jelle hiemstra (wur-ppo)elm2013.ipp.cnr.it/downloads/pdf_presentations... · the elm in the...
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Come-back of elm in the Netherlands
Jelle Hiemstra (WUR-PPO)
October 9, 2013; 3rd International Elm Symposium
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The Elm in the Netherlands
3 native species
● U. laevis, U. glabra, U. minor
● Many hybrids: a.o. U. x hollandica
Unique combination of characteristics ideal street tree
● No specific requirements concerning soil type
● Able to resist (sea)wind
● Very good recovery from mechanical damage
● Stands de-icing salt and paved surfaces well
● Open crown
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Plaatjes
Early 20th century: • Elm dominant tree in landscape • 1.5 M elms (2 M poplars) • 99% U. x hollandica
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Dutch Elm Disease
1st epidemic: 1920-
● Ophiostoma ulmi (Ceratocystis ulmi)
● Loss of most Dutch elms (U. x hollandica)
● Replaced by: U. minor; ‘Commelin’, ‘Vegeta’
2nd epidemic: after 1972
● Ophiostoma novo-ulmi; more aggressive
● High mortality: U. minor / ‘Commelin’ en ‘Vegeta’
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Resistance breeding program (1928-1992)
Clonal selections from native species
● 1936: ‘Christina Buisman’ – very susceptible to Nectria
● 1947: ‘Bea Schwarz’ – bad form and growth
New clonal selections from European species crossings
● 1960: ‘Commelin’ – very susceptible to O. novo-ulmi
● 1963: ‘Groeneveld’ – resistant to some extent
Crossings with resistant asian species (U. wallichiana)
● 1973: ‘Lobel’, ‘Dodoens’ and ‘Plantijn’ – moderately resistant
● 1983: ‘Clusius’ – moderately resistant
● 1989: ‘Columella’ – highly resistent
USA: ‘Resista-clones; ‘Pioneer’, ‘Homestead’
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Situation around 1990
New “resistant” varieties available
Continuing losses by DED in old varieties
Number of elms planted decreased very strongly
● 1995: elm not in top 25 of nursery trees
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Elm street trees endangered by extinction
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2005 survey: future of elm in NL ?
● Enquiry among urban green managers
● Literature study
● Workshop with elm experts
Conclusions
1. We need the elm as a street tree
* No real substitute
2. Resistant elm varieties are available
3. Problem
● Lack of faith in DED-resistance
● Lack of information on characteristics
Testing and demonstration needed
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Project Future for the Elm (2006-2012)
Aim: Restore faith in the elm as street tree
Main activities ● Resistance testing of recent elm-varieties
● Research into propagation and stability
● Investigate growth characteristics & suitability as street tree
● Communication of results (Building an “Elm-website”)
Cooperation ● Research: PPO + Alterra
● City of Amsterdam + other cities
● Tree nursery industry: Bonte Hoek Nursery
Financing: Product Board of Horticulture
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Results
Experimental field
● 29 varieties
● > 1000 plants
Resistance testing
● All presently in NL available cultivars
● Conclusion: ample R-cultivars available
Propagation and stability
● Conclusion:
If propagated adequately stability no problem
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Growth characteristics as street tree
Test present varieties under Dutch conditions
Network of test plots established
● Cooperation with several cities
● Several cultivars in same plantation/area
● Several trees (5-10) of each cultivar
● Plantings under different conditions (area’s)
● Amsterdam: Port-area + new urban area IJburg
● Additional plantings in other cities
Rotterdam, den Haag, Deventer, Boxtel, Westland
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Iepen in praktijkbeplantingen
A
IJ
A
H
W D B R d
H ? A
IJ
A
H
W D B R d
H ?
Commelin
Groeneveld
Lobel
Dodoens
Plantijn
Clusius
Columella
Nanguen (LUTÈCE)
Ulmus laevis
pumila 'DenHaag'
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cathedral
New Horizon
Regal
Rebona
Sapp. A. Gold
Homestead
Pioneer
Urban
San Zanobi
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Amsterdam- Port area
16 varieties
150 trees
spring 2007
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Amsterdam- IJburg Amsterdam- IJburg ● 15 varieties
● 131 (+) trees
● 2007-2011
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Amsterdam- IJburg
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Communication
Publications in trade and growers journals: ca. 20
Articles in nationwide (2) and regional newspapers
Presentations: 16 (4 internat.)
Elm-DVD
Video on YouTube
Elm dossier on website of Wageningen-UR
Radio interviews: 2
Website: www.straatbomen.nl elm project page
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Other initiatives
City of Amsterdam
● Long standing sanitation programme
● Replanting of elm trees
● Promoting elm as ideal street tree
Nursery specialised in elm trees
● Promote elm as street tree
● Participate in research and communication
Regional initiatives: Iepenwacht (Frl, Gr, ZH)
● Sanitation programme DED losses <1%
● Replanting elms (2012-2016); Frl:8500; Gr:3500
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Do all these initiatives have effect?
Poll in newsletter for tree growers
Question:
Does research into resistance stimulate the demand for elms
Reactions:
Total 88
Yes 75%
No 25%
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Elm gradually returning in Dutch streets
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Conclusion
Good and resistant elm varieties available
The combined efforts of research, urban green managers and tree growers are having effect
Common opinion on elms has changed
● Importance in nursery industry is increasing
● More cities are planting elms again
Things left to do:
● Continue street tree testing of new elm varieties
● Communication on characteristics of elm
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Thank you for
your attention
J.A. Hiemstra
PPO-Bomen
Postbus 85
2160 AB Lisse NL