crcdnc tm Lmuje Dcbje.Eykrmifmlmjfb, 9:6/951, 62-211.
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Zbroc, J. H. B., & Kby, O. Y. (2663). Nebdjcs fd biudkbdnc m` nyrprfdfk bdk pcrnfk prcy b``cnt rbtc
m` prckbtfmd iy nmrhmrbdtsQeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim nbrimmd sblhmd ^blhm sblbrshmlt fd
Dmrtecrd Frclbdk.Brkcb, 5>(2), 23:-200.
Zcst, I., & Nbimt, K. (26:3). [ec `mmk m` tec nmrhmrbdt Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim bt smhc ircckfdj
nmlmdfcs fd Frclbdk.Qrmncckfdjs m` tec Ymybl Frfse Bnbkchy. ^cntfmd I799(>), ;13-;2>.
Zfcsc, @. O., Qbrrfse, G. O., [emhpsmd, N. Z., & Hbrbdtm, N. (9115). Cnmsystch-ibsck hbdbjchcdt
m` prckbtmr-prcy rclbtfmdsefps7 pfsnfvmrmus ifrks bdk sblhmdfks.Cnmlmjfnbl Bpplfnbtfmds, 25(>),
052-:11.
Zflsmd, ^. N., M, J. G. Q., Efjjfds, N. H., & Q, H. G. B. (9119). Kfct m` tec ebrimur scbls Qemnb
vftulfdb m` Kudkruh Iby.Gmurdbl m` tec Hbrfdc Ifmlmjfnbl Bssmnfbtfmd m` tec Sdftck Ofdjkmh.
Zrfjet, J B. (9119). Nmrhmrbdts bdk tec Lmne Lcvcd trmut `fsecry.QeK tecsfs, Sdfvcrsfty m`
Jlbsjmw, Jlbsjmw, SO.
Vuro, E., & [rftcs, B. Z. (9111). Cxpcrfhcdtbl Bttchpts tm Yckunc Qrckbtfmd iy Ebrimur ^cbls md
Mut-Hfjrbtfdj Guvcdflc ^blhmdfks. [rbdsbntfmds m` tec Bhcrfnbd @fsecrfcs ^mnfcty, 296(0),
2>01-2>00.
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0 BQQCDKFNC^
Bppcdkfx 27 Fdput pbrbhctcrs `mr tec ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcl, nblnulbtck vblucs usck fd tec stuky bdkkbtb smurnc fd`mrhbtfmd.
Qbrbhctcr Pbluc ^murnc
Imky Hbss (oj) >.9 Jrchfllct ct bl.(911>)
[fhc rcstfdj bt dfjet(hfd.k-2)
635 Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)
[fhc rcstfdjkbytfhc (hfd.k-2)
>>: Jrchfllct ct bl.(911>)
[fhc lyfdj(hfd.k-2)
3 Jrchfllct ct bl.(911>)
[fhc wfdj-sprcbkfdj (hfd)
21 Jrchfllct ct bl.(2663)
[fhc fd wbtcr(hfd.k-2)
2>1 Jrchfllct ct bl.(911>)
BssfhflbtfmdC``fnfcdny %
::.0 Irujjcr (266>)
Nblmrf`fn vbluc m`shmlt (OG j-2)
;.093Ocddcky bdk Jrccr (2655), Cllfmt (26:0), Gmdssmd bdk Gmdssmd (2655),Lmujes Bjcdny @bujebd nbtnehcdt stbtus rcpmrt
^wfh spcck (h/s) 2.>3 Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)
Kfvc/pbusc rbtfm >.;0 Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)
Zbtcr tchpcrbturc(kcjrccs Nclsfus)
21.3 Lmujes Bjcdny wcisftc
Kfvc kcpte (h) 3 Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)
Kfvc nmst (w) 292.5> Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)
@lfjet nmsts (w) 939 Qcddynufno (9112)
Ycstfdj nmsts(kby? w)
99.:9 ^tmrne (266:)
Ycstfdj nmsts(dfjet? w)
26.9 ^tmrne (266:)
Zfdj sprcbkfdjnmsts (w)
91.;5 Ecddchbdd (265>)