jazz roots of jazz and american “pop” - african-american/slave songs - english folk songs the...

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Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead to the birth of jazz

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Page 1: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Jazz

Roots of jazz and American “pop”

- African-American/Slave songs

- English folk songs

The Blues

- major form of black music until Dixieland

- lead to the birth of jazz

Page 2: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

JazzMajor movements:

(after the blues & ragtime)

•New Orleans/Dixieland

•Swing (big band swing)

•Bebop

•Hard Bop

•Cool/Third Stream

•Free Jazz

•Funk/Electronic/Fusion

Page 3: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Dixieland

King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band - Made first series of recordings by an all black group

- collective improvisation

- introduced world to Louis Armstrong

Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) - Played Cornet and sang (invented scatting)

- After 1930, performed more swing

- Many jazz scholars dismiss this period

Page 4: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Swing

Big band swing (1930’s & 40’s) - First began as dance music

- At first, all black or all white groups

Benny Goodman (1909-1986) - Benny Goodman famous for both jazz and classical

- had one of the first highly respected big bands

- began to break the racial barrier

Page 5: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Swing

Duke Ellington (1899-1974) - pianist and brilliant orchestrator

- sound effects, orchestral instruments, & technically sound musicians

- interest in third stream composition (suites)

- copyrighted 952 compositions

Count Basie (1904-1984) - pianist, more interested in swinging “hard”

- all African-American band from Harlem

Page 6: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Swing

Billie Holiday - very bluesy, thought of singing “too slow”Ella Fitzgerald - known for great technique, improvisation, and refining scatting

By the end of WWII, big bands fell out of popularity - mostly for financial reasons - gave way to a rise in small groups

Page 7: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

BebopStyle: more complicated (and faster) melodies, more complicated harmonies, called for virtuosic techniques

Charlie Parker (1920-1955) - saxophonist

“Dizzy” Gillespie (1917-1993) - trumpeter

First time jazz musicians began to be respected as legitimate

Hard BopStyle: “Straight ahead and funky”

After Bird’s death: blues popular again

Page 8: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Cool/Third Stream

Cool – less aggressive than bop, laid back - slower melodies, instruments in their mid ranges

Miles Davis (1926-1991) – trumpet - distinct sound: quiet, with use of mute

- 3 major periods:

cool, modal, electric

- “Birth of the Cool”- First cool album,

major reaction against bebop

Page 9: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Cool/Third Stream

Third Stream – mixture of jazz and classical - First appeared in big bands

- in jazz, an attempt to create a sophisticated and respected style

- Gil Evans, arranger, pushed Miles Davis down this path during his cool period

- “Sketches of Spain” & “Porgy and Bess”

Page 10: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Cool/Third Stream

Miles Davis (1926-1991) - Modal Jazz - focus on writing new songs (not show tunes) - fewer chords, sometimes repeated bass lines

1950’s Quintet

- Most famous album was “Kind of Blue”

- Simpler than previous jazz albums

1960’s Quintet - introduced Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter & Tony Williams

Page 11: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Cool/Third Stream

Dave Brubeck (1920-) – pianist - Dave Brubeck Quartet

- Recorded “Time Out”

- Exploration of odd meters

Charles Mingus (1922-1979) – Bassist - Transition from third stream to free jazz

Page 12: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Free Jazz

Style: Collective improvisation, emphasis on ensemble (not soloist + Accompaniment), “all traditional musical rules are open to question”

Ornette Coleman (1930-) - saxophonist (sometimes plastic)

- at first, not taken seriously

- 1959, recorded “The Shape of Jazz to Come”

- First avant-garde jazz album

- No Chord Structure (no pianist!)

Page 13: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Free Jazz

John Coltrane (1926-1967) - saxophonist

- Got his start with Miles Davis

- different from other “Cool” jazz musicians:

intense sound, well developed technique

- Formed his own quartet, recorded “A Love Supreme”

- a four movement suite mixing third stream & free jazz

- Programmatic work about God

Page 14: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Electronic/Fusion

Miles Davis - after Coltrane’s death, decided to break away from “Cool” jazz

- formed groups with multiple electric keyboards & electric bass

Most famous album is “Bitches Brew”

- (Also the first Electric Jazz album)

- mixed rock and funk rhythm section with avant-garde instrumental parts

Page 15: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Electronic/Fusion

Herbie Hancock (1940-) - After “Bitch’s Brew” (last recording w/ Miles), formed his own electronic group

- Eventually became interested in funk music

- recorded “Headhunters”

- Based soley on funk music

- Continued to explore pop music:

- “Future Shock” & “Future2Future”

Page 16: Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead

Electronic/FusionChick Corea (1941-) - many influences (jazz, classical, funk, latin)

- formed the Elektric Band (introduced Dave Weckl)

Weather Report - Joe Zawinul & Wayne Shorter

- introduced Jaco Pastorius

Pat Metheny (1954-) - Electric guitarist

Béla Fleck and the Flecktones - Béla Fleck (banjo), Victor Wooten (bass)