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Form 10-300 (July 1969)

COMMON :

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM

(Type all entries - complete applicable sections)

Jefferson Barr~~ks Hisrori~ n;Rrri~r ANO/ QR HISTORIC:

STATE :

Misso11ri COUNTY :

St. Louis FOR NPS USE ONLY

ENTRY NUMBER DATE

/ , . \M ' .. I ,,,. ., _, 7' 7-" ' ·- A I STREET AND NUMBER: -.., fl' .., l'f • ~, ~..._ , I ... Boundaries as shown on site nlan man (see item #7) /.

CIT Y OR TOWN :

St. Louis Countv STA T E

CATEGORY ( Check One)

~ District 0 Eluilding D Site D Structure

D Object

D Public 0 Privote Ix] Both

CODE COUNTY : CODE

St T.oniR 109 .·.·:-i:;::;,,•c•,•::;;:;:;:;:::;;:;;:;;,;c;:;;;;: .·.·.··,·.·.·.·.· 1;1;,:,;-:-:.:::<:-:•:'.:•:•

OWNERSHIP I Public Acquisition:

D In Process D Being Considered

STATUS

Ix) Occupied 0 Unoccupied

ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC

Yes:

0 Restricted £1 Unrestricted

@ Preservation work in progress D No

PRESENT USE (Check On e or More a s Appropriate)

D Agr i cu lturo I D 0 Commercial D D Educationol [2il

D Entertainment D

Government

Industrial Military Museum

[» Park

0 Private Residence D Religious D Scientific

D Transportation D Other (Specify)

D Comments

911

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OWNER'S NAME:

Air National Gnard STREET ANO NUMBER:

157 TcGp No. I# Grant Road Jefferson Barracks Cl TY OR TOWN : STATE: CODE

Missouri 631?" ?Q :_:;.:::.: ,:,:-: •:•:•:•:-:-:}::;:;:;:;:;:::::::::=::::::::::::::/·:-:,:-:-;-;

. :;:-:;,;.: ···:< :=:i:::.::·-;-:/;:::;:;:::;::::;:::;::;>:=::::::::::::::::;:;::::::::::::::::;::::::•:•:•:::-:•>:::-:<::• ••·•·•·•·•,iii::::,•,•,•:,•·•· COURTHOUSE , REGISTRY OF DEEDS , ETC:

Recorder of Deeds STREET ANO NUMBER :

St. Louis County Cl TY OR TOWN : STATE CODE

Clayton Missouri 63125 29 Iii iB~~i.s~f#ijJ:AT!PNJtt.j:Xi&TfNG_sijRv'~Y$ .... \_> t. -. /\ .,,-,- ••• \ .. - > . J?.- ;:, · ·, :

TITLE OF SURVEY :

The BuildinQ Art in St. Louis DATE OF SURVEY : 1967 D Federol 0 Stale 0 County [2il Loca I bEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS:

St. Louis Chanter Amerir~n Tn,:::ti r11t-<> nf Arr hi rPrt-<:: STREET ANO NUMBER :

107 North 7th Street CIT Y OR TOWN: STATE : CODE

St. Louis Missouri 63125 29

* Congressional District No. 3. The Hon. Leonor K. Sullivan

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Form 10-300a (July 1969)


NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES

INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM

(Continuation Sheet)

M i s s o u r i C O U N T Y

S t . Louis FOR NPS USE ONLY

E N T R Y N U M B E R

1972 CiVumber all etitriea)

#1 JEFFERSON BARRACKS HISTORIC DISTRICT

Army National Guard 27 Sherman 35th Brigade Jefferson Barracks St. Louis, Missouri 63125

United States Govemment National Cemetery 101 Memorial Drive Jefferson Barracks St. Louis, Missouri 63125

United States Govemment Veterans Hospital Jefferson Barracks St. Louis, Missouri 63125

St. Bernadette's Parish Jefferson Barracks St. Louis, Missouri 63125

Department of Air Force—United States Government Aeronautical Chart and Information Center 2nd and Arsenal Streets St. Louis, Missouri 63125

Missouri Pacific Railroad Jefferson Barracks St. Louis, Missouri 63125

J. D. Street Company Jefferson Barracks St. Louis, Missouri 63125

St. Louis Housing Authority Clayton, Missouri 63125

School D i s t r i c t #78 Jefferson Barracks St. Louis, Missouri 63125

St. Louis County Parks and Recreation Dept. Clayton, Missouri 63125

Fofm 10-300a (July 1969)


NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTOR IC P LACES



S T A T E


S t . L o u i s FOR NPS USE ONLY

E N T R Y N U M B E R D A T E

r c Q 1 1972 CiVumber all entries)

6. JEFFERSON BARRACKS HISTORIC DISTRICT

Missouri State H i s t o r i c a l Survey

Missouri State Park Board

P.O. Box 176, 1204 Jefferson Building

Jefferson City, Missouri 65101

Missouri H i s t o r i c Sites

State H i s t o r i c a l Society of Missouri

Corner, H i t t and Lowry streets

Columbia, Missouri 65201

(state)

Code: 29

(state)

Code: 29

Fo/m 10-300a (July 1969)



INVENTORY • NOMINATION FORM


Missouri C O U N T Y



1972 (Number all entries)

7. #1 JEFFERSON BARRACKS HISTORIC DISTRICT

Included w i t h i n the Jefferson Barracks H i s t o r i c D i s t r i c t are a vari e t y of m i l i t a r y buildings and related sites dating from the 1850's through the immediate post-World War I I years. Troop_ quarters flank the south side of the parade f i e l d . These brick buildings, of late nineteenth-century o r i g i n include barracks buildings, a recreation h a l l , and a guard house. To the west of the quadrangle are a post exchange and the old hospital, used i n more recent years as a club-house for the troops. On the north flank of the parade ground are a nurses' residence (1938) and two o f f i c e r s ' duplexes (c. 1890). Other similar quarters east of the duplexes have been destroyed. West of the quadrangle, i n the v i c i n i t y of Sherman Road and Buell Street, are the Fort Hospital (c. 1930), a medics' residence (c. 1935 - a WPA construction), a theater building (c. 1940), and a row of of f i c e r ' s residences (c. 1935). The Post Headquarters building (1910) and other housing f a c i l i t i e s from the 1930's occur near the east edge of the parade f i e l d . A r a i l r o a d s t a t i o n (1910) i s situated at the foot of Smith Street.

In addition to the restored buildings i n the ordinance depot, three brick powder magazines occur i n sink holes on th e southern portion of the grounds, between Grant Road &hd the r a i l r o a d track. These enclosures are believed to date from the 1870's, and are being preserved by the St. Louis County Department of Parks. An iron gate, fashioned from the upright barrels of two large cannons, i s located at the junction of Nebraska Street and Grant Road. This so-called "Cannon Gate", constructed i n the 1880's, frames the entrance road to a small park commanding a view of the Mississippi River.

SIGNIFICANCE

H

U

OC

1/1

UJ

LU

C O

PERIOD (check One or More as Appropriate)

• P r e - C o l u m b i a n 1 • 16th Centu ry • 18th Centu ry

• 15th Cen tu ry • 17th Centu ry E 19th Century

E 20 th Century

SPECIFIC DATE(S) (It Applicable and Known)

AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE (Check One or More as Appropriate)

Abor i g i na l

1 I P r e h i s t o r i c

• H i s t o r i c

I I A g r i c u l t u r e

I I A r c h i t e c t u r e

• Art

^ Commerce

f~| Commun ica t i ons

( I C o n s e r v a t i o n

[ I Educa t i on

I 1 Eng inee r i ng

1 I I ndus t r y

I 1 I nven t i on

I 1 L a n d s c a p e

A r c h i t e c t u r e

( I L i t e r a t u r e

^ M i l i t a r y

• Mus i c

• P o l i t i c a l

• R e l i g i o n / P h i .

l osophy

I I Sc ience

1 1 Scu lp ture

I I Socio I /Human

i t a r i a n

• Theo te r

(71 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n

I I Urban Planning

n Other (Specify)

S T A T E M E N T O F S I G N I F I C A N C E

Jefferson Barracks served the United States as the f i r s t permanent m i l i t a r y i n s t a l l a t i o n west of the Mississippi. Through i t s 150 years, Jefferson Barracks has provided m i l i t a r y security, economic development, and p o l i t i c a l s t a b i l i t y for the state of Missouri and the Trans-Mississippi West. Because of i t s s t r a tegic location, Jefferson Barracks has played a role i n almost every aspect of American History occuring west of the Mississippi River from 1826 to 1865.^-

When i n March of 1804 Lt . Stephen Morrell crossed the Mississi-^>pi River to take control of the Louisiana Purchase, a new chapter opened i n the history of the United States. I n the years between 1804 and 1848, the United States expanded from the Mississippi River west to the Pacific and southwest to the Rio Grande. The United States f i r s t established a m i l i t a r y base on the Missouri side i n 1806. This was done i n order to meet the needs of American business interests. These interests were the r i v e r and overland routes of the Upper Missouri f u r trade, and l a t e r the Santa Fe trade. The Barracks further provided protection for missionaries, s e t t l e r s , and travelers from h o s t i l e forces.

Fort Bellfontaine b u i l t ca. 1810 was to serve as the m i l i t a r y \ support base fo r smaller f o r t s futher up the Missouri and Missi

ssippi. (Henry Webb, The Story of Jefferson Barracks, Chap. 5.) Because of the unhealthy environment of the area, i t was deemed necessary to f i n d a new location. General Henry Atkinson was directed to select a new position. This position became Fort M i l l e r and then, i n 1S26, Jefferson Barracks i n honor of the l a t e President Thomas Jeffersonr

From 1826 through 1848, Jefferson Barracks was the most important m i l i t a r y i n s t a l l a t i o n west of the Mississippi. During the 1840's i t was the largest post i n the nation. \JJefferson Barracks Through Five Wars," Missouri H i s t o r i c a l Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1942.) I t was during t h i s period that Jefferson Barracks p r a c t i c a l l y became synonymous with the westward expansion of the United States.

Dewey , John. Missouri History; St. Louis and Vicinity , 1898. No publisher listed.

Fusco, Tony. The Story of the .Jefferson Barracks Natiortal Cemetery, 1969 published by author.

Fusco, Tony. A Pictorial History of Jefferson Barracks, 1969, published by author.

Jefferson Barracks Historical Park, St. Louis County, Missouri. fact pamphlet on the history of Jefferson Barracks.

i\J~M §eb¢ij:.\fil~l¢AU PATA r··

A printed

LATI C O ORDINATES

DE FI NING A RECTANGLE LOCATING THE PROPERTY 0 DEFINING THE CENTER POINT OF A PROPERTY

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NW NE SE s

Degrees Minutes Seconds 38 0 31 . 31 • 38 0 31 . 17 " 38 ° 29 . 03 "

Degrees Minutes Seconds 90 0 17 . 19 .. 90 ° 15 . 52 " 90 ° 16 . 42 •

Degree; Minutes Seconds Degree: Minutes Seconds n-"'?;?t,.

2 22 • APPROXIMATE ACREAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY : 300

!LIST ALL STATES AND CO U NTIES FOR PROPERTIES ov ·ERLAPPING STATE OR COUNTY BOUNDARIES.

STATE:

STATE:

STATE:

STATE :

NAME AND TITLE :

Harold O. Ber Research Histori O R GAN I Z A T I ON

Historical Surve and Plannin STRE E T AND NUMBER:

CODE COUNTY

CODE COUNTY:

CODE COUNTY:

CODE COUNT Y:

Missouri State Park Board

P.O. Box 176 1204 Jefferson Buildin C I TY OR TOWN : STATE

D A TE

CODE

CODE

CODE

CODE

CODE

Jefferson Cit 29 mi; ~[~il.? !iiiAJ§QN 9.Jrf:'.1¢8~ ¢5~%!€tC~i;lPN }} flA't!AN"M !i.ij$J$] $R vt;.tdei¢Aiftl9& ?

As the designated State Liaison Officer for the Na

tional Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law

89-665), I hereby nominate this property for i n clusion

in the N a tional Register and certify that it has been

evaluated according to the criteria and procedures set

forth by the National Park Service . The recommended

level of significance of this nomination is:

Local O

Name

I hereby certify that this property is included in the

National Register. ...

.. . .d'

,+a Chief, Office of Archeology and Historic Pr

FEB 1 1912

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Form 10-300a (July 1969)

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK $ERVICE




Missouri



fEe-4- 972 (Pfumber all entriea)


Centrally located, Jefferson Barracks became the o u t r j i t t i n g and t r a i n i n g center f o r the m i l i t a r y e f f o r t of the entire westem half of the United States. I t s v i t a l role i n the development of the west made i t a s i g n i f i c a n t factor i n the economic, p o l i t i c a l , and diplomatic success of the govemment. Economically, the Barracks purchased goods throughout the Mississippi Valley. This gave farmers and St. Louis merchants a prime target for business contracts. Besides the purchase of the produce of the Mississippi Valley, the Jefferson Barracks t r i e d to protect the business i n terests of the various f u r companies and individual trappers i n the Upper Mississippi and Missouri. One can read the works of H. M. Chittenden and Bemard DeVoto to recognize the m i l i t a r y importance of Jefferson Barracks during the development of the f u r f r o n t i e r . Diplomatically, the struggle between the numerous American f u r int e r e s t and the B r i t i s h Hudson Bay Company was a s i g n i f i cant factor i n the settlement of the Columbia River Basin. Jefferson Barracks provided the m i l i t a r y assistance f o r these trappers thus allowing them and l a t e r s e t t l e r s the opportunity to get safely through the Louisiana Te r r i t o r y . (A great deal of these sentiments are found i n Bernard DeVoto's work Across the Wide Missouri.)

Ruth Layton i n The Story of Jefferson Barracks states that the "history of Jefferson Barracks i s the story of a l l the United States west of the Mississippi." (Ruth Layton, The Story of Jefferson Barracks. 1961. Chap. 1.) Her j u s t i f i c a t i o n for t h i s broad statement can be found i n the ledger of names of men s t a t i o n ed at Jefferson Barracks. Only West Point produced a better copy of great American m i l i t a r y men. Such names appear as: Davis, Grant, Lee, Johnston, Sherman, Freemont, Kearney, Longstreet, Sheridan, Leavenworth, Hallack, Taylor, Eisenhower, Pershing, Dodge, Short, and Lincoln. These are only half of the l i s t of major American figures who were either stationed or trained at the Barracks. Some came for reserve t r a i n i n g as i n the case of Abraham Lincoln who trained at the Jefferson Barracks during the Black Hawk c r i s i s . (Webb, Henry, The Story of Jefferson Barracks., 19_, p. 55.)

Fojm 10-300a (July 1969)






St . Louis FOR NPS USE ONLY


(Number all entriea)


Jefferson Barrack's i^oxtance declined somewhat af t e r the War of 1848.y^The f r o n t i e r had become safer. There was no diplomatic threat from B r i t a i n , Spain, or Mexico. Yet, the Barracks would once again play an important role i n keeping Missouri w i t h i n the United States during the C i v i l War,^/^y commanding the Barracks, the United States had strategic control of both sides of the Mississippi. From t h i s point. Grant and Sherman would s t a r t tf i e i r ^ famous marches i n t o the South. During the war, Jefferson Barracks served as the largest hospital u n i t i n the western theat r e of the war. (Layton, 1961, There were o v e r a l l , 434 patients which were received at the base hospital.)

With the end of the C i v i l War, Jefferson Barracks continued to play an active role i n the t r a i n i n g and replacing of m i l i t a r y units and soldiers throughout the l a s t h a l f of the nineteenth and f i r s t half of the twentieth centuries. Gradually, the act i v i t i e s and importance of Jeffer/on Barracks dwindled, and i n 1946 the post was deactivated, v/

Form 10-300a (July 1969)





STATE

Missouri COUNTY


ENTRY NUMBER DATE

r r n 1 nu (Number all entries)

JEFFERSON BARRACKS HISTORIC DISTRICT

Layton, Ruth. The Story of Jefferson Barracks and the Story of the Sixth Infantry. 1961.

"Jefferson Barracks Through Five Wars," Missouri H i s t o r i c a l Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1942.

Mi t c h e l l , Harry C. History of Jefferson Barracks, 1921. Published by the author.

Mueller, Richard Edward. "The History of Jefferson Barracks, 1826-1900," Unpublished Master's Thesis at St. Louis University, 1967-68.

"The Beginning of Jefferson Barracks," State H i s t o r i c a l Society of Missouri, Collection, Vol. 3, 1908.

Webb, Henry W. The Story of Jefferson Barracks, compiled and edited by author. Type-written for State H i s t o r i c a l Society of Missouri.

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Jefferson Barracks Property Boundary (prior to de-activation of base -1946)

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Photo Log:

Name of Property: Jefferson Barracks Historic District

City or Vicinity:

County: St. Louis County State: MO

Photographer: Harold O. Berry

Date Photographed: Mar. 1971 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: 1 of 3. Looking N from National Cemetery over into MO National Guard installations operated under Army National Guard and Air National Guard. 2 of 3. Looking S across original parade grounds onto the Air National Guard structures dating 1890. 3 of 3. A photo looking N toward Laborers’ House. This structure is part of the Jefferson Barracks Historical Park.

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